University of Toronto

Department of History

2011-2012

HIS 343Y

"THE HISTORY OF MODERN ESPIONAGE"

Instructor Brandon King Sidney Smith Hall 3059 (SS 3059)

e-mail: brandon.king@utoronto.ca

Lectures: MONDAY 12-2, George Ignatieff Theatre

Office Hours: MONDAY 2:30-3:30

* If you are unable to see me during office hours, please contact me by e-mail.

Teaching Assistants (Marking Only): To be announced in class

INSTRUCTOR’S BIO

Brandon King is a Senior PhD Candidate in the Department of History. He received his Honors BA with

Distinction in History from the University of Western Ontario and his MA in History from the University

of Toronto.

His area of expertise is US foreign policy in the Middle East. His dissertation examines the American

relationship with Iraq in the Eisenhower administration. In addition to the field of American History,

Instructor King also passed his comprehensive exams with a mark of Distinction in the fields of Modern

Middle East History and Terrorism and Security Studies. He routinely works as a Research Assistant on

international security and intelligence topics.

Instructor King has presented papers on US-Middle East relations at conferences in the United States and

Britain. He has also been the recipient of research awards and scholarships from the Social Sciences and

Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS), the British

Academy, and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

HIS 343 is designed for students with a background and interest in the history of modern international

relations. The course will explore the history of espionage, from its modern foundations in the years

immediately preceding the First World War to the post 9/11 era. We will also take stock of emerging trends

in the conduct of intelligence.

The purpose of the course is to familiarize students with the historical evolution of espionage and to assess

the nature of the contribution of intelligence services to the functioning of the international system in peace

and war. Our focus will be on an examination of the intelligence systems of the major powers that shaped

the historical development of espionage, particularly Britain, the United States and the Soviet

Union/Russia. The first half of the course explores the history of intelligence and its impact down to the

end of the Second World War. The second half of the course is devoted to aspects of Cold War intelligence,

the popular culture of espionage, and more recent intelligence developments and controversies.

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COURSE TEXTS (REQUIRED)

Students are required to purchase the following:

HIS 343Y Course Reader—available from the University of Toronto Bookstore

Christopher Andrew, Richard Aldrich and Wesley Wark, eds. Secret Intelligence: A Reader (London:

Routledge, 2009) - paperback edition available from the University of Toronto Bookstore

HELPFUL BOOKS TO CONSULT

Jeffrey Richelson, A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (Oxford University Press).

This book is on reserve at the Graham Library at Trinity College and Robarts Library. You might find

Richelson‘s book useful if you are interested in reading more about a specific case study, or if you want to

brainstorm ideas for essay topics.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS, DUE DATES, GRADING SCHEME

The course has a significant writing component. It will be important to schedule your research and writing

time wisely. Students will be required to write the following:

ESSAY PROPOSAL for Essay #1.

Due in class on Monday, October 17, 2011.

Value = 10%

ESSAY #1.

Due in class on Monday, December 5, 2011.

Value = 25%

ESSAY #2

Due in class on Monday, March 5, 2012.

Value = 25%

IN THE NEWS Assignment.

Due in class on Monday, April 2, 2012.

Value = 10%

FINAL EXAM

Schedule TBA

Value = 30%

IMPORTANT ASSIGNMENT NOTES

ESSAY PROPOSAL: The first assignment involves choosing a topic for Essay #1, and exploring the

literature for your essay. Students will write a TWO-page summary describing the topic choice, explaining

its historical significance, and proposing a few research questions / themes you plan to explore in your

essay. In addition you must submit a ONE page preliminary bibliography listing a minimum of SIX

sources (books, chapters, articles) you have consulted which you deem relevant to your topic. You are not

required at this stage to have formulated a thesis or argument for your essay, but your proposal should

reflect some degree of preparatory reading on your topic and show evidence of thoughtful consideration of

how you intend to approach your essay topic. The Essay Proposal will be evaluated on the basis of both

your analysis and the quality of the sources you have selected. The sources you include in your

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bibliography cannot be drawn solely from material listed in the course syllabus – you must do some

independent research as well. The expectation is that your actual essay will go beyond these six preliminary

sources, of course, and consult additional relevant materials for your topic as well.

THE ESSAYS: The essays are to be no more than 2500 words, or roughly 10 double-spaced pages of text.

Endnotes and bibliography do not count towards this total. Essays that exceed this length will be returned

for re-writing.

ESSAY #1 must be written on a relevant topic from the time period covered in the Fall term of the course,

e.g. the historical period from the late nineteenth century to the end of World War Two.

ESSAY #2 must be written on a relevant topic from the time period covered in the Spring term of the

course, e.g. the historical period from late 1945 to the present.

