HISTORY OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

W H E N I T A L L B E G A N … … … D U N D U N D U N N ! ! !

OVERVIEW

*1642 Blaise Pascal the son of a French tax collector invented a numerical wheel calculator moving dials to add numbers 8 digits called the Pascaline

*Charles Babbage a member of royal England astronomical society, recognized the connection between math and machines 1812

*The difference engine was developed by Babbage

*He abandoned this machine after 10 years and moved on with the analytical engine

*Was designed to make conditional decisions

in 1820 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar invented the arithmethal

The device remained until world war 1

Herman Hollerith worked for the us census bureau in 1889

1880 census had taken 7 years to count

everyone feared that the next census scheduledc for 1890 would take 10 years to tabeluate and might no be completed before work on 1900 was due to begin

Hollerith devised a system in which data was stored on a punch card

With his device the census was calculated in 6 weeks

He formed the tabuklatuing machine company in 1896

later known as ibm

FIRST- GENERATION COMPUTERS

Colossus was invented in world war 2

Weighed 30 tons200 kilowatts of power 19000 transistor tubes

1500 relays

200 watts

to decode encrypted German messages

upper hand in war but single limited functional machine

the U. S. army ordnance department and the university of Pennsylvania worked to make the ENIAC designed to calculate ballistic trajectories.

started 1943 making ENIAC and finished 1946

EDVAC and UNIVAC followed ENIAC designed by john von Heumann featured accentual processing unit

Univac made by Remington rand was the first commercially available computing device.

SECOND –GENERATION COMPUTERS

In 1956 from bulky large computers came to transistors

Transistors send electrical charges to change them self

transistors play two roles an insulator and a conducer from off and on position

As a conductor the transmitter is in an ‘off‘’ and’on’ state

Set the road out to smaller ,faster computers

First used by ionly atomic engey laborties and us navy rsearch to preform difficult calculation for atomic weapons

Computers changed and became multi functional

Machine language was introduced of 1’s and 0’s

THIRD- GENERATION COMPUTERS

Ic intergrated circuit

Produce less heat than transittors

More storage less heat to fit in chip

Chip fits micro chips allow mutiple operatioin being preformed

Has revolutionized computer s by size ,speed and function

FOURTH- GENERATION COMPUTERS

Readily avaible for indivuals because of reliabilty

Miniturizing circuits size developemnet decreasing

Firsdt affordable computer the mits altair 8800 came OUT IN 1974

1981 imb came out first pc

65 million were sold by 1990

20 years later n1 billion were in use worldwide

Unix is much more complicated from the simplistic computers from generation ago

Computers allow us to communicate ,research and simplify mathetmatical caculations

Envision a better world

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TITLE

DEFINE HARDWARE AND INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

Input devices enter information to do work its designed to do

We use man tools to input data including mouse keyboard and joysticks

Input devices can adapt to any kind of head or eye movement for the physically challenged individuals

The computer knows what to do with all of these devices

Out put devices detect whether the computer is doing the right thing

Out put devices let us know what's happening inside

My counting the number of flashing klights the cou

PROCESSORS AND MEMORY

single mosty important part of componnet of computer the cpu is the brain

Cpu prefor simple tasks such as adding and sub and multiply and dividing but really really really fast

transittors lie at the heart of the cpu on when conducting energy and off when not conducting energy

Thermonclear reaction occuring in the sun are broken down in to simple off and on states in millions of transittors when sending messages via the internet

Random access memory us a storage unit for data going to and coming from the the cpu

Capable of holding data but not a long term storsge unit = ram

When computer is turned of all information in ram is lost

When the computer is on data stored in ram is being updated and changed

HARD DRIVES AND REMOVABLE STORAGE

For long term stored indata your computer can use a variety of devices , including hard drives and floppy disks

All of these machines use different techniquies for storing data AND RETRIEVING data Staorage capacity is how many bits of data the me medium can store.The on and off state of the transittoers is represented as bitsEach on and off state is represented in bitys using 1 or 0 8 bits are callled bbytes and is the amount of space requierd for and example to store a

single character on some computers.A kilobyte is 2 to the power of ten or 1024 you get a mega byte 10048576 Mega byte is 1000000 ( multiply by 1024 and you get a gigabyte 1073741824)The [rimary storage device in a computer is a hard driveAlso known as hard diskTypically store data on magnetic recording platters made of high percsion aluimin or glassHar4d drive storage is getting bigger and physical size smaller laptrops hold 60 gigbyte or more the size of a deck cardsHard drives can hold 100 s of data and fit in yoyur pocketAre not typically prtable from one compuiter to the nextFloppy disks have filed the probaility need for a long timeIts being rplaced because of its slow speed (1.4 for a three and a half flloppy disksCd –r can hold 650 -700 mb of data current dvd can hold 4.7 gigabyte with capacities of `17

gigabyte or miore possible

Flash media is rewritable no power supply and no moving body parts usb zip drives opticle drives are prtabelThe hard drive is the primary storage device in a computer. Hard drives are:Long term, rewritable storageLarge capacityInexpensiveFixed media (relatively difficult to move from one computer to another)

NETWORKS

Networkinhg is very very very popular and oly some small businesses operatye wihthout networked computer systems

Networking works by people most networking is with wires but now some are wireless

Media connect thre network to indivdual computers . In each computer there is a node containing a nic card in it with allows data to travel between the network and its nodes

Nodes can be connected to each other ora server

The server can hold programms and data which are uised by everyine on the network

The networks cabn be configured in variuos ways to meet the users needs

thje layoutr is called a topollogy . The main 3 topogoly are bus

All nodes are connected ina series using a sing cable

Star each node has its own connectiomn to a hub th ehub dteermined how the data travels

ring all nodes are cionnected together in a circle . The end an dbegining of medium is at the same point

OPERATING SYSTEMS

Often called platforms has 2 jobs

1 manage the hardware and software on your computer system

No matter how up to date it is your computer has a limit set of resources ensures that each request of software and hardware receives the approite time of attention

CPU only does one operation at a time and the system memory can only hold so much information

UNIX/Linux Multiuser OS supports Multitasking Runs on many types of hardware Modular tools for necessary operations for the computerMac OS First mainstream graphical user interface in the 1950s Alto was first giu vbased computer Icons (pictures) and mouse replaced the use of command line

interfaceDOS/Windows First introduced in 1981 1992 came out the windows 3.1 1993 better securiity was introduced

DOS gained popularity with first PCs To interact use interface through the operating system

SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS

Comercial vs custom software

Companies and industries have specially designed computer to fit there needs

Installed on single computer(custom) Most common type of application in use today

Web-Based Software Runs on a Web server, accessed through a browser With internet use can be used anywhere Modern day application use internet to download data Web based appliction can just download codes to your desk tops

Web Services Without user intervention you can connect with anyone Many different applications going on within many different platfroms are

done with no human intervention web service fulfils the role of nessasary data going between systems

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