HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - II

ObjectiveTo provide an understanding of the evolution of Hindu Architecture in India in its various stylistic modes, characterized by technology, ornamentation and planning practices.

COURSE CONTENTS• Evolution of Hindu Temple – Indo –Aryan & Dravidian• Early temples at Udaigiri, Tigawa & Sanchi.• Experiments at Aihole (Durga temple & Lad khan temple), Deogarh, Bhitargaon & Badami• Beginnings of Dravidian Architecture • The Pallavas - rathas at Mammallapuram, Shore temple, Kailasanatha temple and Vaikuntaperumal temple at Kancheepuram.• The Cholas - Brihadeeshwara temple at Tanjore and Gangaikonda Cholapuram• The Pandyan contribution – Gopurams• The Hoysalas – Temples at Belur, Halebid & Somnathpur• Channakeshava temple, Belur, Halebid and Hoysalesvara temple, Halebid, Kesava temple, Somnathpur.• Beginnings of Indo Aryan Architecture• Orissa – the lingaraja temple at Bhubaneshwar• Hindu Architecture at Rajputana – Temple of Surya, Osia, Marwar• Hindu Architecture at Gujarat – Temple of Surya, Modhera• The Khajuraho group – Khandariya Mahadev, Jain temples – Chaumukh temple at Ranpur• Later Dravidian period – The vijayanagar and madurai dynasties – noted temples at Hampi – Vitthala temple and Hazara rama temple – Madurai – Meenakshiamman temple and Sri Rangam

HINDU TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE

INDO-ARYAN

CENTRAL

DRAVIDIAN

INDO-ARYAN STYLE1) Temples of Orissa group (Kalinga)

Sun temple, Konark

Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneshwar

Jagannath temple, Puri

INDO-ARYAN STYLE1) Temples of Kashmir

Sun temple, Martand, Kashmir

INDO-ARYAN STYLE1) Temples of Khajuraho group

Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho

INDO-ARYAN STYLE1) Temples of Rajputana group

Vijaya stambha, Chittorgarh

Jain kirti stambha, Chittorgarh

Temple of Surya, Osia, Marwar

INDO-ARYAN STYLE1) Temples of Gujarat

Temple of Surya, Modhera

INDO-ARYAN STYLE1) Temples of Gwalior

Sas-bahu temple at Gwalior

Jai Vilas Palace at Gwalior

Gwalior fort`

INDO-ARYAN STYLE1) Temples of Gwalior

Sas-bahu temple at Gwalior

Jai Vilas Palace at Gwalior

Gwalior fort`

INDO-ARYAN STYLE1) Temples at Amritsar

Golden Temple at Amritsar

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Early Chalukyan Architecture – Rock Cut

Cave 1 (Shaiva) at Badami

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Early Chalukyan Architecture – Rock Cut

Cave 2 (Vaishnava) at Badami

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Early Chalukyan Architecture – Rock Cut

Cave 4 (Jain) at Badami

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Early Chalukyan Architecture – Rock Cut

Cave 3 (Vaishnava) at Badami

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Early Chalukyan Architecture – Structural

Group of Temples at Mahakuta near Badami

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Early Chalukyan Architecture – Structural

Lad khan temple at Aihole

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Early Chalukyan Architecture – Structural

Durga temple at Aihole

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Rashtrakuta Architecture

Elephanta Caves

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Rashtrakuta Architecture

Ellora Caves

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Rashtrakuta Architecture

Kailashanatha temple,Ellora

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Hoysala Architecture

Hoysaleshwar temple at Halebid

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Hoysala Architecture

The Great Chenna keshav temple at Belur

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Hoysala Architecture

Vidyashankara temple at Sringeri

CENTRAL HINDU STYLE1) Hoysala Architecture

Keshava temple at Somanathpur

DRAVIDIAN STYLE1) Pallava Style

Shore Temple, Mammallapuram

Kailasanatha temple, Kancheepuram

Pancharathas at Mahabalipuram

Vaikuntaperumal temple, Kancheepuram

DRAVIDIAN STYLE1) Chola Style

Brihadeeshwara temple, Tanjavur

Gangaikondacholapuram

DRAVIDIAN STYLE1) Pandya Style

Annamalaiyar Temple, Tiruvannamalai

Srivilliputhur Andal

DRAVIDIAN STYLE1) Vijayanagar Style

Vitthala Temple, Vijayanagar

Vitthala Temple, Vijayanagar

Hazara rama temple, Vijayanagar

DRAVIDIAN STYLE1) Madura (Late pandya) Style

Ranganatha Temple, Srirangam

DRAVIDIAN STYLE1) Madura (Late pandya) Style

Meenakshiamman temple, Madurai

DRAVIDIAN STYLE1) Madura (Late pandya) Style

Rameshwaram Temple

INDIAN ARCHITECTUREGreek Architecture ……… Refined PerfectionRoman Architecture ……… Scientific ConstructionFrench Gothic ……… Passionate energyItalian Renaissance ……… Scholarship of its time