** It is the student‘s responsibility to choose a relevant essay topic covering an issue that falls within the

scope of the course. Below are lists of possible essay subject areas that you can explore. You are NOT

required to choose one of these topic areas – the following lists are merely intended to give you an idea of

possible areas that you can explore. You are welcome to develop your own essay topic, but I would

encourage you to speak with me before proceeding with research on your topic if you are choosing this

option since many subjects in the history of espionage lack adequate secondary source materials.

Essay #1 Possibilities (Broad Categories – you will likely need to narrow your focus for each one):

•Intelligence in the Great Game

•The Origins of Modern Intelligence in the UK

•The Origins of Spy Fiction

•Canadian Intelligence in the pre-Cold War period

•The Lockhart Plot

•The Zimmermann Telegram

•IMINT in WWI

•Mata Hari and Female Spies c. WWI

•UK Intelligence in the 1930s on Nazi Germany

•Ultra and the Battle of the Atlantic

•Ultra and D-Day

•Intelligence and the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb

•The SOE in WWII

•The OSS in WWII

•Operation Mincemeat

•Pearl Harbor

•Midway

•Operation Barbarossa

•Allied Intelligence and the Holocaust

Essay #2 Possibilities (Broad Categories – you will likely need to narrow your focus for each one):

•The Gouzenko Affair

•Atomic Spies – The Cambridge Five

•The CIA in Iran in 1953

•The CIA in Guatemala in 1954

•The Bay of Pigs

•The Cuban Missile Crisis

•The CIA in Chile in 1960s – 1970s

•Intelligence and the Vietnam War

•John Le Carre, Ian Fleming, and Cold War Spy Novels

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•Canadian Cold War Intelligence

•1973 Yom Kippur War Israeli Intelligence Failure

•Intelligence and the 1979 Iranian Revolution

•The East German Stasi

•Intelligence and the United Nations

•The CIA, ISI, and Afghanistan pre- 9/11

•9/11

•Iraq WMD

•Intelligence Reform after 9/11

ESSAY CRITERIA:

The criteria to be kept in mind when developing your essay include the following:

* Good knowledge of the literature on the subject, as displayed in your text and bibliography. Extensive

reading is the first key to a good essay. Many of the topics listed above are quite popular, so there will be a

scramble for research materials for some topics. It is your responsibility to begin your research at any early

stage so you can access the best quality sources on your topic. Starting your research late and not being

able to find good sources on your topic is not a valid excuse for requesting an extension. You are welcome

to consult and utilize materials listed in the course syllabus (excluding Richelson‘s book) for the research

for your essay, but your essay cannot rely solely on books / articles listed in the course syllabus – you must

do a substantive amount of independent research as well.

A carefully defined topic, on a relevant subject. The subject should be a specific, historical case that you

can examine in detail, rather than a broad and superficial survey.

* Coherent essay structure, with a clearly defined introduction, main body, and conclusion

* Well-developed argument, showing good analytical skills

* Careful attention to grammar and clear prose style

* Proper citations and acknowledgement of sources used

A good effort to highlight the significance of the topic chosen, including a strong conclusion

* An ability to isolate and discuss the key features of the case as they relate to intelligence, with particular

attention to some of the key issues and themes covered in the course.

IN THE NEWS ASSIGNMENT: For this assignment, students will analyze a current intelligence topic or

controversy (―in the news‖). Students will be asked to identify a current intelligence issue that features in

the mainstream media, discuss its significance, and offer a critical analysis of its meaning. Your analysis

should consider how this current intelligence issue fits in with the major themes and ideas discussed in the

course and the larger history of intelligence and espionage. This assessment should be no more than

THREE typed pages (approx. 750 words) in length. A citation should be provided for the original media

story but no further citations are required.

FINAL EXAM. The exam will be held during the scheduled exam period following the end of classes. It

will cover all the topics discussed in the course, both Fall and Spring terms.

SUBMISSION OF WORK:

Assignments must be submitted to Instructor King in class on the due date in hard copy. If this is a

problem, please speak to me. If you are handing in your assignment late, please leave a hard copy of your

work for me at the History Department at Sidney Smith Hall. Do not submit assignments to the TAs.

Please keep copies of your work. Electronic submission of assignments is acceptable only if I have

given you prior approval for doing so.

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LATE WORK:

Late work will incur a penalty of 2% PER DAY INCLUDING WEEKENDS. Extensions may be

granted on medical grounds or in the event of personal / family emergency. Students requesting an

extension must speak with me BEFORE the deadline and submit appropriate documentation. Too much

work (school or otherwise) is NOT an adequate excuse for requesting an extension.

