History of ICT
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Transcript of History of ICT
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An Introduction
CSC159 Computer Organization
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CSC159 Synopsis
The purpose of this course is to give p p gunderstanding to the students about digital computer organization and architecture particularly on computerarchitecture, particularly on computer operation and its main component
IntroductionUiTM Terengganu - naza 2
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Lesson Outcomes Evolution of Computer Architecture
0th Generation
1st Generation
3rd Generation
2nd Generation
4th Generation
St d P C t
5th Generation
Introduction
Stored Program ConceptUiTM Terengganu - naza 3
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Evolution of Comp. Architecture
In reference to the different generations of ti d icomputing devices
Each generation characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate
Move towards smaller, cheaper, more , p ,powerful, more efficient & reliable devices
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0th Generation Mechanical computers Abacus: early predecessor of computerAbacus: early predecessor of computer Blaise Pascal: invented a calculating machine Charles Babbage: Charles Babbage:
Analytical EngineHad 4 components Had 4 components the store (memory), the mill(computation unit), the input
ti ( h d d d )section (punched card reader), the output section (punched & printed outputs)
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p p )
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1st Generation
Use vacuum tubes for circuitry & magnetic drums for memorydrums for memory
Vacuum tubes Si i b lk / l Size is bulky/very largeMade from glass
Fragile Fragile Short-lived (heat burned out)
Use a great deal of electricity very expensive
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1st Generation (cont.)
Computers relied on machine language & could only solve g g yone problem at a time
Input: punched cards & paper tape Input: punched cards & paper tape Output: displayed on printouts
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1st Generation (cont.) ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)John V Atanasoff and Clifford BerryJohn V.Atanasoff and Clifford Berry First totally electronic digital computer
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
J h W M hl d J P E k tJohn W.Mauchly and J. Presper EckertFirst all-electronic digital computer
EDVAC, IAS and UNIVAC I (first commercially available computer)
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2nd Generation TransistorsMade of specially treated silicon which p y
controlled the flow of electric currentGenerated less heat & wouldnt burn outAllow computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, & more energy-efficient than before more reliable than vacuum tubes more reliable than vacuum tubes
Use assembly languages - allow programmers to specify instructionsprogrammers to specify instructions in words
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3rd Generation
Integrated CircuitsgMiniaturized transistors
placed on silicon chipsp pMade computers smaller, faster, cheaper
Users interacted through keyboards & monitors, interfaced with an operating , p gsystem
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4th Generation
Microprocessors *(VLSI)Th d f IC b iltThousands of ICs builtonto a single chip
Could be mass produced (PCs) Computers become even smaller & more
f lpowerful GUIs, mouse,
handheld devices
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*VLSI Very Large Scale Integration
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4th Generation
Open architecture Open architectureThe hardware design was made
available to anyoneavailable to anyoneAnyone could write software or build
h dhardware
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5th Generation
1) Artificial Intelligence Goal: to develop devices that respond to
natural language input & are capable of g g p plearning & self-organize Roboticsobot cs Nano-technology
Anything smaller than Anything smaller than microtechnology
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5th Generation (cont.)
2) Age of Connectivity Release of WWW standards in 1991
possible to connect computers all over the worldthe world
Shift towards technology that focuses on mobilitythat focuses on mobility(wireless revolution)
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5th Generation (cont.)
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The Evolution: a summary
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Generation CharacteristicsZeroth (1642-1940) Mechanical computers
First (1940-1955) Vacuum tubes
Machine language Single user Programmed I/O using CPU ABC, ENIAC, UNIVAC
S d (1955 1965) A bl l f ll d b hi h l lSecond (1955-1965) Transistors
Assembly language followed by high-level languages with compiler
Third (1965 1980) MultiprogrammingThird (1965-1980) ICs
Multiprogramming Time sharing OS Multi-user applicationspp
Fourth (1980-199?) VLSI PCs
Multi-processor OS
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Stored Program Concept
John von NeumannA genius who spoke many languages,
was an expert in the physical sciences & mathematics & had a total recall ofmathematics, & had a total recall of everything he ever heard, saw, or read
A consultant on the ENIAC projectA consultant on the ENIAC projectProposed significant improvements over
the ENIAC designthe ENIAC design EDVAC and IAS
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Stored Program Concept Forms the basis for nearly all digital
computers even nowcomputers, even now
D t & i t ti b th t d i i Data & instructions are both stored in main memory while being processed
S i l i f i i Sequential processing of instructions Binary data processing Consists of CPU, memory, & I/O system
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Stored Program Concept The architecture:
MEMORY
Input
CUALU
Input
OutputAccumulator Output
IntroductionUiTM Terengganu - naza 20