Hoai Nhon - District Solid Waste Management Plan

People’s Committee of

BINH DINH Province

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU

Project Management Unit “Improvement of Sanitation and Protection of

the Environment in Tuy Hoa City, Phu Yen”

SEPTEMBER 2010

EP&T

Proposal for performing “Consultancy on Developing

Solid Waste Management Detailed Plans for the four

Districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son”

(VIE 07 035 11)

People’s Committee of

BINH DINH Province

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU

DECEMBER 2011

EP&T

HOAI NHON DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

UP TO 2025

Hoai Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4

1.1. PURPOSE OF THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................................... 4

1.2. THE CONTENTS OF THIS DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................. 4

2. TARGETS FOR DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 4

2.1. LEGAL DOCUMENTS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ................................................................................... 4

2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management ............................................... 4

2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management ............................................ 5

2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ................................... 7

2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 8

2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 9

2.2. THE PROVINCE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................... 10

2.3. TARGETS FOR THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 10

3. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTE TILL 2025 .............................................................. 12

3.1. DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE ................................................................................................................ 12

3.2. CURRENT SITUATION IN HOAI NHON DISTRICT .......................................................................................... 12

3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service .................................................. 12

3.2.2. Current Waste Disposal Sites................................................................................................. 13

3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery ............................................................................................ 14

3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste ....................................................................................................... 15

3.3. DOMESTIC WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERATION RATE TILL 2025 ....................................................... 15

3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste ................................................ 15

3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025 .......................................................................... 16

3.4. PLAN FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AT SOURCE 2011-2025 ........................................................................ 18

3.4.1. Markets ................................................................................................................................. 18

3.4.2. Households ............................................................................................................................ 19

3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source ..................................................................... 20

3.5. PLAN FOR WASTE COLLECTION 2011 - 2025 ........................................................................................... 25

3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste.................................................................................... 25

3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation ...................................................................................... 27

3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment ....................................................................... 29

3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities ................................................................................. 30

3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles ................................................................. 36

3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers .................................................................... 38

3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System ........................................................................................... 39

3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection ........................................................................ 44

3.6. REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 47

3.6.1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 47

3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district ........................................................ 47

3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014 ............................................ 48

3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 49

3.6.5. Organization and Implementation Structure ........................................................................ 50

3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media ....................................................................... 53


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3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection .................................................................... 54

3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source .................................................................................. 54

3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District ........................................................ 55

3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 – 2025 .............. 55

3.7. REQUIREMENTS TO THE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM .................................................................................... 58

3.7.1. Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 – 2025 ........................................................................... 58

3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill ........................................................................................................ 59

3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill .................................................................................... 61

3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill .............................................................................. 62

3.8. CLOSURE OF DUMPSITES ...................................................................................................................... 63

3.9. COST SAVING BY TREATING ORGANIC WASTE AT SOURCE ........................................................................... 63

4. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TILL 2025 ............................................................ 64

4.1. DEFINITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL/HAZARDOUS WASTE .................................................................................... 64

4.2. CURRENT SITUATION AND PLANS ........................................................................................................... 65

4.3. POSSIBILITIES FOR WASTE PREVENTION AND WASTE MINIMISATION; .............................................................. 66

4.4. PRESENT AND FUTURE QUANTITIES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE .......................................................................... 67

4.5. THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE ................................................................................ 67

4.6. REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 68

5. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE .................................................................. 69

5.1. DEFINITION OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE ................................................................................................ 69

5.2. CURRENT SITUATION ........................................................................................................................... 69

5.2.1. The provincial level General Hospital .................................................................................... 70

5.2.2. The District Hospital .............................................................................................................. 70

5.3. FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF HCW .......................................................................................................... 70

6. IMPLEMENTATION PLANS ................................................................................................................ 71

ANNEX A TABLES OF WASTE QUANTITIES 2010 - 2025......................................................................... 72

ANNEX B MAP OF DISTRICT ................................................................................................................. 89

ANNEX C SANITARY LANDFILL CALCULATIONS .................................................................................... 91


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1. Background Binh Dinh Province is located on the coast of Vietnam in the South Central Coast Region. The province had a population of 1.49 million in 2009 and has a land area of 6,025 square kilometres. Within the province, the Hoai Nhon District borders the coast and is located approximately 90 km north of Quy Nhon. The District capital is Bong Son and the other major town is Tam Quan. The District has a total area of 414 km2 and the population in 2009 was 206,900 inhabitants. There are two towns and 15 communes located within the District.

1.1. Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan

The purpose of this District Solid Waste Management Plan is to offer and overall strategy for the collection, treatment and disposal of all solid waste generated in Hoai Nhon District. The Plan covers the years 2011 through 2025. The Plan was developed in close consultation with all stakeholders within the district through meetings, discussions and workshops.

1.2. The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan

This District Solid Waste Management Plan covers the management plans for domestic waste in section 3, for industrial waste in section 4, and for healthcare risk waste in section 5. An overview of the related Government’s laws, Decrees and Regulations on solid waste management is given is section 2. For each type of waste, the Plan provides a description of the current situation, where after the present waste quantities and characteristics are discussed. Hereafter the plans describes the requirements to waste collection, treatment and disposal, the capital and financial costs of the system, as well as cost recovery, requirements to institutional strengthening, capacity development and awareness raising.

2. Targets for District Solid Waste Management

2.1. Legal Documents of the Central Government

2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management

The most important national legal document regarding solid waste management is the Government Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP issued on the 9th April 2007. The document requires four principles applied in solid waste management as follows:

1. Solid waste generators have to pay for the collection, transport and treatment of the waste

2. Solid waste has to be segregated at source, reused, and recycled. Reusable components have to be recovered into input material for production or energy.

3. Technologies which can be used for non-degradable waste treatment or for reducing the waste amount for landfill are prioritized in order to save land resource.

4. The Government encourages the socialization in the collection, segregation, transport and treatment of solid waste.

The Decree also regulates the items of state management on solid waste and promulgates requirements for the planning and investment of solid waste management. In addition, it regulates in detail the activities of solid waste segregation, collection, storage, transport and treatment; as well as the costs for solid waste management. Last but not least, the decree calls for the requirement of monitoring and implementation.


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2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

On December 12, 2009 the Prime Minister signed Decision No. 2149/QD-TTg approving the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management till the year 2025 with vision to 2050. The strategy states the following main points:

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a common responsibility of the whole society, in which the Government takes a leading role in order to enhance socialisation, mobilise all the possible resources, and strengthen the investment into the ISWM activities.

ISWM is implemented on the base of regional and intersectional approaches in order to optimise both economic and technical aspects and ensure social and environmental safety.

ISWM is one of the priorities in environmental protection, which takes part in pollution control towards sustainable development of the country.

ISWM should be based on the “polluter pays” principle, according to which waste generators, polluters and environmental degraders are responsible to contribute finance and compensate for the losses as required by current regulations.

Solid waste management should be implemented with an integrated manner in order to take the first priority for waste prevention and reduction at source and enhance reuse and recycling to reduce the quantities of waste for landfilling.

With a clear vision for the year 2050 that all the waste that is generated will be collected, reused, recycled and treated by advanced and environmentally friendly technologies and that the quantities of waste for landfilling will be minimised, the strategy has set the following target figures: By 2015:

85% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted.

50% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 30% should be recovered for reuse or recycling.

30% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 10% in urban areas of other classes should be collected and properly treated.

Reduce 40% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010.

Waste separation at households should be implemented at 50% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist.

80% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 70% should be recovered for reuse or recycling.

60% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated.

85% of non-hazardous and 70% of hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated.

40% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 50% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated.

100% of seriously polluting dumpsites according to Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003 should be treated.

By 2020:



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50% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 30% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated.



90% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 75% should be recovered for reuse or recycling.

70% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated.

100% of non-hazardous and hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated.


By 2025:




100% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 50% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated.


100% of non-hazardous and hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and properly treated.


Furthermore, in order to realise the above set goals, the strategy has pointed out the following tasks for implementation:

1. Prevent and minimise the generation of solid waste 2. Enhance source separation 3. Increase the collection and transport of solid waste 4. Strengthen the reuse and recycling of solid waste 5. Treat solid waste 6. Recover the surroundings of the solid waste treatment facilities.

In addition, the strategy has also pointed out the following main measures for implementation:

1. Improve the system of legal documents and policies regarding solid waste management.

2. Plan and implement the solid waste management plans for all the economic zones and provinces/cities, monitor the implementation of solid waste management plans in the planning of urban and rural residential areas, and plan and implement the plans on the construction of solid waste treatment sites to the level of wards/communes.

3. Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country. 4. Build resources for the implementation of the strategy


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5. Promote scientific research for effectively contributing to ISWM 6. Raise awareness 7. Strengthen international cooperation

Last but not least, in order to ensure successful implementation, the strategy has also proposed 10 implementation programs which are summarised below: No Programme Targets Due year &

leading implementer

01 Promoting the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste

- Set up and implement measures for the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste

- Develop recycling industry

2020 MoNRE

02 Promoting solid waste separation at source

- Set up regulations and guidance on solid waste separation at source

- Disseminate source separation models

2015 MONRE

03 Investing into the construction of solid waste treatment facilities at regional level

Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the economic zones in the whole country as approved by the Prime Minister

2020 MoC

04 Treating domestic solid waste in the urban areas during 2009-2020

Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the urban areas in the whole country, using technologies that limit landfilling

2020 MoC

05 Recovering the environment for the solid waste treatment and landfilling works

- Strictly treat the seriously polluting dumpsites as per Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg

- Improve and upgrade all the current dumpsites in the whole country to meet the required environmental standards

2020 MoNRE

06 Strengthening solid waste management in rural areas and craft villages

Strengthen integrated solid waste management in the rural areas and craft villages

2020 MARD

07 Building a database and a solid waste data monitoring system

Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country in order to enhance the effectiveness of the solid waste management of both the central and local governments

2015 MoNRE

08 Raising public awareness Gradually increase public awareness on the separation, reduction, reuse and recycling of solid waste as well as to protect hygienic conditions

2020 MoIT

09 Building a legal, policy and institutional system for integrated solid waste management

Improve the system of standards, regulations, technical guidance, mechanisms, policies, institutions etc. on integrated solid waste management

2015 MoC

10 Treating healthcare waste during 2009-2025

Ensure by the year 2025 100% solid waste generated by the healthcare establishments be collected and treated properly as required by the environmental standards

2025 MoH

2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

The MoSTE and MoC on January 18, 2001 issued inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD guiding the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for and the construction and operation of solid waste burial sites. First, the circular elaborates requirements for the selection of waste burial site locations. It requires that the burial site locations must be determined on the basis of construction planning that has already been approved by the competent state management bodies. Besides, it sets minimum distances from a


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burial site, depending on its size, to different works including urban areas, airports, industrial parks, residential clusters, ground water exploiting works, etc. For instance, the minimum distance from a small and medium burial site to a delta or midland residential cluster (of more than 5 households) should be 1,000 m at the end of principal wind direction or 300 m to other directions. Furthermore, the document guides the procedure for selection of a model and size for a burial site. Second, the circular regulates the operating procedure of a burial site. This includes the weighing and registration of waste, covering the layers of placed waste with soil or other equal materials, closure of a site, post-closure monitoring, and ultimate (re)use of the site after closure. Third and the last, the circular guides the organisation of implementation, in which it shares the responsibilities of the MoSTE, the MoC and the PCs of provincial level in the selection of location for and operation of waste burial sites.

2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

On December 2007, the Ministry of Construction issued Circular No. 13 /2007/TT-BXD to guide some articles of the Governmental Decree 59/2007/ND-CP of April 9, 2007 on solid waste management. The document covers the following five items: 1. Planning of solid waste management The planning of solid waste management that was defined by Item 1 of Article 7 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP is elaborated in this circular as the “specific construction sectional planning, which includes surveys, projection of generation sources and quantities of both general and hazardous waste; identification of the locations and sizes of transfer stations and the area of collection and transport; selection of sites and sizes for the waste treatment facilities on the base of proper technologies; setting up plans and resources for complete collection and treatment of the solid waste.” The period for planning is stated to be 10 years, 20 years or longer, depending on the period of construction planning. In addition, the circular also lists the requirements for contents and drawings to be covered in a solid waste management plan. 2. Planning of construction of solid waste management works The circular elaborates the planning of construction of solid waste management works which was regulated by Articles 8 and 9 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. It specifies detailed requirements for the planning of total layout of solid waste treatment facilities, including for instance location and capacity, construction area, water and electricity consumption norms, isolation from potentially polluting or explosive areas, monitoring locations, proposal of landscape recovery and ultimate use of the site after closure, etc. 3. Recovery and reuse of solid waste treatment areas after closure The document requires closure of landfills that have been filled up with waste according to the design and unsanitary landfills. It also suggests possible alternatives of reuse of the sites such as, for instance, entertainment, sports, parking areas etc. 4. Preparation and management of budget for solid waste treatment According to the circular, the budget preparation should cover all the costs including collection, transport and treatment of solid waste to ensure full recovery of the costs and development of the treatment facilities’ owners; as well as to encourage the socialisation of solid waste treatment. The document also requires that the prepared budget be approved by the chairman of the province PC level. 5. Organisation for implementation The circular requires the ministries and PCs of provincial level to prepare, appraise and approve solid waste management plans as regulated by Article 10 of Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. Furthermore it requires the PCs of provincial level to appraise and approve construction plans for solid waste


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treatment of provincial and inter-provincial regional scales. Finally it requires the PCs of provincial level to be responsible for closing unsanitary dumpsites as regulated by Decision 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003.

2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

The circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD was issued by the MoC on January 27, 2011 to guide the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for construction and urban planning. The objectives of the document include not only regional, general, sub-regional and detailed planning, but also rural residential planning and specific technical infrastructural planning, which all are thereafter called construction planning. It is organised into 5 chapters and 23 articles, covering general regulations, methods of SEA, contents of SEA, report compilation and appraisal, and organisation of implementation. In general, the document requires SEA to be part of a construction planning and be conducted in parallel to the planning process. Besides the general requirements for an SEA, such as the main environmental issues to focus on and scientific basis for the methods to be used, the circular requires that the contents of an SEA should not be contradictory to or replicated of the ones shown in the plans of higher levels of the current plan. In addition, it requires that the appraisal of such SEAs be carried out in parallel to the appraisal of the plan. The requirements for SEA for specific technical infrastructural planning are elaborated in Article 16 of the document. Regarding SEA for solid waste treatment planning this article specifies the following contents:

Assessing and comparing both positive and negative environmental impacts of different alternatives for collection routes, location and size of transfer stations and treatment facility, treatment technology;

Composition of both general and hazardous waste;

Topographical properties and the possibility of soil pollution at the site;

Ground water characteristics and the possibility of ground water pollution at the treatment site;

Surface water characteristics, flow direction and its distance to the treatment site;

Air emission and odour from the treatment site;

Adverse social impacts on the local communities in the area of the treatment site or along side the transport route.

Furthermore, Article 21 of the circular imposes the responsibilities of preparation, appraisal and approval of construction plans as follows:

1. The organisations and individuals who prepare, appraise or approve construction plans are responsible for implementing SEA for the plans as required in this Circular.

2. After the construction plan has been approved and announced, the construction planner is responsible for extracting the SEA or its summary to post on the webpage of the local government and submit a copy (formatted as a pdf or word file) to the MoC’s address as [email protected]

Last but not least, Article 23 of the document states that this circular comes into affect from March 15, 2011 and that it replaces the MoC’s Circular No 10/2000/TT-BXD of August 8, 2000 guiding the preparation of EIA for construction plans. It can therefore be expected that the DSWMPs that are being developed for the for districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son under the BTC funded project Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Binh Dinh Province do


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not have to follow Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD, i.e. prepare SEA, as they all started in November 2010.

2.2. The Province Solid Waste Management Plan

In August 2009, the People’s Committee of Binh Dinh Province decision no. 637 approved the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020. It should be noted that since the provincial plan was developed and subsequently approved prior to the national strategy, it could not use the national strategy as a legal basis. The plan advocates “using current solid waste management methods of the advanced countries in the world and adjusting it to the suitable conditions of Viet Nam”. The plan emphasises the importance of minimising the amount of solid waste that is landfilled, in order to minimise both the environmental impacts and the investment costs. The plan calls for treatment facilities in every district, city and town; where the operation radius of each solid waste treatment plant is about 20 km. By 2020, eighty percent of the domestic solid waste from urban areas outside Quy Nhon must be collected and treated. The plan basically calls for at source separation of domestic solid waste in urban areas. It foresees utilising the organic faction of the waste to produce fertilizer and to place the remaining waste in sanitary landfills. The plan has set the following target figures: By 2015:

- 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 70% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated.

- 100% of solid waste generated from industrial parks should be collected and treated by appropriated measures.

By 2020:

- 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 80% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated.

- 100% of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas should be segregated at source. The plan includes projections of the quantity of solid waste generated in the whole province for the years 2015 and 2020. In addition, it suggests a model for solid waste management in urban areas which consists of not only sanitary landfills but also composting and other recycling activities. For rural areas of the province the model only foresees the use of landfills for waste disposal. Finally, the plan has proposed 10 solid waste treatment complexes for the whole province of Binh Dinh, each of which include as one of the components, a landfill.

2.3. Targets for the District Solid Waste Management

In general and in accordance with the national and provincial policies, the management of solid waste should follow the following sequence of priorities:

Reduction in the quantity of waste produced and to reduce its negative impacts

Recycle the waste, where the discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products;

Use of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling as source of energy;


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Disposal of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling nor for energy recovery, as well as the remains of waste from which energy has been recovered, without endangering human health and without using processes or methods which could harm the environment.

The above prioritisation is also in line with international practices. Ideally all waste generation should be avoided; where this is not possible, the quantity of waste should be minimised. Hereafter the hierarchy advocates recycling, energy recovery and final disposal in a landfill. For energy recovery, the most common solution is incineration of waste to generate steam and electricity; another possibility is to produce biogas from the biodegradable organic fraction of the waste. As can be seen from the above, placing the generated solid waste in a landfill is the least favoured option, however, by removing the waste from populated areas and placing it in a landfill, a number of health and environmental problems are solved. To reach the above-mentioned national and provincial policy goals, the solid waste management system in Hoai Nhon District has to be improved. The percentage of waste currently collected has to be increased in order to prevent pollution through illegal dumping. The waste volumes to be disposed of should be minimised, since with the disposal of waste many useful materials are lost, for the same reason recycling and reuse should be encouraged. Since the existing dumpsites within the District have a negative impact on the quality of water, air and soil, measures must be taken to reduce the harmful environmental impact caused by these sites. Furthermore, both healthcare risk waste and industrial waste are generated within the District, and these also need to be collected, treated and disposed of correctly. Today, the majority of healthcare wastes are properly treated; only the waste arising from small sources still need to be included in the existing system. For industrial wastes, there is currently no plan in place for their management. The objectives of this District Solid Waste Management Plan are as follows: Objective no. 1: Reduce the negative impact of uncollected or dumped domestic waste on

the health of the population and on the environment Targets aiming at a reduction in negative health and environmental impacts of domestic waste are:

By the year 2020, 80% of all domestic solid waste is collected in towns and 40% of all domestic solid waste is collected in communes.

Inhabitants in hamlets, villages and towns within the District shall have access to waste collection services by the year 2020.

Efforts will be made to reduce the waste volume through the composting (or other treatment) of market waste, as well as the organic faction or household waste in rural areas.

All waste shall be placed in the District landfill from 2014.

All existing dumpsites shall be closed and covered with soil by the year 2014. Objective no. 2: Ensure the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimise all forms

of pollution from industrial waste


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Targets aiming at the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimising pollution from industrial waste are:

By the year 2020, all waste from small, medium and large industries must be transported to landfill(s) approved by the District authorities.

Hazardous waste must be separated from the non-hazardous industrial waste and treated in a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility.

By 2013 all healthcare risk waste generated within the district must be treated properly.