All students should familiarize themselves with the guidelines for History essays contained in the History

department essay handbook (obtained from the History office, 2nd Floor, Sidney Smith building). It also

can be accessed online at http://www.history.utoronto.ca/undergraduate/essays.html

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence and will be treated accordingly. It is the students’

responsibility to familiarize themselves with University of Toronto policies regarding academic

dishonesty. The University’s Code of Behavior on Academic Matters can be found here:

http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/policies/behaveac.htm

COURSE WEBSITE:

I will get a Blackboard website for HIS 343 operational shortly after the term begins. I will post an

electronic version of the syllabus and links to interesting documentaries on various espionage subjects. A

few of the required readings for the course (i.e. those held on reserve at the Graham and Robarts libraries)

will be posted online. I will also create a message board so students can arrange to exchange lecture notes

in the event of missing a class. My lecture notes will not be posted online.

COURSE SCHEDULE and READINGS:

FALL TERM

WEEK 1: Sept. 12: Course Introduction

WEEK 2: Sept. 19: Understanding Intelligence Principles

Required Reading:

Philip Davies, ―Ideas of Intelligence: Divergent National Concepts and Institutions,‖ in Christopher

Andrew et al., eds., Secret Intelligence: A Reader (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 12-18 [Course text]

Malcolm Gladwell, ―Connecting the Dots: the Paradoxes of Intelligence Reform,‖ The New Yorker, March

10, 2003, pp. 83-88 [Course Reader]

Michael Warner, ―Wanted: A Definition of Intelligence,‖ in Christopher Andrew et al, eds., Secret

Intelligence: A Reader (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 3-11 [Course text]

WEEK 3: Sept. 26: Pre-Modern Intelligence: The Great Game

Required Reading:

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Michael Herman, Intelligence Power in Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996),

pp. 9-22 [Course Reader]

Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac, Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for

Empire in Central Asia (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1999), chapter 8, ―Her Majesty‘s Indian Secret

Service,‖ pp. 202-222. [On Reserve at the Graham Library at Trinity College and at Robarts Library]

Suggested Reading:

John Ferris, ―Lord Salisbury, Secret Intelligence and British Policy Towards Russia and Central Asia,

1874-1878,‖ in Go Spy the land: Military Intelligence in History, eds. Keith Neilson and B.J.C. McKercher

(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1992), pp. 115-152

Rudyard Kipling, Kim (first published, 1901)

Richard Popplewell, Intelligence and Imperial Defence (London: Frank Cass, 1995), chapter 1, ―British

Intelligence in Nineteenth Century India‖

WEEK 4: October 3: The Birth of the British Spy System

Required Reading:

Christopher Andrew, "Spies and Spy Scares," Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence

Community (London: Heinemann, 1985) [Course Reader]

Suggested Reading:

Nicholas Hiley, "The Failure of British Espionage Against Germany, 1907-1914," Historical Journal, vol.

XXVI (1983), 867-89.

Alan Judd, The Quest for C: Mansfield Cumming and the Founding of the Secret Service (London, 1999).

William Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, reprint edition with an introduction by Nicholas Hiley (London:

Frank Cass, 1996)

Bernard Porter, "A Holy Alliance Against this Midnight Terror," Plots and Paranoia: A History of Political

Espionage in Britain 1790-1988 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989)

WEEK 5 Oct. 10: ** Thanksgiving Holiday – NO CLASS **

WEEK 6: Oct. 17: World War One: The Revolution Begins

** ESSAY PROPOSAL DUE **

Required Reading:

Patrick Beesly, Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914-1918 (New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich,

1982), chapter 10 on Jutland - [On Reserve at the Graham Library at Trinity College and at Robarts

Library]

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Simon Singh, The Code Book, chapter 3, ―The Mechanization of Secrecy,‖ pp. 101-115. [Course Reader]

Suggested Reading:

David Kahn, The Codebreakers (New York: Macmillan, 1967), chapters 9-11.

Ernest R. May, ed. Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars

(Princeton University Press, 1984), chapter 1, ―Cabinet, Tsar, Kaiser: Three Approaches to Assessment,‖

pp. 11-36

Barbara W Tuchman, The Zimmermann Telegram (N.Y.: Ballantine Books, 1985)

WEEK 7: Oct 24: The Origins of Soviet Intelligence

Required Reading:

Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story (New York: Harper Collins, 1990),

chapter 2, ―The Cheka, Counterrevolution and the ‗Lockhart Conspiracy‘‖ pp. 38-64 [Course Reader]

Jeffrey T. Richelson, A Century of Spies, Chapter 4, ―Lenin‘s Spies‖ [On Reserve at the Graham Library at

Trinity College and at Robarts Library]

Suggested Reading:

