Historical Perspectives of EMG
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Transcript of Historical Perspectives of EMG
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Historical Perspective of EMG
Tiffany Zachry
KIN 747Biomechanics SeminarSpring 2004
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Or
Why Frogs Hate Scientists
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Jan Swammerdam (1637-1680) Dutch anatomist and biologist
Only one known portrait of himandits a fake.
Copied from Rembrandts TheAnatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
Picture Source: http://www.janswammerdam.net/
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Swammerdam (contd)
Discovered that stroking
the innervating nerve of
the frogs m.
gastrocnemius generated a
contraction (1).
Also strong evidence that
he conducted the first
electrical stimulationexperiments, 134 years
before Luigi Galvani (2).
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Francesco Redi (1626-1698)
First to recognize connectionbetween muscles andgeneration of electricity (1).
1666documented thatelectric ray fish used ahighly-specialized muscle(3).
Most famous for establishingthat maggots do notspontaneously generate fromrotting meat.
Picture Source: http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/r/redi/
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Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)
Developed a device which
produced electricity, which
could be used to stimulate
muscles. (3)
Invented the first electric
battery.
The modern term voltcomes from his name.Source: www.dictionary.com
Picture Source: http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physlist.html
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Luigi Galvani
Credited as the father ofneurophysiology for hissimilar work with frogs
legs1791 Showed that electrical
stimulation of musculartissue producescontraction and force. (1)
Because of limitedinstrumentation, his workwas not fully accepteduntil almost 40 years later.
Picture Source:
http://info.uibk.ac.at/c/c7/c704/m
useum/en/physicists/galvani.html
Picture Source: http://butler.cc.tut.fi/~malmivuo/bem/bembook/01/01.htm
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WARNING!
The following picture is graphic in
nature and may not be suitable for allaudiences. Children, pregnant women,
the elderly, and those with weak
sphincters are strongly cautioned.
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Modern Galvanized Frog
Picture Source: http://www.soilmedia.org/artistprojects/hertz/
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Carlo Matteucci
First practicalgalvanometer developedin early 1800s (3)
GalvanometerAninstrument used to detect,measure, and determinethe direction of smallelectric currents by meansof mechanical effects
produced by a current-carrying coil in a magneticfield.(Souce:http:/dictionary.reference.com/search?q=galvanometer)
In 1838, Matteucci used
one to show that
bioelectricity is
connected with
muscular contraction (1)
1842demonstrated the
existence of the action
potential accompanying
a frogs muscle
Picture Source: http://perso.club-
internet.fr/dspt/spirales.htm
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Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896)
1848first to detect electrical
activity in voluntary muscle
contractions of man (3)
Had subjects place fingers in saline
solution
Removed skin to reduce transfer
resistance (1)
Detected signal through electrodes
connected to galvanometer when
subjects contracted muscles
TAKE
THAT!!!
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Guillaume Duchenne (1806-1875)
1850applied electricstimulation to intact skeletalmuscles (4).
Interested in medicalelectricity for therapeutic
purposes. (5)
Systematically mapped outfunctions of nearly everyfacial muscle (3)
Worked often with the oldman who had little feeling inhis face. (6)
Picture Source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/duchenne.html
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WARNING!
The following picture is graphic in
nature and may not be suitable for allaudiences. Children, pregnant women,
the elderly, and those with weak
sphincters are strongly cautioned.
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Picture Source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/duchenne.html
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Picture Source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/duchenne.html
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Picture Source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/duchenne.html
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Picture Source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/duchenne.html
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Picture Source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/duchenne.html
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Duchenne also discovered
some rather surprisinginformation.
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The muscles around the eyes areonly active during a genuine smile.
An insincere smile involves only the
muscles of the mouth. (6)
So, everyone can tell when youre
faking it.
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Other Notables
Knowledge of EMG developed as fast as
technology could keep up.
The term electromyography comes from EtienneMarey, who modified Lippmans capillary
electrometer (1876) as one of his many
contributions to kinesiology. (1)
It was used, much like his sphygmograph, to
provide a graphic representation of a beating heart.
(1)
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Other Notables
Forbes et al. wereprobably the first touse floating electrodeson a moving body.
They used them torecord EMG signals inelephants. (1)
Forbes also used aCRT to amplify action
potentials. (1)
Willem Einthoven
made a string
galvanometer in 1903and won the Nobel
Prize for it. (1)
It uses a thin
conductor wire placedbetween two magnets.
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Picture Source: http://www.njit.edu/old/bme/Classes/Mr.Bergen/BME687/BME687%20-%20Electrodes.pdf
Modern Floating Electrode
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Other Notables
Adrian and Bronkdeveloped the concentricneedle electrode in 1929.
(1) Used it primarily for
researching motor controland muscle schemes. (1)
Enabled detection inindividual and smallgroups of muscle fibers.(4)
Hypodermic needle
with insulated wire in
its barrel (4).
Picture Source: http://www.nihonkohden.com/products/supplies/emg-electrodes.html
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Herbert Jasper (1906-1999)
Constructed the first electromyographfrom 1942-44 at McGill University
(Montreal Neurological Institute) (1).
Also created a unipolar needle electrode.
(4)
Used his instruments to perform
groundbreaking work with epilepsy and
neurology and is a member of theCanadian Medical Hall of Fame
(http://www.cdnmedhall.org)
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John Basmajian
1962Basmajian compiles all of the knowninformation about EMG. (4)
Also created fine-wire electrodes (7) thatwere more comfortable than needles andcould be used longer. (8)
The book Muscles Alive becomes aninvaluable tool in the field and is updatedthrough five editions, the last Carlo De Luca.
Founded International Society ofElectrophysiological Kinesiology, ISEK, in1965. (9)
ISEK worked to create standards for EMGusage and reporting.
Picture Source:
http://www.vulvodynia.com/about.htm
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Carlo J. De Luca
Probably the most influential
person in recent EMG history.
Wrote the oft-cited paper TheUse of Surface
Electromyography in
Biomechanics. (10)
Cautioned against failing to
understand EMGs limitations.
(10)
Picture Source: http://nmrc.bu.edu/fac_staff/director/
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Electromyography is a seductive
muse because it provides easy
access to physiological processes
that cause the muscle to generate
force, produce movement, and
accomplish the countless
functions that allow us to interact
with the world around usTo its
detr iment, electromyography istoo easy to use and consequently
too easy to abuse. (10)
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Our EMG System In the Biomechanics Lab we are currently using a
MyoSystem 2000 by Noraxon.
Our internationally known patent-protectedtechnology incorporates a signal processingtechnique that overcomes interference known asartifact in a signal. The result is a scientificallyreliable surface assessment of dynamic muscleactivity. This patent-protected signal processingtechnology is contained in all of our surfaceelectromyography (SEMG) instrumentation and isrecognized as the standard of excellenceworldwide. (Source: www.noraxon.com)
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MyoSystem 2000
Older version of the new 1400A.
Tethered system using bipolar electrodes.
New version offers USB 2.0 compatibility, thinnerlightweight cables, and selectable bandwidths forsurface or fine-wire electrode use.
Source: www.noraxon.com
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Blue Sensor Electrodes Highly conductive wet
gel
Superior adhesion
Comfortable foambacking
Unique offset concept
High quality Ag/AgCl
sensor
Oblong shape for easy
placement (juvenile)
Juvenile
Adult
Source: www.ambuUSA.com
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Other Manufacturers of EMG
NeuroDyne Medical Corporation
The Prometheus Group
Electronic Engineering Corporation Motion Lab Systems, Inc.makes equipment and
software, including a package that is compatible
with Vicon Clinical Manager and enables Vicon to
display raw EMG data. (http://www.emgsrus.com)
There are numerous other manufacturers as well.
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Current Studies Using EMG
The effect of internal versus external focus ofattention on EMG activity during basketball free-throws
Effects of focus of attention on take-off andlanding strategies
Both studies are using EMG to help assess the
effects of attention focus on muscle activity. Also, David Grohs thesis will compare EMGactivity in throwing versus Thera-Band use.
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Questions?
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References1. Medved, V. (2001). Measurement of human locomotion. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
2. Clarys, J. P. (1994). Electrology and localized electrization revisited. Journal of Electromyography and
Kinesiology, 4, 5-14.
3. Cram, J. R., and Durie, M. D. (In press). The history of muscle dysfunction and SEMG. Journal of
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. Retrieved February 28, 2004 from www.semg.org.
4. Basmajian, J. V. (1978). Muscles alive: Their functions revealed by electromyography. 4thed
Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
5. Licht, S. (1971). History of electrodiagnosis. In S. Licht (ed.),Electrodiagnosis and electromyography.
New Haven, CT: Elizabeth Licht, Publisher.
6. Katz, E. Retrieved March 9, 2004 from http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/duchenne.html.
7. Basmajian, J. V., and Stecko, G. (1962). A new bipolar electrode for electromyography:Journal of
Applied Physiology. 17,849.
8. Whittle, M. W. (1999). Gait analysis: An introduction. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
9. The history of ISEK. Retrieved March 9, 2004 from http://isek.bu.edu.
10. De Luca, C. J. (1997). The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. Journal of Applied
Biomechanics, 13,135-163.
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Other ResourcesAminoff, M. J. (1978). Electromyography in clinical practice. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Dainty, D. A., and Norman, R. W. (eds.) (1987). Standardizing biomechanical testing in sport. Champaign, IL: Human
Kinetics Publishers.
Enoka, R. M. (1988). Neuromechanical basis of kinesiology.(2nded.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Kleissen, R. F. M., Buurke, J. H., Harlaar, J., and Zilvold, G. (1998). Electromyography in the biomechanical analysis of
human movement and its clinical application. Gait and Posture, 8, 143-158.
Latash, M. L. (1993). Control of human movement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Latash, M. L., and Zatsiorsky, V. M. (eds.) (2001). Classics in movement science. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Loeb, G. E., and Gans, C. (1986). Electromyography for Experimentalists. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.