3. Plan for Management of Domestic Waste till 2025

3.1. Definition of Solid Waste

In Decree No. 59/2007/NĐ-CP issued by Vietnamese Government on April 9th 2007, it is elaborated that solid wastes means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities. Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and hazardous solid waste. Solid waste generated in daily-life activities of individuals, households or at public places is collectively referred to as daily-life solid waste. In this District Solid Waste Management Plan we will refer to domestic solid waste rather than daily-life solid waste, where domestic solid waste refers to the waste collected by the local authorities or their delegated concessionaires or contractors. Domestic solid waste is hence defined as any garbage, refuse from household kitchens, canteens, markets, residences, commerce, industries or other sources, except for solid waste generation from industrial production processes, health care activities and construction. Hence, domestic solid waste is a mixture of various waste streams and its composition will be dependent on what sources (housing, shops, industries, etc.) are provided with services by the local authorities 1. Thus it must be understood that “domestic solid waste” is the waste collected by the local authorities or their agents and that the waste composition will be dependent on where the garbage truck collects waste.

3.2. Current Situation in Hoai Nhon District

3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service

The solid waste management services were started by the District People’s Committee when they contacted the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd., a private construction company based in Bong Son. Talks with the District People’s Committee’s Economic Office and this resulted in an interest free loan that covered 50% of the purchase of an imported second-hand 15 tonne compactor truck in 2002. The loan was repaid after five years. With this truck, the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. started providing waste collection services in Bong Son and Tam Quan towns and Tam Quan Bac Commune, serving 3,000 households. The District People’s Committee also offered the company a site for waste disposal. In 2009 the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. approached the Vietnam Environmental Fund for a 1 billion VND low interest loan that was used to purchase a second-hand imported 2.5 tonne compactor truck. With this second truck the company now covered the two towns, as well as 7 out of 17 communes within the District. The services were focused on the two urban centres, as well as communes along Highway no. 1. Generally, the collection services are provided along

1

This is identical to the definition generally used for Municipal Solid Waste. The term “domestic solid waste” is used in

the Plan, to avoid the confusion that the term “municipal solid waste” may cause.


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paved roads; whereas rural roads and non-paved roads do not yet receive any services. Today the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. has 21 office staff as well as 69 workers; most are employed in the construction sector. For waste collection services, there is one technical staff member and one accountant. To perform the waste collection, there are two drivers and 14 workers. The company collects waste every day of the week and works with a four day collection cycle. Waste must be placed in bags to be collected; a number of larger reusable bags are used to make the handling of smaller plastic bags containing waste easier. In 2010 there were complaints to the District People’s Committee from the population in Bong Son town over the standard of the waste collection services within the town. The DPC had on hand a proposal from the Bong Son Tay Agriculture Cooperative to provide waste management services for the town and therefore chose to select this company to serve the population of Bong Son town. This company has one 2.5 tonne compactor truck and serves the town of Bong Son. The Cooperative has also taken over the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd.’s contracts with most offices but not those with the secondary school and the provincial level General Hospital. For households, the Agriculture Cooperative signs direct contracts with individual home owners.

The Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd.’s 2.5

tonne compactor truck Compacting trucks belonging to the two waste

management companies

Solid waste collection is provided in the two towns (Bong Son and Tam Quan) and in seven communes. Pushcarts are not used for the waste collection. A total of 30 tonnes is estimated to be collected every day.

3.2.2.Current Waste Disposal Sites

The District currently uses two dumpsites: One is located to the west of Bong Son and the second is located to the north of Tam Quan Bac Commune, right on the border with the province of Quang Ngai. Since the Bong Son Tay Agriculture Cooperative waste collection service started in 2010; the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. has ceased to maintain the roads to the two dumpsites, as there is no agreement between these companies about sharing the costs of this activity. in accordance with a recent District decree, the District will cover the cost of maintaining the roads leading to the dumpsites. At present, the roads leading to both dumpsites are in very poor condition. The Tam Quan Dumpsite The Tam Quan Bac dumpsite is located north of Tam Quan on the border with the province of Quang Ngai; it has been in use since 2005. The waste initially received at the dumpsite was covered with soil in 2009 and the site was expanded further east. The site is poorly operated with the waste spread over a large area; furthermore the waste is regularly burned to reduce volume. When the site was visited in December 2010, it had not been used for the past month as the last


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kilometre of the access road is practically impassable to a truck. A long section is very muddy with deep ruts; where after the last 100 metres of road to the dumpsite is dangerously washed out.

The Tam Quan Bac dumpsite

This location of this dumpsite seems suited and its environmental quality could be greatly improved with proper operating practices. The Bong Son Dumpsite On this dumpsite trenches are dug and the waste is placed in these depressions. It seems that the thickness of the waste layer is only a few metres; there appears to be ample opportunity of making several lifts, thereby greatly increasing the volume of waste that can be placed in the dumpsite. When the dumpsite was visited there were about six scavengers working within the area. A major drawback for the dumpsite is the 2.5 km of poor quality road leading from National Highway no. 1 to the site.

The Bong Son dumpsite

The District states that the dumpsite is expensive to operate, as they dig trenches for the waste. The District is currently considering moving the disposal of waste to a new dumpsite.

3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery

The Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd.’s business model is quite simple: For a village of 500 households the company will assumes that 80% of the households will provide waste to the collection service and that of these households 70% will pay the waste collection fee of 10,000 VND per month. Hence it is expected that 56% percent of the households within the village should be paying the waste collection fee (and 80% of all the households will be delivering waste to the collection service), corresponding to a revenue of 2.8 million VND per month. The Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. will sign a contract with the village stipulating that for this amount they will provide a waste collection service. The village’s community representatives will ensure that this amount is collected and paid to the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. every month; and surplus revenues can be kept by the village authorities (just as they must cover any shortfall). For the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd., the monthly revenues are approximately 38 millions VND, whereas expenditures are approximately 45 million VND.2

2 Data for 2010. Expenses include 6 million VND for the drivers; 10 million VND for the workers; over 20 million for fuel; and maintenance costs.


15

The Bong Son Tay Agriculture Cooperative makes a contract directly with each household to cover the costs of the waste management services. The District People’s Committee is of the opinion that the collection fee is sufficient to cover the costs of the waste collection system; and that the DPC itself covers the costs associated with maintaining the roads to the dumpsites and digging trenches for the disposal of the collected waste.

3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste

Clubroot is a disease that attacks plants of the mustard family such as cabbage, collards, kale, mustard, brussel sprouts, radish, turnip, rutabaga, cauliflower, broccoli, rape, and kohlrabi. The clubroot disease causes the abnormal swelling of roots and occasionally on stems below ground, and it is very difficult to eradicate. Therefore, the prevention of the disease is essential, as an outbreak is very costly to farmers over a large area, as the disease is spread by the wind and water. A common cause of the clubroot disease is the burial of field waste, such as remains of cabbage after harvest and these can cause the growth of the clubroot fungus underground as the vegetables decompose. The practice of burying such field waste seems common is some districts within Binh Dinh province3, it is important that the farmers are made aware of the risks of infection caused by this practice and that they are trained to manage such field waste safely.

3.3. Domestic Waste Characteristics and Generation Rate till 2025

3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste

The domestic solid waste composition was analysed and the results can be found in the Baseline Survey for the districts and in Somers’ report Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province. The results were used to calculate the average composition of the street waste and the market waste. The results are given in the section below. Based on the detailed analysis of almost 3 tonnes of domestic solid waste from all four districts, it was found that the average waste composition by weight is as follows:

The results of these waste analyses are is very much in line with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province where the solid waste is found to contain 60.8% organic waste. A total of 650 kg of samples of waste from the main markets in each of the four districts was analysed by Somers. The average composition by weight was found to be as follows:

3 Mr. Todd Hyman

Result streets %

Type %

organic 60.38%

recycleables 5.86%

non recycleables 33.60%

hazardous 0.17%

Total 100.00%


16

As could be expected, the waste from wet markets contains a higher percentage of organic waste. It is anticipated that the composition of the waste remains unchanged until the year 2025.

3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025

The estimates of the quantities of domestic solid waste generated are based on the size of the population. The population in Hoai Nhon District was 206,691 people in 2009 and is expected to grow annually by 0.7%4. This means that the population of Hoai Nhon district will increase from 209,000 in year 2010 to around 231,100 in year 2025. Here, it is assumed that the population growth is linear and takes place with the same growth rate in the communes as for the towns. On the basis of these assumptions, the estimated population growth within the strategy period has been calculated as shown in Appendix A and as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1 Increased population in Hoai Nhon district within the strategy period.

Within Binh Dinh Province, as in Vietnam as a whole, the availability of reliable data on waste production is limited. Based on the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province the waste generation rates are taken as follows:

4 Mr. Xo, Vice Chairman of the Hoai Nhon District People’s Committee and his staff

Result Markets %

Type %

organic 76.5%

recycleables 6.9%

non recycleables 16.6%

hazardous 0.0%

Total 100.0%

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Po

pu

lati

on

Year

Towns Communes Hoai Nhon district


17

Cities of rank III & IV: 0.9 kg/person/day Towns of rank V: 0.8 kg/person/day For communes the figure of 0.5 kg/person/day has been used, as this seems a generally accepted quantity for rural settlements. At present, the collection rates for Bong Son and Tam Quan towns, as well as every commune, are based on information from the district, as well as estimates by the consultancy. Furthermore, proposed collection rates have been set up to the year 20255. At present, the figures aim for a collection of 80% in 2020, based on the resolution of the Provincial Party General Meeting Nr. 17: “Up to 2020: 100% of the domestic solid waste from Quy Nhon city, 80% of the domestic solid waste from other urban areas are collected and treated”6. Bong Son is expected to become a provincial level town in 2012 and has therefore been included as such in the estimate of waste generation rates over the next 15 years. The waste generation tables can be found in Annex A. As it can also be seen from these tables, it is estimated that currently 15% of the waste in Bong Son and Tam Quan towns and 10% of the domestic solid waste generated in the communes is sold to scavengers and recyclers. This is the cardboard, paper, bottles, cans and metals that are sorted at source by the households. It is estimated that these quantities will increase slightly over the coming years to 18% and 12%, respectively. Furthermore, it is expected that increased awareness raising and encouragement from the Water Supply and Sanitation Project will lead to increased levels of composting and other forms of treatment for organic waste, eventually leading to 15% of organic waste in Bong Son and Tam Quan towns being treated at source and 30% in the communes. Of the remaining waste, it is expected that by the year 2015, 70% will be collected in Bong Son and Tam Quan towns. All other communes are expected to have a collection rate of 30% in 2015. By 2020, the collection rate will be 80% in the two towns and 40% in the communes. The collection rates are expected to further increase to 50% by 2025 in the communes. Hence the waste collection rate will gradually increase as shown in the tables and as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.

5

At present EP&T have set the collection rates – these should be revised by the District together with the consultant

during the next phase of the planning. 6

Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province page 6


18

Fig. 3.2 Increased domestic solid waste collection rates within the strategy period.

By 2015 it is expected that approximately 116.75 tonnes per day of waste will be generated, of which 57.83% will receive treatment: 36.7 tonnes per day (31.46%) will be recycled at source and another 30.8 tonnes (26.37%) will be placed in a landfill. By 2020, 69.7% of all waste generated within the District is expected to receive some form of treatment.

3.4. Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025

A significant percentage of the domestic solid waste generated within the District is already treated at source: homes, shops and offices all separate their waste at source and sell materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, plastics and cans to passing scavengers. It is generally estimated at least 10 to 20% of the overall waste stream is removed at the household level in South East Asia and then passed on as recyclable materials to scavengers or waste buyers. Hence many tonnes of recyclable materials are kept separate from the general waste everyday and never enter the waste stream. This not only recovers materials, but also means that less waste has to be collected and treated. There are also possibilities of reusing the organic portion of the waste. Today, a lot of food waste from restaurants and other commercial kitchens is used as pig feed. Likewise, people who raise animals are likely to use leftover food to feed their animals. There are other possibilities for reusing the organic portion of the waste stream. These are described in the following sections.

3.4.1. Markets

The solid wastes from the wet markets contain a high percentage of organic materials (approximately 76%). Therefore, reuse of market wastes for onsite composting (or at a suitable site away from the market) is a potential option that would help to reduce amount of waste to be landfilled and produce a compost or soil amendment for farmers. In this case, the organic waste from the market stalls must be collected separately, stored in the market’s waste storage area until it can be transported to the composting site. One of many possible technologies, using the Toptex,7 is described in the following:

7

The description of the Toptex technology is based on Somers’ Phase 3 draft report.

-

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

90,00

DSW

Co

llect

ion

rat

e (%

)

Year

Towns Communes Hoai Nhon district


19

This basic model, focusing on centralized collection and composting of organic waste, is seen all over the world. Materials to be composted may vary from separated organic waste from households, to wet market waste and even the solid fraction of animal manure. Sometimes organic additions such as straw may be needed to assure sufficient porosity, dry matter content and to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio. A Toptex fleece allows water vapour (and gases) to be released from the compost heap, yet avoiding entrance of rain water in the heap. Due to the lower gas emission, this is also the most environmentally friendly composting technique. The process of composting is fairly simple, but some experience will be needed make good quality compost. In short, organic waste is shredded, put in heaps and covered by Toptex fleece. To allow sufficient air to enter the heaps, turning is necessary. This can be done manually or by machines. After about 45 days, the compost is sieved and bagged.

3.4.2. Households

Households can also treat their organic waste to produce compost or other products (see below). Therefore, households should be encouraged to separate food refuse for composting, as well as separating valuable materials for selling to recycling shops. Then only non-recyclable materials will have to be collected by the waste collection company, thereby greatly reducing the waste management costs for the district, town and/or commune. Of course this option is only feasible if households are willing to do so, otherwise the waste will be a mixture of organic and other waste. Therefore, awareness raising and education will be required to make the two following technologies popular8: Mesophilic storage units are concrete or brick storage bins in which the volume and weight of organic waste is reduced by natural processes (bacteria, fungi, larvae, worms). The bins are in the first place designed to serve one households. The bins are designed to receive waste that naturally breaks down within a period of about one year (bone and shell are exceptions that will break down over a longer period). Data collected from tests with the solid waste treatment model with mesophilic bins at the 4 districts resulted in the following results: “After 2 months of demonstration, the outcome was as follows:

The more larvae the bins had, the highly decomposed the waste was. For the bins that larvae developed a lot, the decomposition was about 80% - 90% (daily produced organic waste > 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...);

For the bins that larvae developed normally, the decomposition was 60% - 70% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...);

For the bins that larvae developed just a little, the decomposition was only 40% - 50% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was garden waste);

For the bins that there were no larvae, the decomposition was only 20% - 30% (most of the waste was garden waste and pig feces).

8

The descriptions of the Mesophilic unit and the BSF unit are based on Somers’ Phase 3 draft report.


20

Mesophilic bin

Waste that can be placed in the bin includes food preparation waste, table scraps, spent bouquets of flowers and small amounts of garden waste. A household bins might receive 3 kg’s of waste per day. The small lid is opened and the waste is thrown in the bin. Mesophilic bacteria and fungi require oxygen. That is why the sides of the bin have aeration holes. But these holes are not enough to keep the contents of the bin fully aerated. A certain amount of stirring is required. It is recommended to stir once a week. Without sufficient stirring, foul odours are created. Once a year, the bin needs to be cleaned out. This is the only time that the large lid needs to be opened. The contents of the storage bins can be collected, shredded and then routed to composting operations using Toptex, see the previous section for a description.

A second model is operated by waste collectors or scavengers. These collect organic waste and use it for a operating a small commercial black soldier fly (BSF) larvae production. In this model, the waste collectors are encouraged to separated waste that can be fed to BSF larvae, who convert the organic waste in to growth. This could be done in their house or at a local place where a few waste collectors work together. The larvae can be sold as animals feed for chicken, frog, turtle, fish and pigs. The waste collectors are already separating a number of recyclables and make an extra income from selling these. Therefore, it seems feasible that the same person would also collect specific organic waste and sells BSF larvae. BSF larvae can eat just about any type of fresh putrescent waste, even meat and dairy products; they can consume all food waste and some parts of the non-food waste.

3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source

Estimation of number of organic treatment units needed is based on the following assumptions: - 20% of the organic waste to be treated at source is from markets and the remainder is from

households; - Organic waste from markets will be composted using Toptex technology and the size of a

compost pile is 1 m (width) x 0,6 m (height) x 10 m (length), specific gravity of organic waste to be composted is 450 kg/m3. Thus, each compost pile can receive 1350 kg of organic waste and it has to be incubated for 45 days . Each compost pile has to be covered by approximately 14 m2 of Toptex.

- Organic waste from households will be treated in mesophilic bins or in biopods with black soldier fly larvae production. 90% of organic waste from households will be treated by mesophilic bins and the remains will be treated by biopods. Each mesophilic bin can receive 10 - 15 kg organic waste/day while a biopod can receive up to 40 kg of organic waste/day. However, it is planned that each mesophilic bin will be shared by 2 households. Thus, amount of organic waste to be treated in each mesophilic bin at households in the town will be (0.52 kg/person/day x 5 person/household x 2 household =) 5,2 kg/bin/day. While in the communes,


21

each mesophilic bin will receive approximately (0.325 kg/person/day x 5 persons/household x 2 households =) 3.25 kg/bin/day.

- Cost of Toptex material is 30,000 VND/m2; - A mesophilic bin will cost 350,000 VND; - A price of the biopod made of composite is 1,200,000 VND. - Toptex can be used for 5 years. Mesophilic units and bipods can last for 15 years. Total number of compost piles, mesophilic units and biopods expected to be invested for Hoai Nhon District is estimated and summarized in Table 3.1. Distribution of these organic treatment units for towns and communes are described in Table 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4. Investment cost for organic waste treatment facilities of Hoai Nhon is described in Table 3.5. Table 3.1 Number of units required to treat organic waste using Toptex, mesophilic units and

biopods up to 20259

Year Number of organic treatment units needed New investment

Compost piles Mesophilic units Biopods Toptex (m2) Mesophilic units Biopods

2012 - - - - - -

2013 70 2,191 21 978 2,191 21

2014 110 3,391 32 555 1,201 12

2015 142 4,443 42 450 1,051 10

2016 143 4,474 42 14 31 0

2017 144 4,505 42 14 31 0

2018 177 5,586 52 1,440 1,081 10

2019 178 5,625 53 573 39 0

2020 220 6,901 65 1,039 1,275 12

2021 222 6,949 66 35 48 0

2022 223 6,998 66 36 49 0

2023 225 7,047 66 1,462 49 0

2024 226 7,096 67 595 49 0

2025 228 7,146 67 1,061 50 0

9 The programme for treating organic waste at source can be started earlier if so desired.


22

Table 3.2 Demand on compost piles using Toptex for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of compost piles

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Tam Quan 0 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10

2 Bong Son 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 16 16 16 16 16

3 Hoai Son 0 3 5 7 7 7 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 11

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0 3 5 7 7 7 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 11

5 Hoai Chau 0 3 5 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10

6 Hoai Phu 0 3 5 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10

7 Tam Quan Bac 0 6 9 12 12 12 16 16 19 19 19 19 19 20

8 Tam Quan Nam 0 4 6 8 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13

9 Hoai Hao 0 4 7 9 9 9 11 11 14 14 14 14 14 14

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0 4 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12

11 Hoai Thanh 0 4 6 9 9 9 11 11 13 13 14 14 14 14

12 Hoai Huong 0 6 9 11 11 12 15 15 18 18 18 18 18 18

13 Hoai Tan 0 6 9 13 13 13 16 16 19 20 20 20 20 20

14 Hoai Hai 0 2 4 5 5 5 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8

15 Hoai Xuan 0 3 4 6 6 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9

16 Hoai My 0 5 7 9 9 9 12 12 15 15 15 15 15 15

17 Hoai Duc 0 5 7 10 10 10 13 13 15 16 16 16 16 16

TOTAL - 70 110 142 143 144 177 178 220 222 223 225 226 228


23

Table 3.3 Demand on mesophilic bins for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of mesophilic bins

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Tam Quan 0 63 127 128 129 130 131 132 199 200 202 203 205 206

2 Bong Son 0 101 202 204 205 207 208 210 317 319 321 323 326 328

3 Hoai Son 0 108 163 219 221 223 280 282 341 343 346 348 351 353

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0 108 163 219 221 222 280 282 341 343 345 348 350 353

5 Hoai Chau 0 100 150 202 203 205 258 260 314 316 318 320 322 325

6 Hoai Phu 0 101 152 204 206 207 261 263 317 319 322 324 326 328

7 Tam Quan Bac 0 197 297 399 402 405 510 513 620 624 629 633 638 642

8 Tam Quan Nam 0 133 202 271 273 274 346 348 420 423 426 429 432 435

9 Hoai Hao 0 143 217 291 293 295 371 374 452 455 458 461 464 468

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0 124 188 252 254 256 322 324 392 394 397 400 403 405

11 Hoai Thanh 0 139 210 282 284 286 360 362 438 441 444 447 450 453

12 Hoai Huong 0 184 279 374 377 379 478 481 581 585 589 593 598 602

13 Hoai Tan 0 203 306 411 414 417 525 528 639 643 648 652 657 661

14 Hoai Hai 0 81 122 164 165 166 209 210 254 256 258 260 261 263

15 Hoai Xuan 0 94 142 190 191 193 243 244 295 297 299 301 304 306

16 Hoai My 0 151 229 307 309 311 392 394 477 480 483 487 490 493

17 Hoai Duc 0 161 242 326 328 330 415 418 506 509 513 516 520 524

TOTAL 0 2191 3391 4443 4474 4505 5586 5625 6901 6949 6998 7047 7096 7146


24

Table 3.4 Demand on biopods for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of biopods

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Tam Quan 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 Bong Son 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5

3 Hoai Son 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

5 Hoai Chau 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

6 Hoai Phu 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

7 Tam Quan Bac 0 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

8 Tam Quan Nam 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

9 Hoai Hao 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

11 Hoai Thanh 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

12 Hoai Huong 0 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

13 Hoai Tan 0 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6

14 Hoai Hai 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

15 Hoai Xuan 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

16 Hoai My 0 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

17 Hoai Duc 0 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

TOTAL - 21 32 42 42 42 52 53 65 66 66 66 67 67


25

Table 3.5 Total investment cost of Toptex, mesophilic units and biopods of Hoai Nhon District up

to 2025

Year New investment Investment cost (x 1,000 VND)

Toptex (m2) Mesophilic units Biopods Toptex Mesophilic units Biopods

2012 - - - - - -

2013 978 2,191 21 29,330 766,703 24,795

2014 555 1,201 12 16,663 420,250 14,087

2015 450 1,051 10 13,491 367,996 11,405

2016 14 31 0 416 10,885 352

2017 14 31 0 419 10,961 354

2018 1,440 1,081 10 43,200 378,331 11,726

2019 573 39 0 17,182 13,686 439

2020 1,039 1,275 12 31,175 446,398 14,950

2021 35 48 0 1,063 16,906 547

2022 36 49 0 1,071 17,025 551

2023 1,462 49 0 43,855 17,144 554

2024 595 49 0 17,842 17,264 558

2025 1,061 50 0 31,840 17,385 562

Total 8,252 7,146 67 247,547 2,500,934 80,881

The cost for this equipment may seem high, but investment in the treatment of organic waste at source greatly reduces the quantity of waste that has to be collected, transported and deposited in a sanitary landfill. The savings in investments in bins, pushcarts, garbage trucks and sanitary landfill far outweigh the costs of the investment in the above equipment for the treatment of organic waste at source.