India Spiritual contentFundamental purpose of the art of building was to represent in concrete form , the prevailing religious consciousness of the people. Represents a multitude of expressions over space and time transformed by the forces of history.

Mind materialized in terms of rock, brick or stone

• Wall surface treatments•Sculpture covered exteriors rich in decorative effects and also has deep significance of its subject matter• Presents an ‘Ocean of Story’ of absorbing interest.

WHAT IS A TEMPLE?A temple (from the Latin word templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, or analogous rites. A templum constituted a sacred precinct as defined by a priest.

HOW DID THE HINDU TEMPLE EVOLVE?Anthropomorphic conception of a

Deity

Requirement for a Habitation

Structural Shrine

Leafy Bower Reed

Hut

Cella of Wood &

Brick

Sanctum of Stone

(garbha-griha)

EVOLUTION OF HINDU TEMPLEDuring the later half of the 7th century, the temple structure began to assume a prescribed form. The principal architectural features are as follows.• The sanctuary as a whole was called ‘Vimana’• The upper pyramidal or tapering portion of the sanctuary/Vimana is called ‘Shikhara’ meaning tower or spire.• The Vimana houses a dark chamber or cella called the ‘Garbha Griha’ where the main deity is installed. (Sanctum Sanctorum)• The entrance doorway to the Garbha Griha is from the eastern side in general.• A pillared hall or mantapa is present in front of the doorway to Garbha Griha which is used as a pavilion for the assembly of devotees.• In earlier temples, (e.g. Shore temple, Mammallapuram & Kailasanatha temple, Kancheepuram) the mantapa was a detached building, isolated from the sanctuary by a defined open space.• Later it became a custom to unite the two buildings thus forming an intermediate vestibule called ‘Antarala’• Leading up to the Mandapa (main hall) is a porch or Ardha-mandapa. When the mandapa has transepts on each side of it, it becomes a Maha-Mandapa. E.g. Khandariya Mahadev temple, Khajuraho.

EVOLUTION OF HINDU TEMPLE• A fully evolved temple had with all the portions mentioned previously and each portion having its own separate Shikhara (pyramidal roof) rising in regular gradation, from the lowest over the porch (Ardha-mandapa) to the lofty spire over the Garbha Griha or sanctum.• In some parts of India, the temple building was enclosed within a rectangular courtyard, thus forming a processional passage or Pradakshina Patha for circumambulation.• The indian temple was talked about by the people as “Dwelling place of the Gods”• During the 8th Century, the temple form was clearly established and thus led to an era of temple building.• Detailed analysis of the architectonic character of temples show the treatment of surfaces by repetitive addition of basic cells, particularly the ‘Shikhara’. This was found to be a logical and safe approach of repeating the same architectural motif and converting it into an element of decoration.• Two different types of motifs were used as a reduced model of the shrine itself and two different types of shrines were used and were used separately in different temples.• Thus the temple architecture as a whole in India resolves itself into two distinct and separate styles in which the pillars, capitals, mouldings and architectural details generally differ in each so that these buildings may be classified into ‘orders’

EVOLUTION OF HINDU TEMPLE• In India two such orders emerged around the 8th century and have been designated by James Fergusson as ‘Dravidian’ and ‘Indo-Aryan’, the former found in the south of India and the latter confined to the north. (exceptions, Aurangabad & Pattadakkal).Dravidian temples are found only in 1/5th of the country while Indo-Aryan temples are distributed throughout and therefore are numerous and more diversified.

EVOLUTION OF SHIKHARA

THEORY 1 – Spire evolved from the peaked domed huts of Eastern and Central India. This is quite evident in the Nagara temples with Shikhara. The shikhara inclines inwards in a convex curve.THEORY 2 – The

Shikhara developed out of the Buddhist Stupa, gradually becoming elongated from the semi-globular mound.

THEORY 3 – The temple is also referred to as a ratha or processional car and Shikhara was derived from the tall covering of the ratha.