presented bypresented by

Institut für die Förderung von Mehrsprachigkeit, interkulturellen Kompetenzen und Gleichbehandlung

For the project meeting of the project EU Treasure Hunt inVienna June 2012

Roman beginnings

The name Vindobona -->from a Celtic language,

The Romans created a military camp (occupied by LegioX Gemina) during the 1st century on the site of the city centre of present-day Vienna. centre of present-day Vienna.

The settlement was raised to

the status of a municipium

in 212.

Early Middle Ages

The streets and houses of early medieval Vienna

followed the former Roman walls, which gives rise to

the conclusion that parts of the fortification were still

in place and used by the settlers. The firstin place and used by the settlers. The first

documented mention of the city during the Middle

Ages dates to 881 when a battle apud Weniam was

fought against the Hungarians. However, it is unclear

whether this refers to the city or the River Wien.

Babenberg rule� In 976, the Margraviate of Ostarrîchi was

given to the Babenberg family. Viennalay at its border to Hungary.

� Vienna was an important site of trade asearly as the 11th century. In the Exchange of Mautern between the Bishop ofof Mautern between the Bishop ofPassau and Margrave Leopold IV, Viennais mentioned as a Civitas for the firsttime, which indicates the existence of a well-ordered settlement.

� In 1155, Duke Henry II of Austria made Vienna his capital.

Duke Henry II of theBabenberg dynastyelevated Vienna to hiscapital in 1155

Babenberg rule 2. � In 1156, Austria was raised to a duchy in the

Privilegium Minus, with Vienna becoming the seat of the duke. During that time, the Schottenstift wasfounded.

� In 1221, Vienna received the rights of a city and as a � In 1221, Vienna received the rights of a city and as a staple port (Stapelrecht). This meant that all traderspassing through Vienna had to offer their goods in thecity. This allowed the Viennese to act as middlemen intrade, so that Vienna soon created a network of far-reaching trade relations, particularly along theDanube basin and to Venice, and to become one of the most important cities in the Holy Roman Empire.

Habsburg rule� In 1278, Rudolf I took control over the

Austrian lands after his victory overOttokar II of Bohemia and began toestablish Habsburg rule.

� In Vienna, it took a relatively long timefor the Habsburgs to establish theirfor the Habsburgs to establish theircontrol, because partisans of Ottokarremained strong for a long time. Therewere several uprisings against Albert I. The family of the Paltrams vomStephansfreithof was foremost amongthe insurgents.

� In 1280, Jans der Enikel wrote the"Fürstenbuch", a first history of the city.

Duke Rudolf IV of Austria, known as "the Founder", didmuch to expand the city

Habsburg rule 2 � Luxembourg emperors

� With the Luxembourg emperors, Prague became the imperial residenceand Vienna stood in its shadow

� Rudolf IV of Austria deserves credit forhis prudent economic policy, whichraised the level of prosperity.raised the level of prosperity.

� His epithet the Founder is due to twothings:

� 1. he founded the University of Vienna in 1365,

� 2. he began the construction of the gothic nave in theStephansdom. Duke Rudolf IV of Austria,

known as "the Founder", didmuch to expand the city

Habsburg rule 3 ���� , Vienna became the

capital of the Holy Roman Empire

� After the election of Duke Albert V as German King Albert II, Vienna became the capital of the HolyRoman Empire.

� 1469, Vienna was given its own bishop, and theStephansdom became a cathedral

During the upheavals of the era of the weak Emperor� During the upheavals of the era of the weak EmperorFrederick III, Vienna remained on the side of hisopponents (first Albert VI, then Matthias Corvinus), asFrederick proved unable to maintain peace in the landvis-à-vis rampaging gangs of mercenaries (oftenremaining from the Hussite Wars).

Habsburg rule 4 ���� Vienna became the seat of the Emperor

� In 1556, Vienna became the seat of the Emperor, with

Hungary and Bohemia having been added to the

Habsburg realm in 1526.

� During this time, the city was also recatholicised after

having become Protestant rather quickly. having become Protestant rather quickly.

� In 1551,

the Jesuits

were brought to

town and soon

gained a large

influence in court.

Turkish sieges

� In 1529, Vienna was besieged by

� the Ottoman Turks for the first , althoughunsuccessfully. The city, protected by medieval walls, only barely withstood the attacks, until epidemics and an early winter forced the Turks to retreatan early winter forced the Turks to retreat

2. Turkish Siege of 1683, as they allowed the city tomaintain itself for two months, until the Turkish armywas defeated by the army led by the Polish King Jan Sobieski. This was the turning point in the TurkishWars, as the Ottoman Empire was pushed back more and more during the following decades.

18th century

� 1679 and 1713, the population

began to grow steadily. It is

estimated that 150,000 people

lived in Vienna in 1724, and 200,000 in 1790. At thatlived in Vienna in 1724, and 200,000 in 1790. At thattime, the first factories were built.

� Under Emperor Joseph II, the city administration wasmodernized in 1783: officials in charge of only the city were introduced, and the Magistrate was created. Atthe same time, the graveyards within the city wereclosed.

19th century� During the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna was taken by

Napoleon twice, in 1805 and 1809.