3.5. Plan for Waste Collection 2011 - 2025

3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste

STREET SWEEPING Street sweeping will be applied in central areas of Bong Song and Quan Tam towns. In rural areas of communes, it is not necessary to implement street sweeping. Street sweeping will be organised every day for main streets in administrative and central zones of the towns, at parks and bus station. Workers will sweep along the sidewalk; pavement and roadside and collect garbage into the pushcart for later transfer to a transportation vehicle. PUBLIC AREAS Public areas such as parks, the bus station and the main streets in the administrative zone are equipped with garbage bins where required. Waste from these bins is collected by garbage compactor trucks and transported to the landfill. COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM HOUSEHOLDS Waste collection mode for households along main roads in town/town For waste collection in towns, where the households are close to each other, “door to door” collection mode with stationary container system is strong recommended. Waste collectors will start with empty pushcart from the first house of a collection route to pick up waste bag/ basket , empty it and return bag/ basket to the house (if necessary) and then continue doing the same at the next houses until the pushcart is fully loaded. Waste collectors will push the loaded pushcart


26

to a waste transfer point, waiting for emptying it into waste transportation vehicles. The waste collectors can either use a second pushcart to continue collecting waste from another route or they will have to wait for the transfer of waste to the transportation vehicle. This will depend on the number of pushcarts available. This waste collection mode for households located along main roads is illustrated in Fig. 3.3. In this area, waste from households will be collected every day. Time of collection will be set up depending up agreement between households and waste collectors and the time of transferring waste from the pushcarts to the transportation vehicles.

Fig. 3.3 Waste collection mode for households located along main roads.

Waste collection mode for households located along alleys in town/town For households located along paved alleys, where pushcarts can enter easily, the same collection mode as described in Fig 3.3 is recommended. For very narrow alleys or non-paved alleys, the inhabitants have to carry their waste out of the alley to a bin/container on the main street. Waste collection mode for communes In the urban areas of a commune, “door to door” waste collection mode as described above for the town/town circumstances is recommended. For more rural areas, each commune must find suitable transfer points so that households can gather their wastes at these points for further collection by waste collectors using pushcarts. Thus, instead of going “door to door” for waste collection, collectors can pick up wastes from transfer points within the communes. This helps to save time moving among households and overcome problem of small roads. Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune is shown in Fig. 3.4. The waste collection frequency is every two days and hence sufficient bins and pushcarts are provided to hold the amount of waste generated over a two day period.

Fig. 3.4 Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune.

Transfer

point

House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House n

House

1’

…..

Next collection

route

Loaded

pushcart

Empty

pushcart

Pushcart

location

Commune/commune

s transfer point

Village transfer

point 1

…..

Next collection

route

Loaded

pushcart

Empty

pushcart

Pushcart

location

Village transfer

point 2

Village transfer

point n


27

For scattered settlements and isolated households, no waste collection is foreseen as these settlements and households usually dispose of their own waste on their land and are anyhow too costly to serve as they are difficult to reach. Collection of Solid Waste from Markets Every market generally has a waste storage area. Owners of shops/stores are responsible for bringing their waste to this area. The biodegradable organic materials of the market waste will be composted using Toptex technology, therefore it will be separated from the general waste as it is placed in the market’s waste storage area. Hence the market waste storage area will store organic materials separately from the general waste. The organic waste can then be transported to the composting facility, whereas the non-biodegradable materials will be transported directly from the market to the landfill. Collection of Domestic Solid Waste from Hospitals Domestic solid waste from hospitals is segregated from the hospital’s infectious waste, stored in a separate storage area and will be collected every day.

3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation

Waste Transfer As it is a relatively long distance from the towns and communes to the waste disposal site, transferring the collected waste from pushcarts to transportation vehicles for transport to the landfill seems the only reasonable solution. The only question is whether it is necessary to construct transfer stations for communes or whether it is better to use rendezvous point for transferring the waste to the trucks? Strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities of using transfer station and rendezvous points are analyzed and summarized in Table 3.6 and Table 3.7. Based on this analysis, it is strong recommended to use the rendezvous point option. Table 3.6 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for transfer station option:

Strengths Opportunities

Have sufficient place for gathering collected domestic solid wastes of the whole town or ward

“One transfer station in each commune is approved in Binh Dinh Province Solid Waste Master Plan10

Prevent scatter waste transfer points which may cause nuisance and dirty

Weaknesses Threats

Need a storage area inside a residential area and it is difficult as “no waste in my backyard”

Operational cost is required for cleaning and maintaining of the transfer station. Town and Ward PC has to find budget for that

Improper operation of transfer station will cause several problems such as nuisance, leachate, attraction of flies, rats, etc.

Improper operation of the transfer station will cause worse environmental problem as all wastes are gathered in one location

If only one transfer station in each town or communes, waste collectors again have to walk for a long distance to reach the transfer station

10

Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020


28

Table 3.7 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for rendezvous point option

Strengths Opportunities

This option is already applied in the District and is operating very well. The improvement would be that the new trucks will have a hydraulic lift to empty the pushcarts mechanically.

Using rendezvous points for transferring of waste are applied successfully in several places in Vietnam.

Setting new rendezvous points along main roads of communes for collection of wastes from communes to landfill would be easier as: (1) wastes are stored in pushcarts; (2) no special requirements for operation and maintenance ; (3) uploading wastes from pushcarts into transportation vehicles will be less time consuming and requires less workforce.

Simple technique and low operational cost requirement

Weaknesses Threats

It needs some time for adapting with new system. Waste collectors and transportation drivers are both required on time at the rendezvous points

The system is difficult to operate well: If the waste collection truck is delayed, the waste collectors must wait for the truck so that their pushcarts can be emptied.

Transportation

Eight tonne garbage compactor trucks are for now proposed to collect waste11

from rendezvous points (including large waste generation sites such as markets and hospitals) and transport to sanitary landfill for disposal. Compactor trucks are recommended rather than normal trucks for several reasons:

The compactor truck will have a hydraulic lift, so that the waste can be transferred from bins, containers and pushcarts into the truck mechanically. When using a flatbed truck, the transfer of waste must be done manually and this is time consuming;

The longer loading time when using a normal truck will increase the time requirement for completing 1 trip of collection and transportation of waste to the landfill. As a result fewer trips can be done by one truck in a day and therefore it is necessary to invest in a higher number of trucks; and

A flatbed truck must be loaded manually, requiring more workers and exposing these to unhygienic working conditions.

Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district is illustrated in Fig. 3.5.

11

This can be changed to meet the District’s preferences


29

Fig. 3.5 Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district.

The quantities of waste that have to be collected for each year can be found in Annex A. Given that a substantial portion of the waste is taken care of at source, either through the sale of recyclable materials to scavengers or through the use of the organic faction of the waste at the household or market, the increase in the amount of waste that has to be collected is relatively modest, as can be seen in figure 3.6.

Fig. 3.6 Domestic solid waste collected in Hoai Nhon district.

3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment

Equipment required for street sweeping includes pushcarts, brooms and labour protective equipment (such as clothes, gloves, boots, comforters, hats). Thus, at least two pushcarts should be provided for each town. Street in front of administrative offices and some main roads will be swept in early morning. The other areas will be cleaned in the

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

18.000

Am

ou

nt

of

DSM

co

llect

ion

(to

nn

es/y

ear)

Year Collection from towns

Collection from communes

Total collection from Hoai Nhon district

District sanitary

landfill Next collection

route

Loaded

compactor truck

Empty

compactor truck

….. Market

(Rendezvous point 1)

Hospital

(Rendezvous point 2)

Ward rendezvous

point 3

Ward rendezvous

point n Garbage

compactor truck


30

afternoon. Each pushcart will be operated by one worker. The life time of a pushcart is approximately 4 years. Equipment demand for street sweeping is estimated and summarised in Table 3.8. Table 3.8 Estimated equipment demand for street sweeping up to 2025

Year Number of pushcarts Number of brooms* Number of labour safety clothing**

Demand Investment Demand Investment Demand Investment

2012 4 4 16 16 8 8

2013 4 0 16 16 8 8

2014 4 0 16 16 8 8

2015 4 0 16 16 8 8

2016 4 4 16 16 8 8

2017 4 0 16 16 8 8

2018 4 0 16 16 8 8

2019 4 0 16 16 8 8

2020 4 4 16 16 8 8

2021 4 0 16 16 8 8

2022 4 0 16 16 8 8

2023 4 0 16 16 8 8

2024 4 4 16 16 8 8

2025 4 0 16 16 8 8 * 1 workers/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town s x 2 towns x 4 brooms/worker/year = 16 brooms/year ** 1 workers/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/towns x 2 towns x 2 labour safety clothing/worker/year = 8 labour safety clothing/year

3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities

Selection of Waste Collection Equipment Equipment used for primary collection consists of 240 L bins located along street, 660 L containers located at central waste producers and 660 L pushcarts for collection wastes from households and other small waste producers. Estimated density of wastes contained in this equipment is summarized in Table 3.9. The proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Hoai Nhon District is presented in Fig. 3.7.

(a) 240 L bin (b)660 L container (c) 660 L pushcart

Fig. 3.7 Proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Hoai Nhon district.


31

Table 3.9 Estimated Waste Densities within Different Collection Equipment

Collection Equipment Density

(kg/m3)

Percentage of

volume used

when emptied

Typical

amount in

container (kg)

Waste in 240 L bin 350 60% 50

Waste in 660 L container 350 60% 140

Waste in 660 L pushcart 350 100% 230

Demand of primary domestic solid waste collection equipment Estimation of equipment required for primary domestic solid wastes collection in Hoai Nhon district is conducted based on the conditions summarized in Table 3.10. For all areas it is planned that bins and containers will only be placed within the premises of institutions, enterprises and industries. All waste from streets, alleys and other public areas will be collected using pushcarts. Therefore, in towns only 10% of the waste will be collected in 660 litre bins and 10% in 240 litre bins. In communes, 10% of the waste will be collected in 240 litre bins.

Table 3.10 Characteristics of equipment required for primary collection of domestic solid waste AREA

EQUIPMENT SERVICE ESTIMATED DIVISION OF

SYSTEM COVERAGE

Towns 240 L bin Located along main streets and central areas of the towns

10-15% of total waste amount. Most waste will be collected by pushcart, so only 10%

660 L container Central waste producers as markets, administrative offices, institutions, hotels

10-20 of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 10%

660 L pushcart Collection of waste from residential areas

60-70% of total waste amount, value used for estimation is 80%

Communes 240 L bin Located along main streets and central areas of the towns

10-15% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 10%

660 L pushcart Collection of waste from residential areas

80-90% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 90%

On the basics of the data presented above, equipment demand for primary collection of domestic solid wastes in Hoai Nhon district is estimated and summarized in Table 3.11 and described in detailed for different towns and communes in tables 3.12, 3.13 and 3.14. The District is considering using more 660 litre containers and fewer pushcarts. This is possible and will not greatly affect the estimates in this plan: The pushcarts are more costly ($200 versus $105) but on the other hand pushcarts are filled to capacity, whereas, on average, only 60% of a containers volume is utilised. So, 1.67 containers are needed to substitute for the amount of work done by one pushcart. So the cost implication of switching between containers and pushcarts are minimal, given that the need for more containers is compensated by the fact that they are less costly.


32

Table 3.11 Total demand on equipment for primary domestic waste collection up to 2025

Year

Towns Communes

240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L

Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts

2012 21 8 36 64 122

2013 23 9 41 68 129

2014 23 8 38 90 167

2015 25 10 43 84 155

2016 25 10 43 85 155

2017 26 10 44 85 158

2018 26 10 44 80 148

2019 26 10 44 92 174

2020 28 10 47 98 183

2021 28 10 47 98 184

2022 28 10 48 99 187

2023 28 10 49 110 209

2024 28 11 49 114 212

2025 28 11 49 124 232


33

Table 3.12 Demand for 240 L bins for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025

No. Local Number of 240 L bins

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Tam Quan 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11

2 Bong Son 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17

3 Hoai Son - 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7

4 Hoai Chau Bac 4 4 3 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7

5 Hoai Chau - 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6

6 Hoai Phu - - 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6

7 Tam Quan Bac 13 12 13 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 12 12 12

8 Tam Quan Nam 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 7 8

9 Hoai Hao 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8

11 Hoai Thanh 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 7 7 7 8 8 8

12 Hoai Huong 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 11

13 Hoai Tan 10 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 11 11 12

14 Hoai Hai - - 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5

15 Hoai Xuan - - 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6

16 Hoai My - - 7 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 9

17 Hoai Duc 8 7 7 6 7 7 6 7 8 8 8 5 9 10

TOTAL 85 91 113 109 110 111 106 118 126 126 127 138 142 152


34

Table 3.13 Demand on 660 L containers for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025

No. Local Number of 660 L containers

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Tam Quan 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2 Bong Son 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7

3 Hoai Son - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4 Hoai Chau Bac - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5 Hoai Chau - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6 Hoai Phu - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7 Tam Quan Bac - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

8 Tam Quan Nam - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

9 Hoai Hao - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10 Hoai Thanh Tay - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

11 Hoai Thanh - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

12 Hoai Huong - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

13 Hoai Tan - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

14 Hoai Hai - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 Hoai Xuan - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

16 Hoai My - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

17 Hoai Duc - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

TOTAL 8 9 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11


35

Table 3.14 Demand on 660 L pushcarts for Hoai Nhon District up to 2025

No. Local Number of 660 L pushcarts

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Tam Quan 14 16 15 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 19

2 Bong Son 22 25 23 26 26 27 27 27 29 29 29 30 30 30

3 Hoai Son - 10 9 8 8 9 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 13

4 Hoai Chau Bac 7 7 6 8 8 9 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 13

5 Hoai Chau - 9 8 8 8 8 7 9 9 9 9 10 10 12

6 Hoai Phu - - 9 8 8 8 7 9 9 9 9 10 11 12

7 Tam Quan Bac 25 23 24 22 22 22 21 23 22 22 22 22 22 22

8 Tam Quan Nam 5 4 8 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 14 14 15

9 Hoai Hao 14 13 12 11 11 11 10 12 13 13 13 15 15 16

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 12 11 10 10 10 10 9 11 11 11 11 13 13 14

11 Hoai Thanh 5 4 8 7 7 7 7 10 12 13 13 14 14 16

12 Hoai Huong 18 16 15 14 14 14 13 15 16 16 17 19 19 21

13 Hoai Tan 20 18 17 15 15 16 15 17 18 18 18 21 21 23

14 Hoai Hai - - 7 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9

15 Hoai Xuan - - 8 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 11

16 Hoai My - - 13 12 12 12 11 13 14 14 14 15 16 17

17 Hoai Duc 16 14 13 12 12 12 12 14 14 14 15 16 16 18

TOTAL 158 170 205 198 198 202 192 218 230 231 235 258 261 281


36

During the following years, the waste amounts to be collected will increase. New investment needed is estimated as presented Table 3.15 with assumption that the life time of this equipment is 4 years.

Table 3.15 New investment of equipment for primary domestic waste collection up to 2025

Year

Towns Communes

240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L

Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts

2012 21 8 36 64 122

2013 2 1 5 4 7

2014 - - - - -

2015 2 2 5 - -

2016 21 8 36 65 122

2017 3 1 6 4 10

2018 - - - - -

2019 2 2 5 12 26

2020 23 8 39 71 131

2021 3 1 6 4 11

2022 - - 1 1 -

2023 2 2 6 23 48

2024 23 9 39 75 134

2025 3 1 6 14 31

3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles

Transportation vehicles Secondary collection and transportation of domestic solid waste to landfill will be done by 8 tonne rear-end loading compactor truck (called compactor truck). Secondary collection and transportation system data is described briefly in Table 3.16. Average time for 1 trip of compactor truck is estimated as presented in Table 3.17.

Fig. 3.8 Proposed type of waste transportation vehicle.


37

Table 3.16 Secondary collection and transportation system data Town Commune

Average loading time per 240 L bin

Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container

Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container

Average loading time per 660 L container

Time for emptying one container: 2 min (more difficult access) Time for transport between 2 containers: 5 minute Total: 7 minutes/container

Average loading time per 660 L pushcart

Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 minute Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 4 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 2.25 minutes/pushcart

Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 min Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 2 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 3.5 minutes/pushcart

Average time for transportation between communes

n/a 20 minutes

Average distance for return trip to landfill

20 km 40 km

Average transportation speed to landfill

30 km/h 25 km/h

Average time at landfill 20 minutes 20 minutes

Table 3.17 Average time per trip of compacter truck

Town Commune

Waste collection time (minutes/trip) 185 minutes 160 minutes

Average time for transportation between communes (7 communes/trip x 20 minutes/commune)

0 minutes 140 minutes

Average time to transport to landfill 40 minutes 96 minutes

Average time at landfill 20 minutes 20 minutes

Average none-working time per trip (for maintenance, ~ 15% of working time)

37 minutes 57 minutes

Total time per trip of compact truck (minutes/trip) 282 473

Total time per trip of compact truck (hours/trip) 4.7 7.8

Based on the data presented in Table 3.16 and 3.17, number of compact truck required is estimated and summarized in Table 3.8.


