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COURSE NAME: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGNPROPOSED BY: DR.MOHAMED ALNEJEMSEMESTER: FIRST 2015/2016

CHAPTER (9): - Art Nouveau - Vienna Secession- Glasgow School

Oman College of Management & Technology

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CHAPTER 9 :

Art Nouveau

Vienna Secession

Glasgow School

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Art Nouveau

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Art Nouveau

• Means “New Art”

• Ornamental style of art that flourished between about 1890 and

1914 throughout Europe and the United States.

• It was a deliberate attempt to create a new style, free of the

imitative historicism that dominated much of 19th-century art

and design.

• Art Nouveau developed first in England and soon spread to the

European continent

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BIRTH OF ART NOUVEAU

• The last third of the 19th century saw the development of afundamentally approach to architecture and interior design.

• All over Europe there was a need for liberating change ofdirection, a desire to break away from set formulas based onpastiche of historical styles and a search for original ideas, all ofwhich resulted at the beginning of the 1890s in the birth of ArtNouveau.

Art Nouveau art and architectureflourished in major Europeancities between 1890 and 1914.

TIME & PLACE

INTRODUCTION: ART NOUVEAU

Art Nouveau (French for "NewStyle") was popularized by thefamous Maison de l'Art Nouveau(House of New Art), a Paris artgallery operated by Siegfried Bing.

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• architecture

• furniture

• glassware

• graphic design

• jewelry

• painting

• pottery

• metalwork

• textile

Art Nouveau elements:It embraced all forms of art and design:

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Siegfried Bing

• German naturalized French in 1876, Siegfried

Bing (later called Samuel Bing)

• was the founder in 1895 of " La Maison de l'Art

Nouveau " in Paris :

• it was his art gallery and exhibition hall that

gave its name to the famous artistic Style Art

Nouveau.

ART Nouvea Artist:

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divides Art Nouveau into twomain tendencies that couldbroadly termed the organicand the rationalist

Pierre Francastel

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(Art Historian)

proposed a more subtleclassification, but still relies onan assumed antagonism betweenfour designs

Stephan Tschudi Madsen

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In his book Sources of Art Nouveau, he describes for styles:

2. A floral approach focusing on

organic plant forms

(Galle, Majorelle, Vallin)

1. An abstract, structural style with

a strong symbolic and dynamic

tendency (France & Belgium)

(Horta, Guimard, Van de Velde)

Aquarium PavillionHenry Van de Velde’s house

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4. A structured, geometric style

(Austria & Germany)

(Wagner, Olbrich, Hoffmann, Loos)

3. The linear, flat approach, with a

heavy symbolic element

(Glasglow group, Mackintosh)

Majolikahaus in Vienna

by Otto WagnerGlasgow School of Art

by Charles Rennie Mackintosh

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Characteristics of art nouveau:

• Moved away from imitation of real subjects and moved towardsflowing and twisting lines of nature

• Inspired by the lines and shapes of nature

• united flowing, natural forms with more angular contours

• Art Nouveau designers also believed that all the arts should work inharmony to create a "total work of art“

• Art Nouveau was a short-lived movement whose brief incandescencewas a precursor of modernism, which emphasized function over formand the elimination of superfluous ornament.

• Flat, decorative patterns;

• Intertwined organic forms such as stems orflowers;

• An emphasis on handcrafting as opposed tomachine manufacturing;

• The use of new materials; and the rejectionof earlier styles

HALLMARKS OF ART NOUVEAU STYLE

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As it moved through Europe, Art Nouveau went through several phases and took on a

• variety of names.

• Nieuwe Kunst In Netherland

• Jugendstil in Germany

• Arte Joven, in Spain

• Secession, in Austria

• Stile Liberty, in Italy

Other names for Art Nouveau:

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From its earliest appearance, the Art Nouveau was also dubbed with a host of critical nicknames such as:

• Eel style

• Noodle style

• Mutton bone style

• Dandy style

CRITICAL NICKNAMES

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FEATURES

Art Nouveau buildings have many of these features:

• Asymmetrical shapes .

• Extensive use of arches and curved forms .

• Curved glass .

• Curving, plant-like embellishments.

• Mosaics .

• Stained glass .

• Japanese motifs .

ART NOUVEAU ARCHITECTURE

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Rationalist:

Mackintosh school

Glasglow, Scotland

1897-1909

-dependent on the straight line

Organic:

Gaudi house

Barcelona, Spain 1903

gives precedence to the curved line

and floral shapes

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(Belgian architect and designer)

(January 6, 1861 - September 8 1947)

Victor Horta

ART NOUVEAU ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

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Practice Question

This image represents the Art Nouveau style because of its:

• Pastel colors

• Use of floral patterns

• Dramatic expressionism

• Realistic forms and drapery

• Abstraction of form

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Glasgow School

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BEGAN GLASGOW SCHOOL:

• The pioneers of Glasgow school were the “Glasgow Four”:

Charles Mackintosh, Herbert Macnair, Margret Macdonald and FrancesMacdonald.

