lxdflngLh"g @)!% 1

lxdflngL h"g @)!%2

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 3

lxdflngL h"g @)!%4

lxdflngL ca km];a's k/ eLfacebook.com/ Thehimalini

;DkfbsLo #cfj/0f $ljZn]if0f &l/kf]6{÷hgsk'/ !&aLdf÷cGtjf{tf{ @!l/kf]6{÷dw]z /fxt @@l/kf]6{÷ko{6g #!ljrf/ #$l/kf]6{÷/fd]5fk #^k8Þf]; #&lzIff÷cGtjf{tf{ #*b[li6sf]0f #(lrGtg $)efiff ;Gbe{ $@;+:s[lt $$l/kf]6{÷g]kfnu+h $%gO{ snd ;] $^k':ts ;dLIff $*cWofTd %)aRrf]+ sL b'lgofF %!:jf:Yo %@lkmNd ;dLIff %^

gjjif{ @)&@ s]

z'ecj;/ k/ ;d: t

g]kfnL hgtf d]+ xflb{s

d+undo z'esfdgf

JoQm s/t] x}+ .

Go" kz'klt OlG8:6«Lh P08 >L l;4L 6]S;6fON; k|f=ln=jL/u+h, kmf]g g+=M )%!–%@*!#@, %@!$@@

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 5k|sfzsM 8f= s[i0frGb| ld> k|sfzg k|f=ln= sf7df+8", d'b|0fM EXPRESS COLOUR PRESS CO.PVT.LTD= 01-4781810, ;+kfbsLo sfof{no, kf] =a=g+= 8241, cgfdgu/ , sf7df+8", 01-2031090 E-mail: himalini1998@hotmail.com, info@himalini .com, Website: www .himalini .com,

HIMALINIHIMALINIlxdflngLlxdflngL

jif{M !*, c+s M ^, @)&@ h]7–c;f/

www.himalini.com

sf=lh=sf=b=g+= &#÷)%$÷%%

lxdflngL d] + k|sflzt n] vf] + d] + JoQm ljrf/ Pj+ b[li6sf] 0f ;+alwt n] vsf] + s] x} + . ;+kfbs d+8n Pj+ k|sfzs sf p;;] ;xdt xf] gf cfjZos gxL+ x} + .

;To] gfl:t eo+ Sjflrt\

;DkfbsLo

l8hfOg/ nLnfgfy uf} td

afhf/ Joj: yfkg clvn l;+x -jL/u+hlbg] z zdf{ -hgsk'/_, j?0fdfnf ld>f, -lj/ f6gu/_, k|ef l;+x - uf} /_, l;lsGb/l;+x ofbj, -df] /ª_

sfof{no Joj: yfks/ fhgf/ fo0f ofbjef/ t sfof{no

8f‘= nf/ L cfhfb, lbNnL

;nfxsf/ ;Dkfbs* hosfGt nfn bf;d's'Gb cfrfo{k'ikf 7fs'/

k|wfg ;Dkfbs*/ d] z emf

;Dkfbs 8f‘= Zj] tf bLlKt

jL/ u+h Ao"/ f] s'df/ ;lRrbfgGb l;+x

/fhlj/fh k|d'vs?0ff emf

ljz] if ;Djfbbftfs} nf; bf; -hgsk'/_, / Tg] Zj/s'df/ emf hn] Zj/_ uf] ljGb Gof} kfg] -x] 6f} 8f_, ljgo bLlIft - g] kfnuGh_

k|aGw lgb]zs;lRrbfgGb ld>

dxfk|aGwssljtf bf;

;x–dxfk|a+ws/ jLGb| emf

If] qLo k|a+wsc?0f s'df/ ld>

dfs] {l6+u PShLSo"l6jljgo s'df/

lk5n] dxLg] b] z g] hf] ef] uf jx ck|Tofl;t yf, p;sL ls;L g] sNkgf gxL+ sL yL . lsGt', ca hf] b] z s] s0f{wf/ s/ ] +u] , jx toz'bf xf] uf . k/ fsDkg wL/ ] –wL/ ] sd xf] / xf x} , k/ Gt' b] z sf] k6/ L k8Þ nfg] sL ult t] h xf] gL k8ÞL . cfTdljZjf; sf] a9Þfgf xf] uf cf} / ;do sL gAh cf} / dfFu sf] ;demt] x'P lqmofzLn xf] gf k8Þ] uf . lkmlgS; k'ghL{ljt of k'ghL{jg n] g] jfnf Ps kIfL x} , lh;sL rrf{ o"gfgL ;flxTo d] + ldntL x} . lkmlgS; sL cfo' nDaL xf] tL x} cf} / p;d] +, cf;dfg d] + ax't pmFrfO{ ts p8Þg] sL Ifdtf eL xf] tL x} . dfgf hftf x} ls O;sL d[To' O;s] k+vf] + d] + cfu nug] ;] xf] tL x} lsGt' p;L sL / fv ;] ox k'ghL{jg k|fKt s/ tf x} . tfTko{ ox ls ls;L eL rLh sf c+t xL Ps gO{ z'?cft n] s/ cftf x} . ljWj+z s] w/ ftn k/ gjlgdf{0f sL gL+j k8ÞtL x} . cfh b] z sf] O;L gjlgdf{0f sL ck] Iff x} cf} / O;s] lnP x/ dg d] + cfTdljZjf; sf xf] gf cfjZos x} cf} / ;fy xL dfgl;s zlSt ckg] cGb/ k} bf s/ gL x} , O;sL ;a;] a8ÞL zt{ oxL x} ls b";/ f] + s] ;fy ;sf/ fTds t/ Ls] ;] ljrf/ f] + sf cfbfg–k|bfg s/ ] + . b] z ljb] z ;] ldnL ;xfotf sf ;xL t/ Ls] ;] pkof] u lsof hfo . dte] b cf} / : jfy{ sf] ltnf+hln b] s/ b] z lxt s] lnP ;f] r] + tyf Ps ;xL cf} / b[9Þ lgZro s] ;fy gP g] kfn sf lgdf{0f s/ ] + . k|s[lt s] ;+u lvnjf8Þ cf} / cy{ sL : jfy{ gLlt g] ckgf / +u lbvf lbof x} . eljio ;'/ lIft xf] O;s] lnP g] tf xL gxL+ hgtf sf] eL ;f] rgf xf] uf .

hf] kLl8Þt x} + pgs] lj: yfkg sL aft rn / xL x} . ;du| b] z

Ps x} , ;eL gful/ s Ps x} + cf} / ;eL sf] b] z s] ls;L eL sf] g] d] + / xg] cf} / a;g] sf clwsf/ x} lsGt', O;s] lnP cu/ lkm/ ;] k|s[lt k/ k|xf/ x'cf tf] ljgfz ls;L eL ¿k d] + ;fdg] cf ;stf x} . knfog ls;L eL ;d: of sf ;dfwfg gxL+ xf] tf x} , O; aft sf] ;Qf kIf sf] ;demgf xf] uf . s] Gb|Los/ 0f sf bjfa / fhwfgL e'ut / xL x} . a9ÞtL hg;+Vof, 3gf xf] tf k|b"if0f cf} / s+s/ L6 s] h+un d] + tAbLn xf] tL / fhwfgL cfh lh; ljb|"ktf sL l: ylt d] + x} p;] sd lsof hf ;stf yf cu/ sfo{If] qf] + sf] cGo huxf] + k/ eL : yflkt lsof uof xf] tf . ;do ca eL x} , O; ljifo k/ uxg rrf{ sL hfo cf} / Ps ;xL lbzf lgwf{l/ t sL hfo . O;;] bf] kmfob] bf] lglZrt tf} / k/ xf] +u] . sf7dfG8" k/ bjfa sd xf] uf, oxfF sf hg3gTj sd xf] uf cf} / cu/ sfo{If] q sf] cGo huxf] + k/ : yflkt lsof uof tf] jxfF sf ljsf; eL xf] uf . lzIff, lrlsT;f cf} / k|zf;g Og ;asf s] Gb| / fhwfgL x} lh;sL jhx ;] b] z s] k|To] s sf] g] ;] oxfF 5fq, / f] uL cf} / ;/ sf/ L sfd s/ g] jfn] cft] x} + cf} / cfh ox l: ylt x} ls ls/ fP k/ / xg] jfnf] + sf] oxfF 3/ pknAw gxL+ xf] +u] cf} / hf] pknAw xf] +u] p;sf ls/ fof cf;dfg 5"Puf . Og ;d: ofcf] + k/ ;/ sf/ sf] uxgtf s] ;fy ;f] rgf xf] uf cf} / sf] O{ gf sf] O{ lgbfg lgsfngf xf] uf .

cfg] jfnf sn ;'vb cf} / ;d[4 xf] oxL ;f] r ;asL x} cf} / O;s] lnP cfOP xd;a Psh'6 xf] s/ g] kfn s] gjlgdf{0f d] + ckgf ;xof] u k|bfg s/ ] + .

g] kfn s] gjlgdf{0f d] + ;xof] u b] +

lxdflngL h"g @)!%6

cfj/0f

b] z lh; jSt ljgfz sL l: ylt ;] pa/ g] sL sf] lzz s/ / xf yf, p;L

;do k"jf{u|x ;] u|l;t dfgl;stf g] Ps cf} / ljjfb sf] hGd b] lbof yf . ckm/ ftkm/ L s] p; dfxf} n d] + eL Ps kIf P] ;f yf, hf] ;xof] u cf} / ;b\efjgf sL P] ;L JofVof s/ / xf yf, hf] rfx] –cgrfx] jftfj/ 0f d] + ljif 3f] ng] sf sfd s/ / xf yf . xdf/ L ;+: s[lt sxtL x} ls ls;L g] cfksL dbb Ps k|ltzt sL x} , tf] p;] cfk ;f} k|ltzt ;dem] + . lsGt' xdg] Sof lsof < ;b\efjgf, ;bfzotf cf} / ;xof] u b] g] jfn] ldq / fi6« sL eT;{gf sL cf} / ljklQ s] ;do Tjl/ t lg0f{o n] g] jfn] sf k'tnf hnfof . Sof

oxL xdf/ L ;+: s[lt x} < xd Sof] + e"n uP ls cfkbf s] cfw] 3+6] eL gxL+ u'h/ ] y] cf} / ef/ t g] ;xof] u s/ g] sf lg0f{o xL gxL+ lnof alNs p;sf sfof{Gjog eL lsof . kLl8Þtf] + s] cfF;" kf] 5] , pgs] lnP ;xof] u sf xfy a9Þfof cf} / pgs] ;fy v8Þf / xf . ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL g] tTsfn g] kfn s] / fi6«klt cf} / k|wfgd+qL ;] aft sL cf} / x/ ;Dej ;xof] u b] g] sL k|lta4tf htfO{ . kxnL ef/ tLo jfo';] gf ljdfg g] kfn s] lnP / fxt ;fdu|L n] s/ ^ 3G6] s] eLt/ cf uO{ yL . !) Pg8Lcf/ Pkm 6Ld, Ps ;] gf O+hLlgol/ +u 6f: s kmf] ;{, !* ;] gf lrlsT;f OsfOof] + sf] ef/ t ;/ sf/ g] xdf/ L ;xfotf x] t' @$ 3G6] s] eLt/ e] hf . p; jSt sL l: ylt sL eofjxtf sf] xdf/ ] h] xg g] e'nfof gxL+ x} . p; jSt sL O; ;xfotf g] xdf/ L 8"atL gAh sf] lhGbf / vf yf . xdf/ ] g] tf : jo+ c;d+h; sL l: ylt d] + y] , zfob ox p; jSt sf tsfhf yf ls jf] eL ;+1fz"Go xf] uP y] . O; eo+s/ ljklQ sf ;fdgf s/ g] s] lnP xdf/ ] ;|f] t, ;fwg, cf} / Ifdtf ;eL cIfd y] . tTsfnLg p4f/ cf} / / fxt s] lnP tTsfn b'u{d huxf] + k/ hfgf cfjZos yf . k/ xdg] b] vf ls xdf/ L ;/ sf/ cf} / ;/ sf/ L t+q c;d+h; cf} / c;dy{ cj: yf d] + yL . lsGt' ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL sL gh/ x/ kl/ l: ylt k/ yL . ef/ t d] + s] lag] 6 ;lrj sL cWoIftf d] + / fi6«Lo ;+s6 k|a+wg ;ldlt sL a} 7s a'nfO{ hf / xL yL . ;eL lrlGtt y] cf} /

;xof] u s] lnP tTk/ eL, dfgf] k|s[lt sL s'b[li6 g] kfn d] + gxL+ ef/ t k/ k8ÞL xf] .

ef/ t s] / fi6«Lo cfkbf k|ltls|of an s] &)) ;] clws clwsf/ L a; kfs{, uf} / Lz+s/ u] : 6 xfp;, JxfO6 u'Daf, : o"rf6f/ , uf] u'a', ;+ud6f] n, a[h] Zj/ L, zf] ef eujtL k'n, afnfh', ltnu+uf, ;fFv' d] + t} gft lsP uP y] . g] kfn ;] gf k|d'v ljgf] b >] i7 s] ;fy ldns/ lstgf] + sf hLljt p4f/ lsof, d[t z/ L/ f] + sf] lgsfnf . 5M : yfgf] + d] + Pg8Lcf/ Pkm g] lrlsT;f lzlj/ f] + sL Joj: yf sL cf} / 3fonf] + sf pkrf/ lsof . ef/ t d] + ;+s6 k|aGwg dzLg/ L sf] : yflkt lsof cf} / ;+rf/ ln+s sf] hf] 8Þf . ;L–!&, ;L–!#), cfOPn–&^ cf} / ef/ tLo jfo';] gf s] #@ ;] clws p8Þfgf] + sL ;xfotf ;] ef] hg ;fdu|L, sDan, kfgL, a] aL vfb\o, lrlsT;f ;fdu|L, O+hLlgol/ +u cf} / ;+rf/ pks/ 0f cflb sf] oxfF nfof uof . PDa'n] G;, cf‘S;Lhg, h] g/ ] 6/ , !* d] l8sn 6Ld, !* ;] gf O+hLlgol/ +u 6Ld cf} / g] kfn ;] gf s] ;fy ldns/ / fxt cf} / p4f/ s] sfo{ d] + ckgf e/ k"/ ;xof] u lbof x} cf} / ox ;xof] u cfh ts hf/ L x} . ;xof] u sL Og ;a aftf] + sf] oxfF b'x/ fg] sf cy{ ox laNs'n gxL+ x} ls ls;L Ps kIf s] ;xof] u sf oxfF avfg lsof hf / xf x} . xdg] b] vf ls ljklQ sL O; 38ÞL d] + bf] ljk/ Lt lbzf d] + rng] jfn] b] z ef/ t cf} / rLg g] ldns/ p4f/ sfo{ d] + xfy aF6fof . lsGt' ef/ t sL e"ldsf k/ hf] k|Zg

eljio sL lrGtf s/ ] +

8f= Zj]tf bLlKt

;xof] u k/ z+sf gxL+,

p; jSt sL O; ;xfotf g] xdf/ L 8"atL gAh sf] lhGbf / vf yf . xdf/ ] g] tf : jo+ c;d+h; sL l: ylt d] + y] , zfob ox p; jSt sf tsfhf yf ls jf] eL ;+1fz"Go xf] uP y] . O; eo+s/ ljklQ sf ;fdgf s/ g] s] lnP xdf/ ] ;|f] t, ;fwg, cf} / Ifdtf ;eL cIfd y] . tTsfnLg p4f/ cf} / / fxt s] lnP tTsfn b'u{d huxf] + k/ hfgf cfjZos yf . k/ xdg] b] vf ls xdf/ L ;/ sf/ cf} / ;/ sf/ L t+q c;d+h; cf} /

c;dy{ cj: yf d] + yL .