38

Table 3.18 Number of compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation

Year Amount of waste to be collected (tonnes/day)

Operating time to collect waste (minutes/trip)

Total operating time of truck (hours/day)

Total truck

needed

Total truck

invested Towns Communes In towns In Communes

2012 9.98 15.02 352 888 21 2.58 3

2013 11.35 15.69 400 928 22 2.77 3

2014 10.72 20.44 378 1208 26 3.30 3

2015 12.08 19.00 426 1123 26 3.23 3

2016 12.17 19.13 429 1131 26 3.25 3

2017 12.25 19.26 432 1139 26 3.27 3

2018 12.34 17.97 435 1063 25 3.12 3

2019 12.43 21.31 438 1260 28 3.54 4

2020 13.31 22.46 469 1328 30 3.74 4

2021 13.40 22.62 472 1337 30 3.77 4

2022 13.50 22.78 476 1347 30 3.80 4

2023 13.59 25.88 479 1530 33 4.19 4

2024 13.68 26.06 482 1541 34 4.22 4

2025 13.78 28.85 486 1706 37 4.57 5

As can be seen, the number the trucks is rounded to the nearest whole number, so that in some cases the collection vehicles will have to work a little more than 8 hours each day, thereby saving the cost of purchasing and operating an extra truck that would be under utilised. Table 3.19 New investment in compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation of the district up to 2025

Year Total compact truck required New investment

2012 3 3

2013 3 0

2014 3 0

2015 3 0

2016 3 0

2017 3 0

2018 3 0

2019 4 1

2020 4 0

2021 4 0

2022 4 3

2023 4 0

2024 4 0

2025 5 1

3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers

Workforce will be estimated based on the following condition:

For street sweeping, one worker will operate one pushcart;

For waste collection, one worker will operate two pushcarts;

For the transportation vehicle, there will be 1 driver and 2 assistants.

Workforce requirement is estimated based on the conditions mentioned above and summarized in Table 3.20.


39

Table 3.20 Workforce required for waste collection and transportation operation

Year Workers to operate pushcarts Workers to operate

compactor trucks Drivers

Town Communes

2012 18 61 6 3

2013 21 65 6 3

2014 19 84 6 3

2015 22 78 6 3

2016 22 78 6 3

2017 22 79 6 3

2018 22 74 6 3

2019 22 87 8 4

2020 24 92 8 4

2021 24 92 8 4

2022 24 94 8 4

2023 25 105 8 4

2024 25 106 8 4

2025 25 116 10 5

3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System

The following unit prices are used for calculation of investments in equipment and facilities for waste collection and transportation. Table 3.21 Unit Prices for New Trucks and Equipment

Item Unit price (USD) Unit Price (x 1000 VND) *

240 L bin 24 480

660 L container 105 2,100

660 L pushcart 200 4,000

8 tonnes rear end loading compactor truck 80,000 1,600,000 * Note: Prices on trucks and pushcarts have been collected from purchasers in Vietnam. Other prices are estimates based on purchases elsewhere in Vietnam.

On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated above, the total investments to be made within the initial period can be calculated. The result is summarized in table 3.22. Detailed investment for towns and communes is presented in table 3.23. Table 3.22 Total investment cost for waste collection and transportation equipment of Hoai Nhon

Total equipment Total investment (x 1,000 VND) Total cost (x 1,000)

Year 240l 660l 660l Compact 240l 660l 660l Compact trucks Bins Containers Pushcarts trucks Bins Containers Pushcarts

2012 85 8 158 3 40,800 16,800 632,000 4,800,000 5,489,600

2013 6 1 12 - 2,880 2,100 48,000 - 52,980

2014 - - - - - - - - -

2015 2 2 5 - 960 4,200 20,000 - 25,160

2016 86 8 158 - 41,280 16,800 632,000 - 690,080

2017 7 1 16 - 3,360 2,100 64,000 - 69,460

2018 - - - - - - - - -

2019 14 2 31 1 6,720 4,200 124,000 1,600,000 1,734,920

2020 94 8 170 - 45,120 16,800 680,000 - 741,920

2021 7 1 17 - 3,360 2,100 68,000 - 73,460

2022 1 - 1 3 480 - 4,000 4,800,000 4,804,480


40

2023 25 2 54 - 12,000 4,200 216,000 - 232,200

2024 98 9 173 - 47,040 18,900 692,000 - 757,940

2025 17 1 37 1 8,160 2,100 148,000 1,600,000 1,758,260


41

Table 3.23 Investment cost for waste collection equipment for towns and communes in Hoai Nhon district

Year Number of new invested equipment Investment (x 1,000 VND)

Towns Communes

Compactor trucks

Towns Communes

240l 660l 660l 240l 660l 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l Compactor

Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts trucks

2012 21 8 36 64 122 3 10,080 16,800 144,000 30,720 488,000 4,800,000

2013 2 1 5 4 7 - 960 2,100 20,000 1,920 28,000 -

2014 - - - - - - - - - - - -

2015 2 2 5 - - - 960 4,200 20,000 - - -

2016 21 8 36 65 122 - 10,080 16,800 144,000 31,200 488,000 -

2017 3 1 6 4 10 - 1,440 2,100 24,000 1,920 40,000 -

2018 - - - - - - - - - - - -

2019 2 2 5 12 26 1 960 4,200 20,000 5,760 104,000 1,600,000

2020 23 8 39 71 131 - 11,040 16,800 156,000 34,080 524,000 -

2021 3 1 6 4 11 - 1,440 2,100 24,000 1,920 44,000 -

2022 - - 1 1 - 3 - - 4,000 480 - 4,800,000

2023 2 2 6 23 48 - 960 4,200 24,000 11,040 192,000 -

2024 23 9 39 75 134 - 11,040 18,900 156,000 36,000 536,000 -

2025 3 1 6 14 31 1 1,440 2,100 24,000 6,720 124,000 1,600,000


42

Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of Domestic Waste Collection and Transportation System Capital, operating and maintenance costs have been estimated based on the capital investments, personnel costs, operating costs and maintenance as a percentage of the investment. For calculation of annual costs related to waste collection and transportation, the unit costs listed in Table 3.24 have been used. Table 3.24 Operation and maintenance unit cost

Item Annual Unit costs

(x 1,000

VND/year)

240 L bin Cost: 480,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 120,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 24,000 VND/year/container

144

660 L container Cost: 2,100,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 525,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 105,000 VND/year/container

630

660 L pushcart Cost: 4,000,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 1,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 200,000 VND/year/container

1,200

8 tonne rear-loading compactor truck Cost: 1,600,000,000 VND Lifespan: 10 years Annual write down 160,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 50,000,000 VND/year/truck

210,000

Fuel for compactor truck: (8 ltr./hour x 8 hours/day x 300 days/year x 21,000 VND/ltr = 403,200,000 VND/year/truck)

403,200

Equipment per worker:

Working clothes, brooms, shovels, gloves (per employee) 300

Average salaries per driver of compactor truck

Total salary, including bonus, compensation, social costs etc. 30,000

Average salaries per waste collector and assistant of compactor truck driver

Total salary including social costs etc. 21,600

On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated, the total annual costs for the collection and transportation system can be calculated. The result is shown in Table 3.25.


43

Table 3.25 Total cost for operating a waste collection system within the district

Total Operation Costs and Maintenance Cost (x 1,000 VND)

Year

Towns Communes Compactor truck Total 240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L Maintenance Fuel Equipment Salary for Salary for

bins containers pushcarts bins pushcarts

for workers truck drivers workers

2012 504 840 7,200 1,536 24,400 150,000 1,209,600 25,500 90,000 1,771,200 3,280,780

2013 48 105 1,000 96 1,400 150,000 1,209,600 27,300 90,000 1,900,800 3,380,349

2014 150,000 1,209,600 32,550 90,000 2,278,800 3,760,950

2015 48 210 1,000 150,000 1,209,600 31,500 90,000 2,203,200 3,685,558

2016 504 840 7,200 1,560 24,400 150,000 1,209,600 31,500 90,000 2,203,200 3,718,804

2017 72 105 1,200 96 2,000 150,000 1,209,600 32,100 90,000 2,246,400 3,731,573

2018 150,000 1,209,600 30,600 90,000 2,138,400 3,618,600

2019 48 210 1,000 288 5,200 200,000 1,612,800 35,100 120,000 2,440,800 4,415,446

2020 552 840 7,800 1,704 26,200 200,000 1,612,800 36,900 120,000 2,570,400 4,577,196

2021 72 105 1,200 96 2,200 200,000 1,612,800 37,050 120,000 2,581,200 4,554,723

2022 200 24 200,000 1,612,800 37,650 120,000 2,624,400 4,595,074

2023 48 210 1,200 552 9,600 200,000 1,612,800 41,100 120,000 2,872,800 4,858,310

2024 552 945 7,800 1,800 26,800 200,000 1,612,800 41,550 120,000 2,905,200 4,917,447

2025 72 105 1,200 336 6,200 250,000 2,016,000 45,150 150,000 3,142,800 5,611,863


44

As can be seen in table 3.25 the costs of the system are considerable and over 50% of the costs are labour costs. The total costs in 2015 would be around 3.68 billion VND; this would serve to collect 11,345 tonnes of domestic waste, at a time when there are approximately 215,500 inhabitants in the district. Hence the cost is about 324,000 VND per tonne or around 17,000 VND per citizen per year. If it is assumed that 50% of the population is served by the waste collection service and that the population bears 67% of the costs (the remaining third being borne by shops, institutions, industries, etc.), this amounts to a cost per citizen of 2 * 17,000 * 2/3 = 22,700 VND per year. So if an average household has five people, the monthly cost is around 9,500 VND. These costs only include waste collection and transport to the disposal site; i.e. capital and operating costs for a sanitary landfill are not included. Included in the above estimate are all costs for purchasing new compactor trucks, bins and pushcarts, as well as the maintenance of these, safety equipment for workers and fuel for the vehicles. Administration costs are not included. There are naturally means to reduce these costs: The most obvious is to minimise salary costs by reducing the necessary staff to a minimum. Contracting out the operation of pushcarts to individuals could be one way to reduce costs. At present a waste collection worker completes two collection routes with a pushcart in a day. This means that each worker is issued with two pushcarts. An alternative approach, so halve the required number of pushcarts, is to have the garbage truck come to empty the pushcart twice during the day. Finally, the trucks only operate around 8 hours per day in these estimations, and significant gains could be made if the trucks operated for longer periods every day. In some countries, for example Denmark, the garbage truck are generally operated in two shifts per day (i.e. 16 hours per day) to reduce costs as much as possible.

3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection

Decision No. 23/2008/QĐ-UNBD Binh Dinh regulates that all organisations, households and individuals who used waste service system have to pay fees as follows: - Households in the towns or towns of the other districts (except for Quy Nhon City) located

along main roads (asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; while households located along main village roads (not asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month. Households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month;

- Households in communes of other districts located along main roads, highways have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month while households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month;

- Food selling households in districts have to pay 25,000 VND/household/month; - Other business households in districts have to pay 20,000 VND/household/month; - In the market, shop owners have to pay 10,000-20,000 VND/shop/month depending on

amount of waste generated; - Offices have to pay 45,000 VND/office/month; and - Markets, hospitals and enterprises have to pay 60,000 VND/m3 of domestic solid waste that is

generated and collected. The full amount of collected fees must be used to cover the costs of waste collection, transportation, treatment and fee collection activities.

Full cost recovery for the waste collection system means that total cost for financing and operating a waste collection system should have to be covered through fees to be paid by the waste producers. The waste collection system is divided into a primary collection system that covers the activities from the waste generation sources such as households, markets, hospitals,


45

etc. to the transfer points; and the secondary collection system from transfer points to the landfill or composting plant. On average every household will have five persons. If applying the fee regulated in Decision No. 23/2008/QĐ-UBND as follows:

- In the town and towns, 30% of all serviced households have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; 20% have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 50% have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; and

- In the communes, 30% of households have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 70% have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month.

The cost recovery from household fees is estimated in Table 3.26 (with the assumption that 100% of the serviced households pay collection fee) is insufficient to cover 2/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in Hoai Nhon District12 (see Table 3.25). It is possible to compensate the cost for operating the secondary collection system (for transporting collected waste to the landfill) or about 38-55% (from 2012 to 2025) of cost for operating the primary collection system. Thus, it is obviously that in order to compensate the operational cost of the waste collection system, household fee must be higher than the present regulated fee.

Table 3.26 Cost recovery for waste collection system

Year Total cost for operating waste

collection system (x 1000

VND/year)

Total cost for operating primary waste collection system (x 1000

VND/year)

Total cost for operating secondary

waste collection system (x 1000

VND/year)

Number of serviced households

Cost recovery

from household

fee (x 1000

VND/year) Towns

Communes

2012 3,280,780 1,831,180 1,449,600 2,935 6,674 740,177

2013 3,380,349 1,930,749 1,449,600 3,547 7,846 878,952

2014 3,760,950 2,311,350 1,449,600 3,572 10,901 1,097,514

2015 3,685,558 2,235,958 1,449,600 4,196 11,175 1,173,882

2016 3,718,804 2,269,204 1,449,600 4,226 11,253 1,182,099

2017 3,731,573 2,281,973 1,449,600 4,255 11,332 1,190,374

2018 3,618,600 2,169,000 1,449,600 4,285 11,411 1,198,707

2019 4,415,446 2,482,646 1,932,800 4,315 13,530 1,351,445

2020 4,577,196 2,644,396 1,932,800 4,966 15,491 1,549,662

2021 4,554,723 2,621,923 1,932,800 5,001 15,600 1,560,510

2022 4,595,074 2,662,274 1,932,800 5,036 15,709 1,571,433

2023 4,858,310 2,925,510 1,932,800 5,071 17,849 1,726,149

2024 4,917,447 2,984,647 1,932,800 5,106 17,974 1,738,232

2025 5,611,863 3,195,863 2,416,000 5,142 19,896 1,877,583

The District has to consider one of the three following options: - Option 1: Apply household fee indicated in Decision No. 23/2008/QD-UBND as mentioned

above.

12

The remaining 1/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in An Nhon District will be covered by the fee collection

from shops, offices, hospitals, markets, industrial zones, etc.


46

+ Advantage: because this option is based on Decision of the Province, so there is no explanation requirement.

+ Disadvantage: if applied this collection fee for households, cost recovery from household fee can only compensate the operational cost of secondary collection system. That mean the District has to find budget to operate primary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance).

- Option 2: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the operational cost

for operating the of primary waste collection system (Table 3.27) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 11,200 VND/household/month in 2012 and reduce to 7,700 VND/household/month in 2025. + Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District

compared to the option 1. A little increase in the fee would be easier to convince households to pay for waste collection. In this case, the District has to find budget to operate secondary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance).

+ Disadvantage: (1) new fee should be approved by the Province; (2) it would be more difficult to convince households to pay fee.

- Option 3: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the total operational

cost of waste collection system (Table 3.27) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 18,500 VND/household/month in 2012 and reduce to 12,300 VND/household/month in 2025. + Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District

compared to the option 1 and 2. In this case, the District has to find budget only for waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance).

+ Disadvantage: (1) new fee should be approved by the Province; (2) it would be even more difficult to convince households to pay fee compared to the option 2.

Table 3.27 Recommended household fee (VND/household/month)

Year New household fee recommended – option 2

New household fee recommended – option 3

2012 11,199 18,436

2013 10,164 16,268

2014 9,643 14,448

2015 8,774 13,298

2016 8,714 13,206

2017 8,827 13,288

2018 8,333 12,763

2019 8,319 13,514

2020 7,655 12,188

2021 7,635 12,136

2022 7,712 12,182

2023 7,662 11,707

2024 7,699 11,716

2025 7,639 12,268


47

Household fee could be reduced year by year in the future if number of serviced household is increased. This is also an important point for the District to consider in setting action plan for improving solid waste management of the District in the coming years.

3.6. Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising

This section describes the requirements capacity development and awareness raising programme from 2012 through 2025. A section is included covering the costs of these recommended activities. The programme is structured around the building of Environmental Communication Teams at all levels within the District whilst funds are available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project. From 2015, when only the more limited local budgets are available to fund these activities, the operations will be maintained due to the skills acquired during the initial years.

3.6.1. Background

The Environment Protection Agency under the provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment is in charge of environmental communication activity in Binh Dinh Province. Regarding the administrative management, EPA delegates most of its environment management activities to the districts. District DONRE represents the district in managing and implementing environmental management and communication activities at the commune and town level. However, these activities are generally limited to meetings on around special events (e.g. Earth Day) and therefore do not fully meet the goals of increasing community awareness for the following reasons:

The budget for this activity is usually low, although every District has 1% of their yearly budget allocated for the environmental protection activities; this is called the “Environment Life-work budget.” However, most of this budget is used for waste collection and treatment activities.

The human resources available for implementing the environmental communication activities are limited. Most of the human resources come from the District Office of Natural Resources and Environmental, as well as from Environmental and Land officers from wards and communes

These officers have limited knowledge of environmental communication and waste management; this especially applies to officers at the commune level.

3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district

A District Solid Waste Management (DSWM) Board and working groups will be established (see implementation/action plan, section 2.1: “Establish a district solid waste management board”). This board will be responsible for all aspects of the implementation of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. Under the DSWM board several working groups will be formed. Each working group focuses on the management of a specific area of the district SWM (e.g. industrial waste, health care waste, agricultural waste, collection & transport of domestic waste, organic waste treatment at source, landfill construction, etc.). The DSWM board coordinates and supervises the working groups. The management of a specific SWM area may cover several activities, such as awareness raising for a specific target group (for instance, the working group “industrial waste management” organises awareness raising for the target population “industrial enterprises”), funding of all activities and fee collection, specific waste collection / transport / treatment (for instance, the working group “industrial waste management” is responsible for ensuring industrial waste is


48

separated, reused, recycled, collected, transported and/or treated according to the law and regulations). WSSP together with the province will support the work of the DSWM board as well as the working groups through its capacity development actions from mid 2011 until mid 2014. In the first phase (mid 2011 – 2012) support will be given to the start up and first tasks of these newly established board and working groups, through on-the-job-guidance from SWM experts. Especially for the working groups, guidance will be given to situation analyses, stakeholder analyses and process analyses, which will be the basis for further informed planning and budgeting in the specific SWM area of each working group. In a second phase (2013 – mid 2014) the capacity development actions are continued coaching (but less intensive) of the change process as described in the DSWMPs, and based on what has been achieved in 2011. Furthermore, technical trainings will also be provided for the specific needs that have come up in the working groups.

3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014

Under the management of the PPMU, the EPA of the Binh Dinh DONRE is contracted (hired) to carry out an Awareness Raising Programme (ARP) that includes a pilot phase in 2011. Further collaboration with EPA for the extension phase from 2012 to 2014 will be considered based on the achievement level of the pilot phase in 2011. The target group of this component include the community people and the pupils in primary and secondary schools. The awareness raising is planned in great detail in the ARP document of pilot phase, which includes the awareness raising programme for the Hoai Nhon District. Here the plan recommends that:

The awareness raising should be carried out in most of the areas where the SWM system is already or will be established.

The members of the communication group should be complemented by members of the waste collection group, so that these can cooperate in the communication activities regarding solid waste management at the community level.

Beside the general objective of the ARP, the specific objectives should be more concrete such as:

o Increasing the number of household involving the waste collection service i.e. from 10% to 50%.

o Increasing the number of household paying for the waste collection service based on the baseline when programme started.

o Reducing the frequency of illegal waste disposal and illegal dumpsite within communities.

o As the treatment of organic waste at source is an important part of the waste management plan, the methods for progressive organic treatment at source must be part of the focus for the training course for the Environmental Communication Teams. The methods should be simple and inexpensive.

o Increase the number of private clinics involved in the healthcare waste collection service.

o Increase the volume of organic waste that is treated at source.

The action plan of each Environmental Communication Team should be prepared at grass-root level. Each community has to identify their needs based on the community approach such as community rapid appraisal, community action plan with a participatory approach. Visual tools such as “mapping community problems” and “problem tree” should be used.


49

Other than the monitoring and evaluating system designed by Provincial and District level, each Communication Team needs to have results of this monitoring and evaluating program to adjust their action plan every year.

3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives

To mitigate the shortages of funding and skilled staff at the District level within environmental communication, and to make full use of the resources available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project up to the year 2014, the strategy on capacity development and communication for the period to the year 2025 is based on the following considerations:

To establish key Environmental Communication Teams within towns, communes and schools rapidly. These teams will be trained in environmental communication principles and solid waste management in order to be able to organise and implement these activities, with the goal that they must be able to organise solid waste management activities within their own town, ward or commune.

The key groups will be trained with sufficient knowledge on environmental communication and sustainable solid waste management, solutions to reduce waste at dumpsite, skills on organizing and implementing the environmental communication activity at community level.

The towns, communes and schools should formulate and implement their individual communication plans on waste issues with the aim of meeting the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan.

