Neuron Doctrine

Rudolf Albert von Kölliker (1817-1905)

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Waldeyer

(1837-1921)

Camilio Golgi (1843-1926)

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)

Neuron Doctrine

Rudolf Albert von Kölliker (1817-1905)

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Waldeyer

(1837-1921)

Camilio Golgi (1843-1926)

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)

History of NeuroanatomyHistory of Neuroanatomy

19th Century Neuroanatomy19th Century Neuroanatomy

Rudolf Albert

von Kölliker

(1817-1905)

nucleus of Kölliker

(lamina X of Rexed),

naming “axon”

Proponent of neuron doctrine

Rudolf Albert

von Kölliker

(1817-1905)

nucleus of Kölliker

(lamina X of Rexed),

naming “axon”

Proponent of neuron doctrine

19th Century Neuroanatomy19th Century Neuroanatomy

Heinrich Wilhelm

Gottfried

Waldeyer

(1837-1921)

Waldeyer cell of

spinal dorsal horn,

Proponent of neuron doctrine

Heinrich Wilhelm

Gottfried

Waldeyer

(1837-1921)

Waldeyer cell of

spinal dorsal horn,

Proponent of neuron doctrine

19th Century Neuroanatomy19th Century Neuroanatomy

Camilio Golgi

(1843-1926)

Golgi method

(Golgi’s metallic impregnation)

Golgi type I & II cell

Golgi apparatus

Golgi tendon organ

Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscle

Camilio Golgi

(1843-1926)

Golgi method

(Golgi’s metallic impregnation)

Golgi type I & II cell

Golgi apparatus

Golgi tendon organ

Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscle

19th Century Neuroanatomy19th Century Neuroanatomy

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)

Neuron doctrine

Cajal's gold-sublimate method for astrocyte

horizontal cell of Cajal (Retzius-Cajal cell) of cerebral cortex

interstitial nucleus of Cajal

Neuron doctrine

Cajal's gold-sublimate method for astrocyte

horizontal cell of Cajal (Retzius-Cajal cell) of cerebral cortex

interstitial nucleus of Cajal

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

Neuroanatomy of the 20th Century

Rapid Explosion of Neuroscience

Neuroanatomy of the 20th Century

Rapid Explosion of Neuroscience

1990s the "Decade of the Brain".31 Nobel Laureates in Physiology

and Medicine (16 year)

Renaissance of the

Neuroanatomical Techniques

1990s the "Decade of the Brain".31 Nobel Laureates in Physiology

and Medicine (16 year)

Renaissance of the

Neuroanatomical Techniques

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

Neural Tissue CultureElectron MicroscopySilver Impregnation for degenerating fibersAutoradiographic tracing of neural pathwaysHRP tracing of neural pathwaysSingle cell staining techniqueFluorecence HistochemistryImmunohistochemistryIn situ HybridizationNeuroimaging techniques (CT, MRI, PET )

Neural Tissue CultureElectron MicroscopySilver Impregnation for degenerating fibersAutoradiographic tracing of neural pathwaysHRP tracing of neural pathwaysSingle cell staining techniqueFluorecence HistochemistryImmunohistochemistryIn situ HybridizationNeuroimaging techniques (CT, MRI, PET )

Renaissance of the Neuroanatomical TechniquesRenaissance of the Neuroanatomical Techniques

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

Ross Granville Harrison (1870-1959)Ross Granville Harrison (1870-1959)

Neural Tissue Culture (1907)

Neural Tissue Culture (1907)

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

Electron Microscopy

1931 Ruska and colleagues built the firstelectron microscope

1939 Siemens - first commercial EM

1952 Palade, Porter, and Sjöstranddeveloped fixation and thin sectioning

Electron Microscopy

1931 Ruska and colleagues built the firstelectron microscope

1939 Siemens - first commercial EM

1952 Palade, Porter, and Sjöstranddeveloped fixation and thin sectioning

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

Sanford L. Palay(b. 1918)

Sanford L. Palay(b. 1918)

• first to visualize synapse by electron microscopy

• first to visualize synapse by electron microscopy

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

Tract Tracing Studies

Silver Impregnation for degenerating fibersGlees (1946)Nauta (1950)Nauta-Gygax (1954)Fink-Heimer (1967)

Autoradiographic tracing of Neural PathwaysGrafstein (1967)

HRP tracing of Neural PathwaysKristensson & Olsson (1971)LaVail & LaVail (1972)

Tract Tracing Studies

Silver Impregnation for degenerating fibersGlees (1946)Nauta (1950)Nauta-Gygax (1954)Fink-Heimer (1967)

Autoradiographic tracing of Neural PathwaysGrafstein (1967)

HRP tracing of Neural PathwaysKristensson & Olsson (1971)LaVail & LaVail (1972)

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

Single Cell Staining Technique

Procion Yellow - Stretton & Gravitz (1968)

Cobalt Chloride - Tweedle & Cohen (1972)