Gordon Brook-Shepherd, Ironmaze: The Western Secret Services and the Bolsheviks (London: Macmillan,

1998), especially chapter 6, ―The Plot: What Really Happened‖

Richard Debo, "Lockhart Plot or Dzerzhinski Plot," Journal of Modern History, 43, no. 3 (1971), 413-39

WEEK 8: Oct 31: Intelligence, the Interwar Period, and the Fascist

Threat

Required Reading:

Wesley K. Wark, The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany 1933-1939 (Ithaca, N.Y.:

Cornell University Press, 1985), ―Conclusion: The Four Phases of Intelligence,‖ pp. 225-240. [Course

Reader]

Donald Cameron Watt, ―An Intelligence Surprise: The Failure of the Foreign Office to Anticipate the Nazi‐Soviet Pact,‖ Intelligence and National Security 4, no. 3 (1989), p. 512-534 - [Available online through U

of T library catalogue under ―E-Journals‖]

Suggested Reading:

Ernest R. May, ed. Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars

(Princeton University Press, 1984).

Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millet, Calculations: Net Assessment and the Coming of World War Two

(New York: Free Press, 1992)

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Wesley K. Wark, "British Military and Economic Intelligence Assessments of Nazi Germany before the

Second World War," The Missing Dimension: Governments and Intelligence Communities in the

Twentieth Century, eds. Christopher Andrew and David Dilks (London: Macmillan, 1984)

Donald Cameron Watt, ―British Intelligence and the Coming of the Second World War in Europe,‖ in

Ernest R. May, ed. Knowing One‘s Enemies: Intelligence Assessment Before the Two World Wars

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 237-70.

WEEK 9 Nov. 7: ** Fall Break - NO CLASS **

WEEK 10: Nov. 14: Operation Barbarossa and Soviet Intelligence in

WWII

Required Reading:

Colonel John Hughes-Wilson, Military Intelligence Blunders (London: Robinson, 1999), chapter 3

―Comrade Stalin Knows Best--Barbarossa, 1941,‖ pp. 38-59 [Course Reader]

Suggested Reading:

James Barros and Richard Gregor, "To the Bitter End," Double Deception: Stalin, Hitler and the Invasion

of Russia (DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995), pp. 221-227

John Erickson, "Threat Identification and Strategic Appraisal by the Soviet Union, 1930-1941," in

Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars, ed. Ernest R. May

(Princeton University Press, 1984)

Barton Whaley, Codeword Barbarossa (Cambridge, MA., 1973), chapter 8, "Soviet Views."

Earl F. Ziemke, ―Soviet Net Assessment in the 1930s,‖ in Williamson Murray and Alan R. Millett, eds.

Calculations: Net Assessment and the Coming of World War II (New York: Free Press, 1992)

WEEK 11: Nov. 21: Pearl Harbor and Midway

Required Reading:

David Kahn, "The Intelligence Failure of Pearl Harbor," Foreign Affairs, 70, no. 5 (Winter 91/92), pp. 136-

52 [Course Reader]

John Keegan, Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al Qaeda, ch. 6, pp. 211-

252 [Course Reader]

Suggested Reading:

Christopher Andrew, For the President‘s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from

Washington to Bush (N.Y.: Harper Collins, 1995), chapter 3: ―Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Path to Pearl

Harbor‖

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Stephen Budiansky, Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II (New York: The

Free Press, 2000), pp. 1-24

Frederick Parker, ―A Priceless Advantage: US Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral

Sea, Midway and the Aleutians,‖ online at www.centurytel.net/midway/priceless

Gordon Prange, At Dawn we Slept (N.Y.: Penguin, 1982)

Henry Schorreck, ―Battle of Midway: 4-7 June 1942: the Role of COMINT in the Battle of Midway,‖

online at www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq81-3.html

WEEK 12: Nov. 28: ULTRA, D-Day and Deception

Required Reading:

F. H. Hinsley, "Introduction: The Influence of Ultra in the Second World War," Code-Breakers: The Inside

Story of Bletchley Park, eds. F.H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 1-

13 [Course Reader]

Michael Smith, ―Bletchley Park, Double Cross and D-Day,‖ in Action This Day, eds. Michael Smith and

Ralph Erskine (London: Bantam Press, 2001), pp. 278-300 [Course Reader]

Suggested Reading:

Ralph Bennett, Ultra in the West

Ralph Bennett, ―Fortitude, Ultra and the Need to Know,‖ in Intelligence Investigations: How Ultra

Changed History (London: Frank Cass, 1996)

F.H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, 5 vols. (London, 1979-1987); see also the

abridged, single volume of this official history.

