How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:
-
Upload
sybil-baker -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:
![Page 1: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How are Boundaries How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Established, and Why do
Boundary Disputes Occur?Boundary Disputes Occur?
Key Question:
![Page 2: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Land BoundariesLand Boundaries• Not just a line, but also a
vertical plane that cuts through subsoil, rocks and the airspace above-coal, gas & oil reserves often cross these lines.
• Belgium, Germany & Netherlands argued over coal seams & natural gas reserves.
• Kuwait Oil drilling prompted the 1991 Gulf War (Rumaylah Reserve)
![Page 3: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Land BoundariesLand Boundaries
• 3 Stage Evolution of Boundaries:
• definition-a document is created that indicates exact landmarks;
• delimitation-cartographers place the boundary on the map;
• demarcation-boundary markers such as steel posts or concrete pillars, fences or wall marks the boundary
![Page 4: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Land BoundariesLand Boundaries• Frontier-a zone of
separation that keeps rivals apart can be natural or manmade-such as Korean DMZ.
• Boundaries keep out adversaries or keep citizens inside-limit smuggling, migration, etc.
• Internal boundaries-provinces or states within a larger state.
![Page 5: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Types of BoundariesTypes of Boundaries• Geometric-straight line
boundary such as US-Canada or many in Africa.
• Physical or Natural-Political Boundary-river, crest of a mountain range or some other physical landmark
• Cultural or Anthro-Geographic Boundary-breaks in the human landscape, such as most of Europe’s boundaries
![Page 6: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Aozou Strip: A Geometric BoundaryAozou Strip: A Geometric Boundary
Fig. 8-9: The straight boundary between Libya and Chad was drawn by European powers, and the strip is the subject of controversy between the two countries.
![Page 7: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Left-the Demilitarized Zone between North Korea & South Korea is heavily defended by both sidesBottom left-the US-Canadian border is the longest undefended border in the world.Bottom right-the Rio Grande forms the border between Mexico and the United States which is porous enough to allow million of illegal immigrants.
![Page 8: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Genetic Boundary ClassificationGenetic Boundary Classification• Richard Hartshorne, a leading political geographer
developed this classification system;• Antecedent Boundary-physical landscape defined the
boundary well before human habitation-Malaysia-Indonesian boundary on Borneo is sparsely settled.
• Subsequent Boundary-Vietnam-China border results from a long period of modification.
• Superimposed-forcibly drawn boundary that cuts across a unified cultural boundary-New Guinea-Indonesia West Irian & Papua New Guinea in the East.
• Relict boundary no longer serves its purpose, but the imprint is still evident in the landscape-Vietnam-North South boundary, West and East Germany boundary, especially in Berlin.
![Page 9: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ethnic Groups in Southwest AsiaEthnic Groups in Southwest Asia
Fig. 8-14: Ethnic boundaries do not match country boundaries, especially in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
![Page 11: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Division of CyprusDivision of Cyprus
Fig. 8-10: Cyprus has been divided into Green and Turkish portions since 1974.
![Page 12: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Fertile CrescentThe Fertile Crescent
Fig. 8-3: The Fertile Crescent was the site of early city-states and a succession of ancient empires.
![Page 13: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Frontiers in the Arabian PeninsulaFrontiers in the Arabian Peninsula
Fig. 8-8: Several states in the Arabian Peninsula are separated by frontiers rather than precise boundaries.
![Page 14: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Centripetal and Centrifugal ForcesCentripetal and Centrifugal Forces
• Richard Hartshorne, a leading political geographer described Centripetal forces as things that bind or hold a nation together & promote national unity:– Strong leadership-charismatic
leader
– External threat
– Education
– Ideology-Fascism, Communism or Democracy
– Movement or circulation
![Page 15: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Castro’s Cuba
![Page 16: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• The Cuban economy has been hampered by the American trade embargo and the collapse of the Soviet Union, which ended economic assistance.
![Page 17: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Centripetal and Centrifugal ForcesCentripetal and Centrifugal Forces
• Centrifugal forces are things that that divide or tear a state apart: (also called Devolutionary forces)– Ethnic or cultural
differences
– Religious differences
– Linguistic diversity
– Economic disparity
– Movement or circulation
– Physical geographical differences
![Page 18: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Devolution –Devolution –Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state.
What causes devolutionary movements?
Ethnocultural forcesEconomic forcesSpatial forces
![Page 19: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Forces of DevolutionThe Forces of Devolution
• After USSR collapse in 1991, optimism-a New World Order?
• Supranationalism, no more costly arms race & negotiation replacing confrontation??
• Yet despite optimism-powerful self-interests contribute to centrifugal (divisive) forces.
• Geopolitics-the study of political science within a geographic framework
![Page 20: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Forces of DevolutionThe Forces of Devolution• Since 1990 about 26 new
states created.• Ironically with EU &
adoption of euro greater centrifugal forces in Europe.
• London’s decision to join EU encouraged Scottish nationalism.
• 1990s Scottish National Party encouraged devolution.
• 1997 Labour Party gave Scots & Welsh chance to vote-both voted to have their own parliaments
![Page 21: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ethnocultural Devolutionary Ethnocultural Devolutionary MovementsMovements
Scotland rise in independence movement is coupled with:
- European Union
- Scotland’s oil
resources
![Page 22: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Forces of Devolution-Cultural ForcesThe Forces of Devolution-Cultural Forces• Most of the world’s 200
states have multicultural populations.