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 7

ljrf/ dLdf+zfdGyg cfj/0flrXg nufP uP, p;sL jhx ;] ox sxg] sL cfjZostf k8ÞL ls cflv/ xd Sof] + p; ;xof] u sf] cgb] vf s/ uP lh;g] x/ t/ x ;] xdf/ L ;xfotf sL . ;xof] u sf] cgb] vf s/ xdg] sO{ ljjfbf] + sf] hGd lbof . seL ljdfg: yn sL Joj: yf lau8Þg] sL aft ;fdg] cfO{, tf] seL l;km{ ckgf] + sL ;xfotf s/ g] sf cf/ f] k nufof uof . lsGt' ;f] rg] jfnL aft ox x} ls, Sof a] jhx x] nLsf‘K6/ of xjfO{ hxfh cfP y] < hf] eL cfP jf] / fxt ;fdu|L n] s/ cfP cf} / oxfF ;] ef/ tLo ko{6s cf} / cGo nf] uf] + sf] n] s/ uP . cu/ P] ;f gxL+ s/ t] tf] Sof pGx] + oxfF kmF;f / xg] lbof hftf < k"j{ sf7dfG8" cf} / k"j{ kf] v/ f ;] nueu xhf/ f] + ko{6sf] + cf} / g] kflnof] + sf p4f/ lsof uof . lh;d] + g] kfnL ;] gf sf k"/ f ;xof] u OGx] + ldnf . af/ kfs cf} / cGo b'u{d : yfgf] + k/ hxfF p; jSt hfgf ;xh gxL+ yf jxfF hfs/ ef/ tLo ;] gf g] ;xfotf ;fdu|L kx'FrfO{, dnaf] + d] + ba] nf] uf] + sf] lgsfnf, nfzf] + sf] lgsfnf . lsGt' ox ;a Ps If0f d] + e'nf lbof uof . ef/ tLo dLl8of sL e"sDk ;DaGwL k|: t'lt cf} / r+b P] ;] ef/ tLo kqsf/ hf] ljjflbt aofg b] s/ xL ;'lv{of] + d] + / xgf rfxt] x} +, pgs] aofgf] + sf cf;/ f n] s/ hds/ ef/ t lj/ f] wL gf/ ] nufP uP, ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL s] k'tn] hnfP uP . Sof o] zf] egLo yf < ox cfs|f] z p; jSt ;fdg] Sof] + gxL+ cfof ha / fxt ;fdu|L s] ;fy afOan afF6f uof, ha vfB kbfyf] {+ d] + uf] raL{ cf} / uf]dfF; zfldn xf] g] sL aft ;fdg] cfO{ . Sof o] xdf/ ] wd{, xdf/ L ;+: s[lt s] lvnfkm gxL+ yf < p; jSt sf] O{ k|bz{g, sf] O{ k'tnf Sof] + gxL+ hnf < ljWj+z sL hf] sxfgL ef/ tLo dLl8of g] lbvfO{, ox p;L sf k|efj yf ls x/

cf] / ;] ;xfotf s] xfy tTsfn a9Þ] . ljZj s] x/ sf] g] d] + xdf/ L l: ylt t'/ Gt kx'FrL . g] kfnL dLl8of lhg va/ f] + ts kx'Fr gxL+ kf / xL yL, pg va/ f] + sf] hg–hg ts ef/ tLo dLl8of g] kx'Frfof . ef/ t sL c/ af] + hg;+Vof xd;] cf} / xdf/ L tsnLkm ;] kl/ lrt x'O{ cf} / x/ k|f+t xdf/ L ;xfotf s] lnP cfu] cfof . sf7dfG8" d] +

n+u/ 8fn] uP xhf/ f] + sL ;+Vof d] + kLl8Þtf] + sf] ef] hg pknAw s/ fof uof . ef/ tLo b"tfjf; sL cf] / ;] hux–hux k/ vfg] sL Joj: yf sL uO{ : jo+ ef/ tLo / fhb"t dxf] bo g] lzlj/ f] + d] + hfs/ Joj: yf sf hfohf lnof cf} / xd o] ;a e"n uP . ls;L Ps sL untL sL ;hf ;asf] tf] gxL+ bL hf ;stL x} . jiff] {+ ;] hf] ef/ t s] k|lt Ps lj/ f] wL efjgf oxfF s] r+b hgdfg; d] + kgktL / xL x} , pGx] + ox ;xg gxL+ x'cf ls, crfgs ef/ t lj/ f] wL p; efjgf sf c+t xf] hfo lh;] jiff] {+ ;] jSt–j] –jSt lhGbf lsof hftf / xf x} , cf} / lj/ f] w sL clUg sf] e8Þsfg] s] lnP p;] xjf bL hftL / xL x} . oxL jhx yL ls Ps sdhf] / ;] d'b\b] sf] xjf b] s/ ;xof] u sL wf/ sf] df] 8Þ lbof, pGxf] +g] lj/ f] w sL cf] / . ox / fi6«Lotf sL efjgf l;km{ ef/ t s] ;DaGw d] + xL pe/ s/ Sof] + cftL x} < p; jSt Sof] + gxL+ pe/ tL ha cGo k8Þf] ;L ldq xdf/ L efjgfcf] + ;] v] nt] x} + cf} / xdf/ L k/ Dk/ f tyf ;+: s[lt sf dvf} n p8Þft] x} + < hgtf p4f/ sL k|tLIff d] + d/ / xL yL cf} / P] ;] d] + b] z sL ;'/ Iff cf} / / fi6«Lotf sf xjfnf b] s/ ljb] zL ;xof] u sf] 7's/ fof hf / xf yf . g] kfn cf} / g] kfnL zfg ;] sxt] x} + ls oxL Ps b] z x} lh;sf sf] O{ b'Zdg gxL+ x} tf] lkm/ cfg] jfn] x/ ;xof] u sf] z+lst lgufxf] + ;] Sof] + b] vf hf / xf x} < dfg] of gf dfg] lsGt' ljklQ d] + xL ldq cf} / lj/ f] lwof] + sL kxrfg xf] tL x} . k8Þf] ;L abn] gxL+ hf ;st] cf} / xdf/ ] ;'v

ef/ tLo dLl8of sL e"sDk ;DaGwL k|: t'lt cf} / r+b P] ;] ef/ tLo kqsf/ hf] ljjflbt aofg b] s/ xL ;'lv{of] + d] + / xgf rfxt] x} +, pgs] aofgf] + sf cf;/ f n] s/ hds/ ef/ t lj/ f] wL gf/ ] nufP uP, ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL s] k'tn] hnfP uP . Sof o] zf] egLo yf < ox cfs|f] z p; jSt ;fdg] Sof] + gxL+ cfof ha / fxt ;fdu|L s] ;fy afOan afF6f uof, ha vfB kbfyf] {+ d] + uf]raL{ cf} / uf] dfF; zfldn xf] g] sL aft ;fdg] cfO{ . Sof o] xdf/ ] wd{, xdf/ L ;+: s[lt s] lvnfkm gxL+ yf < p;

jSt sf] O{ k|bz{g, sf] O{ k'tnf Sof] + gxL+ hnf <

lxdflngL h"g @)!%8

cfj/0f

b'v d] + jxL xdf/ ] ;fy xf] t] x} + . v} / , cfh sL kl/ l: ylt d] + Og a] jhx s]

kr8Þf] + d] g k8Þ s/ b] z sf] lkm/ ;] d"n wf/ d] + nfg] sL sf] lzz sL hfgL rflxP . cfh x/ cf] / l;km{ cf} / l;km{ r'gf} ltofF x} + . lhgsf ;fdgf ;/ sf/ cf} / hgtf bf] gf] + sf] w} o{ cf} / ;xgzLntf s] ;fy s/ gf x} . k|s[lt g] lh;] If0f d] + g] : tgfa"t s/ lbof p;] lkm/ ;] cfsf/ b] g] d] + jSt tf] nu] uf . lsGt' ;/ sf/ sL cf] / ;] lh; / km\tf/ ;] sbd cfu] a9Þ / x] x} +, jx hgtf sf] cfzflGjt gxL+ s/ kf / x] x} + . xd j[xt gjlgdf{0f, k'glg{df0f sL aft s/ / x] x} + . xdf/ ] ;fdg] r'gf} tL x} Ps gP g] kfn s] lgdf{0f sL . b; jif{ nDa] dfcf] jfbL åGåsfn d] + tx;–gx; x'P g] kfn sL cy{Joj: yf ceL ;'w/ xL / xL yL ls e"sDk g] b] z sf] cf} / eL sO{ jif{ kL5] ws] n lbof . sf] O{ eL If] q O;;] c5"tf gxL+ / x kfof x} . O;lnP ;/ sf/ s] ;fdg] r'gf} ltof] + sL sdL gxL+ x} . ;a;] kxnL h?/ t cu/ s'5 x} tf] jx x} k'gjf{; sL . df} g;"g b: ts b] g] jfnf x} , P] ;] d] + hf] ca ts v'n] d} bfgf] + d] +, lqkfnf] + d] + hLjg ofkg s/ / x] x} + ,pGx] + ;'/ lIft huxf] + k/ a;fg] sL cfjZostf x} . ljsf; lgdf{0f cf} / cfjf; Joj: yfkg d] + k"j{ d] + hf] unltofF x'O{+ x} + pGx] + ;'wf/ g] sf oxL cj;/ x} . g] kfn ljZj d] + ef} lts k"jf{wf/ cf} / ljsf; sL b[li6 ;] cToGt lk58Þf x'cf x} cf} /

P] ;] d] + cfh s] kl/ j] z d] + ckgL k'/ fgL ;f] r s] ;fy cfu] a9Þg] ;] ;Defjgfcf] + s] åf/ gxL+ v'ng] jfn] x} + . O;d] + kl/ jt{g sL cfjZostf x} . Ps P] ;] cleofg sL cfjZostf x} hf] JolStut : jfy{ ;] pmk/ p7s/ ;du|tf s] ;fy / fi6«lxt s] lnP xf] . ljZj ;d'bfo ;xfotf s/ g] sf] t} of/ x} k/ Gt' ;xL sfo{gLlt g xf] g] sL jhx ;] aft cfu] gxL+ a9Þ / xL x} . b] z s] ;fdg] Ps cR5f cj;/ x} lh;sf kmfobf lnof hf ;stf x} . bft[ ;+u7g åf/ f lbP uP / flz ;] gP g] kfn sL kl/ sNkgf sf] ;fsf/ ¿k lbof hf ;stf x} . / fxt Joj: yfkg sf sfd ;xL t/ Ls] ;] gxL+ xf] g] s] sf/ 0f xL cGt/ f{i6«Lo ;d'bfo ;/ sf/ sL Ps åf/ k|0ffnL k/ osLg gxL+ s/ kf / xL x} . xf] ;stf x} ls gLltut ¿k d] + O;s] kmfob] xf] + lsGt' xdf/ ] g] tfcf] + sL hf] cGt/ f{i6«Lo 5lj x} ox zfob p;L sf kl/ 0ffd x} ls 3f] lift cg'bfg / flz kof{Kt dfqf d] + hdf gxL+ xf] kf / xL x} . ;/ sf/ sf] cfTdljZn] if0f s/ gf xf] uf cf} / bft[ ;+u7g sf] ljZjf; lbnfgf xf] uf teL g] kfn Ps af/ lkm/ ;Fj/ ;stf x} . j} ;] ;/ sf/ g] ljkt Joj: yfkg s/ g] s] lnP bIf hgzlSt ;fwg ;|f] t ;DaGwL k|efjsf/ L / fi6«Lo ljkt Joj: yfkg ;+/ rgf sf lgdf{0f lsof x} . bnf] + sL dfGotf x} ls e"sDk kLl8Þt sL k'g: {yfkgf cf} / k'glg{df0f sf sfd kf/ bzL{ xf] gf rflxP . ;ldlt s] ;+of] hs k|wfgd+qL g] eL

sxf ls ;xdlt, ;xsfo{, Pstf cf} / d] nldnfk sL efjgf åf/ f xL xd O; ljklQ sf ;fdgf s/ ;st] x} + . pGxf] +g] ;b: of] + ;] ox cfzf htfO{ ls jf] Pstfa4 xf] s/ ;xsfo{ s/ ] +u] . hgtf pDdLb k/ hLtL x} ls, pgsf sn a] xt/ xf] uf cf} / hgtf s] sn sf] a] xt/ agfg] sL lhDd] bf/ L ;/ sf/ cf} / ;/ sf/ L k|ltlglwof] + sL xf] tL x} . gh/ ] + pgk/ l6sL x'O{ x} + . lsGt' lh; b|'t ult sL ck] Iff ;/ sf/ ;] x} jx gh/ gxL+ cf / xL .

g] kfn k|fs[lts ;f} Gbo{ sf b] z x} cf} / oxL k|fs[lts ;f} Gbo{ oxfF s] sO{ If] qf] + d] + hLljsf sf cfwf/ x} . cfly{s b[li6sf] 0f ;] r/ d/ fO{ Joj: yf sf] lkm/ ;] k'ghL{ljt s/ g] s] lnP ;/ sf/ sf] O; cf] / tTsfn xL Wofg b] gf xf] uf . ko{6g sL ;DefjgfPF cfh eL a/ s/ f/ x} + . k|s[lt g] ;f} Gbo{ sf hf] cs"t e08f/ b] z sf] lbof x} jx cfh eL hLljt x} . ;/ sf/ p;sf s} ;] pkof] u s/ ] ox to s/ g] sL cfjZostf x} . ljut d] + eL cg'bfg / flz ldntL cfO{ x} cf} / pgsf of tf] aGb/ afF6 x'cf x} of lkm/ jf] lk|mh xf] uof x} . ox xdf/ L gfsfdL / xL x} . Og ;asf ljZn] if0f lsof hfgf rflxP . uf] / vf s] af/ kfs s] Ps o'js g] sxf yf e"sDk g] xdf/ ] 3/ f] + sf] phf8Þf x} lsGt', oxfF sL ko{6sLo ;DefjgfPF, k|fs[lts ;f} Gbo{ cf} / xdf/ ] ;+sNk sf] gxL+ phf8Þ kfO{ x} . ca xd oxfF s] ko{6g sf] k'ghL{ljt s/ ] +u] . ox l;km{ Ps cleJolSt gxL+ x} , ox k|0f x} lkm/ ;] v'b sf] : yflkt s/ g] sL cf} / oxL k|0f ;/ sf/ sf] eL n] gL xf] uL . lk5nL untL ;] ;Lv n] gL xf] uL . Sof] +ls ljut sf Oltxf; atftf x} ls e"sDk sL b[li6sf] 0f ;] cToGt hf] lvdk"0f{ xf] g] s] afjh"b ;/ sf/ cf} / hgtf bf] gf] + sL cf] / ;] nfk/ jfxL sL uO{ x} . k|s[lt s] ;fy lvnjf8Þ lsof uof x} . k|s[lt s] ;fy ;dGjofTds cf} / ;[hgfTds ;DaGw sf] g / vs/ Wj+;fTds ;DaGw k/ s] lGb|t lsof uof x} . k|fljlws 1fg xf] g] s] afjh"b k|s[lt åf/ f lgwf{l/ t kl/ lw cf} / lgod sf pNn+3g lsof uof x} . JolStut : jfy{ s] lnP k|s[lt sf] r'gf} tL bL uO{ cf} / p;sf kl/ 0ffd cfh ;fdg] x} . jg If] q sf ljgfz cf} / a] t/ tLa ax'd+lhnL Odf/ tf] + g] kof{j/ 0f cf} / w/ tL bf] gf] + sf] sdhf] / s/ lbof x} . jSt / xt] O; kl/ l: ylt sL cf] / Wofg b] gf xf] uf cf} / hgtf d] + r] tgfd"ns sfo{s|d rnfs/ efjL cfkbf ;] cjut s/ fgf xf] uf . O;d] + ;/ sf/ sL cxd e"ldsf tf] x} xL, p;s] ;fy–;fy ;+rf/ dfWod sf] eL ;hutf s] ;fy cfu] cfgf xf] uf . O; dxfe"sDk g] xd] + xdf/ L k|s[lt cf} / cy{ / fhgLlts ;+/ rgf s] aLr s] ;DaGw sf] gP l;/ ] ;] kl/ eflift s/ g] sf cj;/ lbof x} . ca ox xd k/ lge{/ s/ tf x} ls xd] + Sof s/ gf x} , Sof Ps af/ k'gM k|s[lt s] ;fy lvnjf8Þ s/ gf x} cf} / ckg] ;+tlt s] eljio sf] vt/ ] d] + 8fngf x} of lkm/ k|s[lt sL r] tfjgL sf] ;demt] x'P p;;] ;dGjo : yflkt s/ ckgL ;+tlt sf] ;'/ lIft / vgf x} . lll

ls;L Ps sL untL sL ;hf ;asf] tf] gxL+ bL hf ;stL x} . jiff] {+ ;] hf] ef/ t s] k|lt Ps lj/ f] wL efjgf oxfF s] r+b hgdfg; d] + kgktL / xL x} , pGx] + ox ;xg gxL+ x'cf ls, crfgs ef/ t lj/ f] wL p; efjgf sf c+t xf] hfo lh;] jiff] {+ ;] jSt–j] –jSt lhGbf lsof hftf / xf x} , cf} / lj/ f] w sL clUg sf] e8Þsfg] s] lnP p;] xjf bL hftL / xL x} . oxL jhx yL ls Ps sdhf] / ;] d'b\b] sf] xjf b] s/

;xof] u sL wf/ sf] df] 8Þ lbof, pGxf] +g] lj/ f] w sL cf] / .