David Kahn, Hitler‘s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War Two (N.Y.: Macmillan, 1978),

chapter 26, ―The Ultimate Failure.‖

WEEK 13: December 5: Intelligence and Hiroshima: The End of the War

Against Japan

** ESSAY #1 DUE **

Required Reading:

Douglas J. MacEachin, The Final Months of the War with Japan: Signals Intelligence, US Invasion

Planning and the A-Bomb Decision (CIA: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Dec. 1998), pp. 1-38

[Course reader]

Suggested Reading:

Edward J. Drea, MacArthur's Ultra: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942-1945 (University Press

of Kansas, 1992)

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Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (New York: Random House, 1999),

especially chapters 13-15

Ronald Lewin, The American Magic (Penguin paperback ed., 1983), chapter 13, ―The Mastiffs and the

Spaniel.‖

COURSE SCHEDULE AND READINGS:

SPRING TERM

WEEK 1: Jan. 9: The Cold War Origins of the CIA

Required Reading:

Michael Warner, ed. Central Intelligence: Origin and Evolution (Washington, D.C.: CIA, 2001), pp. 1-18

and 27-31 [Course Reader]

NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, April 14, 1950, excerpt ―Soviet

Intentions and Capabilities,‖ in American Cold War Strategy: Interpreting NSC 68, ed. Ernest R. May

(Boston: Bedford Books/St. Martin‘s Press, 1993), pp. 33-40 [Course Reader}

Suggested Reading:

Christopher Andrew, For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from

Washington to Bush (New York: Harper Collins, 1995), chapter 4, "Roosevelt at War" and chapter 5,

―Harry S. Truman.‖

G.J.A. O'Toole, "From OSS to Central Intelligence," in Honorable Treachery: The History of US

Intelligence, Espionage and Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA (New York: Atlantic

Monthly Press, 1991)

David F. Rudgers, Creating the Secret State: The Origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943-1947

(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000)

John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA (N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, 1986), chapters

3-6

WEEK 2: Jan. 16: The Cold War KGB (and its Clones) under Stalin

Required Reading:

Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story, "The Cold War: The Stalinist Phase,"

(New York: Harper Collins, 1990) [Course Reader]

Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., "Preface," Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American

Response, 1939-1957 (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency/Central Intelligence Agency, 1996),

pp. vii-xxxiii [Course Reader]

Suggested Reading:

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John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale

University Press, 1999)

Amy Knight. The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union

Norman Naimark, ―‘To Know Everything and to Report Everything Worth Knowing‘: Building the East

German Police State, 1945-1949,‖ Cold War International History Project, Working Paper #10, Woodrow

Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1992, available online

at:www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACFB6.pdf

Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America-The Stalin

Era (New York: Random House, 1999).

WEEK 3: Jan 23: The “Golden Age” of Covert

Operations

Required Reading:

Gregory F. Treverton, Covert Action: The CIA and American Intervention in the Postwar World (New

York: Basic Books, 198), chapter 2, ―Setting the Mold: Early Successes,‖ pp. 44-83 [Course Reader]

Suggested Reading:

Charles Ameringer, US Foreign Intelligence (Toronto: Lexington Books/D.C. Heath, 1990), ―Cuba,‖ pp.

271-296

Nick Cullather, Secret History: The CIA‘s Classified Account of its Operations in Guatemala 1952-1954

(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999)

Stephen Dorrill, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty‘s Secret Intelligence Service (New York:

The Free Press, 2000), chapter 28, ―Iran: Unequal Dreams‖

Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston: Hughton Mifflin, 1994)

Trumbull Higgins, The Perfect Failure: Kennedy, Eisenhower and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs (New York:

Norton, 1987)

WEEK 4: Jan 30: The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

Required Reading:

Special National Intelligence Estimate, ―The Military Buildup in Cuba,‖ 19 September 1962, reproduced in

CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, ed. Mary S. McAuliffe (Washington, D.C. 1992), pp. 91-96

[Course reader]

David Welch, ―Intelligence Assessment in the Cuban Missile Crisis,‖ Queen‘s Quarterly, 100, no. 2

(Summer 1993), 421-37 [Course Reader]

Suggested Reading:

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James G Blight. and David Welch, eds. Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis (London: Frank Cass,.

1998); also published as a special issue of the journal Intelligence and National Security, 13, no. 3 (Autumn

1998)

Dino Brugioni. Eyeball to Eyeball: The Inside Story of the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Random

House, 1991)

David T. Lindgren, Trust But Verify: Imagery Analysis in the Cold War (Annapolis, M.D.: Naval Institute

Press, 2000), chapter 3, ―The Caribbean Crisis‖

Philip Nash, The Other Missiles of October (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1997),

chapter 5.