� After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna took place from September 18, 1814 toJune 9, 1815, in which the political map of Europe wasredrawn. redrawn.

� 1. half of the 19. c. --> intensive industrialization

� in 1837 Vienna being attached to the railway network.

� The French February Revolution of 1848 had an effectas far away as Vienna: on March 13, the MarchRevolution, which forced long-serving chancellorMetternich to resign.

Expansion under Emperor Franz Joseph I� Under the rule of Emperor Franz Joseph I the city

experienced rapid growth and an unprecedentedflowering of culture, the arts and architecture

� In 1861, the Liberals won the first (relatively) free elections after the end of neoabsolutism.

After the great flood of 1830, Regulation� After the great flood of 1830, Regulation

of the Danube. During that period, the

population of Vienna increased sharply,

mostly because of immigration

� 1910 all-time high of population,

with 2,031,000 inhabitants.

Expansion under Emperor Franz Joseph I � Around 1900, Vienna became a centre of the Jugendstil

(Art Nouveau), most of all with Otto Wagner and theassociation of artists known as Vienna Secession

� In 1890, the city was expanded for a second time: thesuburbs beyond the old Citywall were incorporatedsuburbs beyond the old Citywall were incorporatedinto the town

� Water pipeline Wiener Hochquellwasserleitung, bringing fresh water from the mountains to Viennaand the creation of a belt of meadows and forestsaround the city).

World War I� World War I (1914–1918)

� did not result in an immediate threat to Vienna,

� but it led to a lack of supplies because of the economicembargo imposed by the Entente powers, which resultedembargo imposed by the Entente powers, which resultedin a shortage of food and clothes.

� The end of the war was also the end of Austria-Hungary. On November 12, 1918, the Republic of Deutsch-Österreich, or German-Austria, wasproclaimed in front of the parliament. The populationwas concentrated in the capital, which was often calleda hydrocephalus because of this.

First Republic� In 1921, Vienna was separated

from the surrounding Lower

Austria and became a state of its own.

� The left-wing Social Democrats have an importatnt rolein the city administration. "Red Vienna" was consideredin the city administration. "Red Vienna" was consideredan international model. Many notable Gemeindebauten(low-cost residential estates) were built during thatperiod.

� Polarisation of the political parties: On the socialdemocratic side, the left-wing Republican ProtectiveAlliance was formed in 1923/24, which was a well-organised and well-equipped paramilitary group. It wasopposed by the right-wing Heimwehr ("Home Guard")

Austrofascism

� in 1933 the dissolution of parliament, marked the wayto the Civil War in February 1934. After Engelbert Dollfuß, who had been Chancellor of Austria and foreign minister since 1932, had forbidden the NaziParty, the Communist Party and the Schutzbund inParty, the Communist Party and the Schutzbund in1933, he extended the ban to the Social DemocraticParty in 1934 after the February Uprising.

� The only legal political organization was the newmovement of his own creation, the VaterländischeFront. Dollfuß created an authoritarian regime and ruled without parliamentary approval.

Third Reich

� In March 1938 Nazi Germany

occupied and annexed Austria

in a process known as the Anschluss.

� Immediately after the Anschluss the Jews of Viennawere subject to violence from the State as well as fromwere subject to violence from the State as well as fromAntisemites acting out of their own sadism. Duringthe Reichskristallnacht on November 9, 1938, thesynagogues, the Jewish centres were destroyed.

� In August, the KZ Oberlanzendorf Wien (CentralOffice for Jewish Emigration) was created. Its headwas Adolf Eichmann

World War II� 1943 the city began being attacked by bombers based

in Italy. Large flak towers were constructed in the city

� The bombings of 1944 and 1945 and the viciousfightingfighting

� during the subsequent conquest of Vienna by Soviettroops in April 1945 caused much destruction withinthe city.

� Luckily some historic buildings survived thebombardment; many more were painstakinglyreconstructed after the war.

Allied occupation� Only a few days after the war,

On April 29, 1945 the parliament

building passed from the occupa-

tion force to the new Austrian

government announced the reinstitution of thegovernment announced the reinstitution of the

democratic Republic of Austria.

� Vienna was divided into five occupation zonesbetween the Soviet Union, the USA, the UK, France, and with the first district being patrolled by all four.

� The first municipal elections were held in November 1945.

Modern history since 1955 � On May 15, 1955, the country regainedits political independence and sovereigntywith the "Austrian State Treaty".The Austrian Parliament immediatelyamended the treaty to establish Austria'sfuture neutrality and non-alignmentfuture neutrality and non-alignment(similar to that of Switzerland). � After the war: enormous economic boom� Public transport in Vienna was improved by the

introduction of the new U-Bahn network, the first part of which was opened in 1978

� During the 1970s, Vienna became the third official seat of the United Nations, and the UNO-City was built.

Modern history of the lastdecades� Austria is member of the European Union since 1995� Official currency EURO since 1999.

� In the municipal elections of 2001, the SocialDemocrats regained an absolute majority. With the , not gaining enough votes, only four parties have beenrepresented in the municipal council since then. In the2005 elections, the Social Democrats further increasedtheir majority.

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