The improvement of the solid waste management services within the district, towns and communes will be monitored on a quarterly, semester or yearly basis as appropriate. Here precise indicators will be used to compare the actual progress with the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan, such as the percentage of households receiving waste collection service, the percentage of households that are paying waste collection fees, and the percentage of households that are treating organic waste at home.

During the period 2012-2014, the budget resource will rely on the Water Supply and Sanitation Project’s budget. The focus will be on capacity development for core teams. For the period from 2015 the focus will be on maintaining the existing activities, hence lowering the financial requirements. Here the resource from Environment Life-work budget should be able to cover the necessary project activities.


50

3.6.5. Organization and Implementation Structure

To ensure the autonomy and self-motivation of the Environmental Communication Teams, the recommended organisational structure is as follows: The resources and functions should as follows:

Unit Responsibilities Members

1 Environmental Communication Core team at district level

- In charge of overall management and coordinate the environmental communication activity at district level.

- To approve activity plan and support budget/tools/means/documents for environmental communication activity.

- To orient the precise objectives for each area, each period for the environmental communication groups at towns, communes based

- Leader/Director of the Natural Resource and Environment Office

- District Natural Resource and Environment Office officers.

- District Women’s Union officer

- District Youth Association officer

- District Farming Association officer.

Env. Communication core team

at district level

Env.

Communication

core team at

Towns/communes

level

Env.

Communic

ation team

at

community

level

Env.

Communication

team at school

level

Households Pupils

Market MB

HH Sellers

Waste

collectors

MB

Waste

collectors

EPA

PPMU

(2012 – 2014)

DoCI

Provincial

level

Note: DoCI: Department of Culture and Information (this component will implement at provincial

level)

Direct relationship

Indirect relationship (supporting/ advice/ broadcasting)


51


on the approved (or adjust during the implementation process).

- To organize capacity development for key groups on SWM and communication skill.

- In the period 2012 – 2014 PPMU and EPA will direct support budget as well as techniques. From 2015 – 2025 the groups will be self-management and implement through the Environment Life-work budget of District and the consulting of EPA.

- District Educational Office staff.

- (6 members)

2 Environmental Communication Core Team at Town/commune level

- To participate in the capacity development organised by district.

- To cooperate with environmental communication (EC) groups at hamlets/sub-wards/cells) to formulate a yearly action plan on environmental communication and submit to the district for approval.

- To provide documents / communication tools/ budget for EC activities at community

- In the period from 2012 – 2014 will organize training on SWM, communication skills for community EC groups

- To cooperate/ support with community EC groups to implement the EC activity based on the approved action plan.

- To organize quarterly meeting with EC group to review the implementation process based on the supervisory plan and detailed indicators in order to adjust the action plan accordingly

- Leader of PC of towns/communes, in charge of group leader

- Officer who is in charge of Environment activity

- WU staff. - YA staff. - Veteran Association staff. - Farming Association staff - (6 – 7 members)

3 Environmental Communication Core Team at school level

- To participate into capacity development program will be organized by the district.

- To cooperate with head teachers/mistress in schools to build a yearly EC and submit to the district for approval.

- To provide documents/ communication tools/ budget for EC activities in classes.

- In the period from 2012 – 2014 will provide training on SWM,

- Representative of school management board.

- Teachers who in charge of the movements

- Teachers at primary school: teaching music and fine arts. Teachers at secondary schools: teaching civics and biology


52


communication skills for head teachers in schools.

- To cooperate with and support teachers in carrying out the EC activity based on the approved action plan.

- To review every quarter with the head teacher on the process of the program based on the action plan and indicators in order to adjust accordingly.

4 Environmental Communication Team at community level

- To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organized by towns/communes.

- To present the ideas/initiatives of the community and to cooperate with the key EC group at towns/communes to build the environmental communication action plan at their hamlet/sub-ward.

- To implement the environmental communication at their hamlet/sub-ward. The main communication will be: organize meeting at cells to discuss with community people on the improvement of the existing SWM at their communities; home visits to mobilize, consulting and explanation on the habit/attitude to improve the existing SWM such as: participate the collection service, payment collection fee dispose the waste in time, sorting waste at home, treatment organic waste at home by simple techniques.

- To record information/data, detail figure with the core group to supervise the implementing process of the environmental communication activities

This is a main force to work with community people in hamlet/sub-ward. Therefore, the members of the team will be flexible. It is depending to the context of each area to invite the ones who has free time and interested in this environmental activity. However, the core members should be based on the existing mass organization and local authority staff such as:

- Sub-ward management board member.

- Cell leaders. - WU branch - YA. - Farming Association

branch. - Veteran Association

branch. - Volunteers who are

ready to participate into environmental communication activity.

- Waste collection workers at community.

5 Environmental Communication Team at school level

- To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organized by schools.

- To cooperate with core group to formulate the EC activity for school.

- To carry out the EC activity in classes. The main EC program will be: teaching the pupils on having right

For Primary schools, the team will be included of all teachers (each teacher will in charge of one class). For secondary schools, the team will be included mistresses in order to integrate this subject into their regular meetings or organize extra-


53


attitude/behaviour with the disposal of waste, organize some concrete activities for pupils participate as waste separation at school; treating food wastes, leafs at school by using simple techniques (according to the condition of each school); organize competition for pupils on the knowledge on waste…

- To record the data/information, figures in order to cooperation with the core group to supervise the environmental communication implementation process.

curricular activities

3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media

Public media is an important communication channel for the dissemination of information to a large population and an excellent means of attracting people’s attention. Advertising within local media aims to educate people on solid waste issues and get them to change their behaviour in line with the District’s Solid Waste Management Plans. The focus will be on promoting the treatment at source of organic waste, suitable practices for setting out waste for collection and the importance of paying the waste collection fees. The three communication channels that should be used are newspapers, radio and television. For the period 2012 – 2014 it is suggested that the PPMU should sign the contract with EPA to implement these activities; the EPA can then in turn sign separate contracts with some of the following media as appropriate:

Binh Dinh Newspaper.

Binh Dinh television station.

Binh Dinh broadcasting radio station. Topic for the communication should include the following topics:

Introducing the project activities quarterly.

Introducing the organic waste treatment simple technologies such as composting and the black soldier fly larvae.

Practical aspects of the solid waste collection system.

The importance of paying waste collection fees.

Introducing more general aspects of the solid waste management system issue in Binh Dinh.

For the communication through television it is suggested to advertising good behaviour through a few video clips that are alternated as the environmental communication programme will be implemented throughout the year. The changes in clips will keep people watching. Scenes and scripts should be developed for educational purpose but with a great sense of humour. Actors’ practices are representative of the local people’s practices. The EPA should sign the contract with the provincial television company to broadcast the programme at a certain time during the day


54

when it is known that most people will be watching the local TV channel. For example, the broadcasting time can be in the evening after the news programme or during the break in a film. The produced video clips should be copied into DVDs to be distributed to motivators, towns, communes, schools and other civil organizations as supporting IEC material. These video clips can then be shown in meetings, training sessions or workshops at schools and/or for organisations. This gives a chance for a number of people who do not watch television to be approached by the programme. From 2012, the District People’s Committee will submit proposals to the Binh Dinh People’s Committee to assign both TV and radio stations to broadcast news relating to solid waste management as part of their responsibility for raising environment awareness. This component will in practice be formulated for the whole province by public broadcasting system of Binh Dinh province.

3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection

To ensure that the population makes full and correct use of an expanded waste collection system, as well as to ensure that they pay their waste collection fees, a continuous educational programme is required. Such a programme can initially be under the ARP described in section 3.6.2 but after 2014 this must be under the District authorities and financed through the Province and District budgets (or financed through the fees collected for waste management). These awareness programmes must reach all stakeholders, including households, shops, institutions and enterprises. The cornerstones of such the awareness raising programmes will be to:

Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will ensure that awareness is raised throughout the community regarding the new waste collection system, covering how waste should be placed for collection, collection hours, the payment of waste collection fees, the importance of not littering and so forth.

The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the children’s awareness about the importance of handling waste correctly and will help them influence their parents and other family members in making the best possible use of the new waste collection system.

The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general population’s awareness.

3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source

This District Solid Waste Management Plan calls for 15% of the total generated domestic solid waste stream, consisting of organic waste, to be treated at source by the year 2025 in towns and likewise 30% in communes. This will call for technologies such as those described in section 3.4, covering the composting of market waste, the usage of Mesophilic Storage Units for households and commercial black soldier fly larvae production. Ensuring that such methodologies are successfully implemented throughout the District will require an important and continuous awareness raising and educational effort. Initially, it is very important that demonstration projects are implemented under the direction of the District Project Management Group to show that the technologies can be successfully implemented in both towns and communes. Through the demonstration projects, those responsible will learn (by trail and error, as well as through consultants) how these treatment methods can be made to work. This endeavour must include an incessant programme of capacity development and assistance to larger-scale composting or commercial black soldier fly larvae production; as well as a continued


55

support at all administrative levels within the District to implement and uphold the operation of Mesophilic Storage Units. Steps that should be taken to insure the successful implementation and operation of Mesophilic Storage Units include:

Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will provide information and support to households making use of the mesophilic storage units.

The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the children’s interest in the treatment of organic waste at source and give them an understanding and interest in the proposed mesophilic storage units.

The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general population’s awareness.

A second consideration is for towns and communes to establish a small scale composting facilities at their wet market; in this case it is important to:

Choose the appropriate technology with a simple operation and low cost.

Separate recyclable, organic and non-organic wastes at source

That the Market Management Board agrees with this idea and that they provide the land for a composting facility or a location to store the organic waste separately. They can then help organise the scavengers at market into a group; this group is then allowed to work in this area managing the waste and operating the composting facility.

Here the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level can assist the District authorities in setting up the small scale facilities. Finally, there may be plans for scavengers (or others) to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production; these will require support from the District authorities and the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level to ensure a successful implementation:

Provision of information on how to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production.

A site to place the equipment.

Assistance from the Environmental Communication Team to ensure that organic waste can be collected from households, restaurants, etc.

Support on the sale of the larvae.

3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District

The District will need support in the form of technical expertise to put into operation this Solid Waste Management Plan. It is foreseen that approximately 110 man days of national expertise will be available to the District for the years 2012 to 2014. This expertise can be used to help tender for equipment, to help with demonstration project, for training of District staff and others involved in solid waste management, as well as assisting with completing the new solid waste management system.

3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 –

2025

The costs of the above programmes that are described in this section are estimated in this section.


56

Table 3.28 Annual Costs for District Awareness Raising Programme (in 1,000 VND)

Activity total 2011 -

2014

Unit No price

Cost

No price

Cost

No price

Cost

No price

Cost

No price

Cost

1 Technical Expertise Support 2,340,000 1,380,000 1,380,000 5,100,000

Pool of Experts days 50 45,000 2,250,000 30 45,000 1,350,000 30 45,000 1,350,000

Training Materials and Course Costs unit 10 5,000 50,000 6 5,000 30,000 6 5,000 30,000

Demonstration Projects 1 40,000 40,000 - -

2 Capacity building for core team at Dist. level 422,200 102,200 237,200 97,200 858,800 7,200

2.1 Training/ workshop at Dist. level 160,000 - - - 80,000 - 240,000 -

For core team of tow ns/communes Time 4 20,000 80,000 2 20,000 40,000 120,000

For core team of school Time 4 20,000 80,000 2 20,000 40,000 120,000

2.2 Sharing experience 160,000 - 80,000 - 240,000 -

For core team of tow ns/communes Time 4 20,000 80,000 2 20,000 40,000 120,000

For core team of school Time 4 20,000 80,000 2 20,000 40,000 120,000

2.3 Annual closure workshop 40,000 40,000 40,000 60,000 180,000 -

For core team of tow ns/communes Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 30,000 30,000 90,000

For core team of school Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 30,000 30,000 90,000

2.4 Communication tools unit 11 5,000 55,000 11 5,000 55,000 6 5,000 30,000 6 5,000 30,000 170,000 -

2.5 Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) Dist. Core team (6

per.) Per. 6 1,200 7,200 6 1,200 7,200 6 1,200 7,200 6 1,200 7,200 28,800 6 1,200 7,200

3 Implementing Awareness raising at community 312,400 312,400 317,800 267,400 1,210,000 227,800

Formulating annual action plan Time 11 5,000 55,000 11 5,000 55,000 17 5,000 85,000 17 5,000 85,000 280,000 17 5,000 85,000

Supporting community activities (tow ns/ communes) Time 11 15,000 165,000 11 15,000 165,000 6 15,000 90,000 6 15,000 90,000 510,000 Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) tow ns/ communes Core

team (7 per./ tow ns/ communes) Time 11 8,400 92,400 11 8,400 92,400 17 8,400 142,800 11 8,400 92,400 420,000 17 8,400 142,800

4 Implementing Awareness raising at school 231,000 231,000 6 247,000 247,000 956,000 187,000

Formulating annual action plan Time 11 5,000 55,000 11 5,000 55,000 17 5,000 85,000 17 5,000 85,000 280,000 17 5,000 85,000

Supporting school activities (tow ns/ communes) Time 11 10,000 110,000 11 10,000 110,000 6 10,000 60,000 6 10,000 60,000 340,000

Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) Time 11 6,000 66,000 11 6,000 66,000 17 6,000 102,000 17 6,000 102,000 336,000 17 6,000 102,000

Total 965,600 2,985,600 2,182,000 1,991,600 8,124,800 422,000

2014 2015-2025 (Annual Costs)2011 (11 towns/communes) 2012 2013 (6 new communes)


57

Table 3.29 Budget Capacity Development for District Solid Waste Management (Euro)

(from excel file "CD actions

2011 - SEM2"

2011 Total

year

Basis for calculation

Establishment of

DSWMGroups & subgroups

in 4 districts:

6,200

Define coaching process of

sub-groups:

8,340

Start up coaching processes

& follow up

34,000

Total 48,540

2012 increasing input (HR+budget) from

province/districts is needed

coaching of sub groups

(consultant fees)

48,000 5 working

groups*100EUR/consultant/d*8d/m*12m

coaching process

(meetings/workshops)

10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5

working groups*12m

Total 58,080

2013 increasing input (HR+budget) from

province/districts is needed

continued coaching (less

intensive)

25,200 (1 board+6

workinggroups)*100EUR/consultant/d*3d/

m*12m

possible technical trainings 12,500 technical, project management, leadership,

...

5 trainings (1 training per working group

area*5 working group areas)

25 participants*5 trainings*100

EUR/p/training

coaching process

(meetings/workshops)


working groups*12m

Total 47,780

2014 input (HR+budget) provided by

province/districts


workinggroups*12m

Total BUDGET (2011 – 2014) 164,480

The above table includes costs for:

experts contracted to coach the districts on the longer term (2 years) with their planning and implementation

allowances to organise meetings of the working groups

study trips

technical trainings for members of the working groups or other people that need training.


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Table 3.30 Total cost for the Public Broadcasting Programme covering four Districts (in 1,000 VND)

As can be seen from the above about 5 billion VND of technical support are foreseen over the years 2012 to 2014, whilst the plan is being implemented. The costs for the awareness raising programme come to approximately 3 billion VND over the first three years, plus about 1 billion VND for the public broadcasting programme. Hereafter the annual costs are approximately 420 million VND for the awareness raising and 350 million for the public broadcasting covering all four Districts. The Water Supply and Sanitation project does not have sufficient funds to cover these costs, so participation of the Environment Life-work budget will be required.

3.7. Requirements to the Waste Disposal System

Landfilling is accepted as a legal solution for final disposal of solid waste in Vietnam. This is regulated in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the Ministry of Construction from January 18, 2001. The joint circular guides “the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites” together with the Vietnamese Standard TCXD VN 261:2001 – Solid Waste Landfill – Design Standards promulgated by Decision No 35/2001/QD-BXD of the Ministry of Construction on January 26, 2001. Although in the hierarchy of an integrated solid waste management system, the landfill is the last choice due to its significant and negative environmental impacts, it still remains an indispensable component of the current SWM practices in Vietnam, as there is a large and rapidly increasing volume of waste has to be disposed of. The district of Hoai Nhon within Binh Dinh Province is not an exceptional case, just similar to most of other areas in the country.

3.7.1. Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 – 2025

The quantity of waste for landfill is calculated as follows:

sWLandfill = (Wtotal – Wtotal * Rrecycled – Wtotal * Rcomposted) * Rcollection * (1.00 - Rrecycled at LF)

Where: WLandfill : quantity of waste transported to landfill

Wtotal : total quantity of waste generated

Rrecycled: rate of waste sold for recycling

Rcomposted: rate of waste treated/composted at source

Rcollection: rate of collection, in percentage

Total

2012- 2014

STT Content unit Price No total cost No total cost No total cost No total cost

1 Television station 284,000 284,000 284,000 852,000 284,000

1.1 Television news time 400 10 4,000 10 4,000 10 4,000 12,000 10 4,000

1.2 Video clip production video clip 100,000 1 100,000 1 100,000 1 100,000 300,000 1 100,000

1.3 Video clip broadcast time 2,000 90 180,000 90 180,000 90 180,000 540,000 90 180,000

2 Radion station 9,600 9,600 9,600 28,800 9,600

2.1 Radio news time 400 4 1,600 4 1,600 4 1,600 4,800 4 1,600

2.2Technical article (composting, SWM

sustainability)article 2,000 4 8,000

4 8,000

4 8,000 24,000

4 8,000

3 Newspaper 4,800 4,800 4,800 14,400 4,800

3.1 News page article 400 2 800 2 800 2 800 2,400 2 800

3.2 Technical article (composting) article 2,000 2 4,000 2 4,000 2 4,000 12,000 2 4,000

4 Publishement of DVD unit 5 10,000 50,000 10,000 50,000 10,000 50,000 150,000 10,000 50,000

Total 348,400 10,000 348,400 10,000 348,400 1,045,200 10,000 348,400

Yearly (2015 - 2025)

2012 2013 2014


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Rrecycled at LF percentage recycled at the landfill

The assumptions described in section 3.3.2 were employed when calculating the quantity of waste that has to be landfilled every year. Based on these assumptions, the calculations result in the following flows of waste, including the annual quantity of waste going to landfill as shown in table 3.30. Table 3.30 Total amount of waste to landfill 2012 - 2025

Year Quantity Generated

Percentage Recycled at source

Quantity Recycled at source

Remaining after Recycled at source

Percentage Collected

and Treated at

Landfill

Quantity Collected and Treated at

Landfill

(Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) (%) (Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) (Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) (Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) (%)

2010 112,752 41,154 11 12,433 4,538 100,319 36,616 18 18,423 6.724

2011 113,542 41,443 11 12,520 4,570 101,022 36,873 18 18,552 6.771

2012 114,337 41,733 11 12,608 4,602 101,729 37,131 25 24,995 9.123

2013 115,137 42,025 20 23,027 8,405 92,110 33,620 29 27,041 9.870

2014 115,943 42,319 25 28,896 10,547 87,047 31,772 36 31,154 11.371

2015 116,754 42,615 31 36,402 13,287 80,352 29,328 39 31,082 11.345

2016 117,572 42,914 31 36,657 13,380 80,915 29,534 39 31,300 11.425

2017 118,395 43,214 31 36,914 13,474 81,481 29,740 39 31,519 11.504

2018 119,224 43,517 35 41,909 15,297 77,315 28,220 39 30,313 11.064

2019 120,058 43,821 35 42,202 15,404 77,856 28,417 43 33,737 12.314

2020 120,898 44,128 40 48,543 17,718 72,355 26,410 49 35,771 13.056

2021 121,745 44,437 40 48,883 17,842 72,862 26,595 49 36,021 13.148

2022 122,597 44,748 40 49,225 17,967 73,372 26,781 49 36,273 13.240

2023 123,455 45,061 40 49,569 18,093 73,886 26,968 53 39,470 14.407

2024 124,319 45,376 40 49,916 18,219 74,403 27,157 53 39,747 14.508

2025 125,190 45,694 40 50,266 18,347 74,924 27,347 57 42,630 15.560

3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill

To build a sanitary landfill for the district is in agreement with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan. The sanitary landfill will be in compliance with current national standards as required, i.e. with an impermeable bottom layer, a drainage system for surface storm water runoff, a leachate collection and treatment system, a landfill gas collection and treatment system, use waste compacting and a regular soil cover, regular environmental monitoring, and so forth. It must be noted that, given a number of uncertainties at present, the cost estimates are not accurate and must be revised/adjusted in the future prior to implementing the sanitary landfill. The authorities of Hoai Nhon District have identified two sites for the construction of future landfills. The first one is in proximity to the existing dumpsite close to Bong Son Town, which is planned for serving only the town when it becomes a (separate) provincial town. The second planned site is in Hoai Son Commune and it is planned to serve the remaining part of the Hoai Nhon District, after Bong Son Town has been separated to become a provincial town. The proposed new landfill site of Hoai Nhon at Hoai Son commune Son is not suitable in term of minimum distance to rivers and streams, as the distance from proposed landfill border to a stream is about 10 metres; also the groundwater levels seem high. The total area reserved at this


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site is 9.4 hectares of agricultural fields. Therefore, in the following only the site close to Bong Son Town is taken into consideration. The site for the District’s planned landfill site is approximately one kilometre further along the road leading to the Bong Son Dumpsite. The proposed new landfill site of Bong Son is suitable in term of minimum distance to National and Provincial main areas; to residential areas; to rivers and streams; to groundwater, exploitation works/structures; to airports, seaports and industrial areas.13 The total area reserved for the new sanitary landfill is 14.4 hectares of forestry land.