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 9

>L g/ ] Gb| df] bL g] Eff/ t s] k|wfgd+qL s] ¿k d] + Ps jif{ sL

ofqf k"/ L sL . O; cjlw d] + / fi6«–lgdf{0f sL lbzf d] + j] cf} / pgsL ;/ sf/ g] cg] s sbd p7fP . n] lsg ljb] zf] + d] + ef/ t sL zlSt, ;fdYo{, ;Ddfg cf} / ;+efjgf s] pb\3f] if sf pgsf cleofg hf/ L x} . O; Ps ;fn sL cjlw d] + pGxf] +g] nueu c¶f/ x b] zf] + sL ofqf sL . ox eL ;r x} ls rLg cf} / ef/ t bf] kf/ Dkl/ s bf] : t cf} / b'Zdg x} + n] lsg ctLt s] b'vbfoL cg'ejf] + sf] 708] a: t] d] + 8fns/ + ljut ;f] nx ;] pGgL; dO{ ts pGxf] +g] rLg sL ofqf sL . O; ofqf d] + pgsf e/ k"/ : jfut–: fTsf/ x'cf, låkIfLo / fhg} lts Pj+ Jofkfl/ s ;demf] } t] x'P . n] lsg ;g\ !(^@ s] ef/ t–rLg o'4 s] cljZjf; sL sfnL 5fof ;Dk"0f{ ofqf d] + ljBdfg / xL . ;Ldf ;d: of s] ;dfwfg sL rrf{ tf] x'O{ n] lsg O; lbzf d] + sf] O{ 7f] ; sbd gxL+ p7fP uP .

uf} / tna x} ls ;Ldf ;DaGwL d'2] cfk;L ;DaGwf] + s] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] t] x} + n] lsg o] kxn" nueu cg5'P xL / x] . dxTjk"0f{ ox x} ls O;sf] xflzP k/ / v bf] gf] + xL b] zf] + g] ;do sL gAh sf] ;demt] x'P cu|ufdL sbd a9fP . o] sbd ckg] lnP pTkfbg cf] } / afhf/ tnfzg] sL lbzf d] + x} . ox ;r x} ls o] bf] gf] + b] z Plzof sL bf] dxfzlStofF x} + cf} / ljZj sf ;a;] a8Þf afhf/ eL . O;lnP ;fdl/ s cf} / cfly{s bf] gf] + xL b[li6of] + ;] k"/ ] ljZj sL gh/ Og k/ x} . oxL jx laGb' hxfF v8Þ] xf] s/ 8«} ug cf} / af3 Ps b'";/ ] sf] c+sdfn s/ g] sL cj: yf d] + x} + .

ox ;r x} ls g] kfn Og bf] dxfzlStof] + s] aLr ef} uf] lns b[li6 ;] Ps

5f] 6f ;f e"kl/ j] li7t / fi6« x} . / fhg} lts cl: y/ tf s] ;fy–;fy ljgfzsf/ L k|fs[lts cfkbf s] s'k|efjf] + sf] eL ox em] n / xf x} cf} / cfufdL rf/ kfFr jif{ O; b] z s] lnP cTolws r'gf} tLk"0f{ x} + . Sof] +ls Ps cf] / O;] Ps ;Dos\ c.} / ;+t'lnt ;+ljwfg b] s/ e] befjd'St cf} / ;d/ ; ;dfh lgdf{0f sL lbzf d] + sbd a9Þfg] sL r'Gff} tL x} tf] b";/ L cf] / dxfe"sDk s] dxfljgfz s] s'k|efjf] + ;] b] z sf] lgsfng] cf} / lj: yflktf] + s] k'gjf{; sL sl7g r'gf} tL ;] eL O;] h"emgf x} . O;s] lnP cy{ ;+sng ;a;] dxTjk"0f{ d'2f x} Sof] +ls cfGtl/ s ;|f] t–;+;fwg sL abf} nt ox b] z O; ;d: of ;] pa/ g] d] + ;Ifd gxL+ . O;lnP / fi6«Lo cf} / cGt/ f{i6«Lo bf] gf] + xL : t/ f] + k/ ;/ sf/ ;+;fwg h'6fg] sf cEof; s/ / xL x} . n] lsg Og ;a s] ;fy ox eL cfjZos x} ls b] z sf cfly{s ljsf; k/ O;sf s'k|efj gxL+ k8Þ] . ef/ t cf} / rLg s] ;'w/ t] Jofkfl/ s ;daGwf] + ;] ox ck] Iff sL ;stL x} ls g] kfn eL O; cj;/ sf nfe p7f ;s] uf . n] lsg O;s] lnP lh; t/ x sL s"6g} lts b"/ blz{tf cf} / k|f} 9Þtf sL h¿/ t dx;"; sL hf / xL x} jx oxfF s] / fhg} lts j[Q d] + gxL+ b] vL hf / xL x} . rLg cf} / ef/ t sf] bf] w|'jf] + k/ v8Þf s/ / fhg] tf cf} / / fh} lts bn ckgf : jfy{ l;4 s/ g] sL sf] lzz s/ t] x} + cf} / O; cGtlj{/ f] w sf] xjf

s'df/ ;lRrbfgGb

df] bL sL rLg ofqf cf} / g] kfn

ef/ t cf} / rLg s] ;'w/ t] Jofkfl/ s ;daGwf] + ;] ox ck] Iff sL ;stL x}

ls g] kfn eL O; cj;/ sf nfe p7f ;s] uf . n] lsg O;s] lnP lh;

t/ x sL s"6g} lts b"/ blz{tf cf} / k|f} 9 Þtf sL h¿/ t dx;"; sL hf / xL

x} jx oxfF s] / fhg} lts j[Q d] + gxL+ b] vL hf / xL x} . rLg cf} / ef/ t

sf] bf] w|'jf] + k/ v8Þf s/ / fhg] tf cf} / / fh} lts bn ckgf : jfy{ l;4

s/ g] sL sf] lzz s/ t] x} + cf} / O; cGtlj{/ f] w sf] xjf b] s/ oxfF sf

;+rf/ t+q ckgf afhf/ 9"F9tf x} . lgZro xL låkIfLo–lqkIfLo ;Dawf] +

sL lbzf d] + ox ;a;] a8f 3fts dgf] lj1fg x} .

ljZn]if0f

lxdflngL h"g @)!%10

ef/ tLo k+|wfgd+qL >L g/ ] Gb|

df] bL sL ljut rLg ofqf d] + bf] gf] + kIff] + s] aLr hf] Jofkfl/ s

cfly{s ;demf} t] x'P x} +, p;;] ox aft tf] laNs'n ;fkm x} ls cfk;L c;xdltof] +

sf] b/ lsgf/ s/ o] bf] gf] + xL b] z cfu] a9Þgf rfxt] x} + . g] kfn sL l: ylt Og bf] gf] + / fi6«f] + s] aLr e"kl/ j] li7t / fi6« sL x} . rLg cf} / g] kfn sL ;Ldf k/ ljzfn lxdfno kj{tdfnf ckgL

;Dk"0f{ b'¿xtfcf] + s] ;fy v8 ÞL x} hf] bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] aLr l: ylt sf] ;xh

xf] g] gxL+ b] tL .afFwg]

sf k|oTg s/ t] x} + .

g] kfn d] + Ps ju{ P] ;f x} hf] dfgtf x} ls g] kfn s] cfGtl/ s dfdnf] + d] + ef/ t sf cgfk] lIft x: tIf] k xf] tf / xf x} . O; cfz+sf ;] / fhg} lts bn eL k|eljt xf] t] x} + cf} / O;L sf] ;sf/ fTds ¿k d] + n] t] x'P b] z

d] + cnf] stf+lqs zlStofF Joj: yf kl/ jQ{g sL skf] n sNkgf s/ tL gh/ cftL x} + . uf} / tna x} ls ef/ t Ps nf] stf+lqs / fi6« x} . rLg s] k|lt cu/ jx ;z+lst x} tf] dfq O;lnP gxL+ ls p;s] ;fy p;s] o'4hGo ctLt / x] x} + alNs O;lnP eL ls jxfF Ps u} / nf] stf+lqs ;/ sf/ x} . nf] stf+lqs zlStof] + sf ;anLs/ 0f eL rLg s] lnP bafad"ns xf] ;stf x} . O;s] lnP ox eL cfjZos x} ls

nf] stf+lqs zlStof] + sf ;Dos\ ljsf; eL xf] . ox nf] st+q cf} / ljsf; sf ld>0f rLg sL hgtf d] + nf] st+q s] k|lt cfsif{0f cf} / ljZjf; k} bf s/ ;stf x} . oxL sf/ 0f x} ls rLg s] afb pGxf] +g] d+uf] lnof sL ofqf sL hxfF ;+3Lo u0f/ fHo x} cf} / jxfF sL (% kmL;bL hgtf af} 4 x} . pGxf] +g] g sjn d+uf] lnof sL ofqf sL j/ g pGx] + cfly{s ;xof] u eL lsof . O;sf lglxtfy{ oxL x} ls Ps cf] / tf] j] nf] stf+lqs zlStof] + sL ;kmntf cf} / ljsf; rfxt] x} + cf} / b";/ f ls abn] x'P ;Gbef] {+ d] + ;d|f6 czf] s s] …wDdljhoÚ sL gLlt k/ sbd a9Þft] gh/ cft] x} + . d+uf] lnof sL ofqf ;] pGxf] +g] rLg sf] ox eL ;+s] t lbof x} ls cu/ ef/ t s] k|efj If] q s] b] zf] + d] + rLg ckgL ultljlwofF a9Þftf x} tf] p;s] k|efj If] q s] b] zf] + d] + ef/ t eL ckgL e"ldsf sf lj: tf/ s/ ;stf x} . lkm/ g] kfn s] ;fy ef/ t sf ;DaGw wfld{s cf} / ;f+: s[lts s] ;fy–;fy cg] s cfofdL x} + . O;lnP oxfF nf] stf+lqs zlStof] + sf czlSts/ 0f p;sf p2] Zo xL gxL+ xf] ;stf .

cfh ljZj sf / fhg} lts kl/ b[Zo abn / xf x} . zLto'4 sL sfnL 5fof ;] ljZj lgsn r'sf x} cf} / afhf/ jfb s] k|efj d] + cGt/ f{i6«Lo ;DaGwf] + s] ;dLs/ 0f agt] cf} / lau8Þt] x} + . O;lnP ljb] zgLlt sf] t/ n cf} / k|jfxdo agfg] sL cfjZostf x} . ox ;r x} ls k|ToIf ¿k ;] sf] O{ w|'j xd] + b] vg] sf] gxL+

b] s/ oxfF sf ;+rf/ t+q ckgf afhf/ 9"F9tf x} . lgZro xL låkIfLo–lqkIfLo ;Dawf] + sL lbzf d] + ox ;a;] a8f 3fts dgf] lj1fg x} . O; aft sf] ;demf hfgf rflxP ls cu/ xd] + s'5 k|fKt s/ gf x} tf] bftf s] x[bo d] + ;+j] bgf hufg] sL kxn xf] gL rflxP . 3[0ff s] d] 3 ;] ;xof] u sL a"Fb] + tf] gxL+ xL a/ ; ;stL .

cg] stf s] ljleGg cfofd x} + . hflt, wd{, efiff, If] q cf} / b] zsfn sL ;LdfPF xd] + ljeflht s/ tL+ x} + . dxfgtf O; aft d] + x} ls ;Ldfcf] ;] pmk/ p7s/ xd p; ;femf tGt'cf] + sL tnfz s/ ] + hf] xd] + Ps ;"q d] + afFw ;s] . ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL >L df] bL g] ckgL ljut rLg ofqf d] + af] lw j[If sf kf} wf rLgL / fi6«klt ;L lhglk+u sf] e] +6 lsof . b] vg] d] + ox ;xh ;L 36gf nutL x} n] lsg ox p; ;f+: s[lts lj/ f;t sf] ofb s/ gf x} hf] seL ef/ t cf} / rLg sf] Ps s8ÞL d] + hf] 8Þtf yf . Zofg zx/ ;] ckgL ofqf k|f/ De s/ g] s] pgs] bf] lglxtfy{ y] . k|yd ls cxdbfjfb sL th{ k/ ox rLgL / fi6«klt sf u[xgu/ yf, b";/ f ls O; zx/ sf ;DaGw k|Voft rLgL ofqL Xj] g;f+u ;] yf lh;sf ef/ t ;] P] ltxfl;s l/ Ztf / xf x} . l/ Ztf] + s] O; P] ltxfl;s h+un d] + e6sg] sf cy{ pgs] lnP lgZro xL ox / xf x} ls O;s] åf/ f Ps cf] / tf] b] z sL ;f+s[lts ul/ df sf cGt/ f{i6«Los/ 0f s/ gf j] rfxt] x} +, b";/ L cf] / O; ;f+: s[lts ;"q d] + lj/ f] lwof] + sf] eL

ljZn]if0f

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 11

ldntf n] lsg cfly{s cf} / ;fdl/ s b[li6sf] 0f ;] gP ;dLs/ 0f tf] agg] cf} / lju8Þg] nu] x} + . vf;s/ o"qm] g sf ¿; d] + ljno s] afb ox k|lqmof tLj| x'O{ x} . P] ;L cGt/ f{i6«Lo zlStofF hf] cd] l/ sf s] a9Þt] baba] ;] : jo+ sf] s'l07t dx;"; s/ / xL yL, cfh ¿; sL cf] / cfslif{t x'O{ x} . n] lsg P] ;] eL b] z x} + hf] rLg s] a9Þt] baba] ;] cfz+lst x} + . hfkfg cf} / ljotgfd cflb sf] xd O;L >] 0fL d] + u0fgf s/ ;st] x} + . : jfefljs ¿k ;] o] cd] l/ sf s] clws s/ La x} + . ef/ t pe/ tL x'O{ PlzofoL zlSt x} . rLg s] ;fy p;s] ux/ ] ;f+: s[lts ;DaGw tf] / x] x} + n] lsg rLg s] åf/ f sL uoL P] ltxfl;s e"n sL kL8Þf tf] p;s] dg d] + ceL eL a/ s/ f/ x} . O;s] afjh"b ;do sL cfjZostf sf] ;demt] x'P ef/ t rLg s] ;fy ;DaGwf] + sf] ;'wf/ t] x'P cfly{s df] r] { k/ cg] s ;demf} t] s/ / xf x} . P] ;f eL gxL+ x} ls jx rLg ;] 8/ f x'cf x} cf} / P] ;f eL gxL+ ls jx rLg sf] 3] / g] sL sf] lzz s/ / xf x} . j: t'tM tLj| ljsf; sL ult k|fKt s/ g] s] lnP bf] gf] + b] z Ps b";/ ] s] k"/ s s] ¿k d] + cfu] a9Þgf rfxt] x} + cf} / O; ztfAbL sf] Plzof sL ztfAbL d] + abng] s] lnP bf] gf] + ;defj ;] sfd s/ gf rfxt] x} + .

ef/ tLo k+|wfgd+qL >L g/ ] Gb| df] bL sL ljut rLg ofqf d] + bf] gf] + kIff] + s] aLr hf] Jofkfl/ s cfly{s ;demf} t] x'P x} +, p;;] ox aft tf] laNs'n ;fkm x} ls cfk;L c;xdltof] + sf] b/ lsgf/ s/ o] bf] gf] + xL b] z cfu] a9Þgf rfxt] x} + . g] kfn sL l: ylt Og bf] gf] + / fi6«f] + s] aLr e"kl/ j] li7t / fi6« sL x} . rLg cf} / g] kfn sL ;Ldf k/ ljzfn lxdfno kj{tdfnf ckgL ;Dk"0f{ b'¿xtfcf] + s] ;fy v8ÞL x} hf] bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] aLr l: ylt sf] ;xh xf] g] gxL+ b] tL . b";/ L cf] / ef/ t s] ;fy tLg

cf] / ;] O;sL ;LdfPF v'nL x} + cf} / bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] gful/ sf] + sf cafw cjfudg xf] tf x} . xdf/ L / fhgLlt zAbf] + d] + tf] O; oyfy{ ;] jflskm lbvnfO{ b] tL x} du/ Jojxf/ d] + O;;] k"0f{tof cgle1 lbvnfO{ b] tL x} . oxL sf/ 0f x} ls g] kfn s] k|lt ef/ t s] x/ sbd sf] ljjfbf: kb agf lbof hftf x} . O;d] + oxfF s] / fhgLlt1f] + s] ;fy–;fy oxfF sf ;+rf/ t+q eL dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgj{xg s/ tf x} . uf} / tna x} ls ;DaGwf] + sf] cu/ ;'b[9Þ s/ gf rfxt] x} + cf} / p;] ultzLn lbzf eL b] gf rfxt] x} + tf] ljifjdg sf] / f] sgf ;/ sf/ sL k|fyldstf xf] gL rflxP . afhf/ sf] gh/ d] + / vs/ / fhgLlt cf} / ;+rf/ sf Jofkf/ cu/ xd rnfgf rfxt] x} + tf] ox k|j[lQ ;DaGwf] + sf] ultzLntf k|bfg gxL+ s/ ;stL . Ps ;sf/ fTds kIf ox x} ls ls lh; t/ x g] kfn s ;+rf/ t+q ef/ t lj/ f] w sf ldzg rnf / x] x} + cf} / lk5n] lbgf] + lh; t/ x OGxf] +g]

g] kfnL / fi6«Lotf sf pb\ud ;|f] t uf] / vf dfgf hftf x} . cu/ zAbf] + s] ¿k kl/ jt{g k/ ljrf/ s/ ] + tf] …uf] / IffÚ zAb ;] O;sL Jo'TklQ dfgL hf ;stL x} lh;sf cy{ xL ufof] + sL / Iff s/ gf xf] tf x} . kfls: tfg g] / fxt ;fdu|L d] + uf] df+; sf d;fnf e] hf yf lh;] ef/ tLo r} gnf] + g] ckgL ;'lv{ofF agfoL+ ox pgsL ckgL ;f] r yL . uf} / tna x} ls ef/ t–kfs sL ;Ldf k/ cdg xf] of sf] x/ fd, dgf] j} 1flgs ¿k d] + Og bf] gf] + b] zf] + d] + o'4 sf dgf] lj1fg xf] tf x} .