HRP - Jankovska, Radstad & Westman (1976);

Snow, Rose and Brown (1976)

Single Cell Staining Technique

Procion Yellow - Stretton & Gravitz (1968)

Cobalt Chloride - Tweedle & Cohen (1972)

HRP - Jankovska, Radstad & Westman (1976);

Snow, Rose and Brown (1976)

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

Fluorecence Histochemistry

Heimstädt (1911) constructed fluorescence microscope

Stübel (1911) first uses fluorescence microscope

Max Haitinger (1930s) popularized FM

Albert Coons (1941): beginning of immunofluoresence

Farck-Hillarp method (1962) for cellular localization ofmonoamines

Dahlström and Fuxe (1964) applied Falck-Hillarp method in CNS

Fluorecence Histochemistry

Heimstädt (1911) constructed fluorescence microscope

Stübel (1911) first uses fluorescence microscope

Max Haitinger (1930s) popularized FM

Albert Coons (1941): beginning of immunofluoresence

Farck-Hillarp method (1962) for cellular localization ofmonoamines

Dahlström and Fuxe (1964) applied Falck-Hillarp method in CNS

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

Immunohistochemistry

1941 Coons and colleagues developed indirect immunofluorescence method

1966 Graham & Karnovsky, developed enzyme(horseradish peroxidase) tagging method

1970 Sternberger developed peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique

1971 Hökfelt applied immunohistochemistry tovisualize neurotransmitters

Immunohistochemistry

1941 Coons and colleagues developed indirect immunofluorescence method

1966 Graham & Karnovsky, developed enzyme(horseradish peroxidase) tagging method

1970 Sternberger developed peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique

1971 Hökfelt applied immunohistochemistry tovisualize neurotransmitters

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

In situ Hybridization

1969 Pardue and Gall first develops

in situ hybridization technique

1983 Gee and colleagues applied in situ

hybridization technique in the CNS

1986 Young and colleagues popularized

quantitative in situ hybridization

in nervous tissue

In situ Hybridization

1969 Pardue and Gall first develops

in situ hybridization technique

1983 Gee and colleagues applied in situ

hybridization technique in the CNS

1986 Young and colleagues popularized

quantitative in situ hybridization

in nervous tissue

20th Century Neuroanatomy20th Century Neuroanatomy

Neuroimaging Techniques

CT (Computed Tomography)Hounsfield (1972)

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Phleps, Hoffman, and Ter Pogossian (1974)

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)Lautebur (1972)Mansfield and Grannell (1973)1979 first commercial MRI

Neuroimaging Techniques

CT (Computed Tomography)Hounsfield (1972)

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Phleps, Hoffman, and Ter Pogossian (1974)

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)Lautebur (1972)Mansfield and Grannell (1973)1979 first commercial MRI

ReferencesReferences

Clarke E, Dewhurst K: An Illustrated History of Brain Fuction. Imaging the Brain

from Antiquity to the Present. 2nd ed., San Francisco, Norman, 1996

Clarke E, O'Malley CD: The Human Brain and Spinal Cord. A Historical Study

Illustrated by Writings from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century.

Berkley, University of California, 1968

Corsi P (ed): The Enchanted Loom : Chapters in the History of Neuroscience.

New York, Oxford University, 1991

Finger S: Origins of Neuroscience. A History of Explorations into Brain Function .

New York, Oxford University, 1994

Marshall LH, Magoun W (eds): Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience

Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function. Totowa, Humana, 1998

McHenry LC: Garrison's History of Neurology. Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1969

Meyer A: Historical Aspects of Cerebral Anatomy. London, Oxford University, 1971

Samson F, Adelman G (eds): The Neurosciences. Paths of Discovery, II., Boston,

Birkhauser, 1992

Worden FG, Swazey JP, Adelman G (eds): The Neurosciences. Paths of Discovery,

I., Boston, Birkhauser, 1992

Clarke E, Dewhurst K: An Illustrated History of Brain Fuction. Imaging the Brain

from Antiquity to the Present. 2nd ed., San Francisco, Norman, 1996

Clarke E, O'Malley CD: The Human Brain and Spinal Cord. A Historical Study

Illustrated by Writings from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century.

Berkley, University of California, 1968

Corsi P (ed): The Enchanted Loom : Chapters in the History of Neuroscience.

New York, Oxford University, 1991

Finger S: Origins of Neuroscience. A History of Explorations into Brain Function .

New York, Oxford University, 1994

Marshall LH, Magoun W (eds): Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience

Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function. Totowa, Humana, 1998

McHenry LC: Garrison's History of Neurology. Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1969

Meyer A: Historical Aspects of Cerebral Anatomy. London, Oxford University, 1971

Samson F, Adelman G (eds): The Neurosciences. Paths of Discovery, II., Boston,

Birkhauser, 1992

Worden FG, Swazey JP, Adelman G (eds): The Neurosciences. Paths of Discovery,

I., Boston, Birkhauser, 1992