The proposed site for the future District landfill

The landfill designed by CEEN in 2008 is sized to receive an average of 34.26 tonnes per day of waste. The waste cell area covers 3.54 hectares and is filled with a waste layer that is 11-12 metres thick. The bottom of the cell consists of a compacted clay layers and a HDPE layer. There is a gas collection system, as well as a leachate collection and treatment system that will discharge water to the surroundings meeting the requirements of the Standard TCVN 7733:2007 ”Effluent standards for leachate of solid waste landfill sites.” A surface water drainage system is provided around the landfill. The site’s water supply is from drilled wells. The power supply is mainly for lighting. Proposed ancillary facilities include buildings, a weighbridge, a fence, environmental monitoring, a car park, a guard house, etc. The original estimate was made by CEEN in 2008. The cost estimate is based on the 2008 estimate by CEEN in 2008 and has been updated to 2011 costs; it can be found in Annex C, tables C1 and C2. As can be seen, the costs include the upgrade of the access road to the new landfill (and its subsequent maintenance) a weighbridge, a truck wash station, a material stockpile area, an office, guard house, a fence around the entire site and the sanitary landfill cells with their impermeable membrane and leachate collection system. Also included in the costs are the leachate treatment system, the water supply and electric systems and the closure of cells that have been filled with waste. Finally observation wells are included for the monitoring of the environment round the sanitary landfill and a bulldozer to be used daily in the operation of the landfill. Excluded from the costs are the costs of land acquisition; as well as the costs for the closure of the Tam Quan Bac and the Bong Son dumpsites. As can be seen from the tables, the total investment costs for the sanitary landfill are 35.5 billion Dong, where the majority of the costs are for the construction of new landfill cells and the cost of machinery. The landfill proposed by CEEN is large enough to accommodate the waste generated by the district in the period 2013 – 2025. The landfill has been subdivided into 50,000 m3 cells; where a cell is closed when it is full. The design by CEEN proposes that all cells are built immediately, so in this scenario there will be empty cells that will remain unused for about 10 years (7 years in case of a shared landfill). This is not a recommended scenario, as the cells that are not used are difficult to preserve and they will be damaged by sunshine, vegetation and precipitation and deteriorate rapidly and therefore become unusable; thus, the initial investment may be lost to a large extend.

13

TCXDVN 261 : 2001


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In fact, the landfill may be planned in one design as was done by CEEN, but they may not be all fully built immediately. Thus, the dimensioning of the planned total area for the landfill site may be large enough to cover the entire planning period (say 15 years), but the construction of landfill cells should be phased, with a new cells built only after the previous cell has been filled up. The size of each cell should not be larger than necessary, so that it will be filled within say about two years; no new additional cells should be built before needed. Therefore, the construction of the landfill cells is split into phases, so that there is an initial investment, subsequent additional investments for the new landfill cells, as well as operating costs for the landfill. The costs are based on the CEEN estimate, where the costs of landfills that are subsequently build, is deducted from the initial cost estimate. The operating costs for the years 2013 through 2025 can be found in Annex C, table C3. Here the main expenses are maintenance costs and the cost of staff. As can be seen in table 3.32, the total investment and operating costs per tonne for the sanitary landfill come to approximately 313,000 VND per tonne. The sanitary landfill staff is foreseen as follows: Table 3.31 Landfill Staffing

3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill

In agreement with the Technical and Financial File of the project “Water Supply and Sanitation Programme In Binh Dinh Province”, chapter 2.2.2.1 Solid Waste Management Plans for the districts, and reviewing the Global strategy on solid waste for Binh Dinh province on page 15, the project should review the PSWMP, in order to make sure it will lead to the definition of a coherent strategy for the Province and the targeted districts. Such a review, based on international standards, must consider grouping some districts around the same landfill, while taking into account costs efficiency, accessibility, transport distance and the target population. Given the financial advantages, it is proposed that Hoai Nhon considers sharing a sanitary landfill with other district(s) or parts of them, preferably with Phu My (or Hoai An and/or An Lao). That way, it is foreseen that both the construction and operational costs can be minimised (due to the economy-of-scale principle) and also the overall environmental (negative) impacts will be reduced as a single landfill serves a larger area. Furthermore, this scenario could make certain options more practicable, for example the recovery and re-use of landfill gas to make energy is only viable

Staff Category Number

Landfill Manager 1

Waste Controllers / (weighbridge Operators) 2

LTP Operator 1

Chief Mechanic 1

Assistant Mechanics 1

Electrician 1

Machine Operators 2

Cleaners 1

Security Guards 2

Various unskilled workers 5

Total Staff: 17


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when large quantities of waste are available. The landfill gas recovery can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and lead to a net income through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).14 In practice, the Hoai Nhon District is of the opinion that it cannot share a sanitary landfill with another District, due to the transportation distances and the administrative difficulties such a solution would cause. The possibility has been included anyhow in order to make the District aware of the relative costs of this option. All the involved districts would benefit a lot, in terms of not only lower construction and operational costs, but also by minimising the negative environmental impacts. This would also allow saving a lot of land within the province, as each single landfill has to follow the requirements for safe distance (at least 300m to a residential area, applied for small landfills and located not to the windward of residential areas). The costs for the investment can therefore be estimated as shown in Annex C, table C4. Summary of the Capital and Operating Costs for the Sanitary Landfill The capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill can be found in table 3.32 below: Table 3.32 Capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill:

Item Unit Sanitary Landfill Shared Landfill

Total tonnage received Tonnes 185,430 328,172

Initial investment costs MVND 24,607 26,330

Additional investment costs MVND 9,776 28,497

Operating costs MVND 23,628 26,637

Average costs per tonne VND/tonne 312,846 248,236

As can be seen in the above table, the overall landfill costs come to about 313,000 VND per tonne of waste received. Significant savings can be made by sharing the costs of building and operating a landfill. The basic infrastructure required is the same, though the operating costs are a little higher in terms of fuel consumption, chemicals for the leachate treatment costs, and so forth. In practice, sharing the landfill will reduce the costs by approximately 70,000 VND per tonne. This is a significant saving, especially given that this plan calls for 30 tonnes of waste to be collected daily within the District a few years from now. Final disposal of solid waste by landfilling, if and where needed, will have to employ environmentally safe sanitary landfills. Taking into account both economic and environmental aspects, it is obvious that sharing a landfill has significant cost advantages. The only challenge for this scenario is the possible resistance of the local residents where the shared landfill is to be located. To make this realistic, the district must design and implement an appropriate IEC and awareness raising programme for both local authorities and residents.

3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill

To manage a shared sanitary landfill, it is essential that the landfill operation is supervised by a strong management board that represents the interests of both (or more) Districts. The Landfill Management Board could be either lead by a Vice Chairman from the PPC or co-directed by Vice Chairmen of the involved districts. The Landfill Management Board must ensure that the sanitary landfill is built and operated to the best advantage of all parties. The Landfill Management Board should also include representatives from district sections covering Planning and Investment,

14

The CDM option through landfill gas is only an option if organic waste is placed in the landfill. As mentioned elsewhere, composting activities also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and are also eligible for CDM credits.


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Natural Resource and Environment, Agricultural and Rural Development, Urban Management , Public Health Section, as well the Commune PC where the landfill is located and the District waste management company(ies). It is important that the Landfill Management Board ensures that the sanitary landfill is managed in a transparent manner where all expenses are clearly accounted for. Given that the sanitary landfill will have a weighbridge and that all garbage trucks will be weighed upon arrival (and departure is desired) at the landfill, it will be possible to attribute the costs to each involved District based on the quantity of waste delivery to the sanitary landfill. All decisions regarding upgrades and expansion of the landfill should also be approved by the Landfill Management Board.

3.8. Closure of Dumpsites

The existing dumpsites in Hoai Nhon should sooner or later be closed in order to avoid polluting the environment and to be in compliance with the national strategy on sustainable development. It is foreseen that over the next 15 years all dumpsites should be eliminated. Assuming (and it seems most likely) that no industrial hazardous waste was received by the dumpsites, they can be closed following the guidelines given in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of January 18, 2001 guiding “the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites" as follows:

- The final cover layer should have a clay content over 30%, ensure a standard moisture and properly compacted, with a thickness over 60 cm. The slope from the edge to the top should gradually increase from 3 to 5%, ensuring good draining, and thereafter:

+ Cover the buffer layer with a 50-60 cm thick layer of sandy soil + Covering with a 20-30 cm thick agricultural soil + Plant grass and trees

- Carry out a monitoring program, including the monitoring of air, water, soil and

ecosystems, labour environment and local residents; health. Once the dumpsite has been closed, the District Office of Natural Resources and Environment should develop a simple monitoring programme to ensure that the final cover layer remains intact.

3.9. Cost Saving by Treating Organic Waste at Source

There are considerable savings to be made by composting the organic faction of waste at source. This District Solid Waste Management Plan has used a model where eventually 30% of the total waste stream is treated through composing (or similar processes) in communes and 15% of the waste stream is treated likewise in towns. In table 3.33 below the total costs are compared to scenarios where there is absolutely no treatment of organic waste at source and one where all organic waste is treated at source. In all three cases, it is assumed that the waste will be deposited in a District sanitary landfill.


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Table 3.33 Cost comparison for various composting scenarios

Almost 100% of organic waste is

composted

Current scenario (30% in communes

/15% in towns)

No treatment of organic waste at

source

Total Waste to landfill 2013 – 2025 (tonnes)

146,236 170,216 228,577

Total Capital Costs (MVND) 32,389 35,478 35,478

Total Operating Costs (MVND)

23,084 23,628 45,153

Total Costs (MVND) 55,473 59,106 80,631

As can be seen there are significant savings in the current system, when compared to a system where there is no treatment of organic waste at source. The fact that about 58,000 tonnes less of waste are collected over the period 2013 – 2025, (170,000 tonnes versus 228,000 tonnes) means savings in the order of 21.5 billion VND. Hence, there are very strong financial incentives to minimise the flow of waste to landfill, as this significantly lowers the costs. Furthermore, waste minimisation benefits the environment.

4. Plan for Management of Industrial Waste till 2025

4.1. Definitions of Industrial/Hazardous Waste

Industrial solid waste is defined in Decree No. 59/2007/NĐ-CP issued by Vietnamese Government as solid waste generated in industrial production, craft villages, business and service activities or other activities is collectively referred to as industrial solid waste. Furthermore, hazardous solid waste is described as solid waste containing substances or compounds that exhibit any of the characteristics of radioactivity, ignitability, explosiveness, corrosiveness, infectiousness, toxicity or other hazardous characteristics. Industrial waste represents waste generated from activities in manufacturing businesses that utilises raw material and machinery to generate marketable products in their premises. A small percentage of the industrial waste will be “hazardous waste,” these are also discussed below. Industrial waste is generated from manufacturing businesses that use raw material and machinery to generate products within their premises. Typical categories of manufacturing industries can be found below:

Food processing

Beverage manufacturing

Wood-based products

Manufacturing of chemical and chemical products

Manufacturing of non-metallic mineral products

Basic metals

Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, appliances and supplies

Manufacture of transport equipment

Textiles and garments These categories of industries will each generate their particular industrial waste, where the waste characteristics will be dependent on the industrial production process. The wastes are often complex and heterogeneous ranging from inert inorganic waste (such as mineral, electronic and metal waste) to organic waste (such as plastics and foodstuffs).


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Industrial waste is the waste generated by the industry’s production, as can be items such as mineral, electronic and metal waste, filter cakes, plastics, raw material wastage, off-spec products, floor sweepings, rags, packaging, etc.; so long as these do not fall under the MONRE’s definition of a hazardous waste In addition to the industrial waste generated, the industries will also generate a sizeable amount of general waste. This latter waste is common to all industries and includes packaging, office and canteen waste. Some of this waste (e.g. packaging) is often sold for recycling and the remained of this waste is usually handled as domestic solid waste. The term “Hazardous Waste” applies to toxic and hazardous waste. These are defined as wastes containing components that are toxic, radioactive, inflammable, explosive, abrasive, contagious, poisonous or harmful.15 Vietnam’s National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Waste Thresholds (QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT) sets the standard for hazardous waste thresholds and is used to indentify wastes that may be considered hazardous. These technical regulations clearly describe the laboratory methods that must be used for analysis of waste to determine whether it is a hazardous waste. Hazardous waste from industrial activities will include waste such as solvents, oils, PCBs, acids and plating baths. Healthcare risk waste is also defined as a hazardous waste (as it is contagious); these are discussed in section 5.

4.2. Current Situation and Plans

There are three operating Industrial Clusters within the District; and a fourth Industrial Cluster is under construction:

The Thiet Dinh Industrial Cluster covers 13 hectares and includes some polluting manufacturing establishments;

The Tam Quan Industrial Cluster covers 15 hectares and principally contains various manufacturing and garment factories;

The Tam Quan Bac Industrial Cluster is a seafood processing area;

The 16 hectare Hoai Hao Industrial Clusters;

The Hoai Than Tay Industrial Cluster that covers 2 hectares; and

The Hoai Duc Industrial Cluster is under construction and is foreseen to hold mechanical industry, water bottling facilities and construction material manufacturers.

Several other Industrial Clusters/Parks are in the planning, including the Bong Son Industrial Zone that is to be 100 hectares and to include agro-forestry processing, food processing, mechanics, agricultural machine manufacture and construction material manufacture.

15

Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 that went into effect on 1 July 2006


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Fish warehouse and processing at the Tam Quan Bac Industrial Cluster

At present the general waste from industries is often collected by the local waste management companies; this covers waste from canteens, offices and so forth. This general waste is included in the numbers for domestic solid waste in section 3.3.2. The consultant found that the disposal of containers that have held pesticides was a problem throughout the province. Some Districts have built boxes in the fields, with the intention that the farmers should place their pesticide waste in these boxes. This system did not work, as the farmers did not use the boxes and continue to dump the containers on their land. Some Districts are interested in again trying to collect these empty pesticide containers. This is not recommended as long as there is no disposal system for the empty pesticide packaging. If these containers were collected today, the District would have to store these as a hazardous waste, as there is no disposal system for hazardous waste within the region. At a later date, when a hazardous waste treatment facility is built within the region, the collected waste would then have to be shipped for treatment at great cost to the District.16 For the empty pesticide containers, the Government of Vietnam should implement a programme in collaboration with the pesticide manufacturers, the importers and the distributers. The programme should ensure that when the farmers are supplied with new pesticides, the supplier will automatically take back empty pesticide packaging. There could be a deposit on the packaging, to ensure all packaging is returned. The pesticide distributers would then organise and implement an awareness programme, so that all farmers know how to store and return their empty pesticide containers.17 Given that the distributers transport full pesticide containers to sell to the farmers, it is easy for them to ensure that empty containers are transported back to their distribution centre or factory. The empty containers can then be reused or sent for treatment as hazardous waste.

4.3. Possibilities for waste prevention and waste minimisation;

Typical main waste composition from industries can include scrap metals, plastics, paper and cardboard and food scraps. Such wastes can be sold or given away for recycling. Industries frequently have large amounts of raw materials that are wasted during the manufacturing process; likewise some industries have a significant percentage of products that do not meet the specifications. Both the wasted raw materials, as well as “off-spec” products are

16

The treatment fee would likely be in the region of 20,000 VND per kg or more. 17

Such a programme would normally also take back and treat any obsolete pesticides that the farmer may have stored over time on his premises.


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often discarded on-site, as this is an inexpensive solution. Commonly reusing these materials in the production makes good economic sense, as it reduces the company’s costs for raw materials per unit product. Better utilisation of raw materials, as well as other resources such as water, should be encouraged. Some industrial hazardous waste is also recycled at the moment, this includes waste oils and waste lubricants that are currently sold to recyclers and used as a fuel, often in brick kilns. In the longer term; once there is a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility within the region, this practice should be discontinued and the hazardous waste oils and lubricants should be treated at a specialised facility.

4.4. Present and future quantities of Industrial Waste

At present this waste stream is not sufficiently regulated, so there is no readily available data on the number of waste generators, the nature of the wastes, their quantity or where they are currently being disposed. The Provincials Solid Waste Management Plan does state that “The industrial SW collection in the district area has not currently managed, so there has not been any specific figure on the total amount of SW generated in the district.” On the other hand the plan does predict that 23.4 tonnes per day will be generated in 2015 and 33.6 tonnes per day in 2020. Of these waste streams in 2020 18 60% are recycled or reused; 25% is “hazardous” waste; and the remaining 15% are “non-hazardous” waste. Clearly, the 25% must be mostly industrial wastes. Given that there are no current figures for the waste arisings, the predictions for 2015 and 2020 must be associated with a high degree of uncertainty. It is important for the District to obtain a better knowledge of exactly how much and what types of waste are generated by the industrial clusters within the District. It is recommended that a survey be organised to better determine the current situation. Such a survey should investigate all major sources of industrial waste within the District and propose the best possible solutions. The survey should visit all industrial zones and clusters, as well as other major generators of industrial waste. The quantity of waste can then be determined through information from the waste generators, through estimates based on the number of employees and/or the quantity of product produced. The consultant will then have to determine how the waste is best treated: Some waste will be akin to domestic solid waste, just as there will be large amounts of industrial waste that can be placed in a sanitary landfill (or reused).19 There will be a small percentage of hazardous waste, where a solution will need to be found, given that there is currently no hazardous waste treatment centre within the region. Such a survey, performed by a team of international and national experts, would probably cost around 60,000 Euro, and this price would cover a survey of four Districts within the Province.

4.5. The Management System for Industrial Waste

The basic principle for handling industrial waste, is that the wastes from the industry are properly separated. There will be some general waste from kitchens, offices, and so forth. This will generally be collected by the local garbage company. There will also be some waste from the production or manufacturing process; this can be contaminated raw materials, wastage from the production process and/or off-spec products. Other a sizeable percentage of these materials can be reused (especially if the alternative is to pay to dispose of them). Likewise, some waste can be

18

The figures for 2015 in the Province Solid Waste Master Plan are not subdivided into categories. 19

For some of the industrial waste to be placed in a sanitary landfill requires that this waste is kept separate from hazardous waste during the manufacturing process. A frequent “problem” for industrial waste is that large amounts of relatively inert waste that could be reused or placed in a sanitary landfill, is contaminated with a small percentage of hazardous waste, making all the waste hazardous waste that requires very costly treatment.


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(and is already) reused, for example wood waste and sawdust from wood manufacturing industries is often reused as a source of energy. Naturally, most industries will have some waste that is not general waste. The industry is expected to ensure that this waste is transported by a licensed transporter to an approved site where it can be treated and disposed of. Much of the manufacturing waste from industries can meet the acceptance criteria of landfills and can therefore be transported to landfills. This requires that the manufacturing waste is not contaminated with hazardous waste (in which case the whole batch of waste will often be considered as hazardous waste). Therefore, industries must have good housekeeping to keep non-hazardous and hazardous waste separate. Finally, there are some wastes that are hazardous wastes and that require special treatment. This applies to materials such as waste solvents, waste oils and spent plating baths. Here the enterprise must follow the requirements of the Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 regarding the handling, storage, transportation and treatment of these materials. If housekeeping is good, the quantity of hazardous waste will be very small for most industries. These wastes must be transported to a hazardous waste treatment facility for final treatment and disposal (unless they are treated (or pre-treated) on-site, as is generally the case with liquid wastes). To properly manage these wastes, thorough training is needed, so that managers and workers within enterprises and industries can correctly handle all the waste that is generated within their premises. This is briefly described in the following section and will be further developed over the coming months.

