HIV/AIDS
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Transcript of HIV/AIDS
HIVHuman Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDSAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ABOUT THE VIRUS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a
lentivirus that causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition
in humans in which progressive failure of the
immune system allows life-threatening
opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
Over time, HIV can damage the immune system
to such a degree that infections may begin to
occur as a result of a weakened immune system.
Eventually, one may acquire various illnesses due
to the damage done by the virus.
When this happens this is called AIDS or Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
What is the difference between
HIV and AIDS?HIV is the virus which attacks the T-cells in
the immune system.
AIDS is the syndrome which appears in
advanced stages of HIV infection.
virus. a HIV is
medical condition. a AIDS is
National Red CrossHIV presents the world with many challenges. Humanitarian
organizations have worked hard in the fight against HIV,
making up for a lack of action in the earlier years of the
epidemic. However, there is far more work to be done in
partnership with affected communities and governments
round the world.National Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies have joined together in a Global Alliance on HIV.
Their resolution is to do more and to do it better in their
ollective fight against this epidemic.The IFRC is committed to
doubling the reach of its HIV programme in prevention,
treatment, care and support - and in tackling stigma and
discrimination.
HIV historyGenetic research indicates that HIV originated in
during the early twentieth century. west central Africa
AIDS was first recognized by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause
HIV infection was identified in the early part of the
decade. Since its discovery, AIDS has caused an
estimated 36 million deaths . As of 2012, approximately
35.3 million people are living with HIV globally. AIDS is
considered a pandemic a disease outbreak which is
present over a large area and is actively spreading .
HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an
illness and as a source of discrimination. The disease
also has significant economic impacts. It has attracted
international medical and political attention as well as
large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.
Two types of HIV exist: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more
virulent, is more easily transmitted and is the cause of the
vast majority of HIV infections globally. The pandemic
strain of HIV-1 is closely related to a virus found in the
of the subspecies Pan troglodytes chimpanzees
Central African , which lives in the forests of the troglodytes
nations of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic
of Congo , and Central African Republic. HIV-2 is less
, along West Africa transmittable and is largely confined to
with its closest relative, a virus of the sooty mangabey
Old World monkey inhabiting ), an atysatysCercocebus(
Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, -, Guineasouthern Senegal
Liberia, and western Ivory Coas.
How is HIV transmitted?
HIV is found in the following body luids; semen, blood, vaginal fluids and breast milk.Infection can only occur when body fluids from an infected person enter the blood stream of another person. Worldwide, unprotected sex between men and women is the main route of HIV transmission.
HIV can be transmitted by:
Unprotected sex (sex without a condom)
Sharing needles and syringes
Unsterile body piercing or tattooing
Mother to child
Blood transfusion
HIV cannot be transmitted by:
Coughing
Hugging
Kissing
Sneezing
Spitting
Crying
Sharing Cutlery and crockery
Bed Linen
Toilets or Showers
Mosquitoes
Or through any form of casual contact
Asymptomatic HIV infection
In many cases, after the initial symptoms
disappear, there will not be any further
symptoms for many years. During this time, the
virus carries on developing and damages the
immune system. This process can take up to 10
years. The infected person will experience no
symptoms, feel well and appear healthy.late-
stage HIV infection
If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight
infection. The person becomes vulnerable to
serious illnesses. This stage of infection is
known as AIDS.
Primary HIV infection:
May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral syndrome.
+ T cell 4HIV infection is asymptomatic with a CDStage I: count (also known as CD4 count) greater than 500 per microlitre (µl or cubic mm) of blood. May include generalized lymph node enlargement.
Mild symptoms which may include minor Stage II: mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. A CD4 count of less than 500/µl.
Advanced symptoms which may include unexplained Stage III: chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than 350/µl.
: severe symptoms which include Stage IV or AIDStoxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs and Kaposi's sarcoma. A CD4 count of less than 200/µl.
Stages:
Late-stage HIV infection
If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight
infection. The person becomes vulnerable to serious
illnesses. This stage of infection is known as AIDS.
Signs and Symptoms of
HIV/AIDS Symptoms of early HIV infection may include:
fever
chills
joint pain
muscle ache
sore throat
sweats (particularly at night)
enlarged glands
a red rash
tiredness
weakness
weight loss
Signs and symptoms of late-stage
HIV infection may include:
blurred visiondiarrhea, which is usually persistent or
chronicdry cough
fever of above 37C (100F) lasting for weeks
night sweats permanent tiredness shortness of breath
swollen glands lasting for weeksweight loss
white spots on the tongue or mouth
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHLs) The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are diverse
group of blood cancers that include any kind of
lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas .Types of NHL
vary significantly in their severity, from
indolent to very aggressive.
Kaposi sarcoma (KS)Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a tumor caused by human
herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8, also known as Kaposi's
sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, KSHV).
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) or
pneumocystosis is a form of
penumonia, caused by the yeast-like
fungus (which had previously been
erroneously classified as a protozoan)
pneumocystis jirovecii.
Treatments
There's no cure for HIV/AIDS, but a variety of
drugs can be used in combination to control the
virus. Each of the classes of anti-HIV drugs
blocks the virus in different ways. It's best to
combine at least three drugs from two different
classes to avoid creating strains of HIV that are
immune to single drugs. The classes of anti-
HIV drugs include:
What are the treatment options
for HIV/AIDS?
Earlier HIV antiretroviral treatment is crucial - it improves quality of life, extends life expectancy and reduces the risk of transmission, according to the World Health Organization's
new guidelines ssued in June 2013.
When an HIV-positive adult's CD4 cell count is 500 cells/mm3 or lower they should start treatment immediately.
Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS. But treatments have evolved which are much more efficacious -they can improve patients' general health and quality of life If an individual believes they have been exposed to the virus within the last 72 hours (three days), anti-HIV medication, called PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) may stop infection. The treatment should be taken as soon as possible after contact with the virus.
PEP is a very demanding treatment lasting four weeks. It is also associated with unpleasant side effects (diarrhea, malaise, nausea, weakness and fatigue).considerably.
positive patients, and -HIV-HIV/AIDS and diarrhea those with AIDS tend to suffer from diarrhea. It is the main reason people go off their medications, or switch to other antiretroviral therapies prematurely. On January 2nd 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration approved Fulyzaq(crofelemer 125 mg delayed-release tablets), the first anti-diarrheal medication for patients with HIV/AIDS. Fulyzaq was created specifically for patients taking antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS.
eradicates HIVCiclopiroxAntifungal cream - researchers at the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School reported in the journal PLoS ONE that Ciclopirox, a widely used antifungal cream, as well as Deferiprone, a medication used to remove excess iron from the body, eradicate HIV in cultured cells. They added that when treatment stops, the virus does not return.
. Complementary or alternative medicineAlthough widely used, alternative/complementary medications, such has herbal ones, have not been proven to be effective or ineffective. According to some limited studies, mineral or vitamin supplements may provide some benefits. Patients are urged to discuss these options with their doctors.
BY: Shaee Sh. Abdulla and my group …
Student at sulaymaniyah university in kurdistan-iraq
university of sulaymaniyah /faculty of agricultural sciences soil and water
Department
Thanks for whatching
THE END