HISTORY: Early Renaissance Architecture
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Transcript of HISTORY: Early Renaissance Architecture
Early Renaissance Architecture
Renaissance- from M. F., rebirth, from O. F. renaistre to be born again- started 14th to 17th century in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe“Early Modern” - it falls between the medieval period and the industrial revolutionFlorence – birthplace of Renaissance
Early Renaissance- Growing importance of the upper bourgeoisie (especially merchants, bankers)- Expansion of industry and world trade; voyages of exploration begin- Commercial and financial dominance of Flanders and Italy- Increased patronage of the arts by wealthy individuals
Culture- revival of learning based on classical sources, the rise of courtly and papal patronage, the development of perspective in painting, and advancements in science- wide-ranging consequences in all pursuits but is best known for its artistic aspects
DemographicItaly, 13,000,000Spain and Portugal, 10,000,000France, 16,000,000, in its boundaries in 1600England and Wales, 4,500,000Scotland and Ireland, 2,000,000Netherlands, 3,000,000, including the Spanish Netherlands in 1600Denmark, 600,000Sweden, Norway, and Finland: 1,400,000Poland with Prussia: 3,000,000Germany: 20,000,000
TechnologyPrinting press - most important technological innovation of the time- led to a higher literacy rate
"Man is the measure of all things.“ - Protagoras
(Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua by Alberti)
Characteristics- Plans were square, symmetrical appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module which is often the width of an aisle
(Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua by Alberti)
Characteristics- Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals
Characteristics- The Roman orders of columns are used:- Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite which can be structural or decorative- architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system Old Sacristy, Brunelleschi
Characteristics- Vaults do not have ribs. They are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault which is frequently rectangular(Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Alberti)
Characteristics- Dome is a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internallyFlorence Cathedral’s Dome, Brunelleschi
Characteristics- Façades are symmetrical around their vertical axis- Church façades are generally surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches and entablaturesCathedral of Pienza, Rossellino
Characteristics- Domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice- There is a regular repetition of openings on each floor, and the centrally placed door is marked by a feature such as a balcony, or rusticated surround Palazzo Rucellai, Alberti
Architectural Materials
- Italian Renaissance construction used materials like stone, marble, terracotta tile and stucco (a mortar mixture)- Watermills to saw timber and convert trees to planks
Filippo Brunelleschi- More interested in construction rather than the visual appearance of Roman buildings- one of the founding fathers of Renaissance- best known for his work on the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) in Florence
Science of Florence Cathedral's Dome - Building up the dome in a succession of horizontal courses as in the concrete dome of the Pantheon - Giving it a double shell so as to reduce the weight, a device borrowed from the baptistery of Pisa - Echoing Gothic rib construction by stretching the outer skin of the de over a frame of 24 ribs - Giving the dome a pointed profile because it exerts less side thrust
Foundling Hospital (1419) 1st in Europe to have its elegantly arcaded loggia
Pazzi Chapel
Church of Santo Spirito
Church of Santo Lorenzo
Leon Battista Alberti- provided the first theory of what we now call linear perspective in his book, Della Pittura- His book De Re Aedificatoria was the first architectural book published in moveable type (1485) and was instrumental in reviving the Classical style of architecture- architecture was not merely a means of constructing buildings; it was a way to create meaning
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
Church of Sant’Andrea Palazzo Rucellai, Florence
Baptistery of San Giovanni
Michelozzo di Bartolomeo- architect under
patronage of the Medici family- He was one of the first architects to work in the Renaissance style outside Italy, building a palace at Dubrovnik- has respected the Florentine liking for rusticated stone
Palazzo Medici Riccardi
Dubrovnik Palace
Donato Bramante- if a building's design is perfect, nothing could be either added to or subtracted from it without ruining the design- first great Renaissance architect in Rome, working on St. Peter's, the Vatican and the Tempietto in S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome
Santa Maria delle Grazie
Tempietto - San Pietro in Montorio
QUESTIONS
How did Brunelleschi come up with the science behind the Florence Cathedral’s dome?
Why did the Renaissance started in Florence, not in other parts of Italy?
What’s the difference between domestic buildings and churches in terms of their facade?
What’s the importance of the printing press during the Renaissance period?
What makes the Early Renaissance architecture different from Roman architecture?
Video• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Vufba_ZcoR0
Sourceshttp://regentsprep.org/regents/global/themes/goldenages/ren.htmhttp://libguides.lib.msu.edu/c.php?g=96083http://
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/renaissance
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/itar/hd_itar.htm
http://www.pitt.edu/~tokerism/0040/syl/src1030.html