Oceanography !!!

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Oceanography !!! Oceanography !!! Oceanographers: Kim & Oceanographers: Kim & Vanna !!! Vanna !!!

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Oceanography !!!. Oceanographers: Kim & Vanna !!!. Dolphins!!!. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Oceanography !!!

Page 1: Oceanography !!!

Oceanography !!!Oceanography !!!Oceanographers: Kim & Oceanographers: Kim &

Vanna !!!Vanna !!!

Page 2: Oceanography !!!

Dolphins!!!Dolphins!!!• Most dolphin species are Most dolphin species are

about 6 ft in length, the males about 6 ft in length, the males averaging 4 to 8 in longer averaging 4 to 8 in longer than females.  The largest is than females.  The largest is the killer whale, which can be the killer whale, which can be 19-22ft long and weigh 19-22ft long and weigh between 8000-10000lbs.  One between 8000-10000lbs.  One of the largest dolphins is the of the largest dolphins is the bottle-nose dolphin bottle-nose dolphin which can which can reach over 9ft in length and reach over 9ft in length and weigh 440 lbs.  The smallest weigh 440 lbs.  The smallest species is the buffeo, found in species is the buffeo, found in the Amazon River.  The buffeo the Amazon River.  The buffeo rarely grows over 3.9 ft in rarely grows over 3.9 ft in length and 66 lbs in weight, length and 66 lbs in weight, really small compared to the really small compared to the bottlenose. bottlenose.

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Manta Rays!!!Manta Rays!!!• They can be up to 25 feet in They can be up to 25 feet in

length and weight as much as length and weight as much as 5,000 pounds.5,000 pounds.

• Some types of Manta Rays Some types of Manta Rays engage in the process of engage in the process of migrating.migrating.

• They can lose their protective They can lose their protective mucus membrane if they are mucus membrane if they are touched by humans.touched by humans.

• The Manta Ray has the largest The Manta Ray has the largest brain to body ratio of all sharks brain to body ratio of all sharks and rays on Earth.and rays on Earth.

• You will very rarely find any You will very rarely find any Manta Ray in captivity due to Manta Ray in captivity due to their size. They are currently only their size. They are currently only found in four aquariums in the found in four aquariums in the world.world.

• The average life span for a Manta The average life span for a Manta Ray is 20 years.Ray is 20 years.

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Hammerhead Sharks!!!Hammerhead Sharks!!!• Its curious head has lateral projections resembling the crossbar of a Its curious head has lateral projections resembling the crossbar of a

T, and its eyes and ears are located in the outer tips of the T, and its eyes and ears are located in the outer tips of the projections. It has been suggested that the extension of the head in projections. It has been suggested that the extension of the head in the plane of the pectoral fins may give the fish increased lift, but the plane of the pectoral fins may give the fish increased lift, but there is no evidence that hammerheads are better swimmers than there is no evidence that hammerheads are better swimmers than other sharks. Found in inshore, brackish water, hammerheads are other sharks. Found in inshore, brackish water, hammerheads are both predators and scavengers. They feed on a variety of fishes both predators and scavengers. They feed on a variety of fishes including skates, rays, and other hammerheads, and large including skates, rays, and other hammerheads, and large hammerheads have been known to attack and eat humans without hammerheads have been known to attack and eat humans without provocation. The largest species is the widely distributed great provocation. The largest species is the widely distributed great hammerhead, hammerhead,

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Sea Turtles!!!Sea Turtles!!!• Hawksbills may take decades to mature Hawksbills may take decades to mature

and it could be between 20 to 40 years and it could be between 20 to 40 years before they are ready to breed before they are ready to breed (10)(10). . Upon reaching sexual maturity, a female Upon reaching sexual maturity, a female will typically lay up to five clutches of will typically lay up to five clutches of around 100 to 140 eggs in one breeding around 100 to 140 eggs in one breeding season, and then wait a few years season, and then wait a few years before nesting again before nesting again (6)(6). Nesting is . Nesting is much more dispersed than in other much more dispersed than in other marine turtles, but individuals do tend marine turtles, but individuals do tend to return to a particular beach season to return to a particular beach season after season after season (10)(10). Having survived the . Having survived the dash to the sea, hatchlings are believed dash to the sea, hatchlings are believed to spend their first few years in the open to spend their first few years in the open ocean before returning to more ocean before returning to more sheltered coastal waters. Recent studies sheltered coastal waters. Recent studies indicate that the oceanic phase may be indicate that the oceanic phase may be shorter for hawksbills, or even omitted shorter for hawksbills, or even omitted in certain regions, as hatchlings swim in certain regions, as hatchlings swim less vigorously than those of other less vigorously than those of other species species (7)(7). Probably less than one out . Probably less than one out of 1000 eggs will survive and reach of 1000 eggs will survive and reach adulthood adulthood (10)(10)..

