HISTORY OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

W H E N I T A L L B E G A N … … … D U N D U N D U N N ! ! !

OVERVIEW

*1642 Blaise Pascal the son of a French tax collector invented a numerical wheel calculator moving dials to add numbers 8 digits called the Pascaline*Charles Babbage a member of royal England astronomical society, recognized the connection between math and machines 1812*The difference engine was developed by Babbage *He abandoned this machine after 10 years and moved on with the analytical engine*Was designed to make conditional decisions in 1820 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar invented the arithmethalThe device remained until world war 1 Herman Hollerith worked for the us census bureau in 1889 1880 census had taken 7 years to count everyone feared that the next census scheduledc for 1890 would take 10 years to tabeluate and might no be completed before work on 1900 was due to begin

Hollerith devised a system in which data was stored on a punch cardWith his device the census was calculated in 6 weeks He formed the tabuklatuing machine company in 1896 later known as ibm

FIRST- GENERATION COMPUTERS Colossus was invented in world war 2Weighed 30 tons200 kilowatts of power 19000 transistor tubes1500 relays200 wattsto decode encrypted German messages upper hand in war but single limited functional machinethe U. S. army ordnance department and the university of

Pennsylvania worked to make the ENIAC designed to calculate ballistic trajectories.

started 1943 making ENIAC and finished 1946EDVAC and UNIVAC followed ENIAC designed by john von Heumann

featured accentual processing unitUnivac made by Remington rand was the first commercially available

computing device.

SECOND –GENERATION COMPUTERSIn 1956 from bulky large computers came to transistorsTransistors send electrical charges to change them self transistors play two roles an insulator and a conducer from off

and on positionAs a conductor the transmitter is in an ‘off‘’ and’on’ stateSet the road out to smaller ,faster computersFirst used by ionly atomic engey laborties and us navy rsearch

to preform difficult calculation for atomic weaponsComputers changed and became multi functionalMachine language was introduced of 1’s and 0’s

THIRD- GENERATION COMPUTERSIc intergrated circuitProduce less heat than transittorsMore storage less heat to fit in chipChip fits micro chips allow mutiple operatioin being preformedHas revolutionized computer s by size ,speed and function

FOURTH- GENERATION COMPUTERSReadily avaible for indivuals because of reliabiltyMiniturizing circuits size developemnet decreasingFirsdt affordable computer the mits altair 8800 came OUT IN

19741981 imb came out first pc65 million were sold by 199020 years later n1 billion were in use worldwideUnix is much more complicated from the simplistic computers

from generation agoComputers allow us to communicate ,research and simplify

mathetmatical caculationsEnvision a better world

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TITLE

DEFINE HARDWARE AND INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

Input devices enter information to do work its designed to doWe use man tools to input data including mouse keyboard and

joysticksInput devices can adapt to any kind of head or eye movement

for the physically challenged individualsThe computer knows what to do with all of these devicesOut put devices detect whether the computer is doing the right

thingOut put devices let us know what's happening insideMy counting the number of flashing klights the cou

PROCESSORS AND MEMORY single mosty important part of componnet of computer the cpu

is the brainCpu prefor simple tasks such as adding and sub and multiply and

dividing but really really really fast transittors lie at the heart of the cpu on when conducting energy

and off when not conducting energyThermonclear reaction occuring in the sun are broken down in to

simple off and on states in millions of transittors when sending messages via the internet

Random access memory us a storage unit for data going to and coming from the the cpu

Capable of holding data but not a long term storsge unit = ramWhen computer is turned of all information in ram is lostWhen the computer is on data stored in ram is being updated and

changed

HARD DRIVES AND REMOVABLE STORAGEFor long term stored indata your computer can use a variety of devices , including hard drives and

floppy disksAll of these machines use different techniquies for storing data AND RETRIEVING data Staorage capacity is how many bits of data the me medium can store.The on and off state of the transittoers is represented as bitsEach on and off state is represented in bitys using 1 or 0 8 bits are callled bbytes and is the amount of space requierd for and example to store a single

character on some computers.A kilobyte is 2 to the power of ten or 1024 you get a mega byte 10048576 Mega byte is 1000000 ( multiply by 1024 and you get a gigabyte 1073741824)The [rimary storage device in a computer is a hard driveAlso known as hard diskTypically store data on magnetic recording platters made of high percsion aluimin or glassHar4d drive storage is getting bigger and physical size smaller laptrops hold 60 gigbyte or more the size of a deck cardsHard drives can hold 100 s of data and fit in yoyur pocketAre not typically prtable from one compuiter to the nextFloppy disks have filed the probaility need for a long timeIts being rplaced because of its slow speed (1.4 for a three and a half flloppy disksCd –r can hold 650 -700 mb of data current dvd can hold 4.7 gigabyte with capacities of `17

gigabyte or miore possible

Flash media is rewritable no power supply and no moving body parts usb zip drives opticle drives are prtabelThe hard drive is the primary storage device in a computer. Hard drives are:Long term, rewritable storageLarge capacityInexpensiveFixed media (relatively difficult to move from one computer to another)

NETWORKSNetworkinhg is very very very popular and oly some small businesses operatye

wihthout networked computer systemsNetworking works by people most networking is with wires but now some are

wirelessMedia connect thre network to indivdual computers . In each computer there is

a node containing a nic card in it with allows data to travel between the network and its nodes

Nodes can be connected to each other ora serverThe server can hold programms and data which are uised by everyine on the

networkThe networks cabn be configured in variuos ways to meet the users needs thje layoutr is called a topollogy . The main 3 topogoly are busAll nodes are connected ina series using a sing cableStar each node has its own connectiomn to a hub th ehub dteermined how the

data travels ring all nodes are cionnected together in a circle . The end an dbegining of

medium is at the same point

OPERATING SYSTEMS Often called platforms has 2 jobs 1 manage the hardware and software on your computer system No matter how up to date it is your computer has a limit set of resources

ensures that each request of software and hardware receives the approite time of attention

CPU only does one operation at a time and the system memory can only hold so much information

UNIX/Linux Multiuser OS supports Multitasking Runs on many types of hardware Modular tools for necessary operations for the computerMac OS First mainstream graphical user interface in the 1950s Alto was first giu vbased computer Icons (pictures) and mouse replaced the use of command line interfaceDOS/Windows First introduced in 1981 1992 came out the windows 3.1 1993 better securiity was introduced

DOS gained popularity with first PCs To interact use interface through the operating system

SOFTWARE APPLICATIONSComercial vs custom softwareCompanies and industries have specially designed computer to fit there needs Installed on single computer(custom) Most common type of application in use todayWeb-Based Software Runs on a Web server, accessed through a browser With internet use can be used anywhere Modern day application use internet to download data Web based appliction can just download codes to your desk topsWeb Services Without user intervention you can connect with anyone Many different applications going on within many different platfroms are

done with no human intervention web service fulfils the role of nessasary data going between systems

www.introsjava.sec.glencoe.com