4.6. Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising

Based on the Awareness Raising Programme that is being implemented by the EPA20, there is one component about awareness raising for enterprises that has to be carried out. This programme is currently in its in pilot phase but will later be implemented on a broader scale. The target groups of this component are the enterprise owners and the managers. The topics include knowledge of industrial waste; how to distinguish between various categories of industrial waste; how to separate and store the waste; and how each category of waste should be handled and treated. The selected communication methodology is to organising a managing group to be in charge of this component at the provincial level where the EPA members are the core members together with a member of the Department of Industry and Commerce of Binh Dinh Province. The core members will cooperate with the members of the Division of Natural Resources and Environment of the District and the members of the Industrial Zone Management Board of the district to carry out the communication activities within the district. The managing group will organise the training courses for the district with the participation of the target group. They will also organise the monitoring system to measure the result of the communication activities; the indicators of this system can be based on the EIA indicators but be more simple i.e. it does not need to use specific equipment to measure the environmental parameters, these can just be visual observations. The main indicator of this activity is whether the enterprise owners organise the activities in their enterprise to inform and guide the workers about how to manage industrial waste. The improvements can be monitored on a month by month basis measuring the workers’ habits relating to the handling of industrial waste.

20

Note that this activity is not part of the project’s awareness raising programme


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5. Plan for Management of Healthcare Risk Waste

5.1. Definition of Healthcare Risk Waste

There exist various definitions of Healthcare Waste in general and Healthcare Risk Waste in particular. This report, however, employs Vietnamese definitions, which are defined in the Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT promulgated on 30 November 2007 by the Minister of Health, and which are as follows:

Healthcare Waste (HCW) is the material in either solid, liquid or gaseous form, which is discharged from healthcare facilities (HCFs) and which includes both healthcare risk waste and ordinary waste.

Healthcare Risk Waste (HCRW) (also known as special healthcare waste or hazardous healthcare waste) is the waste containing hazardous elements to human health and the environment, such as infectious, toxic, radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive or possessing other hazardous properties, if not disposed of properly

Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is the management activities of the waste generation, preliminary handling, collection, transport, storage, reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment and disposal of healthcare waste and the control and supervision of implementation.

Healthcare waste reduction is the activities taken in order to minimize the generation of healthcare waste, including reduction of healthcare waste at source, use of products that can be recycled and/or reused, good management and strict control of the practical processes and correct waste segregation.

Reuse is the use of a product several times until the end of life of the product or use of the product for other functions and/or purposes.

Recycling is the reproduction of waste materials into new products

Waste collection at source is the process of segregation, gathering, packing and temporary storage of waste at the site of waste generation in the healthcare facilities.

Transport of waste is the process by which the waste is transported from the place where it was generated to the sites of preliminary treatment, storage, or disposal.

Preliminary treatment is the process disinfection or sterilization of potentially infectious waste at the sites of the waste generation, before transportation to a site of storage or disposal.

Treatment and disposal of waste is a technological process which aims to disable the waste in causing its potential hazards to human health and the environment.

According to Vietnamese definitions (Vietnamese Regulation on Healthcare Waste Management promulgated by Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT of the Minister of Health on 30 November 2007), healthcare waste is classified into five groups as follows:

1. Infectious waste 2. Hazardous chemical waste 3. Radioactive waste 4. Pressurized containers 5. Ordinary waste

5.2. Current Situation

In Hoai Nhon there is both a District Hospital in Tam Quan and a provincial level General Hospital in Bong Son; both are equipped with on-site healthcare risk waste incinerators.


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5.2.1. The provincial level General Hospital

The provincial level General Hospital in Bong Son has 350 beds and an average of 460 patients. The hospital follows the Ministry of Health’s Decision no. 43 on the segregation of waste: Sharps are placed in cardboard or plastic boxes; healthcare risk waste in yellow bags and general waste in blue bags. The hospital has one storage room for healthcare risk waste and one for general waste. The general waste is collected every three days by the Nguyen Tin Construction Company, Ltd. The hospital generates 44 kg of healthcare risk waste every day. This is incinerated in a 50 kg/batch Bidiphar incinerator from 2007 that is currently in poor condition and urgently requires a replacement of its refractory. Amusingly, (mainly) due to this incinerator, the hospital is on MONRE’s list of most polluting sources in Vietnam (as regulated by Decision No. 64) and in June 2010 the hospital was fined 54 million VND for polluting! There is no doubt that the incinerator pollutes, but compared with, for example, the pollution from the common practice throughout the province of burning the garbage on dumpsites to reduce its volume, the pollution from this incinerator must be considered as negligible. Prior to the establishment of the incinerator in 2007, the hospital’s waste was taken to the Hoval incinerator in Quy Nhon.

Trolley equipped for waste separation at the District Hospital. The brown cardboard box bottom left on the trolley is used for sharps.

Incinerator and waste storage at the provincial level General Hospital

5.2.2. The District Hospital

The District Hospital in Tam Quan has 90 beds and an average of around 150 patients. The hospital segregates the waste as follows: Sharps are placed in cardboard; healthcare risk waste in yellow bags and general waste in blue bags. The hospital generates approximately 10 kg of healthcare risk waste every day and furthermore receives about 10 kg per week of sharps (needles) from a psychology centre as well as a very small amount of (mainly) needles from the Hoai Chau Commune Health Care Station. The waste is stored on-site in yellow and blue bins until it is collected (general waste) or incinerated (healthcare risk waste). The waste is incinerated in a 20 kg/batch Bidiphar incinerator from 2008 that is operated three to four times per week.

5.3. Future Management of HCW

The management of healthcare risk waste within the District is very professional and meets the Vietnamese Ministry of Health requirements. Only small sources, such as commune health stations or doctor’s offices are not currently included in the system. A programme of capacity development and awareness raising will be developed in collaboration with the local health authorities to ensure that healthcare risk waste from small sources is also properly segregated, safely transported and then incinerated together with the healthcare risk waste from the hospitals.


71

6. Implementation Plans The implementation of the proposed waste management systems are covered through the Action Plan for the District that was issued at the same time as this DSWMP.


72

Annex A Tables of Waste Quantities 2010 - 2025


73

Year 2010

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%

Sold to Recyclers (kg/day)

Treated/ Composted at Source

%

Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day)

Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,170 8,936 15% 1,340 0% - 7,595 50% 3,798

2 Bong Son 0.8 17,776 14,220 15% 2,133 0% - 12,087 50% 6,044

3 Hoai Son 0.5 9,568 4,784 10% 478 0% - 4,305 0% -

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 9,558 4,779 10% 478 0% - 4,301 10% 430

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 8,801 4,401 10% 440 0% - 3,961 0% -

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 8,903 4,451 10% 445 0% - 4,006 0% -

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 17,402 8,701 10% 870 0% - 7,831 40% 3,132

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 11,800 5,900 10% 590 0% - 5,310 0% -

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 12,673 6,337 10% 634 0% - 5,703 0%

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 10,988 5,494 10% 549 0% - 4,945 20% 989

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 12,281 6,141 10% 614 0% - 5,527 0% -

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 16,309 8,155 10% 815 0% - 7,339 0% -

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 17,923 8,961 10% 896 0% - 8,065 20% 1,613

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,137 3,568 10% 357 0% - 3,211 0% -

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,286 4,143 10% 414 0% - 3,729 0% -

16 Hoai My 0.5 13,374 6,687 10% 669 0% - 6,018 0% -

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 14,190 7,095 10% 709 0% - 6,385 20% 1,277

TOTAL 208,138 112,752 12,433 - 100,319 18,423


74

Year 2011

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,248 8,998 15% 1,350 0% - 7,649 50% 3,824

2 Bong Son 0.8 17,900 14,320 15% 2,148 0% - 12,172 50% 6,086

3 Hoai Son 0.5 9,634 4,817 10% 482 0% - 4,336 0% -

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 9,625 4,813 10% 481 0% - 4,331 10% 433

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 8,863 4,431 10% 443 0% - 3,988 0% -

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 8,965 4,483 10% 448 0% - 4,034 0% -

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 17,524 8,762 10% 876 0% - 7,886 40% 3,154

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 11,883 5,941 10% 594 0% - 5,347 0% -

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 12,762 6,381 10% 638 0% - 5,743 0%

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,065 5,533 10% 553 0% - 4,979 20% 996

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 12,367 6,184 10% 618 0% - 5,565 0% -

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 16,424 8,212 10% 821 0% - 7,391 0% -

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 18,048 9,024 10% 902 0% - 8,122 20% 1,624

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,187 3,593 10% 359 0% - 3,234 0% -

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,344 4,172 10% 417 0% - 3,755 0% -

16 Hoai My 0.5 13,468 6,734 10% 673 0% - 6,060 0% -

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 14,289 7,144 10% 714 0% - 6,430 20% 1,286

TOTAL 113,542 12,520 - 101,022 18,552


75

Year 2012

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,327 9,061 15% 1,359 0% - 7,702 50% 3,851

2 Bong Son 0.8 18,025 14,420 15% 2,163 0% - 12,257 50% 6,129

3 Hoai Son 0.5 9,702 4,851 10% 485 0% - 4,366 0% -

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 9,693 4,846 10% 485 0% - 4,362 20% 872

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 8,925 4,462 10% 446 0% - 4,016 0% -

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,028 4,514 10% 451 0% - 4,063 0% -

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 17,646 8,823 10% 882 0% - 7,941 40% 3,176

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 11,966 5,983 10% 598 0% - 5,385 10% 538

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 12,851 6,426 10% 643 0% - 5,783 30% 1,735

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,143 5,571 10% 557 0% - 5,014 30% 1,504

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 12,454 6,227 10% 623 0% - 5,604 10% 560

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 16,539 8,269 10% 827 0% - 7,442 30% 2,233

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 18,174 9,087 10% 909 0% - 8,178 30% 2,454

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,237 3,618 10% 362 0% - 3,257 0% -

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,402 4,201 10% 420 0% - 3,781 0% -

16 Hoai My 0.5 13,562 6,781 10% 678 0% - 6,103 0% -

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 14,389 7,194 10% 719 0% - 6,475 30% 1,943

TOTAL 114,337 12,608 - 101,729 24,995


76

Year 2013

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,406 9,125 15% 1,369 5% 456 7,300 60% 4,380

2 Bong Son 0.8 18,151 14,521 15% 2,178 5% 726 11,617 60% 6,970

3 Hoai Son 0.5 9,770 4,885 10% 488 10% 488 3,908 30% 1,172

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 9,761 4,880 10% 488 10% 488 3,904 20% 781

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 8,987 4,494 10% 449 10% 449 3,595 30% 1,078

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,091 4,546 10% 455 10% 455 3,636 0% -

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 17,770 8,885 10% 888 10% 888 7,108 40% 2,843

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,050 6,025 10% 602 10% 602 4,820 10% 482

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 12,941 6,471 10% 647 10% 647 5,176 30% 1,553

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,221 5,610 10% 561 10% 561 4,488 30% 1,346

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 12,541 6,271 10% 627 10% 627 5,016 10% 502

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 16,654 8,327 10% 833 10% 833 6,662 30% 1,999

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 18,302 9,151 10% 915 10% 915 7,321 30% 2,196

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,288 3,644 10% 364 10% 364 2,915 0% -

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,461 4,230 10% 423 10% 423 3,384 0% -

16 Hoai My 0.5 13,657 6,828 10% 683 10% 683 5,463 0% -

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 14,490 7,245 10% 724 10% 724 5,796 30% 1,739

TOTAL 115,137 12,696 10,331 92,110 27,041


77

Year 2014

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,486 9,189 15% 1,378 10% 919 6,891 60% 4,135

2 Bong Son 0.8 18,279 14,623 15% 2,193 10% 1,462 10,967 60% 6,580

3 Hoai Son 0.5 9,838 4,919 10% 492 15% 738 3,689 30% 1,107

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 9,829 4,914 10% 491 15% 737 3,686 20% 737

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,050 4,525 10% 453 15% 679 3,394 30% 1,018

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,155 4,577 10% 458 15% 687 3,433 30% 1,030

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 17,894 8,947 10% 895 15% 1,342 6,710 45% 3,020

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,134 6,067 10% 607 15% 910 4,550 20% 910

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,032 6,516 10% 652 15% 977 4,887 30% 1,466

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,299 5,650 10% 565 15% 847 4,237 30% 1,271

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 12,629 6,314 10% 631 15% 947 4,736 20% 947

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 16,771 8,385 10% 839 15% 1,258 6,289 30% 1,887

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 18,430 9,215 10% 921 15% 1,382 6,911 30% 2,073

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,339 3,669 10% 367 15% 550 2,752 30% 826

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,520 4,260 10% 426 15% 639 3,195 30% 959

16 Hoai My 0.5 13,752 6,876 10% 688 15% 1,031 5,157 30% 1,547

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 14,591 7,296 10% 730 15% 1,094 5,472 30% 1,642

TOTAL 115,943 12,785 16,201 86,957 31,154


78

Year 2015

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,566 9,253 18% 1,666 10% 925 6,662 70% 4,663

2 Bong Son 0.8 18,406 14,725 18% 2,651 10% 1,473 10,602 70% 7,421

3 Hoai Son 0.5 9,907 4,954 12% 594 20% 991 3,368 30% 1,011

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 9,898 4,949 12% 594 20% 990 3,365 30% 1,010

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,114 4,557 12% 547 20% 911 3,099 30% 930

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,219 4,609 12% 553 20% 922 3,134 30% 940

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 18,020 9,010 12% 1,081 20% 1,802 6,127 45% 2,757

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,219 6,109 12% 733 20% 1,222 4,154 20% 831

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,123 6,561 12% 787 20% 1,312 4,462 30% 1,339

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,378 5,689 12% 683 20% 1,138 3,869 30% 1,161

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 12,717 6,359 12% 763 20% 1,272 4,324 20% 865

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 16,888 8,444 12% 1,013 20% 1,689 5,742 30% 1,723

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 18,559 9,279 12% 1,114 20% 1,856 6,310 30% 1,893

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,390 3,695 12% 443 20% 739 2,513 30% 754

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,580 4,290 12% 515 20% 858 2,917 30% 875

16 Hoai My 0.5 13,849 6,924 12% 831 20% 1,385 4,709 30% 1,413

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 14,693 7,347 12% 882 20% 1,469 4,996 30% 1,499

TOTAL 116,754 15,449 20,953 80,352 31,082


79

Year 2016

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,647 9,318 18% 1,677 10% 932 6,709 70% 4,696

2 Bong Son 0.8 18,535 14,828 18% 2,669 10% 1,483 10,676 70% 7,473

3 Hoai Son 0.5 9,976 4,988 12% 599 20% 998 3,392 30% 1,018

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 9,967 4,983 12% 598 20% 997 3,389 30% 1,017

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,177 4,589 12% 551 20% 918 3,120 30% 936

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,283 4,642 12% 557 20% 928 3,156 30% 947

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 18,146 9,073 12% 1,089 20% 1,815 6,170 45% 2,776

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,304 6,152 12% 738 20% 1,230 4,183 20% 837

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,215 6,607 12% 793 20% 1,321 4,493 30% 1,348

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,458 5,729 12% 687 20% 1,146 3,896 30% 1,169

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 12,806 6,403 12% 768 20% 1,281 4,354 20% 871

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 17,006 8,503 12% 1,020 20% 1,701 5,782 30% 1,735

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 18,689 9,344 12% 1,121 20% 1,869 6,354 30% 1,906

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,442 3,721 12% 446 20% 744 2,530 30% 759

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,640 4,320 12% 518 20% 864 2,938 30% 881

16 Hoai My 0.5 13,946 6,973 12% 837 20% 1,395 4,742 30% 1,422

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 14,796 7,398 12% 888 20% 1,480 5,031 30% 1,509

TOTAL 117,572 15,557 21,100 80,915 31,300


80

Year 2017

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,729 9,383 18% 1,689 10% 938 6,756 70% 4,729

2 Bong Son 0.8 18,665 14,932 18% 2,688 10% 1,493 10,751 70% 7,526

3 Hoai Son 0.5 10,046 5,023 12% 603 20% 1,005 3,416 30% 1,025

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 10,037 5,018 12% 602 20% 1,004 3,412 30% 1,024

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,242 4,621 12% 554 20% 924 3,142 30% 943

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,348 4,674 12% 561 20% 935 3,178 30% 954

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 18,273 9,136 12% 1,096 20% 1,827 6,213 45% 2,796

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,391 6,195 12% 743 20% 1,239 4,213 20% 843

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,307 6,654 12% 798 20% 1,331 4,524 30% 1,357

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,538 5,769 12% 692 20% 1,154 3,923 30% 1,177

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 12,896 6,448 12% 774 20% 1,290 4,385 20% 877

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 17,126 8,563 12% 1,028 20% 1,713 5,823 30% 1,747

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 18,819 9,410 12% 1,129 20% 1,882 6,399 30% 1,920

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,494 3,747 12% 450 20% 749 2,548 30% 764

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,700 4,350 12% 522 20% 870 2,958 30% 887

16 Hoai My 0.5 14,043 7,022 12% 843 20% 1,404 4,775 30% 1,432

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 14,900 7,450 12% 894 20% 1,490 5,066 30% 1,520

TOTAL 118,395 15,666 21,247 81,481 31,519


81

Year 2018

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,811 9,449 18% 1,701 10% 945 6,803 70% 4,762

2 Bong Son 0.8 18,796 15,037 18% 2,707 10% 1,504 10,826 70% 7,578

3 Hoai Son 0.5 10,117 5,058 12% 607 25% 1,265 3,187 30% 956

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 10,107 5,054 12% 606 25% 1,263 3,184 30% 955

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,306 4,653 12% 558 25% 1,163 2,931 30% 879

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,414 4,707 12% 565 25% 1,177 2,965 30% 890

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 18,401 9,200 12% 1,104 25% 2,300 5,796 45% 2,608

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,477 6,239 12% 749 25% 1,560 3,930 20% 786

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,400 6,700 12% 804 25% 1,675 4,221 30% 1,266

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,619 5,810 12% 697 25% 1,452 3,660 30% 1,098

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 12,986 6,493 12% 779 25% 1,623 4,091 20% 818

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 17,245 8,623 12% 1,035 25% 2,156 5,432 30% 1,630

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 18,951 9,476 12% 1,137 25% 2,369 5,970 30% 1,791

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,546 3,773 12% 453 25% 943 2,377 30% 713

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,761 4,381 12% 526 25% 1,095 2,760 30% 828

16 Hoai My 0.5 14,142 7,071 12% 848 25% 1,768 4,455 30% 1,336

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 15,004 7,502 12% 900 25% 1,875 4,726 30% 1,418

TOTAL 119,224 15,776 26,133 77,314 30,313


82

Year 2019

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,893 9,515 18% 1,713 10% 951 6,851 70% 4,795

2 Bong Son 0.8 18,927 15,142 18% 2,726 10% 1,514 10,902 70% 7,631

3 Hoai Son 0.5 10,187 5,094 12% 611 25% 1,273 3,209 35% 1,123

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 10,178 5,089 12% 611 25% 1,272 3,206 35% 1,122

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,371 4,686 12% 562 25% 1,171 2,952 35% 1,033

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,480 4,740 12% 569 25% 1,185 2,986 35% 1,045

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 18,529 9,265 12% 1,112 25% 2,316 5,837 50% 2,918

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,565 6,282 12% 754 25% 1,571 3,958 25% 989

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,494 6,747 12% 810 25% 1,687 4,251 35% 1,488

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,700 5,850 12% 702 25% 1,463 3,686 35% 1,290

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 13,077 6,539 12% 785 25% 1,635 4,119 30% 1,236

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 17,366 8,683 12% 1,042 25% 2,171 5,470 35% 1,915

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 19,084 9,542 12% 1,145 25% 2,385 6,011 35% 2,104

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,599 3,800 12% 456 25% 950 2,394 35% 838

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,822 4,411 12% 529 25% 1,103 2,779 35% 973

16 Hoai My 0.5 14,241 7,120 12% 854 25% 1,780 4,486 35% 1,570

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 15,109 7,555 12% 907 25% 1,889 4,759 35% 1,666

TOTAL 120,058 15,886 26,316 77,856 33,737


83

Year 2020

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 11,977 9,581 18% 1,725 15% 1,437 6,419 80% 5,136

