How Nutrients Become You!How Nutrients Become You!

TEKS 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2CTEKS 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C

You are what you eat!You are what you eat!

Food is your body’s fuel.Food is your body’s fuel.

When you eat, your body breaks down When you eat, your body breaks down food and the nutrients it contains into food and the nutrients it contains into simpler elements.simpler elements.

Energy is released and nutrients are used Energy is released and nutrients are used to help build, repair, and maintain body to help build, repair, and maintain body cells.cells.

6 Nutrient Groups6 Nutrient Groups

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesFatsFatsProteinsProteinsVitaminsVitaminsMineralsMineralsWaterWaterEach one has a specific job to perform in Each one has a specific job to perform in your body.your body.

Nutrient FunctionsNutrient Functions

Build and repair body tissuesBuild and repair body tissues

Regulate all body processesRegulate all body processes

Provide energyProvide energy

Build & Repair Body TissuesBuild & Repair Body Tissues

Your body is made up of billions of cells Your body is made up of billions of cells and these cells continually grow and and these cells continually grow and change to help repair damaged body change to help repair damaged body tissues and to replace old cells.tissues and to replace old cells.

You need nutrients to do this job.You need nutrients to do this job.

Regulate Body ProcessRegulate Body Process

The circulation of body fluids requires a The circulation of body fluids requires a balance of essential nutrients.balance of essential nutrients.

Maintaining the correct acid-base level in Maintaining the correct acid-base level in the blood is a function of nutrients.the blood is a function of nutrients.

Digestion, absorption, and metabolism rely Digestion, absorption, and metabolism rely on proper nutrients.on proper nutrients.

Provide EnergyProvide Energy

Food is to your body what gasoline is to a Food is to your body what gasoline is to a car.car.

It is the source of energy for performance.It is the source of energy for performance.

Energy is necessary for all life processes Energy is necessary for all life processes to occur – to breathe, pump blood, move to occur – to breathe, pump blood, move muscles, and provide heat.muscles, and provide heat.

KilocaloriesKilocalories

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat needed A kilocalorie is the amount of heat needed to raise one kilogram of water one degree to raise one kilogram of water one degree Celsius.Celsius.

We often refer to them as just We often refer to them as just calories.calories.

The Process of DigestionThe Process of Digestion

Digestion is the process by which your Digestion is the process by which your body breaks down food, and the nutrients body breaks down food, and the nutrients in food, into simpler substances.in food, into simpler substances.

The blood can then carry these simple The blood can then carry these simple substances to cells for use in substances to cells for use in

growth, repair, and maintenance.growth, repair, and maintenance.

DigestionDigestion

It occurs through mechanical and chemical It occurs through mechanical and chemical means throughout the digestive system.means throughout the digestive system.

Mechanical digestionMechanical digestion happens as food is happens as food is crushed and churned.crushed and churned.

Chewing food is an observable form of Chewing food is an observable form of mechanical digestion.mechanical digestion.

DigestionDigestion

In In chemical digestionchemical digestion, food is mixed with , food is mixed with powerful acids and enzymes.powerful acids and enzymes.

EnzymesEnzymes are a type of protein produced are a type of protein produced by cells that cause specific chemical by cells that cause specific chemical reactions.reactions.

Digestive enzymes cause food particles to Digestive enzymes cause food particles to break apart into simpler substances.break apart into simpler substances.

Gastrointestinal (GI) TractGastrointestinal (GI) Tract

As food is digested, it passes through a As food is digested, it passes through a muscular tube leading from the mouth to the muscular tube leading from the mouth to the anus.anus.

This tube is called the GI tract.This tube is called the GI tract.

The GI tract is 25 to 30 feet in length.The GI tract is 25 to 30 feet in length.

Each section performs important functions.Each section performs important functions.

The MouthThe Mouth

Food enters the GI tract through the Food enters the GI tract through the mouth.mouth.

MasticationMastication

Mastication, or chewing, is the first step in Mastication, or chewing, is the first step in the digestive process.the digestive process.