• Charles Mackintosh was the leading person.

• These four evolved an integrated vocabulary of decorative forms and anoverall look that was uniquely their own.

• They achieved a pared down version of Art Nouveau that paved theway for Modernist Minimalism

• The Glasgow four absorbed many influences in an entirely personalizedway to create their own Art Nouveau language.

• Most of the participants were from Glasgow or trained here and hadstrong bond.

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DEVELOPMENTS IN GLASGOW SCHOOL

• Architecture, interior designing and painting were the three forms of art that rapidly grow and nourish in Glasgow and around since the beginning of 1890’s.

• Macdonald sisters were considered as the pioneers of the graphical and abstract paintings in Glasgow and with collaboration of Mackintosh and Macnair, these four made a remarkable contribution in the advancement of art in Glasgow.

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DEVELOPMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

• In the beginning the two main buildings that came forward were the “Glasgow Herald Building” and “Martyr’s Building”.

• “Herald” was built with a dazzling surface of sandstone having a towering structure on its one side giving the influence of Scottish architecture.

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• In 1896, Mackintosh won the competition for Glasgow school of art.

• This building is a living example of Mackintosh’s own Art Nouveau.

• In this building he used the local gray granite brick, which gives influence of Scottish architecture.

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DEVELOPMENT IN PAINTINGS

Their paintings usually follow the principles of:

• Figures tend to be more emaciated and anguished.

• An interest in symbolism, mythology and fairy subjects.

• Initially the paintings were quite graphical and also sometimes matching with the space scenario example of O Ye, All Ye Who Walk in Willowood which was made for a Willow tea room.

• Mostly paintings we see in this period are of dark colors especially yellow and its tints are quite obvious.

• They often chose to work outdoors. Working outdoors allowed them to produce paintings that were as true to nature as possible and it allowed them to paint realistic objects in their natural environment.

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Vienna Secession

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BEGUN VIENNA SCHOOL

• Many artists in Vienna introduced it; mainly it was originated inrebellion of Vienna’s official art.

• The Vienna Secession was the name given to the group of artists,architects and designers that broke away from the main establishmentof Viennese artists to form their own group. Formed in 1897, itsradical period was brief yet its impact on the cultural life of Viennaand beyond was immense and enduring.

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DEVELOPMENTS IN VIENNA SCHOOL

As the movement initiated against of Viennese official art academy soon the people associated with movement started efforts to make the movement significant and vibrant. The developments in Vienna school can be categorized in three secessions.

I. The erection of secession building

II. The creation of VERSACRUM

III.The production of Wiener Werkstatte

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The Secession Building

The idea was to make an own exhibition space where the secessionists can exhibit there artwork free from all restrictions. For this purpose they initially hired a 30 year old architect “Josef Maria Olbrich” to design the building. Many exhibition were held in this building and this proves to be one of the superlative secessions of the era.

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THE VERSACRUM

• The second achievement we see in the Vienna school is that of the creation of their art journal the “Versacrum” which was considered one of the best art magazines in Vienna.

• Published from January 1898 to October 1903

• Contained articles on art theories and practical examples and contribution by both domestic and foreign authors.

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The Wiener Werkstatte

“Wiener Werkstatte” derived from German word meaning “Vienna workshop”.

It was an Austrian art company registered on 19th May 1903, founded by the secessionists.

The main purpose of this workshop was to provide an outlet for young art graduates of Vienna. The aim of the workshop artists was to bring good art into every part of people’s lives. They also wanted to break with the past and bring new style to everything they produce, chiefly they emphasized on stunning and exclusive craftsmanship.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GLASGOW vs. VIENNA SCHOOL OF ART

GLASGOW SCHOOL

• It was the movement introduce and spread by the “Glasgow Four” that is only four artist are involved in making a movement remarkable; it was not the rebellion movement.

• The Architecture produced in Glasgow was very plain with less ornamentation.

• Some Japanese and Scottish influences were taken to carry out an amalgam form of style.

• Painting were generating in this period a lot with special style of watercolors.

• Many artist in “Vienna” introduced it; mainly it was introduced in rebellion of vienna’s official art.

• The Architecture produced in Viennese was very ornamented although they were designing for poor as well as rich.

• The influence were carried from jedengstil movement. ( German art nouveau)

• Mosaic murals and relief were more generated in this period.

GLASGOW SCHOOL VIENNA SCHOOL