2 Bong Son 0.8 19,060 15,248 18% 2,745 15% 2,287 10,216 80% 8,173

3 Hoai Son 0.5 10,259 5,129 12% 616 30% 1,539 2,975 40% 1,190

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 10,249 5,125 12% 615 30% 1,537 2,972 40% 1,189

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,437 4,719 12% 566 30% 1,416 2,737 40% 1,095

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,546 4,773 12% 573 30% 1,432 2,768 40% 1,107

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 18,659 9,330 12% 1,120 30% 2,799 5,411 50% 2,706

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,653 6,326 12% 759 30% 1,898 3,669 30% 1,101

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,589 6,794 12% 815 30% 2,038 3,941 40% 1,576

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,782 5,891 12% 707 30% 1,767 3,417 40% 1,367

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 13,169 6,584 12% 790 30% 1,975 3,819 40% 1,528

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 17,488 8,744 12% 1,049 30% 2,623 5,071 40% 2,029

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 19,217 9,609 12% 1,153 30% 2,883 5,573 40% 2,229

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,652 3,826 12% 459 30% 1,148 2,219 40% 888

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,884 4,442 12% 533 30% 1,333 2,576 40% 1,031

16 Hoai My 0.5 14,340 7,170 12% 860 30% 2,151 4,159 40% 1,663

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 15,215 7,607 12% 913 30% 2,282 4,412 40% 1,765

TOTAL 120,898 15,998 32,545 72,356 35,771


84

Year 2021

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 12,060 9,648 18% 1,737 15% 1,447 6,464 80% 5,172

2 Bong Son 0.8 19,193 15,355 18% 2,764 15% 2,303 10,288 80% 8,230

3 Hoai Son 0.5 10,331 5,165 12% 620 30% 1,550 2,996 40% 1,198

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 10,321 5,160 12% 619 30% 1,548 2,993 40% 1,197

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,503 4,752 12% 570 30% 1,425 2,756 40% 1,102

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,613 4,806 12% 577 30% 1,442 2,788 40% 1,115

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 18,790 9,395 12% 1,127 30% 2,818 5,449 50% 2,725

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,741 6,371 12% 764 30% 1,911 3,695 30% 1,108

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,684 6,842 12% 821 30% 2,053 3,968 40% 1,587

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,865 5,932 12% 712 30% 1,780 3,441 40% 1,376

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 13,261 6,630 12% 796 30% 1,989 3,846 40% 1,538

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 17,610 8,805 12% 1,057 30% 2,642 5,107 40% 2,043

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 19,352 9,676 12% 1,161 30% 2,903 5,612 40% 2,245

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,706 3,853 12% 462 30% 1,156 2,235 40% 894

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 8,946 4,473 12% 537 30% 1,342 2,594 40% 1,038

16 Hoai My 0.5 14,441 7,220 12% 866 30% 2,166 4,188 40% 1,675

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 15,321 7,661 12% 919 30% 2,298 4,443 40% 1,777

TOTAL 121,745 16,110 32,773 72,862 36,021


85

Year 2022

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 12,145 9,716 18% 1,749 15% 1,457 6,510 80% 5,208

2 Bong Son 0.8 19,328 15,462 18% 2,783 15% 2,319 10,360 80% 8,288

3 Hoai Son 0.5 10,403 5,201 12% 624 30% 1,560 3,017 40% 1,207

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 10,393 5,196 12% 624 30% 1,559 3,014 40% 1,206

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,570 4,785 12% 574 30% 1,435 2,775 40% 1,110

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,680 4,840 12% 581 30% 1,452 2,807 40% 1,123

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 18,921 9,461 12% 1,135 30% 2,838 5,487 50% 2,744

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,830 6,415 12% 770 30% 1,925 3,721 30% 1,116

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,780 6,890 12% 827 30% 2,067 3,996 40% 1,598

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 11,948 5,974 12% 717 30% 1,792 3,465 40% 1,386

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 13,354 6,677 12% 801 30% 2,003 3,873 40% 1,549

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 17,733 8,867 12% 1,064 30% 2,660 5,143 40% 2,057

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 19,487 9,744 12% 1,169 30% 2,923 5,651 40% 2,261

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,760 3,880 12% 466 30% 1,164 2,250 40% 900

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 9,009 4,505 12% 541 30% 1,351 2,613 40% 1,045

16 Hoai My 0.5 14,542 7,271 12% 872 30% 2,181 4,217 40% 1,687

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 15,429 7,714 12% 926 30% 2,314 4,474 40% 1,790

TOTAL 122,597 16,222 33,002 73,372 36,273


86

Year 2023

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 12,230 9,784 18% 1,761 15% 1,468 6,555 80% 5,244

2 Bong Son 0.8 19,463 15,570 18% 2,803 15% 2,336 10,432 80% 8,346

3 Hoai Son 0.5 10,476 5,238 12% 629 30% 1,571 3,038 45% 1,367

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 10,466 5,233 12% 628 30% 1,570 3,035 45% 1,366

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,637 4,818 12% 578 30% 1,445 2,795 45% 1,258

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,748 4,874 12% 585 30% 1,462 2,827 45% 1,272

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 19,054 9,527 12% 1,143 30% 2,858 5,526 50% 2,763

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 12,920 6,460 12% 775 30% 1,938 3,747 45% 1,686

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,876 6,938 12% 833 30% 2,081 4,024 45% 1,811

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 12,031 6,016 12% 722 30% 1,805 3,489 45% 1,570

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 13,447 6,724 12% 807 30% 2,017 3,900 45% 1,755

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 17,857 8,929 12% 1,071 30% 2,679 5,179 45% 2,330

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 19,624 9,812 12% 1,177 30% 2,944 5,691 45% 2,561

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,814 3,907 12% 469 30% 1,172 2,266 45% 1,020

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 9,072 4,536 12% 544 30% 1,361 2,631 45% 1,184

16 Hoai My 0.5 14,643 7,322 12% 879 30% 2,197 4,247 45% 1,911

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 15,537 7,768 12% 932 30% 2,330 4,506 45% 2,028

TOTAL 123,455 16,336 33,233 73,886 39,470


87

Year 2024

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 12,315 9,852 18% 1,773 15% 1,478 6,601 80% 5,281

2 Bong Son 0.8 19,599 15,679 18% 2,822 15% 2,352 10,505 80% 8,404

3 Hoai Son 0.5 10,549 5,275 12% 633 30% 1,582 3,059 45% 1,377

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 10,539 5,270 12% 632 30% 1,581 3,056 45% 1,375

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,704 4,852 12% 582 30% 1,456 2,814 45% 1,266

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,816 4,908 12% 589 30% 1,472 2,847 45% 1,281

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 19,187 9,594 12% 1,151 30% 2,878 5,564 50% 2,782

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 13,011 6,505 12% 781 30% 1,952 3,773 45% 1,698

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 13,973 6,987 12% 838 30% 2,096 4,052 45% 1,824

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 12,116 6,058 12% 727 30% 1,817 3,514 45% 1,581

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 13,541 6,771 12% 812 30% 2,031 3,927 45% 1,767

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 17,982 8,991 12% 1,079 30% 2,697 5,215 45% 2,347

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 19,761 9,881 12% 1,186 30% 2,964 5,731 45% 2,579

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,869 3,934 12% 472 30% 1,180 2,282 45% 1,027

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 9,136 4,568 12% 548 30% 1,370 2,649 45% 1,192

16 Hoai My 0.5 14,746 7,373 12% 885 30% 2,212 4,276 45% 1,924

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 15,645 7,823 12% 939 30% 2,347 4,537 45% 2,042

TOTAL 124,319 16,450 33,466 74,403 39,747


88

Year 2025

No. Locality

Garbage per person

(kg/person/ day)

Population (people)

Total Waste

Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Tam Quan 0.8 12,402 9,921 18% 1,786 15% 1,488 6,647 80% 5,318

2 Bong Son 0.8 19,736 15,789 18% 2,842 15% 2,368 10,579 80% 8,463

3 Hoai Son 0.5 10,623 5,311 12% 637 30% 1,593 3,081 50% 1,540

4 Hoai Chau Bac 0.5 10,613 5,306 12% 637 30% 1,592 3,078 50% 1,539

5 Hoai Chau 0.5 9,772 4,886 12% 586 30% 1,466 2,834 50% 1,417

6 Hoai Phu 0.5 9,885 4,942 12% 593 30% 1,483 2,867 50% 1,433

7 Tam Quan Bac 0.5 19,321 9,661 12% 1,159 30% 2,898 5,603 50% 2,802

8 Tam Quan Nam 0.5 13,102 6,551 12% 786 30% 1,965 3,799 50% 1,900

9 Hoai Hao 0.5 14,071 7,035 12% 844 30% 2,111 4,081 50% 2,040

10 Hoai Thanh Tay 0.5 12,200 6,100 12% 732 30% 1,830 3,538 50% 1,769

11 Hoai Thanh 0.5 13,636 6,818 12% 818 30% 2,045 3,954 50% 1,977

12 Hoai Huong 0.5 18,108 9,054 12% 1,087 30% 2,716 5,251 50% 2,626

13 Hoai Tan 0.5 19,900 9,950 12% 1,194 30% 2,985 5,771 50% 2,885

14 Hoai Hai 0.5 7,924 3,962 12% 475 30% 1,189 2,298 50% 1,149

15 Hoai Xuan 0.5 9,200 4,600 12% 552 30% 1,380 2,668 50% 1,334

16 Hoai My 0.5 14,849 7,425 12% 891 30% 2,227 4,306 50% 2,153

17 Hoai Duc 0.5 15,755 7,877 12% 945 30% 2,363 4,569 50% 2,284

TOTAL 125,190 16,565 33,700 74,924 42,630


89

Annex B Map of District


90


91

Annex C Sanitary Landfill Calculations

Table C1 Investment Cost estimate

Work: Sanitary Landfill In Hoai Nhon District

Location: Bong Son Town, Hoai Nhon District

Currency: VND

NR COST ITEM TOTAL

1 Construction cost inclusive of tax 27,951,117,000

2 Equipment cost inclusive of tax 10,147,576,000

3 Project management cost 599,163,000

4 Investment consultancy cost 1,634,219,000

5 Other cost 330,663,000

6 Contingency 10% 4,066,273,800

Total 44,729,012,000

Of which: Construction cost without tax 25,158,521,000

Equipment cost without tax 9,225,069,000


92

Table C2 Estimation for the investment costs for Hoai Nhon Sanitary Landfill

No. Item Unit Quantity Unit Price

(VND) Total Amount

(VND)

A Construction cost before tax 25,158,521,000

I Access road 646,337,000

1 Dirt road, width of 3.5m, sod facing on both sides of 1.5m

m 1,323.00 478,962 633,666,726

2 Sign boards, stacks, transportation safety

LS 1.00 12,670,000 12,670,000

II Bridge scale and car/truck washing bridge, material stockpile area

1,131,901,000

1 Bridge scale, RC foundation m2 13.20 8,108,823 107,036,464

2 Car washing bridge m2 24.20 34,690,904 839,519,877

3 Material stockpile area, concrete of 4x6 crushed stone, thickness of 20cm, on compacted soil

m2 600.00 308,908 185,344,800

III Office, guardhouse, fences 1,986,399,000

1 Site office: Class III, bricked wall, metal sheet roof, metal roof trusses, false ceiling

m2 98.00 4,363,319 427,605,262

2 Guardhouse, area S = (3.6x3.6), bricked wall, RC roof

m2 12.96 6,564,285 85,073,134

3 Car/motorbike parking, metal roof trusses

m2 120.00 4,363,319 523,598,280

4 Gates, wall height of 2m built by bricks

m 100.00 1,505,924 150,592,400

5 B40 net fences, RC piles m 986.00 810,882 799,529,652

IV Landfill cells and Bio-ponds 19,722,845,000

IV.1 Landfill cells 19,552,609,904

1 Excavation, leveling and compaction of landfill cells, soil Class III

m3 182,788.00 17,852 3,263,131,376

2 Construction of cell bottom with impermeable clay, stones, sand

m3 185,185.00 40,605 7,519,436,925

3 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm m2 35,420.00 222,027 7,864,196,340

4 Internal roads: Compacted crushed stone, K=0.95, road width of 6m

m 487.00 772,269 376,095,003

5 Surface drainage ditch: Wet masonry open canal, size of 600x700

m 765.00 692,484 529,750,260

IV.2 Bio-ponds 170,234,649

1 Excavation, leveling and compaction of Bio-ponds, soil Class II

m3 351.00 114,954 40,348,854

2 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm m2 585.00 222,027 129,885,795

V Water supply and electric system 229,458,000

1 Water supply networks of moisten, truck washing, pump station

uPVC Pipe Dia. DN50 m 835.00 43,440 36,272,400

HDPE Pipe Dia. DN50 m 835.00 105,876 88,406,460

Water supply pump station m2 4.00 2,061,388 8,245,552

2 Electric system LS 1.00 96,533,604 96,533,604


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VI Leachate collection system 1,206,240,000

Installation and back-up 470,678,789

1 4 catchpits 800x800x800 by RC and 1 leachate collecting well by RC, Dia. 1500mm, height of 6m

LS 1.00 34,752,097 34,752,097

2 uPVC pipes, Dia. DN160, perforating of 20% area

m 642.00 653,629 419,629,818

3 uPVC pipes, Dia. DN250, perforating 20% area

m 216.00 1,301,756 281,179,296

VII Monitoring system and gas collection system

235,341,000

1 Observation wells, Dia. 150, depth of 22m

Nos 2.00 96,533,604 193,067,208

2 Gas collection system by uPVC pipes Dia. 150, perforating of 20% area

m 78.20 540,588 42,273,982

B Equipment cost before tax 9,225,069,000

I Water supply system and pump station

100,585,000

1 Pump, capacity Q = 5m3/h, H = 35m LS 2.00 10,320,000 20,640,000

2 Equipment/machinery in pump station

LS 1.00 3,807,000 3,807,000

3 Water supply well, Q = 4m3/day, H = 25-30m

Nos 1.00 45,683,000 45,683,000

4 Water treatment equipment LS 1.00 30,455,000 30,455,000

II Scale station 761,379,000

Weighbridge LS 1.00 761,379,000 761,379,000

III Car/truck washing station 30,455,000

Car/truck washing equipment LS 1.00 30,455,000 30,455,000

IV Observation wells 91,366,000

Well, uPVC pipes Dia. 150, depth of 22m

Nos 2.00 45,683,000 91,366,000

V Operation equipment/machinery 5,821,655,000

1 Caterpillar bulldozer 100CV, made in USA

Nos 1.00 3,150,000,000 3,150,000,000

2 Dump truck, 2 wheels, 5 tonnes, made in Korea

Nos 1.00 805,800,000 805,800,000

3 Excavator 0.4 – 0.6m3 made in Korea

Nos 1.00 1,713,578,580 1,713,578,580

4 Equipments in workshop LS 1.00 152,276,000 152,276,000

VI Electric equipments 343,459,000

1 Copper wire OVAL, PVC insulator m 860.00 27,000 23,220,000

2 Light poles LS 14.00 11,878,000 166,292,000

3 Generator KDE 12STA, diesel engine driven; 9,5 KVA

Nos 1.00 96,747,000 96,747,000

4 Transformer 25 KVA LS 1.00 57,200,000 57,200,000

VII Leachate treatment system (Q= 50 m3/day.night)

2,076,170,000

1 Leachate pump Nos 2.00 35,420,000 70,840,000

2 Equipment/machinery for pump station

LS 1.00 5,330,000 5,330,000


94

3 Leachate treatment system and pump well at the collection well

LS 1.00 2,000,000,000 2,000,000,000

Total construction and equipment cost before tax 34,383,590,000


95

Table C3 Estimation for the operating costs of the Hoai Nhon Sanitary Landfill

Nr Item Unit Year

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

I Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax)

MVND 9,776 14,831 4,888 4,888

1 Daily average of waste

tonnes/day

18.423

18.552

24.995

27.041

31.154

31.082 31.300

31.519

30.313

33.737

35.771

36.021

36.273

39.470

39.747

42.630

2 Density of waste in dumpsite

tonnes/m3

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80 0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

3 Daily average volume of waste

m3/day

23.03

23.19

31.24

33.80

38.94

38.85 39.13

39.40

37.89

42.17

44.71

45.03

45.34

49.34

49.68

53.29

4 Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover)

m3

4.64

6.25

6.76

7.79

7.77 7.83

7.88

7.58

8.43

8.94

9.01

9.07

9.87

9.94

10.66

5

Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil)

m3

2.09

2.81

3.04

3.50

3.50 3.52

3.55

3.41

3.80

4.02

4.05

4.08

4.44

4.47

4.80

6 Annual volume of landfill

m3 14,711 15,915 18,336 18,294 18,422 18,551 17,841 19,856 21,053 21,201 21,349 23,231 23,394 25,090

7 Cumulative volume of landfill

m3

15,915

34,251

52,545 70,967

89,518

107,359

127,215

148,269

169,470

190,818

214,049

237,443

262,533

8 Cell construction time

Build cell # 1 and cell #

2

Build other items

Build

cell # 3

Build cell # 4

9 Cell closure time

Close

cell # 1

Close cell # 2

Close

cell # 3

Close cell # 4

II Operating cost MVND 1,732 1,744 1,743 1,955 1,745 1,741 1,962 1,757 1,757 1,969 1,767 1,768 1,987

Shifts of bulldozer Shift/year 77.00 89.00 88.00 89.00 90.00 86.00 96.00 102.00 102.00 103.00 112.00 113.00 121.00

1 Diesel oil MVND 76.00 88.00 87.00 88.00 89.00 85.00 95.00 101.00 101.00 102.00 111.00 112.00 120.00

2 Closure of landfill cells

MVND 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25


96

3 Maintenance of access road

MVND 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00

4 Maintenance of vehicles

MVND 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00

5 Maintenance of equipment and facility

MVND 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00

6 Electricity MVND 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00

7 Chemicals for leachate treatment plant

MVND 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00

8 Salary for landfill staff

MVND 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00


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Table C4 Estimation for the operating costs when the Hoai Nhon Sanitary Landfill is shared with another District.

Nr Item Unit Year

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

I

Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax)

MVND 9,499 16,831 9,499 9,499 9,499

1 Daily average of waste

tonnes/day

28.627

28.874

42.645

46.198 54.444

54.011

54.495

54.983

53.178

60.883

64.707

65.292

65.884

71.795

72.982

80.103

2 Density of waste in dumpsite

tonnes/m3

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80 0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

3 Daily average volume of waste

m3/day

35.78

36.09

53.31

57.75 68.06

67.51

68.12

68.73

66.47

76.10

80.88

81.62

82.36

89.74

91.23

100.13

4 Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover)

m3

7.22

10.66

11.55 13.61

13.50

13.62

13.75

13.29

15.22

16.18

16.32

16.47

17.95

18.25

20.03

5

Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil)

m3

3.25

4.80

5.20 6.12

6.08

6.13

6.19

5.98

6.85

7.28

7.35

7.41

8.08

8.21

9.01

6 Annual volume of landfill

m3 25,099 27,190 32,044 31,789 32,074 32,361 31,299 35,833 38,084 38,428 38,777 42,256 42,954 47,146

7 Cumulative volume of landfill

m3

27,190 59,234

91,023

123,097

155,458

186,756

222,590

260,674

299,102

337,879

380,135

423,089

470,235

8 Cell construction time

Build cell # 1 and cell #

2

Build other items

Build cell # 3 and cell

# 4


# 6


# 8

9 Cell closure time

Close

cell # 1

Close cell # 2

Close cell # 3

Close cell # 4

Close cell # 5

Close cell # 6

Close cell # 7

Close cell # 8

II Operating cost MVND 1,876 2,111 1,898 2,111 2,112 1,896 2,128 1,928 2,140 2,142 1,948 2,162 2,183

Shifts of bulldozer Shift/year 131.00 155.00 153.00 155.00 157.00 151.00 173.00 184.00 185.00 187.00 204.00 207.00 228.00


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1 Diesel oil MVND 130.00 154.00 152.00 154.00 155.00 150.00 171.00 182.00 183.00 185.00 202.00 205.00 226.00

2 Closure of landfill cells

MVND 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25

3 Maintenance of access road

MVND 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00

4 Maintenance of vehicles

MVND 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00

5 Maintenance of equipment and facility

MVND 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00

6 Electricity MVND 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00

7 Chemicals for leachate treatment plant

MVND 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

8 Salary for landfill staff

MVND 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00

Hoai Nhon - District Solid Waste Management Plan

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