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PROJECT

ON

HOUSE

KEEPING

LAUNDRY

PROCESS BY

A1

Hou

se

keep

ing

Hou

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In particular fulfillment of project work for final

year on LAUNDRY PROCESS Which is based on housekeeping

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A1 BatchFinal year

L A U N D R YIn any residential establishment, a lot of dirty

linen accumulates in the various units and

departments. It is essential to ensure a

continuous supply of linen, which is well

laundered, so that operations can be carried out

smoothly and efficiently. Linen is an expensive

item, so how it will be laundered requires

serious consideration. People involved in

handling linen should have some knowledge of

the process. Moreover, the Housekeeper and

Linen keeper should have a good rapport with

the Laundry Manager.

Although it is essential that good quality linen

be purchased, the life of the linen depends on

the care of linen in use and the treatment it gets

at the laundry.

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- careful handling of linen articles while

laundering.

- correct processing and use of a suitable

laundry agent.

- while materials are kept white, excessive

bleach is not used.

- proper counting and records maintained to

avoid shortages of linen.

- speedy operations to meet with operational

requirements.

- sound policies regarding damages or loss.A commercial or off-premises laundry refers to

laundering activities performed outside the

establishment i.e. given on a contract basis to

specialists in the field. In a rare circumstance,

the laundry is contracted and on-premises. An

on-site or on premises

laundry, however, refers to laundering activities

carried on within the establishment by staff

employed by the hotel.

A good laundry facility ensures the following:

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AN ON-PREMISES LAUNDRY :

• Time taken for laundering is reduced because

transportation is eliminated.

• Linen is readily available especially in the case

of emergency requirements.

• Control over the wash process and the laundry

agents used making the wear and

tear on linen comparatively much lesser.

• Pilferage is reduced.

• The ‘par’ stock required is reduced.

• Revenue is earned from guest laundry.

Advantages :

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• Cost of equipment and its maintenance is

fairly high.

• Related expenses like printing of forms,

employee taxes, water taxes, energy costs

and insurance are high.

• More staff who are technically qualified and

adequate space is required.

• Must be justified by an adequate amount of

linen.

1. Removal of dirt and stains from the linen

articles

2. Restoring linen articles to their original

appearance as far as possible.

Disadvantages :

PRINCIPLES OF LAUNDERING :

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FLOW PROCESS CHART LAUNDERING :

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Collection & Transportation :

Collection of linen may be done in the Linen

Room, if the laundry is off-site but is usually in

the laundry itself, if the laundry is on-premises.

During collection, all accessories that cannot

be washed such as metal items; epaulettes,

etc. should be removed at the time of

collection. Certain linen items are collected

separately. For example, kitchen uniforms or

dusters are separately collected, as are

butchery aprons and dusters, because they

have a specific type of soil. Likewise, in a

hospital, linen from the surgical ward would be

collected separately. The linen is usually

packaged in canvas bags lined with polyvinyl.

Eyelets on the rim of the bag facilitate passing

a nylon cord through, which can be tightened

in order to shut the opening of the bag. In

some cases elasticized net bags called ‘skips’

are used to collect linen. Carrying the linen in

canvas bags or skips is one means of

transportation.

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Trolleys are most popular for transportation

and the collapsible wire cart can be used to

transport clean as well as soiled linen.

Whatever the type of trolley, the soiled linen

should not hang over the edge of the trolley,

as it looks unsightly.

If planned at the construction stage, an in-

built chute is used for transporting linen from

the floor pantries. It is preferable to put linen

into canvas bags before dropping it down the

chute so that wear and tear is reduced.

However, this is rarely done, so it must be

ensured that the flooring at the base of the

chute should be easy to clean. The best

collection system will vary from one

operation to another but the increase of soil

must be eliminated in order to prevent

incurring unnecessary expenses.

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On arrival, linen must be dealt with as

quickly as possible. There must be a

separate section for guest laundry that is

usually handled by the most experienced

staff. Processing linen for laundering as

quickly as possible is necessary:

- to ensure that linen items are available as

and when required.

- to avoid transfer of stains and prevent

stains from becoming permanent.

- so that it does not provide a breeding

ground for bacteria and pests.

