History of Oceanography Text Website: Last Updated 2013.
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Transcript of History of Oceanography Text Website: Last Updated 2013.
History of Oceanography
Text Website: www.mhhe.com/sverdrup9e
Last Updated 2013
Oceanography History
~ 3,000 years ago people started to ask questions about the large bodies of water surrounding them!!
~ 130 years ago modern oceanography born British and European expeditions launched to
explore the sea floor British 1872 – 1876 Challenger Expedition
WWII U.S. Navy
Fighting Advantages to knowing sea floor/submarine warfare
Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes of Cryene: 1st to estimate
circumference of the Earth Cartographer/Charts
Circumference of the Earth
Atlantic Exploring
Egypt, Phoenicia and Crete Mapping of coast lines
Cartography Migration due to trade of Mediterranean
2,900 years ago Greeks explore beyond Straights of Gibraltar
– Though Atlantic was a Big River, “Oceanus”• Greek word “okeano”, which means river• Alexander the Great, 325 B.C.
Polynesian
Migration started 30,000 years ago
~500 AD: Polynesians (s.pacific islanders) who populate ~10,000 islands colonize Hawaii Religious / Political
tension/ Food/ Natural Disasters
Polynesian Canoe
Colonized much of South Pacific
Chinese ~ 1000 AD
Chinese Compass
Originally used for land tripslater used in marine navigation
Water tight compartments Central rudder on boat Sails with masts
Venetian blinds
Developed a way to determine latitude based on stars Used incense to determine Longitude
Magnetic Pointer: Spoon is Magnetite
Chinese Junk Vessel
Common Sailing Vessel in China 10th Century
Expeditions 1400’s to early 1500’s not a lot of
Navigation????? European Age of Discovery
1492: Columbus – Looking for a route to India for trade finds the “new world”
Finds Native Americans who have been here for over 11,000 years
1522: Magellan – Looking for trade to the Orient, circumnavigated the globe
Only 34 – 260 people survived the journey 1772 – James Cook Accurate maps of the Philippines
Columbus
Magellan
Cook
Columbus Lands in the Caribbean
1728 – John Harrison, made the first chronometer, spring clock, time method for determining longitude
1840 – Matthew Maury- US Navy, made a chart of the Earth’s winds and currents, making traveling the open ocean much more efficient, father of physical oceanography
Harrison and Chronometer
Maury
Matthew Maury and Oceanography
Harrison's Marine
Chronometer, 1762
The Challenger Expedition1872 – 1876
Expedition of Ocean Features Temperature Chemistry Currents Marine Life Geology of the sea floor
243 crewman, 6 scientists, 4 years, 362 sampling stations, 133 dredges, 4,700 new species found
1872 – Challenger Expedition: 1stst expedition devoted to marine science Charles Thomson/John Maury
Coined phrase “Oceanography”
Samples for scientific testing 50 volume set
Benjamin Franklin: Gulf Stream
Late 1700’s Documented ocean currents off the US
east coast Gulf Stream
– Fast moving current– Warm surface water– From Florida up north and across the Atlantic – “River in the ocean”
• Winds• Rotation of the planet• Colder currents around and below stream
– Moving as fast as 5 knotsBen Franklin, the Fahrenheit Scale, and Versailles
First U.S. Navy Submarine
Purchased From John P. Holland in 1900 for $160,000, 45 HP engine, went a speed of 6 knots, commission the USS Holland (SS-1) October 12, 1900
USS Monitor: Science of the Deep
Vocab Terms Cartographer- Chart makers Charts- Geographic representations that
depict water and water related information Library of Alexandria- Egypt 3rd Century
B.C., founded by Alexander the great- 1st Marine Science, 1st higher education
Eratosthenes of Cyrene- 1st to calculate the circumference of the Earth
Latitude- Parallel to the equator Longitude- Line the run pole to pole
Polynesian- Eastern Pacific Islanders Vikings- Norway and Sweden, mainly
people from northern Europe Chris Columbus- Accidental discovery
of the America’s James Cook- British explorer Ferdinand Magellan- Portugal, 1st
voyage around the world – trading with orient, accidental discovery
Chronometer- Clock not governed by pendulum, which would be useless on a rolling ship, but by a spring escapement
Soundings- Depth measurements
Review Questions What features would be most useful to include in a
nautical chart? why? What were the stimuli to Polynesian colonization?
How were the long voyages accomplished? How ere Polynesian voyages different from (and similar to) those of the Vikings?
What were the main stimuli to European voyages of exploration during the Age of Discovery? Why did it end?
What were the oceanographic contributions of Prince Henry the Navigator, Benjamin Franklin, Matthew Maury, and Charles Darwin?
How can you find your approximate latitude and longitude at sea?
What were the goals and results of the United States Exploring Expedition? What U.S. institution greatly benefited from its efforts?
What was the first purely scientific oceanographic expedition, and what were some of its accomplishments? What contributions did the earlier, hybrid expeditions make?
Critical Thinking How could you convince a 10 – y.o. that Earth is
round? What evidence would a child offer that it’s flat? How can you counter those objections?
How did the Library of Alexandria contribute to the development of marine science? What happened to most of the information accumulated there? Why do you suppose the residents of Alexandria became hostile to the librarians and the many achievements of the library.
How did Eratosthenes calculate the approximate size of Earth? Which of his assumptions was the “shakiest?”
If Columbus did not discover North America, then who did?
Maori canoes.. IRC. 2005.unitedstreaming. 17 September 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Junk, Chinese. Library of Congress. 2008.unitedstreaming. 17 September 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Greatest Inventions with Bill Nye: Exploration from Sea to Space. Discovery Education. 2007.unitedstreaming. 18 September 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>