WEEK 5: Feb. 6: Intelligence and the 1973 Yom Kippur War

Required Reading:

Abraham Ben-Zvi, "Between Warning and Response: The Case of the Yom Kippur War." International

Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence Volume 4, no. 2 (Summer 1990): 227-242 – [Available

online through U of T library catalogue under ―E-Journals‖]

Ephraim Kahana, "Early Warning versus Concept: The Case of the Yom Kippur War 1973." Intelligence

and National Security Volume 17, no. 2 (Summer 2002): 81-104 – [Available online through U of T library

catalogue under ―E-Journals‖]

Suggested Reading:

Uri Bar-Joseph, The Watchman Fell Asleep: The Surprise of Yom Kippur and Its Sources (New York,

2005)

Howard Blum, Eve of Destruction: The Untold Story of the Yom Kippur War (New York, 2004)

Aryeh Shalev, Israel‘s Intelligence Assessment Before the Yom Kippur War: Disentangling Deception and

Distraction (Toronto, 2010)

WEEK 6: Feb. 13: Iran, Intelligence and the Fall of the Shah

Required Reading:

Robert Jervis, Why Intelligence Fails (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2010), ch. 2 ―Failing to See

that the Shah was in Danger‖ (pp. 15-108) [Course Reader]

Robert Wright, Our Man in Teheran: Ken Taylor, The CIA and the Iran Hostage Crisis (Toronto: Harper

Collins, 2010), ch. 14 ―A Nest of Spies,‖ pp. 222-240 [Course Reader]

Suggested Reading:

H-DIPLO roundtable, available online at www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XI-32.pdf

Charles Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran (Harvard University Press, 2004)

13

Gregory Treverton, ―Iran 1978-79: Coping with the Unthinkable,‖ in Ernest May and Philip Zelikov, eds.,

Dealing with Dictators: Dilemmas of US Diplomacy and Intelligence Analysis 1945-1990 (MIT Press,

2006)

Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA (NY, 1987)

WEEK 7: Feb. 20: ** Reading Week – NO CLASS **

WEEK 8: Feb. 27: FILM: “The Spy Who Came in from the

Cold”

Suggested Reading:

Alan R. Booth, ―The Development of the Espionage Film,‖ in Spy Fiction, Spy Films and Real

Intelligence, ed. Wesley K. Wark (London: Frank Cass, 1991), pp. 136-60

James Robert Parish and Michael R. Pitts, The Great Spy Pictures (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press,

1974), ―The History of the Spy Film,‖ pp. 9-42

WEEK 9: Mar. 5: The Popular Culture of Espionage

** ESSAY #2 DUE **

Required Reading:

Wesley K. Wark, "The Spy Thriller," in Mystery and Suspense Writers: The Literature of Crime, Detection

and Espionage, vol. 2, eds Robin Winks and Maureen Corrigan (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998),

pp. 1199-1218 [Course Reader]

Suggested Reading:

Christine Bold, "Under the Very Skirts of Britannia': Re-Reading Women in the James Bond Novels,"

Queen's Quarterly, 100, no. 2 (Summer 1993), 311-27

John Cawelti and Bruce Rosenberg, The Spy Story (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987)

Michael Denning, Cover Stories; Narrative and Ideology in the British Spy Thriller (London: Routledge,

1987)

David Stafford, The Silent Game: The Real World of Imaginary Spies (Toronto: Lester and Orpen Denys,

1988)

Julian Symons, ―A Short History of the Spy Story,‖ in Symons, Bloody Murder (Penguin paperback

edition, 1985)

WEEK 10: Mar. 12: The Road to 9/11

Required Reading:

14

9/11 Commission Report (Final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United

States), July 2004, available online at http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/index.htm ** Read Chapter

11 (Foresight and Hindsight)

Daniel Byman, ―Strategic Surprise and the September 11 attacks,‖ in Andrew et al, eds, Secret Intelligence,

164-85 [Course text]

James J. Wirtz, ―Déjà vu?‖ Comparing Pearl Harbor and September 11,‖ in Andrew et al, eds., Secret

Intelligence, pp. 187-92 [Course text]

Suggested Reading:

Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet

Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin Books, 2004)

Richard A. Falkenrath, ―The 9/11 Commission Report: A Review Essay,‖ International Security, 29, no. 3

(Winter 2004/05), pp. 170-90

Seymour Hersh, Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib (NY: Harper Collins, 2004), part

II, ―Intelligence Failure,‖ pp. 73-120

WEEK 11: Mar. 19: Iraq WMD

Required Reading:

Richard J. Aldrich, ―Intelligence and Iraq: The UK‘s Four Enquiries,‖ in Andrew et al, eds. Secret