æljZn]if0f

lxdflngL h"g @)!%12

cgofGo b] z arfj cf} / / fxt s] lnP oxfF kx'Fr ;s] y] . b";/ f kIf ox x} ls ef/ tLo x] nLsf‘K6/ p4f/ cf} / / fxt d] + g] kfn sL ;] gf sL ;xfotf s/ g] s] lnP cfP y] cf} / p;L s] ;fy ;dGjo eL s/ / xf yf . ef/ tLo ;dfrf/ t+q ;dfrf/ ;+sng s] lnP cfP y] . bf] gf] + ;Go+q Ps xL b] z s] y] O;lnP Ogd] + ;dGjo s] ;"q tf] xf] xL ;st] y] n] lsg ;dfrf/ ;+sng s/ jfgf Ogsf p2] Zo gxL+ yf .

g] kfnL / fi6«Lotf sf pb\ud ;|f] t uf] / vf dfgf hftf x} . cu/ zAbf] + s] ¿k kl/ jt{g k/ ljrf/ s/ ] + tf] …uf] / IffÚ zAb ;] O;sL Jo'TklQ dfgL hf ;stL x} lh;sf cy{ xL ufof] + sL / Iff s/ gf xf] tf x} . kfls: tfg g] / fxt ;fdu|L d] + uf] df+; sf d;fnf e] hf yf lh;] ef/ tLo r} gnf] + g] ckgL ;'lv{ofF agfoL+ ox pgsL ckgL ;f] r yL . uf} / tna x} ls ef/ t–kfs sL ;Ldf k/ cdg xf] of sf] x/ fd, dgf] j} 1flgs ¿k d] + Og bf] gf] + b] zf] + d] + o'4 sf dgf] lj1fg xf] tf x} . O;lnP ef/ tLo ;dfrf/ t+q ckg] b] z s] bz{sf] + s] lnP ;dfrf/ k|: t't s/ / x] y] . ox cnu aft x} ls dxfe"s+k s] afb rf/ lbgf] + ts g] kfn d] + ef/ tLo ;dfrf/ r} gn k|d'vtf ;] b] v] uP Sof] +ls ljgfz sL jf: tljs l: ylt ts OgsL kx'Fr xL gxL+ yL . O;lnP xLgtf–af] w s] dgf] lj1fg d] + O; t+q g] ef/ tLo dLl8of k/ kn6jf/ lsof . ;demf hf ;stf x} ls O; k|j[lQ sf sf/ s tTj Sof x} cf} / O; k/ k|efj ls;sf x} <

Og cy{xLg ljjfbf] + s] afjh"b g] kfn

s] ;Gbe{ d] + df] bL sL rLg ofqf sf Ps ;sf/ fTds kIf ox / xf x} ls dxfe"sDk s] dxfljgfz sL

qf;bL ;] lga6g] d] + ef/ t cf} / rLg bf] gf] +

kIff] + g] ldns/ g] kfn sf] ;xof] u s/ g] sL k|lta4tf

hflx/ sL x} cf} / ;8Þs dfu{ ;] xf] g] jfn] efjL ef/ t–rLg Jofkf/ d] + g] kfn sf] eL zfldn s/ g] k/ ;xdlt htnfoL x} . O;] g] kfn s] ljb] z gLlt sL ljkmntf xL sxL hfPuL ls ef/ t cf} / rLg s] aLr xf] g] jfn] Jofkf/ sf 6«f+lh6 KjfO+6 g] kfn sf] agfg] s] lnP g] kfn sL cf] / ;] sO{ af/ aft / vL uO{ yL du/ O;sL pk] Iff s/ ef/ t cf} / rLg g] ;Lw] ;8Þs dfu{ ;] h'8Þg] sf lg0f{o lnof x} .

Ps aft tf] to x} ls ef/ t cf} / rLg s] ;DaGwf] + sf ckgf Oltxf;, ckgL cfjZostfPF cf} / ckgL r'gf} ltofF x} + . O;] agfg] –a9Þfg] d] + j] j} lZjs ;Gbef] {+ d] + ckgL l: ylt sL JofVof tf] s/ ;st] x} + du/ g] kfn O;d] + sxL+ gxL+ cftf . r"Fls bf] gf] + b] zf] + åf/ f ox e"kl/ j] li7t / fi6« x} O;lnP ;DaGwf] + sf] ;defj ;] JofVoflot s/ gf O;sL cfjZostf x} . n] lsg Ps sL zQ{ k/ k/ b";/ ] ;] lgs6tf of b"/ L sf kQf km] +sgf Ps t/ x ;] c;kmn ljb] zgLlt sf xL kl/ 0ffd dfgf hfgf rflxP . cfh b] z ;+s6 d] + x} , ljWj+z xdf/ f oyfy{ x} , ;xof] u xdf/ L cfjZostf x} . O;s] lnP gLltut ;+t'ng ;do sL dfFu x} . ;: tL nf] slk|otf s] lnP cy{xLg cfnf] rgfcf] + sf] k|>o b] gf xdf/ ] lnP ljwfoL gxL+ xf] ;stf . lll

cfh b] z ;+s6 d] + x} ,

ljWj+z xdf/ f oyfy{ x} , ;xof] u xdf/ L cfjZostf x} .

O;s] lnP gLltut ;+t'ng ;do sL dfFu x} . ;: tL nf] slk|otf s] lnP cy{xLg cfnf] rgfcf] + sf] k|>o b] gf

xdf/ ] lnP ljwfoL gxL+ xf] ;stf .

ef/ tLo ;+rf/ t+q k/ k|xf/ lsof, cu/ O; df] lj1fg ;] ef/ tLo ;+rf/ t+q eL ;+rflnt xf] P] ;L kl/ l: ylt pTkGg xf] ;stL x} lh;sL xd sNkgf gxL+ s/ ;st] .

g] kfn d] + s'5 dLl8of xfp; ;lqmo x} + lhgsf p2] Zo ef/ tlj/ f] wL k|f] ku+8f s/ gf x} . P] ;] xfp;f] + ;] ;DalGwt hf] cvaf/ x} + df] 6] tf} / k/ p;s] ls;L eL kGb|x lbgf] + sf c+s p7fs/ b] vf hfP tf] p;d] + bf] –rf/ ef/ t lj/ f] wL n] v ldn xL hfPFu] . lglZrt x} ls O;s] lnP Og ;+rf/ t+qf] + g] n] vsf] + sf] kfn / vf x} . Ogsf k|d'v p2] Zo xf] tf x} ls ef/ t s] ;fy e|d k} bf s/ nf] uf] + sf] u'd/ fx s/ ] . ox l: ylt cfh ;] gxL+ nueu tL; jiff+] {+ ;] rnL cf / xL x} . n] lsg g] kfn d] + df] bL s] O; efif0f g] tL; ;fn s] O; cys k|of; k/ kfgL km] / lbof . g] kfn sL hgtf df] bL sL pbf/ efjgf k/ d'Uw xf] uO{ . O; aft ;] g] kfn d] + ef/ t lj/ f] wL ;Dk"0f{ t+q af} vnfP x'P y] . Ps af/ lkm/ ha dxfe"s+k s] afb df] bL ;/ sf/ g] g] kfn s] bb{ sf] ;demf cf} / Tjl/ t ¿k ;] p4f/ cf} / / fxt sL lbzf d] + o'4 : t/ k/ …cf‘k/ ] zg d} qLÚ k|f/ De lsof cf} / cfd nf] u ef/ t s] Og ;bfzotf e/ ] ;xof] u sL k|Zf+;f s/ g] nu] tf] OGx] + ckgf hfn 6"6tf x'cf gh/ cfof . O;lnP OGxf] +g] O; cj;/ sf eL pkof] u ef/ t sf] cf/ f] lkt s/ g] s] lnP lsof . s'5 xhf/ kf7s eL O; axsfj] d] + cf uP . cfd g] kflnof] + k/ O;sf k|efj gxL+ k8Þf . OGxf] +g] lkm/ k} t/ f abnf cf} / ;f/ f bf] if ef/ tLo dLl8of k/ d9Þ lbof . ;fdflhs ;+hfn k/ Ps ax; xL rn k8ÞL cf} / ;Ldfcf] + sf] nfF3tL x'O{ cfnf] rgfPF b] vg] cf} / k9Þg] sf] ldnL . s'5 ef/ tLo kqsf/ eL O; e|d sf] xjf b] / x] y] . O;;] : ki6 x} ls o] zlStofF ls;L g ls;L ¿k d] + cf} / sxL+ g sxL+ ;] ;+rflnt x} + . g] kfn s] ;/ sf/ sL r'gf} tL ox x} ls j] ;DaGwf] + sL ghfst sf] ;dem] cf} / l: ylt sf] k|lts"n xf] g] ;] arfg] sf k|of; s/ ] .

Og ;Dk"0f{ ljjfbf] + d] + ;Qf sL afu8f] / ;Fefn] s'5 jl/ i7 / fhgLlt1 ef/ t lj/ f] wL g] kfnL dLl8of sf arfj s/ t] gh/ cfP . ox cf/ f] k d9Þf ls ef/ tLo x] nLsf‘K6/ f] + g] g] kfn s] kqsf/ f] + sf] t/ hLx gxL+ bL . ox pgsL ckgL ;Ldf cf} / sfo{k|0ffnL xf] ;stL x} n] lsg ox tf] dfgf hf ;stf x} ls ck] Iffs[t tsgLsL ;'ljwf ;DkGg ef/ tLo ;+rf/ t+q sL ;lqmotf ;] e"s+k kZrft g] kfn sL l: ylt sL eofjxtf sf cGt/ f{i6«Los/ 0f xf] kfof yf cf} / Tjl/ t ¿k ;] ljZj s]

ljZn]if0f

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 13

;dfrf/ljZn]if0f ljZn]if0f

zLif{s b] vs/ lglZrt ¿k ;] P] ;f nugf hfoh x} ls Ps hflt ljz] if

sf] nf] eL zAb ;] lje"lift lsof uof hals, P] ;f laNs'n gxL+ x} , zAbf] + k/ olb uDeL/ tf k"j{s Wofg lbof hfo tf] ox ljz'4 ¿k ;] nf] eL k|j[lt s] a|fXd0ff] + s] k|lt dfq O+lut x} . nf] eL zAb sf k|of] u a|fXd0f k|lt O+lut Sof] + lsof uof, O;sf sf/ 0f Sof x} O;s] lnP s[i0f nLnf s] Ps k|;Ë sf pNn] v s/ gf clt h¿/ L x} . åfk/ d+] s+z gfds Ps k|efjzfnL / fhf x'cf s/ t] y] , eljiojf0fL s] cg';f/ s+z sf] ] 1ft yf p;sf jw pgs] efGhf s[i0f s] xfyf] + xf] gf x} O;lnP s+z g] ckg] d[To' s] sf/ s s[i0f sL xTof s/ g] sf

ax't k|oTg lsof n] lsg xd] zf c;kmntf xL xfy nuL . s[i0f s] xfyf] + ckgL d[To' xf] g] sL aftf] + ;] lrlGtt cf} / ql;t s+z g] ckg] ljZjf;kfq ;] gfklt sf] sxf casL af/ ls;L eL xfnt d] + s[i0f sf jw ;'lglZrt xf] ;s] P] ;] ;Ifd of] 4f sL tnfz s/ b/ af/ d] + k] z lsof hfo . s'5 lbg kZrft ;] gfklt g] s[i0f jw s/ g] sf] ;Ifd cr's c: q k|flKt sL ;"rgf b/ af/ d] + lehjfO{, ;"rgf k|fKt xf] t] xL s+z g] tTsfn p; cr"s c: q sf] hfFrg] k/ vg] lnP b/ af/ d] + k] z xf] g] sf cfb] z lbof, ;] gfklt p; cr's c: q s] ;fy b/ af/ kl/ ;/ d] + xflh/ x'P . s+z g] ;] gfklt sf] Ps sk8Þ] d] + lnk6] x'P lg/ Lx a|fXd0f s] ;fy k|j] z s/ t] b] vf, s+z g]

;] gfklt ;] k"5f Sof oxL jx cr"s c: q x} hf] s[i0f sf jw s/ ;stf x} , ;] gfklt g] pQ/ lbof dxf/ fh lglZrt ¿k d+] cfk O; lg/ Lx a|fXd0f sf] b] vs/ ;f] r / x] xf+] u] Sof ox lg/ Lx ;f lbvg] jfnf a|fXd0f s[i0f jw s/ ;stf x} , n] lsg dxf/ fh O; a|fXd0f sL zf/ Ll/ s b'j{ntf k/ dt hfOP ox a|fXd0f dfofjL ljBf d] + kf/ u+t x} O;sL dfofjL zlQm s] cfu] a8] Þ ;] a8] Þ of] 4f eL gxL+ l6s ;st] x} . ;] gfklt sL aft sf] ;'gg] s] afb s+z g] a|fXd0f sL dfofjL zlQm sf] b] vg] sL OR5f hflx/ sL a|fXd0f g] tTsfn d+q ;] ljzfnsfo / fIf; sf] k|s6 s/ s+z sf] rlst s/ lbof . a|fXd0f s] dfofjL zlQm

sf] b] vs/ s+z sf] ljZjf; xf] uof ls oxL x} jx cr"s c: q hf] s[i0f jw s/ ;stf x} . s+z a|fXd0f s] dfofjL zlQm k/ ;+t'i6 tf] gh/ cfP n] lsg s+z s] Åbo d] + Ps pT;'stf cf} / z+sf agL / xL, ckg] eLt/ p7 / xL z+sf sf] b"/ s/ g] s] lnP ;] gfklt sf] a|fXd0f ;] s'5 b"/ n] hfs/ sxf O;d] sf] O{ ;+b] x gxL+ sL O; a|fXd0f d] + s[i0f jw s/ g] sL ckf/ zlQm ljBdfg x} n] lsg ofb / x] ox JolQm æa|fXd0fÆ x} , lh;sf s[i0f ;] b"/ –b"/ ts sf] O{ gftf Pj+ j} / efj gxL+ jx rGb k} ;f] s] vflt/ cflv/ s[i0f jw h} ;] uDeL/ ck/ fw sf efuLwf/ Sof] + ag] uf < s+z s] eLt/ pkh] x'P z+sf sf] b"/ s/ g] lnP x'P ;] gfklt g] pQ/ lbof dxf/ fh olb æa|fXd0fÆ d] + nf] e ;df hfo cf} / jx nf] eL ag hfo tf] p;sf rl/ q ærf08fnÆ ;] eL abt/ xf] hftf x} ctPj cfk lglZrGt / x] dxf/ fh ox a|fXd0f s[i0f jw s/ g] d] + ;kmn xf] s/ / x] uf . @)$* ;fn ;] n] s/ @)&@ a} zfv s] dxfe"sDk ts g] kfn s] / fhgLlts kl/ b[Zo sf ljZn] if0f lsof hfo tf] s[i0f k|;fb ;] n] s/ ;'zLn sf] O/ fnf ts cf} / eljio d] + ck] lIft s] = kL= cf] nL, lh;] b] v] nf] eL a|fXd0f s] ;d"x s] cnfjf s'5 gxL+ lbvtf hxfF b] +v] jxL+ pgsf xL af] njfnf x} . @)$* ;fn kZrft dgdf] xg clwsf/ L cf} / s[i0f k|;fb e§/ fO{ sf] 5f] 8Þs/ k|foM ;Qf sL afu8f] / c;kmn ;Qf nf] eL a|fXd0f lul/ hf k|;fb sf] O/ fnf, dfwj g] kfn, emngfy vgfn, afa'/ fd e§/ fO{, ;'zLn sf] O/ fnf s] Ob{–lub{ xL 3"dtf / xf xfn cfs/ ?U0f s] = kL= cf] nL s] s+wf] k/ / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ ;f} kg] sL t} of/ L tLa| ult d] + rn / xL x} . uf} / ;] Wofg lbof hfo tf] kxf8Þ k/ cGofo gxL+ xf] g] b] +u] P] ;L jsfnt s/ t] x'P kxf8ÞL nf] eL a|fXd0ff] + sf em'08 gh/ cftf x} tf] b";/ L t/ km dw] ; sf d;Lxf agg] sL xf] 8Þ d+] cNk;+Vos nf] eL a|fXd0ff] + sf em'08 cu|k+lQm d+] gh/ cftf x} hals Og bf] gf] s] rfn, rl/ q d] + / QLe/ km/ s gxL+ x} , @)$* ;fn ;] @)&@ ;fn ts s] @$ jiff] {+ s] sfn v08 sf] b] vf hfP tf] ox @$ jiff] { s] sfn v08 d] + hgtf sf cledt dfq ljleGg a|fXd0ff+] sf] : yflkt s/ g] s] cnfjf s'5 gxL+ x'cf, g] kfnL hgtf sf / fi6–ljsf; s] lnP lbof x'cf cledt e§/ fO{, sf] O/ fnf, vgfn, g] kfn cf} / xfn cf s/ cf] nL j+z : yflkt s/ g] d] +