• Spain-Basque & Catalonia in 1979 signed autonomy agreements– Have their own parliaments
– Languages have official status
– Control over education
– Power of taxation
• But Basque separatist were not satisfied-continued bombing & terror attacks
![Page 24: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Forces of Devolution-Cultural ForcesThe Forces of Devolution-Cultural Forces• Quebec and Parti Quebecois
in Canada• Belgium-Flemish (Dutch) in
north, Walloons (French) in south
• Czechoslovakia split in Jan. 1993 in the “Velvet Divorce”
• Sudan-Muslim north & Christian south
• Sri Lanka-Tamils, a Hindu minority fight for independence from the Sinhalese a Buddhist majority
![Page 25: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Forces of Devolution-Cultural ForcesThe Forces of Devolution-Cultural Forces• Greatest tragedy was Yugoslavia which erupted in Civil
War in the 1990s• Thrown together after WW I with Serbia as the core of
“The Land of the South Slavs”• 7 major, 17 minor ethnic groups, 3 religions & 2 alphabets• North-Croats & Slovenes-Catholic• South-Serbs are Orthodox, Muslim enclaves• Rule by royal house of Serbia, during WWII German
occupation the Croats supported the Nazis, Serbs fought as anti-Nazi partisans.
• Josip Broz Tito emerged as a communist leader after WWII-nationalism suppressed under his iron fist.
![Page 26: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Forces of Devolution-Cultural ForcesThe Forces of Devolution-Cultural Forces• After the death of Tito & later
the collapse of communism-ethnic conflict of Croat versus Serb and everyone versus Muslims emerged again.
• Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia-Montenegro & Macedonia became independent.
• Bosnia-no clear majority, Dayton Accords partitioned Bosnia & ended the civil war-Muslims 44%, Serbs 32% & Croatians 17%
![Page 27: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Zimbabwe
• Robert Mugabe’s dictatorship forced thousands of white farmers to flee Zimbabwe.
![Page 28: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Genocide Genocide • Genos, greek for tribe or
family, -cide from Latin to kill.
• Last 100 years over 50 million people were murdered due to race, ethnicity, religion or political persuasion.– Mao Zedong-30 m.
Chinese
– Stalin-20 m. Soviets
– Nazis-11.4 m. Jews, Slavs, etc.
– Japan 10 m. Chinese, etc.
![Page 29: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Ethnocultural Devolutionary MovementsEthnocultural Devolutionary Movements
Eastern Europedevolutionary forces since the fall of communism
![Page 30: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Forces of Devolution-Economic ForcesThe Forces of Devolution-Economic Forces• Catalonians in Spain site
reasons for economic independence-6% of territory, yet have 25% of exports & 40% of industrial exports.
• Italy-Mezzorgiono (region of the south is poor & agrarian) Sardinia feels neglected and there is a growing disparity between the industrial North & agricultural South
• Italy has moved to a federal system due to pressure by the north.
![Page 31: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Economic Economic Devolutionary Devolutionary
MovementsMovements
Catalonia, SpainBarcelona is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain.
![Page 32: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Forces of Devolution-Economic ForcesThe Forces of Devolution-Economic Forces• France-Corsica, a small
minority of the islands 25,000 demand autonomy. It was taken from Genoese, Italy in 1768. Bomb attacks (600) in 1996 caused tourism to drop.
• Brazil-1990s the 3 southern states: Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Parana claimed the govt. misspent money in Amazon-had a leader, created flag, and demanded independence for the Republic of the Pampas.
![Page 33: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Forces of Devolution-Spatial ForcesThe Forces of Devolution-Spatial Forces• Spatial factors-remote frontiers,
isolated villages, rugged topography or repeated historic invasions contribute to devolution
• Many islands such as Corsica, Sardinia, Taiwan, Singapore, Zanzibar, Jolo (Philippines) and Puerto Rico have demanded independence.
• Hawaii-indigenous population demand autonomy; Puerto Rico small, but vocal independence movement; Cascadia-Washington, Oregon & British Columbia.
![Page 34: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Spatial Devolutionary MovementsSpatial Devolutionary Movements
Honolulu, Hawai’iA history apart from the United States, and a desire to live apart in order to keep traditions alive.
![Page 35: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Devolution of the Soviet UnionDevolution of the Soviet Union• 50 years a Bi-Polar World of Cold
War arms race & danger of nuclear war.
• In 1980s centrifugal forces increased-multiculturalism, multi-nationalism, economic troubles
• Gorbachev loosened the Soviet grip on Eastern Europe & at home introduced perestroika (restructuring) & glasnost (openness)
• Fall of 1989 the Iron Curtain collapsed, the Berlin Wall was opened.
![Page 36: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Devolution of the Soviet UnionThe Devolution of the Soviet Union• Failed coup attempt in August 1991 led to the collapse of
communism & dissolution of the USSR on Dec. 25, 1991.
• Commonwealth of Independent States created, Baltic States & Georgia stayed out & became completely independent.
• Muslim Azerbaijan & Christian Armenia had armed conflict.
• Georgia had a civil war, Abkhazia in Northwest declared independence
• Near Abroad-what the Russians called the 25 million Russians who live in the former Soviet Republics.
![Page 37: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649cf55503460f949c346b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Devolution of RussiaThe Devolution of Russia• Within Russia-16 autonomous homelands for some of the
minorities-boundaries were changed to reward or punish certain groups
• Soviets created many geographical problems just like the colonial powers in Asia & Africa
• 1991-95 about 5 additional republics recognized in Russia• Checho-Ingushetia became Chechnya and Ingushetia• Chechnya-Muslim population in the Caucasus demanded
independence-Moscow refused, war & destruction of Grozny resulted-terrorist attacks in Moscow, Beslan, etc.
• Russia had given in on many occasions-created 21 republics & 68 regions in a federal framework.
• Russia is still the largest nation on earth, but only 6th in population