Intelligence, pp. 229-44 [Course text]

Robert Jervis, ―Reports, Politics and Intelligence Failures: The Case of Iraq,‖ in Andrew et al., eds. Secret

Intelligence, pp. 193-228 [Course text]

The US October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate, ―Iraq‘s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass

Destruction,‖ [released by White House July 18, 2003] - Available online at (official version):

https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd/Iraq_Oct_2002.htm

Suggested Reading:

Lawrence Freedman, ―War in Iraq: Selling the Threat,‖ Survival, 46, no. 2 (Summer 2004), 7-50

Chaim Kaufmann, ―Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq

War,‖ International Security, 29, no. 1 (Summer 2004), 5-48

Kenneth M. Pollack, ―Spies, Lies, and Weapons: What Went Wrong,‖ The Atlantic Monthly, 293, no. 1

(Jan-Feb. 2004), pp. 79-92. Available online at:

www.theatlantic.com/issues/2004/01/pollack.htm

George J. Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, Remarks at Georgetown University, 5 February, 2004,

available online

https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/2004/tenet_georgetownspeech_02052004.html

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WEEK 12: Mar. 26: Intelligence, Al Qaeda, and

Global Terrorism since 9/11

Required Reading:

Peter Gill, ―Securing the Globe,‖ in Secret Intelligence: A Reader pp. 476-94 [Course text]

John R. Schindler, ―Intelligence and Strategy in the War on Islamist Terrorism,‖ in Secret Intelligence: A

Reader pp. 245-258 [Course text]

Suggested Reading:

James Fallows, ―Declaring Victory,‖ The Atlantic Monthly, September 2006

David Kilcullen, The Accidental Guerrilla (Oxford University Press, 2009), ch. 5, ―Turning an Elephant

into a Mouse: Beyond the War on Terrorism,‖ pp. 263-89

George Packer, ―A Reporter at Large: Knowing the Enemy,‖ The New Yorker, Dec. 18, 2006.

United States, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Declassified Key Judgments of the National

Intelligence Estimate, ―Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States,‖ April 2006,

available online at

http://www.dni.gov/nic/special_global_terrorism.html

WEEK 13: April 2: What’s Next for the Intelligence

Revolution?

** IN THE NEWS ASSIGNMENT DUE **

Required Reading:

Michael Herman, ―Ethics and Intelligence after September 2001,‖ in Andrew et al, eds. Secret Intelligence,

pp. 382-94 [Course text]

Sir David Omand, ―Ethical Guidelines in using secret intelligence for Public Security,‖ in Andrew et al,

eds., Secret Intelligence, pp. 395-410 [Course text]

Wesley K. Wark, ―Learning to Live with Intelligence,‖ in Andrew et al., eds. Secret Intelligence, pp. 522-

31 [Course text]

Suggested Reading:

Michael Herman. Intelligence Power in Peace and War (Cambridge University Press), Chapters 19 and 20.

Edward G. Shirley, ―Can‘t Anybody Here Play This Game,‖ The Atlantic Monthly, February 1998, pp. 45-

61

Gregory Treverton, Reshaping National Intelligence for an Age of Information (New York: Cambridge

University Press, 2001), especially chapter 7, ―A Reshaped Intelligence‖

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HIS 343 Essay Writing Guide – Brandon King

Technical / Stylistic Issues

- Essays should be double-spaced and typed in Times New Roman 12 pt. font.

- Your essay should have a title page (the title page does not count as page 1 of your essay). The title page

should list your name, student number, essay title, my name, and date.

- Textbooks (like Richelson‘s Century of Spies book) and Encyclopedias should not be cited in research

essays. Wikipedia is not an acceptable source for a research essay.

- Spelling and grammar are very important to producing a quality essay. Major grammatical problems or

spelling mistakes can seriously detract from the overall grade of your assignment. Give lots of time to

editing and revising your work.

- Be careful of using internet sources in research essays. Internet sources should only be consulted / cited if

they are scholarly sources or primary documents. If you have any questions regarding the authenticity of a

particular internet source, feel free to ask me.

- A few technical issues: Avoid the use of the first-person in writing (i.e. I believe that…); Avoid the use of

contractions in essays (i.e. It‘s, Don‘t, Wouldn‘t); Also, stick to the past tense of verbs rather than the

present tense when writing (i.e. Truman dropped the atomic bomb instead of Truman drops the atomic

bomb…)

Analysis

- Your introduction is crucial for a history research essay. You should have an explicit thesis statement that

tells the reader what your paper will argue. If you want, you can even include a sentence that reads

something like: "This paper will argue..." Keep in mind that simply providing a lot of interesting material

you came across in your research in your essay is not sufficient; you must have a clear and explicit thesis /

argument in your essay.