nf] eL a|fx\d0f cf} / / fhg} lts kl/ b[Zo

cd/ bLk df] Qmfg

@)$* ;fn ;] @)&@ ;fn ts s] @$ jiff] {+ s] sfn v08 sf] b] vf hfP tf] ox @$ jiff] { s] sfn v08 d] + hgtf sf cledt dfq ljleGg a|fXd0ff+] sf] : yflkt s/ g] s] cnfjf s'5 gxL+ x'cf, g] kfnL hgtf sf / fi6«–ljsf; s] lnP lbof x'cf cledt e§/ fO{, sf] O/ fnf, vgfn, g] kfn cf} / xfn cf s/ cf] nL j+z : yflkt s/ g] d] + vr{ xf] / xf x} , cflv/ ox l;nl;nf sa ts rntf / x] uf < g] kfn nf] eL a|fXd0ff] + s] r+u'n ;] d'Qm xf] s/ sa ljsf; sL ult d+] tLj|tf ;] bf} 8 Þ] uf < ;j{u'0fo"Qm g] kfn ;Qfnf] eL a|fXd0f s] ar{: j s] sf/ 0f qmdzM ktg sL cf] / cu|;/ xf] tf hf / xf x} , seL–seL tf] P] ;f k|tLt xf] tf x} dfgf] g] kfn dfq a|fXd0ff] sf b] z x} , oxf

sf] O{ cGo ;d'bfo / xt] xL gxL+ x+} .

lxdflngL h"g @)!%14

sxfgLljZn]if0fvr{ xf] / xf x} , cflv/ ox l;nl;nf sa ts rntf / x] uf < g] kfn nf] eL a|fXd0ff] + s] r+u'n ;] d'Qm xf] s/ sa ljsf; sL ult d+] tLj|tf ;] bf} 8Þ] uf < ;j{u'0fo'Qm g] kfn ;Qfnf] eL a|fXd0f s] ar{: j s] sf/ 0f qmdzM ktg sL cf] / cu|;/ xf] tf hf / xf x} , seL seL tf] P] ;f k|tLt xf] tf x} dfgf] g] kfn dfq a|fXd0ff] sf b] z x} , oxf sf] O{ cGo ;d'bfo / xt] xL gxL+ x+} .

@)&@ a} zfv !@ s] dxfe"sDk kZrft k/ fsDkg d] + Go"gLs/ 0f ;] hghLjg tf] ;fdfGo xf] / xf x} O;s] ;fy / fi6«Lo cfjZostf sf hfdf kxgfs/ / fi6« ;/ sf/ lgdf{0f sL rrf{ hf] / f] k/ x} cf} / / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sf g] t[Tj tyf : j¿k s] ljifo d] + rrf{ Pj+ a} 7s d] + jxL nf] eL a|fXd0f sf ;d"x lbv / xf x} hf] ljut d+] eL ;Qf–k|flKt s] cu|k+lQm d] + y] cfh eL cu|k+lQm d] + gh/ cf / x] x} + . dxfk|nosf/ L e"sDk ;] Ifltu|: t g] kfn : j: y agfg] s] lnP / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sL cfjZostf ckl/ xfo{ x} n] lsg ;fy xL ;fy ox eL h?/ L x} / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sL lhDd] jf/ L ls; k|sf/ s] dha"t sGw] k/ ;f} kL hf / xL x} ox g] kfnL hgtf sf] eL dfGo xf] gf h?/ L x} . hgtf Ps ;fwf/ 0f JolQm sf] ckgf cd"No dt b] s/ g] tf agftf

x} tf] Sof / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sf : j¿k s} ;f xf] cf} / g] t[Tj ls;] ;f} kf hfP O; af/ ] d+] hgtf sf cledt n] gf h?/ L gxL+ x} < nf] stGq sL lj8Dagf ox x} O;d] c+sf] sf] k|fyldstf bL hftL x} n] lsg ox gxL+ e"ngf rflxP / fi6«Lo ljklQ ;] h"em / x] g] kfn sf] ;+s6 d'Qm s/ g] s] lnP / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sL cfjZostf k/ rrf{ Pjd\ ax; x} , O;lnP eofjx l: ylt ;] h"em / x] g] kfn d+ ca eL g] tfcf] åf/ f c+sf] sf v] n v] nf uof tf] ox lglZrt ¿k d] + 3fts l;4 xf] ;stf x} . e"sDk s] tf08j

g] / fi6« sf] hh{/ agf lbof bft[ / fi6« jt{dfg / fhgLlts bn k|lt ;+b] x k|s6 s/ / x] x+} bft[ / fi6« åf/ f jrg d'Qfljs ;/ sf/ sf] ;xof] u / flz b] g] sf dtnj : ki6 x} bft[ / fi6« g] kfn s] / fhgLlts bn s] rl/ q k/ ;+b] x k|s6 s/ / x] x+} Og ;f/ L jftf] + sf] Wofg d+] / vt] x'P g] tfcf] sf] nf] e df] x : jfy{ ;] pk/ p7s/ kb k|flKt gxL+ / fi6«Lo : jfy{ sf] k|fyldstf b] gL rflxP .

dxfe"sDk kZrft / fHo ljNs'n gfsfd, lg/ Lx Pj+ c;kmn ;fljt x'cf x} . ;/ sf/ s]

u} / lhDd] jf/ k"0f{ sfo{z} nL s] sf/ 0f jt{dfg ;/ sf/ s] ahfP / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ lgdf{0f sL u"Fh s'5 lbg kxn] ts wLd] : j/ d] + ;'gfO{ b] / xL y] n] lsg sf‘d/ ] 8 k|r08 åf/ f / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ s] k|wfgdGqL s] ¿k d] + s] =kL= cf] nL sf gfd k|: tfljt s/ g] kfnL / fhgLltsj[t d] + t/ +u k} bf s/ bL x} , sn ts Ps b";/ ] s] 3f] / lj/ f] wL / x] k|r08 g] s] =kL= cf] nL sf gfd / fi6«Lo : jfy{ s] lnP k|: tfljt lsof x} P] ;f ;f] rgf d'v{tf xf] uL jf: tj d] + s] =kL= cf] nL sf gfd k|: tfljt s/ sf‘d/ ] 8 k|r08 g] Ps tL/ ;] tLg lzsf/ lsof x} , kxnf sf+u|] ;, Pdfn] u7aGwg ;/ sf/ d] + b/ f/ cf} / z+sf k} bf s/ gf, b";/ f s] =kL= cf] nL s] eLt/ 5'k] x'P k|wfgdGqL agg] sL nfn;f¿kL clUg d] + 3[t 8fns/ k|HHjlnt s/ gf cf} / tL;/ f olb ;f} efUoaz cf] nL k|wfgdGqL ag hft] x} + tf] k|r08 Pj+ Pdfcf] jfbL sf] ljz] if k|fyldstf ldngf to x} . k|r08 g] ?U0f s] =kL= cf] nL sf gfd k|: tfljt s/ / fi6« lxt gxL+ alNs / fi6« s] ;fy ljZjf;3ft lsof x} , dgg s/ g] jfnL aft ox x} , s] =kL= cf] nL / fi6« s] s/ f] 8Þf} nufgL s] kmn: j¿k cfh cf+lzs ¿k d+] : j: y gh/ cf / x] x+} , olb sf] O{ ;fdfGo gful/ s s] =kL= cf] nL sL t/ x

ljleGg / f] uf] + ;] u|: t xf] tf tf] Sof jx JolQm ca ts hLljt / xtf < sxg] sf cy{ ox x} hf] JolQm ckg] ?U0f z/ L/ sf] ;Dxfn gxL+ ;stf, dxLg] bf] dxLg] s] cGt/ fn d] + : jf: Yo hfFr s/ fg] s] lnP ljb] z hfg k8Þtf x} , j} ;] JolQm s] sdhf] / s+wf] k/ / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sL lhDd] bf/ L ;f} kg] sL aft d'v{tf sL k/ fsfi7f xf] uL .

Ps t/ km / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ lgdf{0f k/ rrf{ cf} / ax; hf] / f] s] ;fy rn / xL x} ;/ sf/ d] + dGqL kb k|flKt sf] cft'/ r] x/ ] pd+u ;] e/ ] x'P x+} , pgs] dg d] + n8\8' km"6 / x] x} , tf] b";/ L t/ km JolQmut cfsf+Iff cf} / : jfy{ s] sf/ 0f dte] b s] : j/ eL ;'gfO{ k8Þ / x] x} + . / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ s] lgdf{0f ;DaGw d] + s] =kL= cf] nL cf} / afdb] j uf} td aLr jfs o'4 s] ;dfrf/ d] + / fi6«–lxt s] ljk/ Lt lghL dxTjsf+Iff cf} / : jfy{ lglxt x} . sf+u|] ; kf6L{ kxn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f afb d] + / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ cf} / olb jt{dfg ;/ sf/ sf] ckb: y s/ / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ lgdf{0f s/ g] sf k|of; lsof uof tf] sf+u|] ; ljkIf d+] a} 7g] sf ;+s] t b] s/ ;Qfwf/ L kf6L{ sf+u|] ;, Pdfn] sf dte] b cf} / : jfy{ut dxTjsf+Iff : ki6 ¿k d] + phfu/ xf] / xf x} . jt{dfg g] kfnL / fhgLlt d] + / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ s] k|wfgdGqL s] lnP s] =kL= cf] nL s] ;fy lul/ hf k'qL ;'hftf sf] O/ fnf g] Ps kqsf/ e] 63f6 sfo{qmd s] bf} / fg ckgL bfj] bf/ L k] z s/ xf: of: kb agf lbof x} , k'qL df] xu|: t lktf : juL{o lul/ hf k|;fb sf] O/ fnf sL ljz] if cg'sDkf s] sf/ 0f c;Ifd xf] t] x'P eL ;'hftf sf] O/ fnf ul/ dfdo k/ / fi6« dGqL agg] jfnL efUojfg dlxnf agL . ca ts nf] eL a|fXd0ff] + sf ;d"x dfq lbvtf yf n] lsg a|fXd0f dlxnf ;'hftf sf] O/ fnf g] k|wfgdGqL kb s] lnP ckg] sf] k|: t't s/ g] kfn s] / fhgLlt sf] dgf] / ~hs agf lbof x} . sflGtk'/ s] sfo{qmd kmfo/ ;fO8 d] + s] =kL= cf] nL g] / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ s] sfo{ ;~rfng s] tf} / t/ Lsf k|: t't s/ t] x'P

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 15

sxfgL ljZn]if0f

eljio d] + g] t[TjbfoL e"ldsf s] lnP ckg] sf] ;Ifd xf] g] sf ;+s] t lbof . / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sf lgdf{0f xf] tf x} of gxL+ ox ;j aft]+ eljio s] ue{ d] + l5kL x'O{ x} + n] lsg O;s] afjh"b k+lQmsf/ k"0f{ ljZj: t x} + ls ljleGg gf} 6+sL s] afb cflv/ s] = kL= cf] nL xL / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ s] g] t[TjbfoL e"ldsf d+] lbv] +u] Sof] ls g] kfn Hero by Mistake cyf{t\ e"njztM gfosf] + sf b] z x} , O; b] z d] + hf] c;Ifd x} jxL ;Ifd : yfg k/ lj/ fhdfg x} , oxfF hf] c;+ej x} jxL aft ;+ej xf] g] sL k/ Dk/ f x} . / fhgLlt ;] n] s/ lh; cf] / eL gh/ bf} 8ÞfPF clwsf+z c;kmn cf} / e|i6 r] x/ ] xL dxTjk"0f{ : yfg d] + lj/ fhdfg gh/ cft] x} + . cGw] / gu/ L rf} k6 / fhf s] b] z g] kfn d] + hgtf sf] dfgs/ rngf xf] uf cunf k|wfgdGqL ?Ug s] =kL= cf] nL xL xf] g] jfn] x} + . olb s] =kL= cf] nL k|wfgdGqL ag hft] x+} tf] pgs] ;fdg] r'gf} ltof] + s] kxf8Þ x} +, s] =kL= cf] nL sL 5lj Ps hflt ljz] if s] kIfkf] ifs s] ¿k d+] b] vL hftL x} , cflbjf;L dw] ;L ;d'bfo k|lt hf] t'R5 jrg k|xf/ cf} / ljifjdg s] =kL= cf] nL g] lsof x} Sof pg ;j aftf] sf] e"ns/ cflbjf;L dw] ;L ;d'bfo Åbo ;] / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ s] k|wfgdGqL s] ¿k d] + s] =kL= cf] nL sf] : jLsf/ s/ un] nuf n] +u] . s] =kL= cf] nL s] a8Þaf] n] tLv] zAbaf0f ;] ddf{xt x'P cflbjf;L dw] ;L ;d'bfo s] 5ngL x'P Åbo sf] sf} g ;L h8ÞL–a'6L sf k|of] u s/ 3fj e/ g] sf k|of; s/ ] +u] v8\u jnL < @)$* ;fn kZrft g] kfn sL / fhgLlt d] + nf] eL a|fXd0ff] + sf em'08 k|wfgdGqL agg] s] lnP cflbjf;L cf} / dw] l;of] +sf] e] +8Þ agft] / x] cf} / cflbjf;L, dw] ;L ljleGg nf] eL a|fXd0f s] u'6 s] xg'dfg ags/ 3'6gf 6] s ;dy{g s/ s] d'v{tf sf k|bz{g s/ t] / x] cf} / ox k/ Dk/ f ca eL oyfjt\ hf/ L x} .

/ fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ s] gfd k/ ljut h} ;L bnLo 7] s] bf/ L sf] k|fyldstf bL hf / xL x} ;fy xL ;fy / fi6«Lo zAb sL wHhL p8ÞfO{ hf / xL x} . / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ lgdf{0f cf} / : j¿k

s] a} 7s d] + Ps aft d+] ;dfgtf lbvL hf] ljut d] + eL b] vL uO{ jx x} / fi6«« lgdf{0f x] t' u7g xf] g] jfn] / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ lgdf{0f sL rrf{ cf} / ax; d] + ;a;] Hofbf ;+Vof jfn] cflbjf;L k|ltlglw sL pkl: ylt gu0o x} , O; t/ x s] k"jf{u|xL cfr/ 0f ;] lgld{t xf] g] jfnL ;/ sf/ sf] / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sf gfd b] gf xf: of: kb x} . e"sDk kZrft / fxt ljt/ 0f d+] sf+u|] ;, Pdfn] sfo{stf{ sf] k|fyldstf

lbP hfg] sL vj/ ] cfO{ O;sf : ki6 dtnj x} sf+u|] ;, Pdfn] ;] ;DaGw gxL+ / vg] jfn] : jtGq JolQm g] kfnL gful/ s gxL+ x} + . jt{dfg dGqLd08n s] Ps k|efjzfnL dGqL s] : jsLo ;lrj -hf] pgs] kfl/ jfl/ s ;b: o eL x} _ g] / fxt s] lnP cfP x'P h: tf s] aG8n sf] a] rg] sL s'r] i6f sL n] lsg hgtf s] cfGbf] lnt xf] g] k/ 3f] 6fnf sf kbf{kmf; x'cf ;fy xL ;fy dGqL s] : jsLo ;rLj sf] O: tLkmf b] gf k8Þf . P] ;L l: ylt d+] bft[ / fi6« hf] g] kfn s] jt{dfg ;/ sf/ sf] ;+b] x sL b[li6 ;] b] v / x] x} P] ;L l3gf] gL x/ stf] + sf] b] vs/ pgsf ;+b] x ztk|ltzt hfoh x} . cbe't jft tf] ox x} dGqL hL s] ;lrj / +u] xfyf] ks8Þ] hfg] s] afjh'b dGqL hL ckg] : jsLo ;lrj sL, 3f] 6fn] d] + ;+nUgtf sf] gsf/ t] x} + n] lsg ;Qf ;fe] mbf/ bn Pdfn] s] dxf;lrj s] =kL= cf] nL g] kmfo/ ;fO8 sfo{qmd d] + h: tf 3f] 6fn] k|s/ 0f sf lhqm s/ ;Totf sL k'li6 s/ bL x} .