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Manatees!!!Manatees!!!• West Indian manatees are large, West Indian manatees are large,

gray aquatic mammals with bodies gray aquatic mammals with bodies that taper to a flat, paddle-shaped that taper to a flat, paddle-shaped tail. They have two forelimbs, called tail. They have two forelimbs, called flippers, with three to four nails on flippers, with three to four nails on each flipper. Their head and face are each flipper. Their head and face are wrinkled with whiskers on the snout. wrinkled with whiskers on the snout. The manatee's closest relatives are The manatee's closest relatives are the elephant and the hyrax (a small, the elephant and the hyrax (a small, gopher-sized mammal). Manatees gopher-sized mammal). Manatees are believed to have evolved from a are believed to have evolved from a wading, plant-eating animal. The wading, plant-eating animal. The West Indian manatee is related to West Indian manatee is related to the West African manatee, the the West African manatee, the Amazonian manatee, the dugong, Amazonian manatee, the dugong, and Steller's sea cow, which was and Steller's sea cow, which was hunted to extinction in 1768. The hunted to extinction in 1768. The average adult manatee is about 10 average adult manatee is about 10 feet long and weighs between 800 feet long and weighs between 800 and 1,200 pounds. and 1,200 pounds.

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Penguins!!!Penguins!!!• PenguinsPenguins ( (orderorder

SphenisciformesSphenisciformes, , familyfamily SpheniscidaeSpheniscidae) are a group of ) are a group of aquaticaquatic, , flightlessflightless birdsbirds living living almost exclusively in the almost exclusively in the southern hemispheresouthern hemisphere, , especially in especially in AntarcticaAntarctica. Highly . Highly adapted for life in the water, adapted for life in the water, penguins have penguins have countershadedcountershaded dark and white plumage, and dark and white plumage, and their wings have become their wings have become flippersflippers. Most penguins feed . Most penguins feed on on krillkrill, , fishfish, , squidsquid, and other , and other forms of forms of sea lifesea life caught while caught while swimming underwater. They swimming underwater. They spend about half of their life spend about half of their life on land and half in the oceans.on land and half in the oceans.

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Sea Horses!!!Sea Horses!!!• The species of the The species of the genusgenus

HippocampusHippocampus are the are the seahorsesseahorses, a distinct group , a distinct group of fishes within the family of fishes within the family SyngnathidaeSyngnathidae, which also , which also includes the pipefish. There includes the pipefish. There are over 50 species of are over 50 species of seahorse, mainly found in seahorse, mainly found in shallow tropical and shallow tropical and temperate waters throughout temperate waters throughout the world. They prefer to live the world. They prefer to live in sheltered areas such as in sheltered areas such as sea grasssea grass beds, beds, coral reefscoral reefs, , or or mangrovesmangroves. Colonies have . Colonies have been found in European been found in European waters such as the waters such as the Thames EstuaryThames Estuary..[[

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Starfish!!!Starfish!!!• Marine scientists have Marine scientists have

undertaken the difficult task undertaken the difficult task of replacing the beloved of replacing the beloved starfish’s common name with starfish’s common name with sea star because, well, the sea star because, well, the starfish is not a fish. It’s an starfish is not a fish. It’s an echinoderm, closely related to echinoderm, closely related to sea urchins and sand dollars.sea urchins and sand dollars.There are some 2,000 species There are some 2,000 species of sea star living in all the of sea star living in all the world’s oceans, from tropical world’s oceans, from tropical habitats to the cold seafloor. habitats to the cold seafloor. The five-arm varieties are the The five-arm varieties are the most common, hence their most common, hence their name, but species with 10, name, but species with 10, 20, and even 40 arms exist.20, and even 40 arms exist.

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Seals!!!Seals!!!• The seals with ears are also referred to as ‘walking seals’ and The seals with ears are also referred to as ‘walking seals’ and

include the fur seals and the gorgeous sea lions. The walking include the fur seals and the gorgeous sea lions. The walking seals can move on all fours on land and are social animals that seals can move on all fours on land and are social animals that put their rear flippers to optimized use, while covering terrestrial put their rear flippers to optimized use, while covering terrestrial habitats. The larger fore-flippers enable maneuverability expertise habitats. The larger fore-flippers enable maneuverability expertise in water, but it is their dog-like snouts that make them distinctly in water, but it is their dog-like snouts that make them distinctly different from their cousins the true seals. While sea lions are different from their cousins the true seals. While sea lions are generally larger than fur seals, recent genetic evidence highlights generally larger than fur seals, recent genetic evidence highlights the close relationship between the two. the close relationship between the two.

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Whales!!!Whales!!!• Whales are one of the most Whales are one of the most

amazing creatures that live in amazing creatures that live in the planet. They inhabit all the planet. They inhabit all oceans of the world.oceans of the world.

• Whales belong to the order Whales belong to the order cetacea, which means that they cetacea, which means that they are mammals fully adapted to are mammals fully adapted to aquatic life, as all cetaceans aquatic life, as all cetaceans including dolphins and including dolphins and porpoises, are descendants of porpoises, are descendants of land-living animals which land-living animals which returned to water after living in returned to water after living in land millions of years.land millions of years.

• Most whales can grow to be Most whales can grow to be extremely large. In fact, the extremely large. In fact, the Blue Whale is considered to be Blue Whale is considered to be the largest animal in the world.the largest animal in the world.

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Lionfish!!!Lionfish!!!• There are several types of lionfish as There are several types of lionfish as

they belong to a number of poisonous they belong to a number of poisonous marine fish of the genera Pterois, marine fish of the genera Pterois, Dendrochirus, Ebosia, Brachypterois, Dendrochirus, Ebosia, Brachypterois, or Parapterois, of the Scorpaenidae or Parapterois, of the Scorpaenidae family. family.

• Although the lionfish may be Although the lionfish may be spectacular to look at, it is also lethal. spectacular to look at, it is also lethal. Its fins have spines that are as sharp Its fins have spines that are as sharp as needles, which they use to inject a as needles, which they use to inject a potent venom into their predators. potent venom into their predators. The lionfish is considered as one of The lionfish is considered as one of the most poisonous fish in the world. the most poisonous fish in the world.

• However, the lionfish uses its venom However, the lionfish uses its venom as a purely defensive mechanism, as a purely defensive mechanism, when it feels threatened. As far as when it feels threatened. As far as catching its prey is concerned, it catching its prey is concerned, it relies on lightning swift reflexes and relies on lightning swift reflexes and camouflage. A lionfish’s sting is very camouflage. A lionfish’s sting is very painful to people and can result in painful to people and can result in breathing difficulties and nausea, breathing difficulties and nausea, although it generally does not cause although it generally does not cause death. death.

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Jellyfish!!!Jellyfish!!!• Jellyfish is present and found in Jellyfish is present and found in

every ocean in the world. The every ocean in the world. The lifetime of a jellyfish is at the lifetime of a jellyfish is at the most three or six months.They most three or six months.They have two body forms through have two body forms through their life cycle - the polyp their life cycle - the polyp stage and the medusa stage. stage and the medusa stage. In the polyp stage, they are in In the polyp stage, they are in the form of a sessile stalk with the form of a sessile stalk with their mouth and tentacle their mouth and tentacle facing upwards. In this stage, facing upwards. In this stage, they catch passing food. The they catch passing food. The second stage of the jellyfish' second stage of the jellyfish' body structure is more body structure is more popular. During this stage, popular. During this stage, they have an umbrella shaped they have an umbrella shaped body called the bell. body called the bell.

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Electric Eels!!!Electric Eels!!!• These famous freshwater These famous freshwater

predators get their name from predators get their name from the enormous electrical the enormous electrical charge they can generate to charge they can generate to stun prey and dissuade stun prey and dissuade predators. Their bodies predators. Their bodies contain electric organs with contain electric organs with about 6,000 specialized cells about 6,000 specialized cells called electrocytes that store called electrocytes that store power like tiny batteries. power like tiny batteries. When threatened or attacking When threatened or attacking prey, these cells will discharge prey, these cells will discharge simultaneously, emitting a simultaneously, emitting a burst of at least 600 volts, five burst of at least 600 volts, five times the power of a standard times the power of a standard U.S. wall socket.U.S. wall socket.

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Sea Otters!!!Sea Otters!!!• Sea otters are social animals who may float together in Sea otters are social animals who may float together in

groups of less than 10 to more than 100, called rafts. groups of less than 10 to more than 100, called rafts. Usually these groups are separated by sex, females and Usually these groups are separated by sex, females and pups spend time in one group and males in another. Otters pups spend time in one group and males in another. Otters usually swim on their backs but have been known to swim usually swim on their backs but have been known to swim on their stomachs while traveling. Sea otters will only eat on their stomachs while traveling. Sea otters will only eat while they are floating, but may also groom, rest, and while they are floating, but may also groom, rest, and nurse their young. It is also common for sea otters to wrap nurse their young. It is also common for sea otters to wrap themselves in kelp beds when resting or sleeping. themselves in kelp beds when resting or sleeping.

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Sea Lions!!!Sea Lions!!!• The Steller sea lion is the largest The Steller sea lion is the largest

member of the Otariidae (eared member of the Otariidae (eared seal) family. Steller's sea lions seal) family. Steller's sea lions inhabit the cooler waters of the inhabit the cooler waters of the North Pacific. They are divided North Pacific. They are divided into two stocks - the western into two stocks - the western population (Gulf of Alaska, population (Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, Russia and Japan), Bering Sea, Russia and Japan), and the eastern population and the eastern population (California, British Columbia and (California, British Columbia and south east Alaska). This species south east Alaska). This species gets its name from a German gets its name from a German naturalist named George naturalist named George Wilhelm Steller who was the first Wilhelm Steller who was the first to study the animal in 1742. to study the animal in 1742.

• Steller's sea lions are suffering Steller's sea lions are suffering massive, inexplicable population massive, inexplicable population losses and are listed as losses and are listed as endangered.endangered.

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Swordfish!!!Swordfish!!!• Xiphias gladius,Xiphias gladius, of the warmer of the warmer

Atlantic and Pacific waters, related Atlantic and Pacific waters, related to the sailfish. It is named for its to the sailfish. It is named for its sharp, broad, elongated upper jaw, sharp, broad, elongated upper jaw, which it uses to flail and pierce its which it uses to flail and pierce its prey of smaller fish, rising beneath a prey of smaller fish, rising beneath a school to kill and then devour. school to kill and then devour. Swordfish breed as far N as Nova Swordfish breed as far N as Nova Scotia; they are often seen basking Scotia; they are often seen basking on the water's surface, and their fins on the water's surface, and their fins are sometimes mistaken for those of are sometimes mistaken for those of sharks. They may reach 15 ft (457 sharks. They may reach 15 ft (457 cm) and 1,000 lb (450 kg); however, cm) and 1,000 lb (450 kg); however, specimens half this size are specimens half this size are considered large. Swordfish were considered large. Swordfish were formerly harpooned commercially formerly harpooned commercially but now are taken using long lines but now are taken using long lines with multiple baited hooks. with multiple baited hooks. Conservation efforts are underway Conservation efforts are underway to rebuild depleted stocks. to rebuild depleted stocks. Swordfish are classified in the Swordfish are classified in the phylum phylum ChordataChordata , subphylum , subphylum Vertebrata, class Osteichthyes, Vertebrata, class Osteichthyes, order Perciformes, family Xiphiidae. order Perciformes, family Xiphiidae.

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Angelfish!!!Angelfish!!!• Sea-water Angelfish are the most Sea-water Angelfish are the most

exotic and beautiful exotic and beautiful tropical fishtropical fish, , available almost in every ocean. available almost in every ocean. The seven species of Angelfish are: The seven species of Angelfish are: Rock beauty, Queen Angelfish, Blue Rock beauty, Queen Angelfish, Blue Angelfish, Gray Angelfish, French Angelfish, Gray Angelfish, French Angelfish, Cherub fish and Flame-Angelfish, Cherub fish and Flame-back Angelfish. They usually eat back Angelfish. They usually eat both animals and plants. More than both animals and plants. More than 95% of the Angelfish feed on 95% of the Angelfish feed on sponges. The jaws of Angelfish are sponges. The jaws of Angelfish are adapted to the sponges and have adapted to the sponges and have become protracted and have the become protracted and have the ability to eat sponge pieces, by ability to eat sponge pieces, by secreting a thick coating of mucous secreting a thick coating of mucous on them. The reproduction of sea-on them. The reproduction of sea-water Angelfish depends on the water Angelfish depends on the species and the region in which species and the region in which these species live.these species live.

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Clownfish!!!Clownfish!!!• ClownfishClownfish or or anemonefishanemonefish

are are fishesfishes from the subfamily from the subfamily AmphiprioninaeAmphiprioninae in the family in the family PomacentridaePomacentridae. About twenty . About twenty eight eight speciesspecies are recognized, are recognized, one in the genus one in the genus PremnasPremnas, , while the remaining are in the while the remaining are in the genus genus AmphiprionAmphiprion. In the wild . In the wild they all form they all form symbioticsymbiotic mutualismsmutualisms with with sea anemonessea anemones. Depending on species, . Depending on species, clownfish are overall yellow, clownfish are overall yellow, orange, reddish, or blackish, orange, reddish, or blackish, and many show white bars or and many show white bars or patches. The largest reach a patches. The largest reach a length of 18 centimetres length of 18 centimetres (7.1 in), while the smallest (7.1 in), while the smallest barely reach 10 centimetres barely reach 10 centimetres (3.9 in).(3.9 in).

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Puffer Fish!!!Puffer Fish!!!• TetraodontidaeTetraodontidae is a is a familyfamily of of

primarily marine and estuarine fish. primarily marine and estuarine fish. The family includes many familiar The family includes many familiar species which are variously called species which are variously called pufferspuffers, , balloonfishballoonfish, , blowfishblowfish, , bubblefishbubblefish, , globefishglobefish, , swellfishswellfish, , toadfishtoadfish, , toadiestoadies, , honey toadshoney toads, , and and sea squabsea squab..[1][1] They are They are morphologically similar to the morphologically similar to the closely related closely related porcupinefishporcupinefish, which , which have large conspicuous spines have large conspicuous spines (unlike the small, almost (unlike the small, almost sandpaper-like spines of sandpaper-like spines of Tetraodontidae). The scientific Tetraodontidae). The scientific name, Tetraodontidae, refers to the name, Tetraodontidae, refers to the four large teeth, fused into an four large teeth, fused into an upper and lower plate, which are upper and lower plate, which are used for crushing the shells of used for crushing the shells of crustaceanscrustaceans and and mollusksmollusks, and red , and red worms, their natural prey.worms, their natural prey.

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Octopus !!!Octopus !!!• The octopus is a mollusk. It The octopus is a mollusk. It

belongs to the same group belongs to the same group as chitons, abalone, snails, as chitons, abalone, snails, limpets, scallops, oysters, limpets, scallops, oysters, clams and mussels. The clams and mussels. The octopus also belongs to a octopus also belongs to a sub-species of mollusks sub-species of mollusks called the cephalopods. called the cephalopods. This means head to foot This means head to foot and is used as the name and is used as the name because an octopus’ "feet" because an octopus’ "feet" are attached to its head. are attached to its head. When it comes to octopus When it comes to octopus facts, it just gets more and facts, it just gets more and more interesting. more interesting.

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Squid !!!Squid !!!• The squid has a large head and The squid has a large head and

a relatively large brain. Its a relatively large brain. Its body, stiffened by an interior body, stiffened by an interior cartilaginous skeleton, is cartilaginous skeleton, is spherical or cigar-shaped, with spherical or cigar-shaped, with two lateral fins. Around the two lateral fins. Around the mouth are eight sucker-bearing mouth are eight sucker-bearing arms and two contractile arms and two contractile tentacles with spatulate tips; tentacles with spatulate tips; on the latter are four rows of on the latter are four rows of suction cups encircled by rings suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous (horny) hooks. The of chitinous (horny) hooks. The contractile tentacles, longer contractile tentacles, longer than the rest, are used to seize than the rest, are used to seize the prey and pass it to the the prey and pass it to the shorter arms, which hold it to shorter arms, which hold it to be torn by strong jaws shaped be torn by strong jaws shaped like a parrot's beak. like a parrot's beak.

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Walruses !!!Walruses !!!• The The walruswalrus ( (Odobenus Odobenus

rosmarusrosmarus) is a large ) is a large flipperedflippered marine mammalmarine mammal with a with a discontinuous circumpolar discontinuous circumpolar distribution in the distribution in the Arctic OceanArctic Ocean and and sub-Arcticsub-Arctic seas of the seas of the Northern HemisphereNorthern Hemisphere. The . The walrus is the only living species walrus is the only living species in the in the OdobenidaeOdobenidae familyfamily and and OdobenusOdobenus genusgenus. It is . It is subdivided into three subdivided into three subspeciessubspecies::[1][1] the the Atlantic Atlantic WalrusWalrus ( (O. rosmarus rosmarusO. rosmarus rosmarus) ) found in the found in the Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean, the , the Pacific WalrusPacific Walrus ( (O. rosmarus O. rosmarus divergensdivergens) found in the ) found in the Pacific OceanPacific Ocean, and , and O. O. rosmarus laptevirosmarus laptevi, found in the , found in the Laptev SeaLaptev Sea ..

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Hogfish !!!Hogfish !!!• A A hogfishhogfish is a large is a large wrassewrasse, ,

Lachnolaimus maximusLachnolaimus maximus, of , of the western Atlantic Ocean. the western Atlantic Ocean. Hogfish are plentiful in the Hogfish are plentiful in the Florida Keys on many coral Florida Keys on many coral reefs and are considered to reefs and are considered to have high quality, soft and have high quality, soft and tasty flesh. The fish is a tasty flesh. The fish is a large large wrassewrasse of the western of the western AtlanticAtlantic. It has fourteen . It has fourteen dorsal spines, eleven dorsal dorsal spines, eleven dorsal soft rays, eleven anal soft rays, eleven anal spines, and ten anal soft spines, and ten anal soft rays. The coloring varies but rays. The coloring varies but is usually brownish red with is usually brownish red with a black spot at the bottom of a black spot at the bottom of the dorsal fin. the dorsal fin.

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Puffins !!!Puffins !!!• PuffinsPuffins are any of three are any of three

aukauk species (or species (or alcidsalcids) in ) in the the birdbird genus genus FraterculaFratercula with a brightly coloured with a brightly coloured beak in the breeding beak in the breeding season. These are season. These are pelagicpelagic seabirdsseabirds that feed primarily that feed primarily by diving in the water. They by diving in the water. They breed in large colonies on breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs or offshore coastal cliffs or offshore islands, nesting in crevices islands, nesting in crevices among rocks or in burrows among rocks or in burrows in the soil. The Tufted Puffin in the soil. The Tufted Puffin was formerly placed in the was formerly placed in the genus genus LundaLunda..

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Polar Bears !!!Polar Bears !!!• The The polar bearpolar bear ( (Ursus Ursus

maritimusmaritimus) is a bear native ) is a bear native largely within the Arctic largely within the Arctic circle encompassing the circle encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land seas and surrounding land masses. It is the world's masses. It is the world's largest carnivore species largest carnivore species found on land. It is also the found on land. It is also the largest bear, together with largest bear, together with the omnivorous Kodiak bear the omnivorous Kodiak bear which is approximately the which is approximately the same size.[3] An adult male same size.[3] An adult male weighs around 350–680 kg weighs around 350–680 kg (770–1,500 lb),[4] while an (770–1,500 lb),[4] while an adult female is about half adult female is about half that size. that size.

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Credits!!!Credits!!!• Oceanographers : Kim & Vanna !!! Oceanographers : Kim & Vanna !!! • Art By : Kim & Vanna !!!Art By : Kim & Vanna !!!• Words By : Kim & Vanna !!!Words By : Kim & Vanna !!!• Pictures Found By : Kim & Vanna !!!Pictures Found By : Kim & Vanna !!!• Information By : Information By : www.wikipedia.comwww.wikipedia.com

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