- Ideally, you should not have any paragraphs in your essay longer than ¾ of a page. You can use subtitles

to help organize your essay if you choose to do so.

- When writing about a person or organization for the first time, give the complete name. Thereafter, you

can refer to the person by their last name. In the case of an organization, after you give the full reference,

you may use an acronym (e.g. DOD for Department of Defense).

Citations / Quotes

- Use direct quotes from books / articles only in specific instances where you feel that including the direct

quote would greatly add to the clarity and tone of your essay.

- Direct quotations should be integrated into your own writing and should not be used as independent

sentences. Any quotes over 25 words should be indented and single-spaced.

- Do not cite material taken from a class lecture (or any other professor's lecture). Writing a history essay

means that you are expected to do the research on your topic, not your professor.

- You should not have more than 3 or 4 consecutive citations from the same source in your footnotes /

endnotes. Having repetitive citations from the same source makes the paper a book review, not a research

17

essay. If you are heavily reliant on only 1 or 2 sources in your citations, it shows that you have not done

enough research on your topic.

- Almost every paragraph of your paper, with the exception of the introduction and conclusion (and perhaps

one or two transition paragraphs), needs to have citations (i.e. footnotes or endnotes).

Citation Rules

- You must cite all quotes, paraphrases, and ideas taken from other works. If you present an argument that

has previously been offered elsewhere in a book / article that you read while doing research, you must cite

it unless it is common knowledge. For example, the fact that the Iraqi Revolution occurred in July 1958 is

an example of ‗common knowledge‘ and thus does not require a citation.

- Ensure that your footnotes and endnotes are accurate. This is important in case I need to look at one of the

sources you have consulted in your research. Sloppy citation work will detract from your overall grade and

can lead to concerns about the academic honesty of your work.

- If you use the words of another scholar, even if it just a phrase of three or four words, you must place

these words in quotation marks. Keep in mind, however, that you should paraphrase as much as possible.

- Plagiarism is a serious academic offense. If you have any questions or concerns regarding your citations,

please speak to me. It is your responsibility to be familiar with the rules and regulations regarding

plagiarism.

Footnotes / Endnotes

- In any research essay, you must use either footnotes or endnotes. Do not place your references in

parenthesis / brackets in the middle of your essay.

• Subtitles are not necessary in footnotes or endnotes.

• Footnote/Endnote from a Book

1. Kenneth Stein, Heroic Diplomacy (New York, 1999), 73.

• Footnote/Endnote from an Article in a journal

2. Michael F. Holt, " The Politics of Impatience: The Origins of Know Nothingism," The

Journal of American History 60 (September 1973), 329.

• Footnote/Endnote from an Article in an edited collection

3. Alex Danchev, "In the Back Room: Anglo-American Defence Co-operation, 1945-

1951," in British Intelligence, Strategy, and the Cold War, 1945-1951, ed. Richard Aldrich (London, 1992),

65.

• Footnote/Endnote from a Primary Document

4. "Memorandum of a Conversation between the Secretary of State and the Ambassador

to Iraq," #23, April 1, 1950, Foreign Relations of the United States 27:1950-1953.

• Footnote/Endnote from a Website

6. Joyce Battle, "Saddam Hussein Talks to the FBI," National Security Archive,

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB279/index.htm, Accessed July 4, 2011.

• Footnote/Endnote from source already cited

7. Stein, p. 28.

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Bibliographies

• You must include a bibliography at the end of the essay.

• Sources are listed alphabetically by author's last name.

• Subtitles and publication companies are required in this section.

• Bibliographical Citation: Book

Stein, Kenneth W., Heroic Diplomacy: Sadat, Kissinger, Carter, Begin, and the Quest for

Arab-Israeli Peace, Routledge Books, New York, 1999

• Bibliographical Citation: Article in a Journal

Holt, Michael F., ―The Politics of Impatience: The Origins of Know Nothingism,‖ The

Journal of American History 60 (September 1973), 309-331

º You need to include pages of the article.

• Bibliographical Citation: Edited Collection

Aldrich, Richard (ed.) British Intelligence, Strategy, and the Cold War, 1945-1951 Smith

Books, London, 1992

º If you use more than two essays from an edited collection, you should cite the book, not the

individual essays. (Otherwise you are padding the bibliography).

• Bibliographical Citation: Primary Documents Collection

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1953, Volume III The Near and Middle

East, United States Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1986

• Bibliographical Citation: Website

Joyce Battle, " Saddam Hussein Talks to the FBI: Twenty Interviews and Five

Conversations with High Value Detainee #1 in 2004," National Security Archive,

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB279/index.htm, Accessed July 4, 2009.