The teeth and tongue work together to The teeth and tongue work together to move food and crush it into smaller pieces.move food and crush it into smaller pieces.

The process prepares food for swallowing.The process prepares food for swallowing.

The TongueThe Tongue

You have about 9000 taste buds that You have about 9000 taste buds that cover the surface of the tongue.cover the surface of the tongue.

They sense the flavor in food.They sense the flavor in food.

This triggers salivary glands in your This triggers salivary glands in your mouth.mouth.

SalivaSaliva

Saliva Saliva is a mixture of about 99% water is a mixture of about 99% water plus a few chemicals.plus a few chemicals.

One of these chemicals is an enzyme One of these chemicals is an enzyme called called salivary amylasesalivary amylase..

This enzyme is only found in the mouth This enzyme is only found in the mouth and helps chemically break down (digest) and helps chemically break down (digest) the starches in foods.the starches in foods.

SalivaSaliva

It plays other important roles in the It plays other important roles in the digestive process besides the breakdown digestive process besides the breakdown of starches.of starches.Without saliva, your mouth is dry and food Without saliva, your mouth is dry and food seems to have little taste.seems to have little taste.Saliva moistens, softens, and dissolves Saliva moistens, softens, and dissolves food.food.It also helps clean the teeth and neutralize It also helps clean the teeth and neutralize mouth acids.mouth acids.

The EsophagusThe Esophagus

As you chew, the muscles of your mouth As you chew, the muscles of your mouth and tongue form the food into a small ball.and tongue form the food into a small ball.

The tongue moves the food particles to the The tongue moves the food particles to the back of your mouth and you swallow.back of your mouth and you swallow.

As you swallow, food passes from the As you swallow, food passes from the mouth to the stomach through the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus.esophagus.

The EsophagusThe Esophagus

The EsophagusThe Esophagus

The esophagus is a tube about 10 inches The esophagus is a tube about 10 inches long.long.

It connects the mouth to the stomachIt connects the mouth to the stomach

The EsophagusThe Esophagus

The esophagus is one of two tubes in the The esophagus is one of two tubes in the throat, the other is the trachea (windpipe).throat, the other is the trachea (windpipe).

When you swallow food, a flap of skin When you swallow food, a flap of skin called the called the epiglottisepiglottis closes to keep food closes to keep food from entering the trachea.from entering the trachea.

Breathing automatically stops when you Breathing automatically stops when you swallow food to help prevent choking.swallow food to help prevent choking.

PeristalsisPeristalsis

A series of squeezing actions by the A series of squeezing actions by the muscles in the esophagus, known as muscles in the esophagus, known as peristalsis helps move food through the peristalsis helps move food through the tube.tube.Peristalsis is involuntary – you have no Peristalsis is involuntary – you have no control.control.It occurs throughout the esophagus and It occurs throughout the esophagus and intestine to help mechanically move and intestine to help mechanically move and churn food.churn food.

In the StomachIn the Stomach

When you eat, the stomach produces When you eat, the stomach produces gastric juices to prepare for digesting the gastric juices to prepare for digesting the food.food.

Gastric juicesGastric juices contain hydrochloric acid, contain hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, & mucus.digestive enzymes, & mucus.

Gastric JuicesGastric Juices

The mixture of gastric juices with chewed The mixture of gastric juices with chewed and swallowed food combine in the and swallowed food combine in the stomach.stomach.

This mixture is called This mixture is called chymechyme..

MucosaMucosa

The stomach has a thick wall lining called The stomach has a thick wall lining called the mucosa.the mucosa.

The mucosa secretes mucus.The mucosa secretes mucus.

This is a thick fluid that helps soften and This is a thick fluid that helps soften and lubricate food and it helps protect the lubricate food and it helps protect the stomach from its strong acidic juices.stomach from its strong acidic juices.

Protein DigestionProtein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach.Protein digestion begins in the stomach.

The major gastric enzyme that begins to The major gastric enzyme that begins to chemically break down protein is chemically break down protein is pepsinpepsin..

StomachStomach

Most people can hold about 1 quart of Most people can hold about 1 quart of food in their stomachs.food in their stomachs.

Food generally remains in the stomach for Food generally remains in the stomach for 2 to 3 hours.2 to 3 hours.

Liquids leave before solids.Liquids leave before solids.

Carbohydrates and proteins digest faster Carbohydrates and proteins digest faster than fats.than fats.

Now we travel to the small intestine.Now we travel to the small intestine.

Small IntestineSmall Intestine

About 95% of digestion occurs in the small About 95% of digestion occurs in the small intestine.intestine.

The small intestine is coiled in the The small intestine is coiled in the abdomen in circular foldsabdomen in circular folds

It has 3 sectionsIt has 3 sections– DuodenumDuodenum– JejunumJejunum– ileumileum

DuodenumDuodenum

The first section of the small intestine and The first section of the small intestine and about 12 inches longabout 12 inches long

JejunumJejunum

The middle section and about 4 feet long.The middle section and about 4 feet long.

IleumIleum

The last section which is about 5 feet in The last section which is about 5 feet in lengthlength

Food TravelFood Travel

It takes 5 to 14 hours for food to travel It takes 5 to 14 hours for food to travel from the mouth through the small intestine.from the mouth through the small intestine.

Peristalsis helps move food through this Peristalsis helps move food through this process.process.

The small intestine needs less acid than The small intestine needs less acid than the stomach to break down food.the stomach to break down food.

The PancreasThe Pancreas

The The pancreaspancreas, an elongated gland behind , an elongated gland behind the stomach, helps create the correct the stomach, helps create the correct environment.environment.

It secretes bicarbonate, which neutralizes It secretes bicarbonate, which neutralizes hydrochloric acid that has come from the hydrochloric acid that has come from the stomach with the partially digested food.stomach with the partially digested food.

The PancreasThe Pancreas

It also produces digestive enzymes that It also produces digestive enzymes that aid in the chemical digestion that takes aid in the chemical digestion that takes place in the small intestine.place in the small intestine.

These enzymes break down proteins, fats, These enzymes break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into their most basic and carbohydrates into their most basic parts so your body can use them.parts so your body can use them.

The PancreasThe Pancreas

Breaks down proteins into amino acidsBreaks down proteins into amino acids

Breaks down carbohydrates into Breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharidesmonosaccharides

Breaks down fats into fatty acids, glycerol, Breaks down fats into fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglyceridesand monoglycerides

ProteasesProteases

The enzyme that breaks down proteins The enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acidsinto amino acids

LipasesLipases

Fat digesting enzymes which break down Fat digesting enzymes which break down fats into fatty acids, glycerol, and fats into fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglyceridesmonoglycerides

SaccharidasesSaccharidases

Breaks down carbohydrates into Breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides (also known as simple monosaccharides (also known as simple sugars)sugars)

The LiverThe Liver

Also involved in chemical digestionAlso involved in chemical digestion

It produces a digestive juice called bileIt produces a digestive juice called bile

Bile aids in fat digestion and it helps disperse fat Bile aids in fat digestion and it helps disperse fat in the water-based digestive fluidsin the water-based digestive fluids

Bile gives these fluid access to fats so they can Bile gives these fluid access to fats so they can break it downbreak it down

Bile is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into Bile is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the first part of the small intestinethe first part of the small intestine

Large IntestineLarge Intestine

Sometimes called the colonSometimes called the colon

Measures about 3 ½ feet in length in your Measures about 3 ½ feet in length in your body but about 5 or 6 feet if stretched outbody but about 5 or 6 feet if stretched out

Its main job is to reabsorb waterIts main job is to reabsorb water

Absorption of NutrientsAbsorption of Nutrients

AbsorptionAbsorption is the passage of nutrients is the passage of nutrients from the digestive tract into the circulatory from the digestive tract into the circulatory or lymphatic system.or lymphatic system.

We will learn more about nutrients later in We will learn more about nutrients later in this study.this study.

MetabolismMetabolism

Once nutrients are digested and absorbed, Once nutrients are digested and absorbed, the circulatory system takes over.the circulatory system takes over.

It carries nutrients and oxygen to individual It carries nutrients and oxygen to individual cells.cells.

All the chemical changes that occur as All the chemical changes that occur as cells produce energy and materials cells produce energy and materials needed to sustain life are known as needed to sustain life are known as metabolismmetabolism..

MetabolismMetabolism

Through metabolism, cells break down Through metabolism, cells break down some nutrients to release energy.some nutrients to release energy.The body stores this energy as The body stores this energy as ATP(adenosine triphosphate).ATP(adenosine triphosphate).ATP ATP is the source of immediate energy is the source of immediate energy found in muscle tissuefound in muscle tissueWhen the body needs energy, chemical When the body needs energy, chemical reactions break down ATP to release reactions break down ATP to release energy.energy.

Waste ProductsWaste Products

Waste products leave the body through Waste products leave the body through the kidneys, lungs, and skinthe kidneys, lungs, and skin

Factors Affecting Digestion and Factors Affecting Digestion and AbsorptionAbsorption

Eating habitsEating habits

EmotionsEmotions

Food allergiesFood allergies

Physical activity Physical activity

Lifestyle choicesLifestyle choices

Food AllergiesFood Allergies

A A food allergyfood allergy is a reaction of the immune is a reaction of the immune system to certain proteins found in food.system to certain proteins found in food.

The protein that stimulates the immune The protein that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies is called an system to produce antibodies is called an allergenallergen..

Digestive DisordersDigestive Disorders

DiarrheaDiarrhea

ConstipationConstipation

IndigestionIndigestion

HeartburnHeartburn

UlcerUlcer

GallstonesGallstones

diverticulosisdiverticulosis

DiarrheaDiarrhea

DiarrheaDiarrhea is frequent expulsion of watery is frequent expulsion of watery feces.feces.

Food sensitivity, harmful bacteria, and Food sensitivity, harmful bacteria, and stress are just a few of the factors that can stress are just a few of the factors that can cause diarrhea.cause diarrhea.

ConstipationConstipation

Constipation occurs when chyme moves Constipation occurs when chyme moves very slowly through the large intestine.very slowly through the large intestine.

When this happens, too much water is When this happens, too much water is reabsorbed from the chyme and this reabsorbed from the chyme and this causes the feces to become hard.causes the feces to become hard.

Constipation can result from erratic eating Constipation can result from erratic eating habits, low fiber intake, lack of physical habits, low fiber intake, lack of physical activity and drinking too little water.activity and drinking too little water.

IndigestionIndigestion

IndigestionIndigestion is a difficulty in digesting food. is a difficulty in digesting food.

It may be caused by stress, eating too It may be caused by stress, eating too much or too fast, or eating particular much or too fast, or eating particular foods.foods.

HeartburnHeartburn

HeartburnHeartburn is a burning pain in the middle is a burning pain in the middle of the chest but it has nothing to do with of the chest but it has nothing to do with the heart.the heart.

It is caused by stomach acid flowing back It is caused by stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus, known as reflux.into the esophagus, known as reflux.

A more serious condition is called A more serious condition is called gastroesophageal reflux.gastroesophageal reflux.

UlcerUlcer

An ulcer is an open sore in the lining of the An ulcer is an open sore in the lining of the stomach or small intestine.stomach or small intestine.

It is caused by bacteriumIt is caused by bacterium

GallstonesGallstones

GallstonesGallstones are small crystals that form are small crystals that form bile in the gallbladder.bile in the gallbladder.

The presence of gallstones may slow fat The presence of gallstones may slow fat digestions and cause fluids to pool and digestions and cause fluids to pool and back up in the liver.back up in the liver.

DiverticulosisDiverticulosis

DiverticulosisDiverticulosis is a disorder in which many is a disorder in which many abnormal pouches form in the intestinal abnormal pouches form in the intestinal wall.wall.

When these pouches become inflamed, When these pouches become inflamed, the condition is called diverticulitis.the condition is called diverticulitis.

The best prevention is a high fiber dietThe best prevention is a high fiber diet