/ fi6«Lo ljklQ sf ;fdgf s/ g] s] lnP lglZrt ¿k d+] Ps dha"t / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ cfjZos x} k/ ox zt{ ljNs'n g yf] kL hfo ls / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sf g] t[Tj / fhgLlt s] c;kmn g] tfcf] s] xfyf] + d+] xL xf] , Sof] +ls g] kfnL hgtf c;kmn g] tfcf] sf] ]

em] nt] em] nt] k/ ] zfg xf] r'sL x} , hgtf ca s'5 gof phf{jfg r] x/ f b] vgf rfxtL x} . jt{dfg g] kfn s] s'5 Ps g] tfcf] sf] 5f] 8Þs/ clwsf+z g] tf hgtf sL b[li6 d] + c;kmn cf} / lgsDdf ;fljt xf] r's] x} . / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ lgdf{0f s] gfd k/ hh{/ j[4 ;'zLn sf] O/ fnf s] : yfg k/ ?U0f s] =kL= cf] nL s] kIf d] + nljË rn / xL x} , eo+s/ / fi6«Lo ljkbf ;] u'h/ / x] g] kfn sf] Ps : jR5 s'zn cf} / dha"t sGw] sL h?/ t x} g ls hh{/ ;'zLn s] : yfg k/ ?U0f s] =kL= cf] nL sL . k+rfotL sfn sf] lg/ +s'z sxf hftf of Sof] +ls g rfxt] x'P eL hgtf pb08 kf/ ; sf] o'j/ fh : jLsf/ s/ g] sf] dha"/ y] . k+rfotL lg/ +s'ztf ;] s'5 km/ s ¿k d+] ca eL lg/ +s'ztf ljBdfg x} hgtf sf] rfx ljkl/ t ;'hftf sf] dGqL agt] b] vgf k8Þf, hh{/ ;'zLn sf] n8Þv8Þft] / fi6« sL lhDd] bf/ L ;Defnt] b] v / x] x} + cf} / ca cf s/ ?U0f s] =kL= cf] nL s] sdhf] / s+wf] k/ / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sL lhDd] bf/ L ;f} kg] sL aft lg/ +s'ztf gxL+ x} tf] Sof x} < g] kfnL hgtf sf b'ef{Uo, pgs] rfxg] g rfxg] sL k/ jfx ls;] x} . lh;sf] Kof/ : g] x cf} /

ckgf cd"No dt b] s/ g] tf agft] x} + jxL g] tf hgtf sL efjgf sf] s'rns/ xd gxL+ ;'w/ ] +u] jfn] / f] u ;] u|: t xf] JolQmut : jfy{ d] + lnKt xf] hft] x} + . ofb / x] / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sf k|wfgdGqL s'zn bIf cf} / ;j{: jLsfo{ JolQmTj xf] gf jt{dfg ;do sL dfFu x} , O;lnP / fi6«Lo ljkbf sf] ;DefNfg] s] lnP / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ s] k|wfgdGqL s] ¿k d+] j[4 hh{/ ?U0f nf] eL kfq sf] ;Qf ;] afx/ / v s/ / fi6«eQm, bIf, k"jf{u|x/ lxt dha"t s+wf] k/ lhDd] bf/ L ;f} kgf xL / fi6«lxt cf} / a'l4dfgL ;fljt xf] uL . lll

8fF8fvs{, bf] nvf

lxdflngL h"g @)!%16

ljZn]if0f

ljgfzsf/ L e"sDk s] afb Ps ax't u+eL/ kL8Þf cf} / clglZrt eljio sL

ef/ L b'ljwf d] + dfxe/ ;] Hofbf ;do aLt r'sf x} . ts/ Lag cf7 xhf/ ;] clws nf] u ca xdf/ ] aLr gxL+ / x] . hf] eL xf] ;do a8Þf anjfg x} cf} / p;s] th{ k/ xL xd] + rngf k8Þtf x} . afsL ;do ar] nf] uf] + sf x} . hLg] s] lnP / f] 6L cf} / / xg] sf a;] / f cfjZos x} . p;s] lnP ;/ sf/ cf} / xd ;eL sf] ckg] ;xof] uL xfyf] + sf] cfu] a9Þfgf x} .

aLtt] ;do s] ;fy ca a] 3/ nf] uf] + sL k'g/ : yf{kgf cf} / Ifltu|: t ef} lts ;+/ rgfcf] + sf k'g lg{df{0f s/ g] sf hl6ntfcf] + ;] e/ f bf} / z'? xf] uof x} . tTsflns, dWosflns cf} / bL3{sflns : t/ d] + a8] Þ k} dfg] k/ k'g lg{df{0f cf} / k'g/ : yfkg sf sfd afx/ L ;xof] u s] lagf ;+ej gxL+ x} . cs] n] k"/ ftTj ljefu sf sxgf x} ls ;f+: s[lts cf} / wfld{s dlGb/ f] + cf} / ejgf] + sf k'g/ lgdf0f{ cu/ o'4: t/ k/

lsof uof tf] eL b; ;fn nu] +u] . cf+s8] Þ atft] x} + ls b] z e/ d] + e"sDk g] * xhf/ ^ ;f} &^ nf] uf] + sL hfg] nL x} cf} / OSsL; xhf/ ;] clws nf] u hVdL xf] uo] x} + . u[xd+qfno sL k|f/ lDes hfgsf/ L d] + ! nfv () xhf/ ( ;f} rf/ 3/ k'/ L t/ x 9x uo] cf} / ! nfv &# xhf/ ( ;f} lt/ xQ/ 3/ f] + sf] cf+lzs Iflt x'O{ x} . n] lsg ox cf+s8Þf cf} / cfu] hf ;stf x} r'ls b'/ b/ fh Onfsf] + ;] Iflt sL u0fgf ax't b] / ;] xf] / xL x} . Ps dfx ;] clws ;do aLt hfg] s] afb eL ca ts a] 3/ x'o] nf] uf] + sL k'/ L ;+Vof osLg gxL+ xf] ;sL x} .

df} ;d s] hfgsf/ sx / x] x} ls ca df‘g;"g z'? xf] g] xL jfnf x} cf} / e"ue{ljb afl/ z s] afb ef/ L e": vng sL r] tfjgL b] / x] x} + . dO{ @$ tf/ Lv sf] DofUbL lhn] d] + sfnLu08sL gbL k/ kxf8Þ s] lu/ g] ;] gbL sf axfj !^ 3+6] ts cj?4 xf] uof yf cf} / lgrn] t6Lo If] q d] + af9Þ sf vt/ f a9Þ uof

yf . k/ Gt' gbL ha cj/ f] w sf] kf/ s/ ckg] cfk axg] nuL tf] vt/ f 6n uof . e"ue{ljb\ O; sf] e"sDk s] afb sL : jefljs 36gf dfgt] x'o] O;] vt/ ] sf b: ts ts sx / x] x} . pgs] d'tflas P] ;L xL cf} / eL sO{ k|fs[lts jf/ bftf] + sL ;+efjgf a/ s/ f/ x} . kxf8Þf] + d] + e"sDk ;] sO{ hux hdLg k/ b/ f/ ] + k8Þ uoL x} . O;;] c;'/ lIft sO{ uf+j sf] b';/ L hux a;fg] sL cfjZostf x} . ljut krf; ;fn d] + h} ;] eL xf] a8ÞL wg/ flz cf} / d] xgt vr{ s/ ;8Þs, lahnL, kfgL sL cfk'lt{, a[h cf} / ;fj{hlgs ;+/ rgfcf] + sf hf] ljsf; lsof uof x} p;] arfg] sL u+eL/ r"gf} tL x} . cu/ Og k"jf{wf/ f] + sf ljgfz xf] uof tf] xd] cf} / eL a8ÞL sl7gfO{of] + sf ;fdgf s/ gf k8] Þuf .

ca lgdf{0f sfo{ d] + e"sDk k|lt/ f] w s] lnP eL sfkmL s'5 ;t{stf a/ tg] sL cfjZostf eL x} . s'n ldnfs/ hNbLafhL eL x} sfd eL s/ g] sL afWotf eL x} + . lh;s] lnP a8ÞL wg/ flz cf} / tsgLls sL cfjZostf x} . g] kfn s] kf; O; cfjZostf sf] k'/ f s/ g] s] lnP bftfcf] + k/ lge{/ x f]g] s] cnfjf b";/ f rf/ f gxL+ x} . ;/ sf/ g] !# h"g ts e"sDk ;] Ifltu|: t : s'nf] +, : jf: Yo ;+: yfP+ tyf cGo ;/ sf/ L ef} lts ;+/ rgfcf] sf c: yfO{ lgdf{0f s/ g] sf ;+sNk lsof x} . k/ Gt' O; k|lta4tf sf] bLds gf nu] ceL tf] oxL sxf hf ;stf x} .

j} ;] g] kfn sf] O; cfkbf s] 38ÞL d] + x/ t/ x ;] ;xof] u s/ g] sL k|lta4tf lh; cGbfh d] + bftfcf] + g] JoSt lsof yf p; lx;fa ;] k|wfgd+qL / fxt sf] if d] + ;xfotf

afa"/fd kf}8\ofn

c;d+h; d] + k'g lg{df{0f sf bf} /

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 17

ljZn]if0f

/ flz hdf gxL+ xf] kf / xL x} . ;+o'St / fi6«;+3 s] ckLn k/ eL bftfcf] + sf cats sf] O{ vf; / ] : kf] G; g lbvfO{ b] g] sf] n] s/ s'5 c6\sn] + eL nufO{ hf / xL x} . g] kfn ;/ sf/ Iflt cf} / lgdf{0f s] lnP cfjZos wg/ flz tyf sfo{of] hgf ca ts t} of/ gxL+ s/ kf / xL x} , ox O;lnP ls b] z s] ;eL k|efljt Onfs] f+ ;] Iflt sf ljj/ 0f k|fKt gxL+ xf] ;sf x} . k'g/ jf; cf} / k'g lg{df{0f sfo{ sL k|efjsfl/ tf s] lnP ;/ sf/ åf/ f pRr: t/ Lo k|flws/ 0f u7g s/ g] k/ ljrf/ xf] / xf x} . O;s] u7g ;] bftfcf] + sf] ;xof] u s/ g] d] + / f: tf ;fkm xf] ;stf x} . ;g\ @))^ hgj/ L @^ tf/ Lv sf] ef/ t s] u'h/ ft / fHo d] + cfo] zlStzfnL e"sDk ;] x"P ljgfz s] Jojl: yt k'g lg{df{0f s] lnP / fHo ;/ sf/ g] cfkbf k|aGwg k|flws/ 0f -GSDMA0 sf u7g lsof uof yf . u'h/ ft s] cg'ej s] cfwf/ k/ eL zfob g] kfn s] ;Gbe{ d] + eL k|flws/ 0f u7g k/ rr] { rn / x] x} . k/ Gt' ox k|of; eL ;kmn gxL+ xf] kfof . hNbL xL z'? xf] g] hf / xL dfg;'g sf] b] vt] x'o] a] 3/ nf] uf] sf] tfTsFlNfs / fxt s] lnP eL ;+o'St / fi6«;+3 g] af/ –af/ bftfcf] + ;] u"xf/ nufO{ x} . p;s] d'tflas Og nf] uf] + s] lnP $ ;f} @# dLlnog cd/ LsL 8fn/ sL cfjZostf x} , lh;d] + cats s] jn !% kmL;b wg/ flz xL bftfcf] + sL cf] / ;] ldnL x} . hf] cfjZostf ;] ax't xL sd x} . ljgfzsf/ L e"sDk ;] kLl8Þt b] z x} 6L s] / fxt cf} / k'g : yf{kg s] ;+be{ d] + eL bftfcf] +

g] ;+o'St / fi6«;+3 sL ckLn sf] bftfcf] + g] cxldot gxL+ bL yL cf} / ca g] kfn s] ;+be{ d] + eL oxL ;a xf] / xf x} .

g] kfn d] + j} b] lzs ;xfotf s] hflgkmsf/ f] + sf sxgf x} ls P] ;L ;xfotf v'b tf] ax't ;sf/ fTds cfj/ 0f d] + cftL xL x} ;fy d] + ds;b cf} / p;] c+hfd b] g] s] lnP Ps g] 6js{ eL ;fy n] cftL x} . Otgf xL gxL+ ;xfotf s] ;fy–;fy j] ckgL cf] / ;] ;nfxsf/ f] + cf} / lg/ LIfsf] + sL 6Ld cf} / p;s] lnP 8fn/ d] + tgVjfx cf} / PnfpG; sL Joj: yf p;L ;xfotf / flz ;] xL vrf{ lsof hftf x} . g] kfn d] + ;+ejtM ;g\ !(%! d] + ;+: yfut ¿k ;] dn] l/ of s] dR5/ f] + s] kL7 k/ a} 7s/ j} b] lzs ;xfotf sf kbfk{0f x"cf . dn] l/ of pGd'ng ;] z'? ox ;km/ : jf: Yo, ;8Þs, pBf] u, s[lif h} ;] tdfd cGo If] qf] + ts hf kx'+rL x} . j} ;] ox sxgf ljNs'n ;xL gxL+ xf] uf ls j} b] lzs ;xfotf g] g] kfn s] ljsf; d] + of] ubfg xL gxL+ lbof k/ Gt' ox

aft eL ptgL xL ;To x} ls O; If] q d] + aft] + Hofbf cf} / sfd ax't sd x'O{+ x} . j} b] lzs ;xfotf g] g] kfn d] + PghLcf] —lhjL Ps k|efjsf/ L ju{ cf} / ;+: s[lt sf] hGd lbof x} . ox ju{ eL j} b] lzs ;xfotf sf] ;/ sf/ L thlah s] afx/ xL / xs/ nlIftju{ s] aLr sfd s/ g] sf ;Vt t/ kmbf/ x} . ox O;lnP ls ;/ sf/ L k|aGwg s] gLr] sfd s/ g] sL ck] Iff bftfcf] + s] txt sfd s/ gf cfly{s ¿k ;] sO{ u'gf Hofbf kmfob] dGb xf] tf x} . bftfcf] + g] eL ;/ sf/ L j ;+o'St / fi6«;+3 h} ;] cGo ;+: yfcf] + s] em08] s] tn] ;xof] u s/ g] sL jhfo nf] slk|otf s] lx;fa ;] v'b sf] ;+nUg s/ gf xL plrt ;demf x} . bftfcf] + cf} / : yfgLo PghLcf] juL{o nf] uf] + s] : jfy{ sf ldng O;L ljGb' k/ xf] tf x} . xdf/ ] h} ;] u/ La b] zf] + d] + e|i6frf/ cf} / v/ fa-zf;g sf bf] if lbvfs/ bftf cS;/ xfjL xf] hft] x} + . ;+o'St / fi6«;+3 g] kfn sL ljkbf k/ bftfcf] + sf ;+Dd] ng cfof] hg s/ gf rfxtf yf k/ Gt' p;] ;kmntf xfy gxL+ nuL . ca cfs/ g] kfn ;/ sf/ s] åf/ f h"g @% tf/ Lv sf] sf7df08f] d] + ;Dd] ng sf cfof] hg s/ g] sL t} of/ L z'? sL uoL x} . ;/ sf/ sL eL eLt/ L d+zf ox x} ls jx ljkb d] + cfGtl/ s cf} / jfXo ;eL ljQLo >f] tf] + sf kl/ rfng v'b s/ ] + cf} / O;sf oz p;] eL ldn] . ;a;] dh] sL aft x} , pbf/ cy{gLlt s] lxdfotL / x] jt{dfg cy{dGqL 8f= / fdz/ 0f dxt g] kfn s] ;Gbe{ d] + v'nf afhf/ cf} / lghLs/ 0f h} ;] gLltof] + s] Jojxfl/ s k|0f] tf eL sx] hf ;st] x} . O;af/ j] j} b] lzs ;xfotf sf] eL ;/ sf/ L b/ jfh] ;] vr{ s/ g] s] lnP bftfcf] + s] aLr nlaª s/ g] sf k|of; s/ / x] x} . j} ;] pgsf] e|i6frf/ , s'zf;g, cf} / b08xLgtf cf} / : yfgLo lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+: yfcf] s] gf xf] g] sL l: ylt d] + bftfcf] + sf] nlIftju{ ts ;xof] u kx"+rg] sf ljZjf; lbnfg] d] + sfkmL d;Sst s/ gL xf] uL . b] vgf ox x} ls g] kfn ls; sb/ k'g/ jf; cf} / k'glgdf{0f s] lsg lsg

ca lgdf{0f sfo{ d] + e"sDk k|lt/ f] w s] lnP eL sfkmL s'5 ;t{stf

a/ tg] sL cfjZostf eL x} . s'n ldnfs/ hNbLafhL eL x}

sfd eL s/ g] sL afWotf eL x} + . lh;s] lnP a8ÞL wg/ flz cf} /

tsgLls sL cfjZostf x} . g] kfn s] kf; O; cfjZostf sf] k"/ f

s/ g] s] lnP bftfcf] + k/ lge{/ x f]g] s] cnfjf b";/ f rf/ f gxL+ x} .

lxdflngL h"g @)!%18

of] hgfcf] + s] lnP C0f, ;x"lnot C0f cf} / cg'bfg ;xof] u k|fKt s/ kfo] uf .

x} 6L d] + !@ hgj/ L @)!) sf] & d] Ug] Ro'6 sf ljgfzsf/ L e"sDk cfof . e"sDk s] jfb / fxt, gi6 ;+/ rgfcf] + sf lgdf{0f cf} / nf] uf] + sf] lzlj/ f] + ;] ckg] ;fdfGo hLjg d] + nf} 6fg] s] lnP ljb] zf] + ;] cfO{ ;xfotf / flz sf k|efj x} 6L s] ;+be{ d] + vf; ;+tf] ifhgs gxL+ / xf . jxf+ kf+r ;fn ts Og dxTjk"0f{ sfdf] + sf] ceL ts c+hfd gxL+ lbof hf ;sf x} . clwsf+z nf] u ca ljb] zL ;xfotf ;] rn / x] lzlj/ f] + d] + xL / x / x] x} . ox pgsL afWotf ;] sxL+ clws k;GbLbf cf} / ;xh sfd xf] rnf x} . clwsf+z s[lifof] Uo hdLg k/ ca eL v] tL gxL+ sL hf / xL x} . oxL l: ylt cGo If] q d] + eL sdf] a] z lbvfO{ b] / xL x} . x} 6L sf] e"sDk g] hf] tafxL bL x} p;s] cg'kft d] +, afb d] + j} b] lzs ;xfotf s] 5f+j d] + kgk / xL ;+: s[lt g] sd g"s;fg gxL+ lsof x} . cfzf sL hf ;stL yL ls cu/ jxf+ sL ;/ sf/ j} b] lzs ;xof] u sf] v'b xL ;+of] hg s/ g] d] + ;Ifd xf] kftL tf] : yfgLo a"lgofb ;] xL lgdf{0f cf} / k'g/ jf; sf sfd cfu] a9Þ kftf . O;s] lnP ;/ sf/ s] pk/ ljZjf; s/ g] sL l: ylt sf xf] gf cfjZos yf hf] jxf+ gxL+ yf . g] kfn s] ;Gbe{ d] + eL sO{ ljZn] zsf] + g] x} 6L sf pNn] v lsof x} .

k'g lg{df{0f cf} / k'g jf{; s] If] q d] + g] kfn s] bf] k8Þf] ;L b] z rLg cf} / ef/ t bf] gf] + sf sfkmL cR5f cg"ej x} . dO{ !@ tf/ Lv @))* sf] rLg s] j] h'jfg d] + * d] Ug] Ro'6 s] zlStzfnL e"sDk g] a8] Þ k} dfg] d] + ljgfz lsof . ;/ sf/ g] tTsfn xL p4f/ / fxt

cf} / lgdf{0f sf sfd Ps ;fy cfu] a9Þfof cf} / O; sfo{ d] + lghL If] q sf] eL s'zntf ;] kl/ rfng lsof uof . k|fGtLo ;/ sf/ cf} / l;len ;f] ;fO{6Lh s] f eL dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf bL uoL . s'n ldnfs/ k'g/ jf; cf} / k'g lg{df{0f s] If] q d] + $! xhf/ 1 ;f} 30 kl/ of] hgfcf] + sf] z'? lsof uof . cf} / sfd s] k|lt k|lta4tf OtgL yL ls pg kl/ of] hgfcf] + d] + (( kmL;b sf] bf] ;fn s] cGb/ xL k'/ f lsof uof . e"sDk k|efljt If] q d] + ;fj{hlgs ;] jf s] ;fy c: ktfn, : s'n, ;] lg6] zg, j[4f>d cf} / u|fdL0f s] Gb| s] ;fy ;"ljwf ;DkGg cf} / e"sDk k|lt/ f] wL k'g/ jf; sf] ;DkGg lsof uof . ;r k'5f hfo] tf] ljgfz g] g+O{ ljsf; cf} / ;Eotf sf åf/ vf] n lbof .

hgj/ L @^ tf/ Lv, @))! sf] ef/ t s] u'h/ ft / fHo d] + &=& d] Ug] Ro'6 s] zlStzfnL

e"sDk g] a8ÞL tafxL drf bL . O; k|fs[lts ljkbf d] + !( xhf/ ;] clws nf] uf+] g] hfg] + ujfoL, !^ xhf/ ^ ;f} nf] u 3fon xf] uP cf} / ^ nfv nf] u k|efljt x'o] . / fHo ;/ sf/ g] k|flws/ 0f s] hl/ o] / fxt cf} / k'g lg{df{0f sf] cfu] a9Þfof . tLg nfv k|efljt nf] uf] + sf] a;fg] s] lnP ! ljlnog 8n/ s] rf/ k} s] h sfo{qmdf] + sL 3f] if0ff sL uoL . u'h/ ft ;/ sf/ g] P8LaL sf ;xof] u n] s/ u'h/ ft O{dh] {G;L cy{SjLs l/ sG;6«Szg k|f] h] S6 - GEERP_ z'? lsof cf} / ;eL k|efljt 3/ f] + sf] bf] ;fn s] cGb/ xL d/ Ddt s/ fof uof . ljZj a} +s, PlzofO{ a} s, o'/ f] lkog o'lgog, DFID, USAID, CTDA h} ;] ljb] zL ;+: yfcf] + ;] ljlQo ;xof] u lnof uof . b] z s] a8] Þ pBf] luof] + g] eL k'g/ lgd{f0f sfo{ d] + ;/ sf/ sf] ;xof] u lbof . ;+o'St / fi6«;+3 g] : yfgLo nf] uf] + s] aLr ;+hfn agfs/ k'g/ lgdf0f{ sf] cfu] a9Þfof . jxf+ j} b] lzs ;xfotf ;] x} 6L d] + cfO{ ljs[ltof] + s] f n] s/ + g] kfn d] lh; t/ x sf ;+b] x lsof hf / xf x} j} ;L sf] O{ vf; ;d: of u'h/ ft d] + gxL+ lbvfO{ lbof . Sof] +ls ;/ sf/ sL k|efjsfl/ tf cf} / ljZj;gLotf k/ sxL+ ;] eL ;+b] x gxL+ yf . lgdf{0f sf] e"sDk k|lt/ f] wL agfg] s] lnP+ s8ÞL lg/ LIf0f Joj: yf z'? sL uoL . O; t/ x e"sDk s] afb sf lgd{f0f cf} / nf] uf] + sf hLjg kxn] ;] laNs'n leGg cf} / pGgt ag uof .

rLg cf} / ef/ t g] kfn sL O; b'Mvb 38ÞL d] + x/ ;+ej ;xof] u s/ g] sf jrg b] / x] x} + . g] kfn s] nf] uf] + d] + ljkbf s] ;do Ps cfk; d] + ;xof] u s/ g] sL k|j[lt x} jx O;af/ eL b] vg] sf] ldnf x} . a; pgs] kf; k|ljlw cf} / wg/ flz sf cefj x} . oxL+ k/ ;/ sf/ sL ;lqmotf ck] lIft xf] hftL x} . lll

baburampoudyal35@ gmail.com

ljZn]if0f

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 19

rflxP ls g] kfn ;] cgfh ef/ t ;lxt s] b] zf] d] + lgof{t lsof hftf yf . jxL+ ceL cGo b] z ;] cgfh g] kfn d] + d+ufof hf / xf x} . tTsfnLg / fhf dx] Gb| g] dw] z sf h+un sf6sf/ a] r lbof cf} / jxfF k/ dfgj a: tL agf lbof lh;sf kl/ 0ffd dw] zL hgtf ceL ts ef] u / xL x} . ;do k/ jiff{ g xf] gf, lbg k|ltlbg af9Þ sL ;d: of a9Þt] hfgf O;L sf k|sf] k x} . b";/ L cf] / l;+rfO{ s] lnP ;/ sf/ åf/ f l;+rfO{ ;fdu|L pknAw gxL+ s/ gf, afnL aLh Pj+ vfB sL ;d: of agfP / vgf h} ;] ax't ;f/ ] pbfx/ 0f x+} dw] z sL e"ld sf] a/ afb s/ g] d] + .

ca ;jfn p7tf x} dw] zL—kxf8ÞL aLr zf;s ju{ ls; k|sf/ ;] if8oGq / r / xf x} . kxf8Þ sf e"efu ceL k"0f{ ¿k ;] hf] lvd d] + x} . sa Sof xf] uf jx tf] k|s[lt sf] xL dfn'd xf] uf . n] lsg e"sDk s] ;do cleefjs ljxLg hgtf s] aLr zf;s ju{ cleefjs ags/ gxL+ hf / x] alNs r'/ ] cyf{t h+un sf6s/ dfgj j: tL agfg] s] if8\oGq d] + nuL x} lhGx] dw] zL hgtf zfob seL : jLsf/ gxL s/ ] uL . P] ;f eL gxL x} ls jx kxf8ÞL x} kxf8Þ d] + xL / x ] dw] z d] + gxL . dw] zL hgtf sf dfggf x} ls xd

hxfF x} jxL k/ cfk eL / x] + sf] O{ Pt/ fh gxL+ x} . k/ Gt' hf] xdf/ f …x[boÚ x} p;] 3fon jf d/ g] gxL+ b] +u] . cyf{t\ h+un -r'/ ] _ ljgfz s/ g] s] lnP olb sf] O{ sbd p7fof uof tf] dxfe"sDk ;] eL a8Þf dxfåGå xf] uf .

h+un sf] dfgj a: tL d] ] + kl/ 0ft s/ g] ;] dw] z sf gxL b] z sf g's;fg x} . O; k|sf/ sf lg0f{o b] z s] lnP xL ;a;] a8ÞL e"n xL xf] uL . a} zfv @% ut] dGqfno g] #* lhnf] + s] h+un ;] ns8ÞL sf6g] sf lg0f{o lnof x} lhGx+] jg dGqfno g] ceL ts dfgg] ;] OGsf/ s/ lbof x} . g] kfn sf Ps d'xfj/ f x} …g] kfn sf wg, jg h+unÚ jx tf] ca d'xfj/ ] d] + ;Lldt xf] r'sf x} . O;] d'xfj/ ] sf] ls; k|sf/ lkm/ ;] ;flat

lsof hfP O; k/ ;eL

sf

åG4 sf Ps cf} / if8\oGql/kf]6{÷hgsk'/

s}nf; bf;

kxf8 Þ sf e"efu ceL k"0f{ ¿k

;] hf] lvd d] + x} . sa Sof xf] uf jx tf] k|s[lt sf] xL dfn'd xf] uf . n] lsg e"sDk s] ;do cleefjs ljxLg hgtf s] aLr

zf;s ju{ cleefjs ags/ gxL+ hf / xL alNs r'/ ] cyf{t h+un sf6s/ dfgj j: tL agfg] s] if8\oGq d] + nuL x} lhGx] dw] zL hgtf zfob seL : jLsf/ gxL

s/ ] uL .

dxfljgfzsf/ L e"sDk d] + kLl8Þtf+] sf] ;xof] u s/ dw] zL hgtf g] ckgf

dfgj wd{ xL gxL, a+w'Tj sf bfloTj lgefof x} cf} / / fhgLlts bn Ps if8oGq / r / xL x} lh;;] lkm/ dw] zL—kxf8ÞL s] aLr åGå pTkGg xf] g] sL ;Defjgf ;fkm x} .

a} zfv !@ cf} / @( ut] sf] x'P e"sDk g] dw] zL—kxf8ÞL s] aLr jiff] {+ ;] lje] b s] gfd k/ hf] b"/ L agL yL jx vTd xf] uoL yL . g] kfnL hgtf / fhgLlts rk] 6] d] + k8Þs/ Ps cfk; d] + lje] b sf zAbjf0f Ps b";/ ] k/ nuftL / xL cf} / O;sf kmfobf ;a;] Hofbf bn s] g] tfcf] + sf] ldnf . k/ Gt' OtgL a8ÞL ;+Vof d] + nf] uf] + sL df} t x'O{, xhf/ f] + 3/ ljxLg x'P, caf] { sL ;DklQ Wj: t xf] g] s] afjh"b eL / fhgLltsld{+of] ] + sL ls;L k|sf/ sL sf] O{ e"ldsf g] kfnL hgtf g] dx;"; gxL+ lsof . jxL+ e"sDk kLl8Þt hgtf g] dx;"; lsof ls pgs] bb{ d] + dw] zL aGw' pgs] ;fy x} + . dw] zL hgtf g] e/ k"/ ;xof] u lsof p; ;do pgs] dg d] + sxL+ eL kxf8ÞL cf} / dw] zL sL efjgf gxL+ yL . k/ h} ;] xL dfxf} n yf] 8Þf abnf ls ;Qf s] lvnf8ÞL …km"6 8fnf] cf} / / fh s/ f] Ú sL gLlt ckgfg] nu] .

dw] z s[lif k|wfg e"ld x} cf} / dw] z sf x[bo …h+unÚ x} . dw] z d] + pkhf cgfh k"/ ] g] kfn sf e/ 0f—kf] if0f s/ tf yf . k/ Gt' O; k/ / fhf dx] Gb| sfn ;] xL s'5 zf;sf] sf] s'b[li6 k8ÞL x} . / fhf dx] Gb| g] h+un ;kmfof s/ dfgj a: tL d] + kl/ 0ft s/ lbof lh;sf kl/ 0ffd ox x'cf ls dw] z sL e"ld sL pa{/ tf vf] tL rnL uO{ . : d/ 0f xf] gf

lxdflngL h"g @)!%20

Wofgfsif{0f xf] gf rflxP . h+un ljgfz s] sf/ 0f dw] z s] sO{ lhn] jiff{ d] + bf] tLg dxLg] ;] clws af9Þ d] + 8"a] / xt] x} + tf] , ls;L–ls;L jif{ jiff{ xL gxL+ xf] g] k/ cgfh xL gxL+ pkh kftL x} . lkmnxfn sxfF hfP < tf] , g] kfn sf t/ fO{ cf} / kxf8Þ bf] gf] k|fs[lts hf] lvd d] + x} cf} / O;sf Ps xL sf/ 0f x} / fhgLlts bf] iff/ f] k0f . kxf8Þ sf bb{ dw] zL nL8/ gxL ;dem / x] x} + cf} / dw] z sf kxf8ÞL nL8/ . cf} / O;L sf/ 0f hxfF ljsf; xf] gL rflxP jx ceL ts cgk] lIft x} .

kxf8Þ sf lhnf e"sDkLo hf] lvd d] + x} Oltxf; s] k[i7e"ld ;] dfn"d xf] g] s] afjh"b eL ;/ sf/ L a8Þ] –a8] Þ sfof{no, dGqfno ;eL sf7dfG8f} d] + xL cjl: yt x} . / fhwfgL xf] g] s] sf/ 0f g] kfn e/ sL hgtf sf7dfG8f} d] + xL / xg] sf] afWo x} . O;d] + eL / fhgLlts rfn x} . nf] stGq d] + eL hgtf sf] u'nfd agfo] / vg] sf if8\oGq ceL ts vTd gxL x'cf x} .

g] kfn s] kxf8ÞL lhnf sf7df08f} ;lxt s'5 lhnf] + d] + e"sDk cfgf sf] O{ goL aft gxL+ x} . j} ;] eL a'h'uf] +{ sf dfggf x} ls sf7df08" sf …sf7df08"Ú gfd O;lnP k8Þf x} ls jx k"0f{ ¿k ;] e"sDkLo If] q x} O;lnP jxfF k/ kxn] sf7 sf xL dlGb/ , 3/ cf} / a8Þ] –a8Þ] ;+u|fno agfP hft] y] , tfls e"sDk cfg] k/ dfgjLo Iflt gxL+ xf] . p;s] afjh"b eL / f0ff zf;g, zfxL zf;g cf} / ca nf] stGq d+] eL kl/ jt{g s/ g] sL cfjZostf gxL ;DfemL uO{ x} . Oltxf; atftf x} ls cfwL ztfAbL s] afb sf7df08" d] + k|fs[lts k|sf] k s] sf/ 0f ef} lts ;+/ rgf sf lgdf{0f s/ gf k8Þtf x} , lh;d] + caf] {—vaf] { sf vr{ xf] tf x} . O;;] cR5f Sof] + gxL+ / fhwfgL sf : yfg xL kl/ jt{g s/ lbof hfo cf} / dGqfnof] + tyf cGo ;/ sf/ L sfof{nof] + sf] g] kfn s] ljleGg lhnf] + d] + agfof hfP .

g] kfn x/ ] s k|sf/ ;] ;Ifd x} , O;s] afjh"b eL hn x} tf] ljB't gxL, h+un x} h8ÞLa'6L gxL, v] tL of] Uo e"ld x} k/ Gt' l;+rfO{ ;fdu|L sf cefj . sxg] sf tTkfo{ ox x} ls k|fs[lts k|sf] k d] + k8Þs/ lhtgL / sd xd cgfxs d] + vr{ s/ / x] x} +, p;sf ;xL ;b'kof] u xf] gf rflxP . dfg nLlhP *) jif{ kxn] sf7df08" sf w/ x/ f dxfe"sDk d] + Wj: t xf] r'sf yf lh;] lgdf{0f s/ g] d] + nfvf] + vr{ lsof uof yf . jx tf] pbfx/ 0f dfq x} . / fhwfgL s] clwsf+z dGqfno d] + eL caf] {—vaf] { k'gM lgdf{0f d] + nu] y] . Ps o'u eL gxL x'cf cf} / e"n] x'P lbg sf] lkm/ ;] a} zfv !@ ut] cf} / @( ut] s] e"sDk g] : d/ 0f s/ f lbof x} .

sf7df08" e"sDk hf] lvd If] q x} cf} / hgtf sf bjfa lbgk|lt lbg a9Þtf hf / xf x} . cfg] jfn] sn d] + O;;] eL a8Þf e"sDk cf ;stf x} . / fHo

k'g;{+/ rgf s] afb k|b] z sL / fhwfgL sf7df08" / x] cf} / b] z sL / fhwfgL jxfF / x] hxfF k|fs[lts sf k|sf] k sL sd ;Defjgf xf] . / fhgLlts bn ;fd"lxs ¿k d] + a} 7s s/ O;sf lg0f{o n] oxL xdf/ L wf/ 0ff x} .

dw] z s] h+un sf] sf6s/ kxf8ÞL xL gxL+ cu/ dw] zL sf] eL a;fof uof tf] ox lans'n 7Ls gxL

xf] uf . h+un ljgfz s] sf/ 0f dw] z sL e"ld seL ;"vf tf] seL af9Þ s] k|sf] k ;] tafx / xtL x} . j} ;] d'em] ljZjf; gxL+ x} ls ;/ sf/ P] ;f lg0f{o n] uL, cu/ lnof eL tf] dw] z gxL+ g] kfn s] lnP xL cR5f gxL+ xf] uf . dw] zL hxfF x} jxfF kxf8L sf] eL / xg] sf clwsf/ x} . n] lsg k|fs[lts ljgfz sf sf/ 0f sn dw] zL sf] eL em] ngf k8Þ] P] ;f gxL xf] gf rflxP .

O; aft k/ xd] + ljZjf; gxL x} . hgtf / x] uL tf] g] tf / x] uf, / fhgLlt hgtf cf} / b] z bf] gf] + s] lnP lsof hftf x} . xfF, sxL+–sxL+ / fhgLlts : jfy{ s] sf/ 0f lje] b xf] tf xf] uf k/ Gt' hf] hgtf s] aLr lje] b k} bf s/ ] jx g] tf xf]

xL gxL+ ;stf x} . cfkt sfn d] + ;ag] ;eL sf] ;xof] u lsof x} O;sL k|z+;f ;j{q xf] / xL x} , ox cR5L aft x} .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f b] z sL ;a;] k|yd cfjZostf x} . xFf, ceL / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sL aft rn / xL x} jx eL cfjZos x} k/ Gt' O;sf dtnj ox gxL sL / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ s] sf/ 0f ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f kL5] xf] hfP . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s]

lnP / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sL cfjZostf x} tf] s/ ] + gxL tf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f d] + ;eL sf] h'6g] sL cfjZostf x} .

!

@

#

$

zq'wg dxtf] ;ef;b\ , g] skf Pdfn]

Pj+ k"j{ : yfgLo ljsf; / fHo dGqL

l/kf]6{÷hgsk'/ ;dfg k|Zg, cnu hjfawg'iff lhnf s] lnP lug]r'g] /fhgLlt1 d]+ ;] x}– zq'wg dxtf] , h'nL dxtf] , k|ldnf b] jL bf;, lbg] z ;fx. Og rf/ g]tfcf]+ s] lnP lxdflngL k|ltlglw s}nfz bf; g] rf/ ;dfg k|Zg lsof x}. -hjfj aS; d]+_ . k|Zg O; k|sf/ x} –

g] kfn sf kxf8ÞL lhnf e"sDkLo hf] lvd d] + x} . e"sDk d] + ljut d] + eL cf} / O; af/ eL sf7df08" d] + hgwg cf} / c/ af] + sL ef} lts ;+/ rgf Wj: t x'O{ x} . P] ;L l: ylt d] + s'5 dGqfno sf7df08" d] + cf} / / fhwfgL afx/ / vg] sf cu/ k|: tfj xf] tf] cfk Sof sx] +u] + <

kxf8Þ sf lhnf ceL hf] lvd d] + x} . P] ;L l: ylt d] + dw] z sL e"ld d] + / x] h+un sf6s/ e"sDk kLl8 Þt sf] a;fof hfP P] ;L ;/ sf/ sL t} of/ L xf] / xL x} Sof ox plrt xf] uf <

ljklQ s] ;do d+] + lh; k|sf/ dw] zL hgtf g] dfgjLo wd{ sf kfng lsof x} , O;;] P] ;f nutf x} ls lje] b dw] zL kxf8ÞL hgtf d] + gxL+ alNs g] tfcf] + d] + x} P] ;L rrf{ x} , cfk Sof sx] +u] <

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s] af/ ] d] + eL s'5 sxgf rfx] +u] <

!

@

#

$

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 21

cu/ g] kfn d] + e"sDk sf Oltxf; xL b] vf hfP tf] !#!) ;fn d] + k|yd af/ cfP e"sDk d] + sf7df08" sL Ps ltxfO{ hg;+Vof vTd xf] uO{ yL . p;L e"sDk d] + / fhf ceo dNn sf eL lgwg x'cf yf . !#!^ ;fn M hnob] j dNn s] ;do e"sDk s] sf/ 0f pkTosf d] + xhf/ f] + k'/ ftflTjs dxTj sL ;+/ rgf cf} / d7dlGb/ Wj: t x'P y] . !$^# ;fn M / fhf Zofd l;+x dNn s] ;do d] + cfP e"sDk d+] / ftf] dlR5G›gfy s] dlGb/ ;lxt ax't ;f/ L ;+/ rgfcf] + sf ljgfz x'cf yf . !&#& ;fn M / fhf >Llgjg; dNn s] ;do d] + cfP e"sDk g] sf7df+8" ;lxt g] kfn s] ljleGg efu d] + Jofks k|efj k8Þf yf . !*^^ ;fn M / fhf lujf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfx s] ;do x'P e"sDk d]+ eL ax't a8ÞL ;+Vof d] + dfgjLo, kz' tyf ef} lts ;+/ rgf s] lnP ljgfzsf/ L ;fljt x'cf yf . !**) ;fn M O; e"sDk d] + eL sf7df8f} + pkTosf sf] Iflt kx'FrL yL . !*() ;fn d] + M w/ x/ f Wj: t x'cf yf . / fhf / fh] G› ljqmd zfx s] ;do d] + cfP e"sDk s] sf/ 0f sf7df8f} + ;lxt b] z e/ d] + !* xhf/ ;] Hofbf 3/ Wj: t x'P y] . !*(! ;fn d] + M e"sDk d] + pkTosf s] ax't ;f/ ] P] ltxfl;s tyf k'/ ftflTjs dxTj sL ;+/ rgf cf} / d7dlGb/ Wj: t x'P y] . !(() ;fn d] + M *=% / ] S6/ : s] n sf e"sDk g] kfn d] ++ cfh ts gxL cfof x} . ceL ts sf ;a;] a8Þf e"sDk p;L sf] dfgf hf / xf x} . O; e"sDk d] + * xhf/ % ;f} !( nf] uf] + sL df} t x'O{ yL cf} / *) xhf/

* ;f} (# 3/ k"0f{¿k d] + Wj: t x'cf yf . Ps nfv @^ xhf/ # ;f} 3/ d] + cf+lzs Iflt eL x'O{ yL . @)#! ;fn M e"sDk ;] g'jfsf] 6 sf ;eL 3/ k"0f{¿k ;] Wj: t xf] r'sf yf . @)#& ;fn M ^=% / ] S6/ : s] n s] e"sDk ;] ;'b"/

klZrd sf a} t8L, bfr{'nf cf} / aemfª d] + Ps ;f} @% nf] uf] sL df} t, @ ;f} $* 3fon cf} / xhf/ f] + 3/ Wj: t x'cf yf . @)$% M pbok'/ sf] s] G›ljGb' agfs/ cfP e"sDk d+] &@! sL df} t ^ xhf/ % ;f} %# 3fon, xhf/ f] + 3/ tyf kz'wg sf] Iflt x'O{ yL . @)%) ;fn M dWoklZrd If] q d] + cfP e"sDk d] + d/ g] jfnf] sL ;+Vof Ps yL k/ Gt' 3fonf] + sL ;+Vof !!, k"0f{¿k d] + &@ 3/ cf} / $ ;f} %! 3/ cf+lzs ¿k d] + ljgfz x'P y] . @)%! ;fn M e"sDk s] sf/ 0f !@ 3fon, ^ ;f} @# e"sDk ;] k|efljt, *$ xhf/ @ ;f} *& 3/ e"sDk ;] k|efj x'cf yf . @)%@ ;fn M e"sDk d] +] b} n] v lhnf d] + ljz] if k|efj k8Þf yf . !* 3fon $ 3/ Wj: t x'cf yf . @)%$ ;fn M e"sDk g] dWo tyf ;'b"/ klZrd If] q d] + ;a;] Hofbf Iflt lsof yf . Ps xhf/ $ ;f} *( nf] u k|efljt x'P y] tf] Ps ;f} (^ 3/ Wj: t x'P y] . @)%* ;fn M ;'b"/ klZrd d] ;a;] Hofbf Iflt x'O{ yL . p;d] eL @ sL df} t cf} / # 3/ Wj: t x'P y] . @)%( ;fn M e"sDk $! 3fon x'P y] . p; e"sDk d+] t/ fO{ sf dxf] Q/ L lhnf ;a;] Hofbf k|efljt x'cf yf . @)^) ;fn M e"sDk s] sf/ 0f klZrd : ofª\hf d] + Ps sL df} t bf] 3fon x'P y] . @)&) ;fn M c;f] h @ ut] cfP ̂ =* : s] n s] e"sDk g] k"jL{ g] kfn d] + Hofbf Iflt lsof yf .

b] lvP O;d] + dfgj sL sf] O{ untL gxL+ x} . cfh kxf8Þ d] + x'cf x} sn t/ fO{ d] + eL k|fs[lts k|sf] k a9Þ

;stf x} . O;sf dtnj ox gxL sL / fhwfgL xL Ps hux ;] b";/ L hux s/ t] / x+] . xf] gL sf] sf} g / f] s ;stf x} . k|fs[lts k|sf] k s} ;] Go"gLs/ 0f lsof hfP O; cf] / ;/ sf/ sf Wofg xf] gf rflxP .

;a;] kxnL aft tf] ox x} ls dw] z d+] sf7df08"jf;L cyf{t kxf8ÞL / xgf gxL rfx+] u] . b";/ L aft ;/ sf/ P] ;f

lg0f{o n] uL d'em] ljZjf; gxL+ x} . cu/ lnof eL tf] dw] z s] h+un ljgfz sf ;a;] kxn] dw] zL hgtf xL lj/ f] w s/ ] +u] , cf} / P] ;f lg0f{o plrt eL gxL xf] uf .

P] ;L aft gxL x} . cu/ nL8/ s] aLr O; k|sf/ sf lje] b xf] tf tf] dw] zL hgclwsf/ kmf] / d g] kfn s] cWoIf pk] Gb| ofbj Sof+] / fxt ljt/ 0f s/ t] . xFf, nf] stGq d] + clwsf/ sL n8ÞfO{ rntL / xtL x} , O;] lje] b sxgf plrt gxL+ xf] uf .

xfF, lh; k|sf/ dxfljgfzsf/ L e"sDk d] + ;eL g] Ps b";/ ] sf ;xof] u lsof x} p;L k|sf/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f d] + eL ;j{bnLo ;/ sf/ u7g s/ ;+ljwfg agfPF ox d] / L wf/ 0ff x} .

!

@

#

$

h'nL dxtf] g] qL, g] skf Pdfn ]

/ fhwfgL ;bf Ps xL hux xf] P] ;f eL gxL x} . hgtf sL efjgf Pj+ df+u cg';f/ b";/ L hux eL / vf

hf ;stf x} . n] lsg sf7df08" d+] s'5 dGqfno / vgf xL xf] uf < hxfF k/ x/ ] s b[li6 ;] ;'/ Iff dx;"; xf] / fhwfgL jxL+ xf] gL rflxP .

hL gxL+, dw] z sf x[bo x} h+un . dw] z cf} / kxf8Þ cnu gxL+ x} . hxfF dw] zL x} jxfF kxf8L sf] eL a;g]

sf clwsf/ x} . k/ Gt' lh; k/ g] kfn lge{/ xf] p;sf ljgfz gxL+ xf] gf rflxP . sxg] sf dtnj hgsk'/ , lj/ f6gu/ , dxf] Q/ L, l;/ xf, l;Gw'nL ;lxt s] lhnf d] + cfg] s] lnP : jfut x} k/ Gt' h+un sf6s/ a;fof hfP ox ;Dej gxL x} .

b] lvP / fhgLlt ax't xL k] +rLnL xf] tL x} . s'5 s/ g] ;] kxn] g] tfu0f ckgf : jfy{ 9"F9t] x} + . k/ Gt' pGx] + jf] s/ gf rflxP lh;d] + hgtf sf lxt xf] . cfksf hf] k|Zg x} s'5 xb ts xf] ;stf x} n] lsg k"0f{ ;To gxL .

cu/ k|fs[lts cfkbf gxL cfoL xf] tL tf] h] 7 !% ts ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f xf] uof xf] tf . d'em] cfzf x} ax't hNb xL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f xf] uf .

!

@

#$

k|ldnf b] jL bf;;ef;b\, g] kfnL sfFu|] ;

l/kf]6{÷hgsk'/

lxdflngL h"g @)!%22

@)&@ ;fn M a} zfv !@ ut] &=( / ] S6/ : s] n sf ox e"sDk, dxfljgfzsf/ L e"sDk / xf . O; e"sDk s] afb k|ltsDkg cfh eL hf/ L x} . ;/ sf/ L tYof+s s] cg';f/ O;d] + * xhf/ ^ ;f} %) sL df} t, @@ xhf/ $ ;o #$3fon x'P tf] @ nfv ** xhf/ & ;o (* 3/ k"0f{¿k d] + Ifltu|: t x} + . @ nfv %% xhf/ 3/ , bf] xhf/ ;] Hofbf ljBfno, ljleGg dGqfno, cbfnt sf ejg, w/ x/ f ;lxt k'/ ftflTjs tyf ;f+: s[lts dxTj sf ejg cf} / d7dlGb/ sf] