Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.
-
Upload
marvin-ward -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.
![Page 1: Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Historical origins of Ethics
aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers
![Page 2: Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Plato
Socrates was his teacher Taught Aristotle “knowledge is virtue” Three parts of the soul:
reason spirit appetite When all three parts of the soul
operate under the rule of reason, the result is harmony .
![Page 3: Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Plato - continued
Appetite – animal part containingprimitive lusts & irrational
desires These are manifested in our dreams
as“those which are aroused in
sleep” These must be contained if peace is
going to be achieved
![Page 4: Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Plato - continued
Constant struggle between reason & lust for the allegiance of the spirit –
Spirit is the source of all action Reason must be the controlling factor
between appetite & spirit
![Page 5: Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Aristotle
Teacher of Alexander the Great Happiness can be achieved by
applying the “golden mean” – Which is…
To achieve happiness we must: Always strive for harmonious
balance between two extremes Happiness is not static, but is an
activity, a way of living that must be worked on
![Page 6: Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Doctrine of the Mean
Deficiency mean extreme/excess
fear courage foolhardiness dishonor proper pride arrogance excessive abstinence temperance self-indulgence
![Page 7: Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Aristotle (continued)
In other words, we must work at being happy.
Without experimentation & trial and error, through reason alone, one can not determine what is best
![Page 8: Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Immanuel Kant
Moral law requires rewards in direct proportion to one’s virtue
Not necessarily on earth, but rather in heaven
“Essence of Morality” – morality is gauged by intention, not consequence
![Page 9: Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Kant - continued
An act is moral if separate from its consequences (aka deontological approach to ethics)
“Categorical Imperative” – All should act in a righteous manner as if each action was to become a universal law
![Page 10: Historical origins of Ethics aka – Noteworthy moral philosophers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
John Stuart Mill & Utilitarianism
An action is good if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number
Stresses the effects of actions rather than their motives (opposite of Kant)
Majority rules Results-oriented approach to ethics
(aka teleological approach to ethics)