- to prevent the formation of mildew on

damp articles particularly bath linen.

- to avoid the possibility of linen getting

misplaced or lost.

Arrival :

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In hospitals, the infection risk necessitates the

need for using gloves when sorting out linen.

Gloves may also be used when handling hotel

linen. Sorting is carried out according to the

type of fabric and item, color as well as the

degree and type of soil. Sorting is done to

separate those articles that need dry cleaning

from those that will go through the normal

wash process. Those that need mending or

stain removal will be separated so that they

can be dealt with accordingly. Also, different

articles take a different wash process in terms

of temperature of water, type of laundering

agent,

length of wash cycle, whether hydro-

extraction should be done and if so, the length

of the hydro-extraction cycle. It takes less

effort to pre-sort linen than to post-sort

washed linen which is 50%

heavier in weight due to water retention. Post-

sorting is often essential in healthcare

processes.

Sorting :

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Marking :

Marking may be temporary (guest laundry) or

permanent (monogramming of hotel linen). It

is the temporary marking that is carried out

at this stage. Most good establishments have

a marking machine that attaches a heat

sealed tape in an inconspicuous place. The

tag has scope for six characters and is

intended to indicate

the initials of the guest as well as the room

number. It provides a clear identification and

correct billing, and although it does not come

off in the normal wash process, it can be

peeled off if so desired.Weighing :

Is carried out to conform to the capacity of the

washing machine.

(Overloading) There is no or low centrifugal

action because the linen articles are too

tightly packed in the drum. Resultantly, there

is inadequate friction and the deeply

imbedded soil is not removed so the wash

process is ineffective.

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Certain synthetics develop creases as a result

of overloading that are difficult to get rid of in

the subsequent ironing process. Repeated

overloading can cause the machine to

breakdown.

(Under loading)In this case, there is

centrifugal action but inadequate friction

because the linen articles are too far apart

There is a good deal of wastage in terms of

time, labor, laundry agents, water and power.

Many modern machines have sensors that

can gauge not only the load but also the

length of cycle, temperature of water, water

level, the type and amount of laundry

agent and when it will be dispensed in the

wash cycle. This is highly beneficial in the

conservation of water and energy as well as

reducing wear and tear on the linen articles.

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Is often done manually or with a certain

degree of automation. Where handling is

taboo, a fully automated system exists.

Shovel type cranes are used for lifting and

depositing linen, thereby providing complete

automation by eliminating the need for

handling by operators. Alternatively, weighed

linen in bags is transported along a track and

directed to the opening of the washer

extractor with the help of a nylon cord .

A lock in the lower half of the bag is

released, dropping the soiled linen into the

washer extractor. Machines that tilt, provide

ease in both loading as well as unloading.

Machines may be top loading, front loading or

side loading.Washing :

This process is designed to perform three basic functions:1. removal of soil2. suspension of soil3. discharge of the soil from the machine to the drain

Loading :

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1.Length of cycle :

If the cycle is too short, the linen will not be

cleaned. If the cycle is too long, there will

be unnecessary wear and tear and the

clothes may actually become dirtier as a

result

of redeposit ion of soil.

2.Temperature of water:

If the temperature of water is too high, it is

likely to damage the linen. If the

temperature is inadequate, the chemicals

will not work effectively.

3.Water level :

Incorrect ‘dip’ levels can alter the

concentration of the laundry agents

rendering them

ineffective. In case of a gentle action the

water level is usually higher forming a

protective envelope to the delicate linen.

In the wash process, the following factors must be considered :

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This is also a crucial factor that affects the

quality of wash Deciding which laundry

agent should be used is dependent on the

nature of the fabric being washed. Too little

detergent will result in an incomplete

cleaning process. And too much may remain

as

a residue after the rinse cycle is complete. It

is important that the laundry agent is

introduced into the wash cycle at the

appropriate time if it is to have the required

action.

4.Type and amount of detergent and when it will be dispensed in the wash cycle:

5.Mechanical action:

This refers to the centrifugal action brought

about by the movement of the drum that

causes friction between the linen articles

and is radically affected by overloading or

under loading as well as the speed of the

drum. Modern machinery often operates on

sensors, which are capable of gauging each

of these requirements for a specific load.

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Rinsing :

Once the wash cycle is completed, rinsing

becomes essential. Rinsing is carried out at

least twice and the purpose of this stage is

to:

1. remove residue of laundry agents, which

might show as patches on the linen after

ironing or irritate the skin.

2. remove suspended dirt, which remains in

the carry over liquor in the load at the

end of the wash.

3. lower the temperature of the wash load

by using a cold water rinse or alternatively

reducing the temperature of water in

consecutive rinses.

A running rinse with an open drain is more

effective but a larger volume of water is

utilized.

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Hydro-extraction : Is the removal of excess moisture through

centrifugal action and is equivalent to

wringing in hand washing .The absorbency

of the fabric affects the length of the cycle

(6 to 8 mines.) and the residue of moisture

(10% to 30 %) Draining must precede hydro-

extraction and hydro-extraction must

precede tumbledrying.

Some articles cannot be hydro-extracted so

there is a pumping action to draw out the

water from the linen load. Too short an

extraction time will increase the drying time

and may hinder the proper operation of

finishing equipment. The most efficient

extraction for cottons takes place at

temperatures higher than 38º C but

lower than 55º C so that they are not too

hot to handle. Polyesters and blends should

be extracted at a temperature below 38º C

to prevent wrinkling.

The compact mass of hydro-extracted

clothes is referred to as ‘cheese’.

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Unloading :Transferring washed linen from the hydro-

extractor to the Tumble Dryer is a difficult

task because of the added weight of

moisture. Articles may be manually removed

and put into trolleys. Tilting and dumping

machines reduce the physical effort of

manual unloading. A laundry cart can be

positioned under the door and a pushbutton

operated to rotate the cylinder and empty

its contents. Alternatively, the machine can

unload onto a conveyor belt that will

transport the linen to the next set of

operations.Tumble Drying :

This process is capable of rendering the

linen completely dry by blowing hot air

ranging between 40º C to 60º C onto the

articles as they are slowly circulated in the

rotating drum. For articles that are

susceptible to damage by heat,

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there is the option of simply airing by

circulating air at room temperature. To avoid

wrinkles and the

risk of spontaneous combustion, many

dryers have a cool-down cycle at

predetermined intervals. The process of

tumble-drying creates a good deal of wear

and tear on the fabric as particles of lint

come off the fabric in the drying process.

The time taken is approx. 30 mines.

depending on whether the article is to be

completely or partially dried.Finishing

:For those articles that require a pressed

finish, ironing and pressing are usual, but

there are also other finishing equipment.

Articles like blankets, towels, candlewick

bedspreads, hosiery, etc. that do not require

a pressed finish are only tumble-dried.

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Can be done by machine but in most cases

is carried out completely manually or at

least the finishing folds are done manually.

The use of a folding stand helps minimize

this otherwise very labour-intensive

operation. Manual folding makes it possible

to achieve the desired fold as well as ensure

quality control. Employees in this area are

the one ones who ‘reject’ stained linen and

are a good source for ascertaining what

types and quantities of stains commonly

occur. This is an important stage in the

processing of laundered linen as it can be

the ‘bottleneck’ in an otherwise efficient

laundry operation. Correct folding is

important to the appearance of the article

and

makes it convenient to store and use.

Folding

:

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Equipments :

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Transfer :

Airing :

This is essential prior to storage, especially

if the articles are to be stored in closed

shelves. It ensures that any moisture that is

likely to cause mildew will be got rid of.

Storage :

:Should be properly done in a well–designed

storage space. Linen should be allowed a

rest period to recuperate before it is used

again. The life span of linen is greatly

increased if proper rotation of stock is

carried out, thereby ensuring a ‘rest period’

between uses. As a general rule, at any

given time, approximately 50% of the total

linen inventory should be on the shelves,

25% in use and 25% in processing. The

storage area must be isolated from the

soiled linen and kept clean

The linen is issued to the unit/department

for use. Since transfer of clean linen is

usually done by linen trolleys, it is important

to keep the trolleys clean.

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The linen is utilized for the necessary

function intended and the cycle begins all

over again.THE WASHING MACHINE

Use :

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- the essential parts of the washing machine

are shown in the above diagram.

- the machine may be top loading (lesser

capacity), front loading or side loading (for

large loads in industrial laundering).

- the machine rotates for 15 seconds in one

direction, stops and reverses direction for

15 seconds. This prevents the ‘roping’ of

linen in the drum.

- the speed of rotation of the drum depends

on the diameter and ranges between 40

to 60 r.p.m.

- centrifugal action of the drum causes

friction between the clothes thereby

suspending dirt.

- the water level is referred to as ‘dip’.

- the temperature of water ranges from 30º

C to 95º C

- machines operate on manual switches, dial

settings, computerized cards or on

computer panels.

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- modern machinery have sensors that can

gauge the length of cycle, level and

temperature of water, amount of laundry

agent and when it should be added in the

wash cycle as well as

the type of drum action, for a specific wash

load.

- industrial machinery have a control panel

which displays the stage in the wash

cycle in

progress, the time remaining for the

completion of the cycle, the temperature of

water and the chemical in use.

- machines which carry out washing as well

as hydro-extraction are called washer

Extractors.

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HYDRO-EXTRACTOR :

THE WASH CYCLE :

Flush

Suds

Bleach

Rinse

Sour & Soft

Extract

Modern hydro-extractors work on the

centrifugal action and the procedure is

usually part of the wash cycle. The drum

rotates at high speed (at least ten times the

wash speed) and the clothes are pressed

against the sides of the drum and water

passes out

through the perforations and out through

the open drain.

A complete wash cycle is composed of

various stages and the time taken is approx.

40 to 50 minutes. It has been proven that

quick wash cycles using large volume of

water broken down into the following

sequence is most effective.

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ADDITIONAL STAGES IN THE WASH CYCLE :

There are four factors that are as

basic to laundry operations as they

are to any other good cleaning

operation.

These are essential where there is a specific

type of soiled or the articles are heavily

soiled.

--

Soak

--

Break

--

Carryover Suds (Intermediate Rinse)

--

Intermediate Extract

--

Starch (Sizing)

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TUNNEL WASHERS :

These are also called batch washers or

continuous washers and are in effect a series

of

inter-connected washers. Each ‘bath’ is in a

different cylinder and the load moves

from one cylinder to the next. Computerized

systems automatically adjust the time,

temperature and chemicals to be used, so

that each batch receives the required

treatment. Machines may be top transfer or

bottom transfer. Tunnel washers have

distinct advantages in that they are

timesaving, thereby reducing staff

requirement.

There are also significant energy and water

savings. Tunnel washers can also be

hooked up to an extractor and subsequently

with conveyors to the dryer.

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Dryers are machines that dry laundry by

tumbling it slowly in a perforated drum

exposed to hot air ranging from 40ºC to

60ºC in low capacity dryers and going right

up to 85ºC in an industrial dryer. There are

programmes for delicate articles with low or

no heat. Dryers may operate on gas,

electricity or steam. For speedy drying and

less wrinkling the volume of the dryer

should be 25% more than the washer-

extractor. Most dryers have a

microprocessor computer control system.

Although suitable drying times are usually

recommended for specific fabrics, some

dryers have sensors hooked

onto their microprocessors so that they can

gauge the moisture in the load and cut the

dryer off automatically the moment the

laundry is dry. This is a major preventive

factor against spontaneous combustion, as

hot air blowing on ‘bone dry’ fabrics can

easily set it on fire.

TUMBLE DRYER :

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Furthermore, the dryer may have a post-

drying cool down cycle that also reduces the

fire hazard as well as prevents the formation

of wrinkles in no iron fabrics. The process

creates a great deal of wear and tear on the

fabric as particles of lint come off in the

drying process. A lint screen traps the lint

particles and must be

cleaned regularly. Lint build-up restricts air-

flow and reduces the rate of moisture

removal, thereby increasing energy

consumption and costs. The length of the

cycle is dependent on the absorbency of the

fabric, the residue of moisture and whether

the fabric is to be completely dried

(approximately 40 mines.) Modern dryers are

equipped with high tech features such as

signal lights, self-cleaning

lint screens, reverse cylinder drums as well

as energy-saving devices like extra insulation

and heat re claimers

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Is used for flatwork i.e. items like sheets,

pillowcases, tablecloths, serviettes, aprons,

sari, etc. The items are passed through

heated rollers for ironing.

FINISHING EQUIPMENT :For those articles that require a pressed

finish there are many finishing equipment.

Some of the more frequently used

equipment are listed below.

Flatwork Ironer / Roller Iron / Calendar :

Is for shaped articles (usually clothing) like

shirts, trousers, etc. They are special presses

to perform specific functions and operation

can be on electricity or steam.

Press :

Is a chamber where low-crease garments

are suspended on hangers and steam or hot

air is circulated through the cabinet.

Cabinet Dryer or Drying Room :

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Clothes are hung on conveyor belts that pass

through a tunnel. Hot air blowing in the

tunnel, renders the articles completely dry

by the time they exit. It is a fully automated

process that also transfers the linen to the

next area of activity.

Puffer or Suzie :

For coats and articles that do not crease

heavily. The articles are put onto a dummy

that is inflated with steam to remove

creases and then with hot air to remove the

moisture created by the steam.

Tunnel Dryer :

LOCATION AND PLANNING OF AN ON-PREMISES LAUNDRY :

When planning an on-premises laundry it

must be located far from guestrooms so that

guests are not disturbed. It is essential that

the laundry be located near the linen room

for convenience and reducing transportation

time.

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Ideally, the area should have an outside wall

since equipment need to be vented to the

outside. With few exceptions, the laundry is

located in the basement because laundry

equipment is very heavy and the vibrations

of the equipment are better absorbed. Such

a location makes it imperative to have a

proper ventilation system. In circumstances

where the laundry is located at an upper

floor, usually as a result of expansion, the

floor may have to be structurally re-enforced.

Wherever the laundry is located, the walls of

the room should be durable and moisture

resistant; ceilings should be at least ten feet

high, must resist moisture and absorb sound.

A cement floor with easily cleanable floor

drains and no spots where water can pool is

vital. The ideal size for a hotel laundry is

difficult to determine.

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The types and amounts of linen used, the

average number of guests per day, whether

the hotel has one or more restaurants,

whether there is a health club and/or

swimming pool, the types and capacities of

laundry equipment, whether employee

uniforms are laundered at the hotel,

whether there are guest laundry facilities

offered, are a few examples of the variables

that must be considered not only when

determining the required area but also when

planning the layout. Laundry employee

schedules must also be taken into

consideration at the planning stage. To run

smoothly, a laundry needs to be well

designed and have the right equipment.

properly installed. Such laundries have an

advantage of low maintenance costs. In an

existing laundry operation, it is necessary to

observe for signs that indicate that the

laundry may need to be redesigned.

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These may include too many last-minute

rush jobs, piles of unprocessed linen,

persistent linen shortages, excessive

overtime among laundry workers and

overcrowding of the laundry workspace. The

basic design factors that need to be thought

out when designing or redesigning an on-

premises laundry include location, size,

equipment layout, utilities and labor Each

lodging operation is unique, therefore it is

impossible to provide specific information on

equipment selection. Criteria that are

applicable to the selection of all cleaning

equipment must be considered. Ease of

operation is important and though most

machines have microprocessors that simplify

procedures, it should be easy to train

operators particularly where there is a

likelihood of a high staff turnover. The

versatility of equipment is important

especially in a washer extractor.

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It should be able to dispense a variety of

chemical formulas and have different cycles

to deal with different laundry items and

soiling conditions Regarding durability ,the

equipment must be well-constructed from

robust materials with life-extending features

such as heavy duty motors and a load

distribution speed. This is crucial, since they

will be handled by many operators. It is

advisable to select a well established

manufacturer who specializes in laundry

equipment and will provide a warranty,

servicing and spare parts back-up and

training in operation and maintenance. A

factor that is frequently overlooked is how

the equipment will be brought into the

building. Machines may work on gas,

electricity or steam and should be

connected to a common master switch that

can be switched off in case of emergencies.

In any case, fire-fighting equipment must be

installed in this area.

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Layout :

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LAYOUT OF A LAUNDRY :

When planning the layout of a laundry,

consider the work flow and wherever

possible ensure that the plan does not hinder

the smooth flow of operations. To reduce

turnaround time between loads, ease of

loading and unloading equipment must be

ensured – area for accumulating and sorting

linen should be located close to the washer

extractor; dryers should be adjacent to the

washer extractor, to save time and employee

effort; hinges of the washer extractors and

the dryers are adjustable and can be placed

on the right or left side of the door, so the

proper choice must be made in accordance

with the laundry layout in order to avoid

employees having to walk around the open

door to get from one machine to the next;

the folding area should be located near the

area where laundered linen is stored.

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- entrances and exits

- support columns and beams

- space between adjacent machines and

adequate space between the back of the

machine and the wall which is essential to

facilitate servicing and repair.

- power points for electrical supply and the

required voltage. (gas and steam supply in

many other parts of the world)

- water supply lines with adequate pressure

(10 gallons per Kg of linen approx.) and

preventing the occurrence of ‘water

hammer’

- hot water supply lines must utilize heavy

duty heating equipment which in recent

times is being substituted by the use of

solar energy.

- water softening - also the removal of iron,

manganese and sculpture to eliminate

staining and enhance the action of the

detergent.

When positioning laundry equipment, the following must be considered:

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- drain locations and proper drainage

system that will keep up with the rapid

discharge rate of modern equipment. This is

best met by a drain trough and the normal

floor drain is also installed to deal with

overflows.

- a separate section to deal with guest

laundry/valet service.

- local code for restrictions/ permit

requirements.

- energy and water conservation as well as

safety factors also affect decisions regarding

the selection of equipment.

- area must accommodate the total number

of staff working at the busiest times

(approx.1 staff for 40Kg of laundry)

- the size of the property and the type of

services offered are major considerations for

planning.

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As technology strives to automate every

face of hotel operations, computerized

laundry systems have been around for quite

a while. The hotel cannot sell a single room

or a cover in the restaurant without the use

of textile products. With the realization of

the potential benefits of cleaning up the

laundry operations, more and

more streamlining processes are being

introduced. Apart from exploring the options

of localized laundry operations that service

multiple properties, outsourcing laundry

services, water reclamation and heat

recovery systems to reduce hotel energy

consumption, some hotels are

experimenting with Windows-based laundry

software and ozone washing.

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LAUNDRY AGENTS :

Water by itself is ineffective as a cleaning

agent, due to a phenomenon known as

‘surface tension’. It will remove water-

soluble dirt, but has little effect on oils and

grease. The addition of a detergent reduces

the surface tension, allowing the water to

penetrate, wetting the garment thoroughly

so that soil is more accessible.

Suspending Agent :

The role of the suspending agent in cleaning

is to hold the dirt in suspension and prevent

it from red positing onto the surface of the

article. It plays a crucial role in the laundry

agent due to the amount of time that the

clothes rotate in the machine while the dirt

is in suspension. The suspending agent is

carboxyl methyl cellulose.

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These act along with the suspending agent

to hold dirt in suspension. They assist by

holding a greater amount of dirt in

suspension thereby reducing the likelihood

of redeposit ion.

They also have the additional ability to

dissolve lime salts that are responsible for

temporary hardness in water. Sodium

polyphosphates act as sequestering agents.

Sequestering Agent :

Alkali

Alkalis used in the wash process include

1. Washing Soda

2. Sodium Phosphate

3. Sodium Hydroxide

4. Sodium Met silicate

The role of the alkali in the wash process

OTHER LAUNDERING AGENTS

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Bleaches :

These are used on white articles only. They

remove coloring matter by their oxidizing or

reducing action. If not in liquid form, they

should be dissolved in hot water in order to

ensure that no powder residue remains in

the washing machine which may affect later

loads. The bleaches commonly used in the

laundry process are sodium perforate and

sodium hypochlorite.

Antichlor :

These are agents used to neutralize the

chlorine bleach and are essential

particularly in the case of polyesters. The

use of chlorinated bleaches has a tendency

to leave yellow deposits.

Sour :

This is used only in industrial laundering in

the final rinse, to neutralize any alkaline

soap residues that may be present.

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It brings the pH of the linen articles to a level

between 5 and 6.5, which is agreeable to the

human skin. and also gets rid of yellow or

brown deposits caused by residue alkali.

Acetic acid is used as the sour.

In cases where there is a high iron content in

the water, Oxalic acid is used which serves a

dual purpose, by also getting rid of the

reddish, iron deposits. If starch is being used,

sour should be added 2 minutes before the

starch to achieve a pH of 5.0 to 5.5. If a

sizing agent is being used, the ideal pH is 7.0

to 8.0 so sour is generally not used.

LAUNDRY PROCEDURES for different fabrics :

LAUNDERING OF COTTONS

The process of laundering cotton fabrics is

dependent on the texture of the fabrics,

fastness of color and the finish appropriate

to its use.

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Sorting is a major stage according to

- fine ,delicate cotton (mulmul, muslin)

- white and light fast colors

- dark, fast colors

- non-fast colors

A further classification into coarse articles,

bed linen and personal articles and table

linen.

This sorting will be responsible for deciding

- the temperature of water in the main wash

- the need for disinfection/sterilization

- the detergent used

- the speed of rotation of the drum

- the length of the wash cycle

- the use of bleach and optical brighteners

- the need to starch

- hydro-extraction

Sak

Silk should be washed frequently as

perspiration damages the fabric. Never soak

articles as it weakens the fabric nor should

they be subjected to high heat (wash

temperature approx. 30º C).

The detergent should have a good surfactant

and should not depend on mechanical action

for cleaning. No harsh chemicals should be

used. The final rinse of silk articles should be

carried out with a little vinegar in it. (1

stun /10 liters water) in order to preserve

luster. Silk is too delicate to be hydro-

extracted. Silk should never be sundried as

this damages the fabric and causes

yellowing of the fabric. Ironing is on medium

heat as silk scorches easily. The article must

be evenly dampened and water should never

be sprinkled on the fabric as it leaves

watermarks.

LAUNDERING OF SILK :

Sak

Ensure that the articles are completely dry

so that creases do not reappear on the

portion which is damp. Ironing is carried out

on the reverse in order to preserve luster

and air all silk garments after ironing. Silk is

usually dry-cleaned.

In the laundering of wool, the articles must

be shaken out to remove the dust particles

that are held in the loosely constructed

weave. Hand-knitted garments are very

susceptible to felting and stretching. Mark

the outline of the article prior to washing

and arrange it in its original size and shape

after laundering and dry flat. In the

laundering of wool, the following should be

avoided:

- application of friction

- fluctuating and high temperatures

- use of strong laundry agents

LAUNDERING OF WOOL :

Sak

- wringing tightly and hydro-extraction

- hanging the fabric when wet

- prolonged soaking as it makes the fabric

weak

The capacity of the machine, may have to

be disregarded due to the bulkiness of the

article The movement of the drum should be

gentle and a scrubbing brush should never

be used . The wash cycle should be short

and water temperature (not more than 35º

C). The rinse cycle should be thorough and

borax is added to the final rinse water to

prevent matting. No hydro-extraction is

permitted but there is instead a pumping

action for the removal of moisture. Usually

ironing is not required, but wherever

necessary, iron when the article is

completely dry, using a low temperature

and ironing on the reverse of the article. It is

very essential to air to fabric after ironing.

Sak

These are manufactured so that they shed

dirt quickly in the wash. However if they

become heavily soiled, (especially collars

and cuffs and sari borders) they become

difficult to clean, so it is better to wash them

after every use. Soaking the garments

before laundering is beneficial as it loosens

the dirt. Care must be taken when loading

the machine as overloading results in

creases which may be difficult to remove

later. The application of friction should avoid

the use of a scrubbing brush and should be

restricted to heavily soiled parts only. The

wash cycle is short and carried out at a low

temperature (30º C) Rinsing should be

carried out in water at room temperature.

The hydro-extraction cycle is also short as

synthetic articles have a low absorbency.

Iron on low heat but quickly as if there is a

prolonged contact it is likely to scorch the

fabric.

LAUNDERING OF SYNTHETICS :

Sak

DECLARATION :

We here by declare that the above submitted details are what We have learned and gathered from my study materials which is true to best of my knowledge …… Thanking you, yours obediently, A1

Sak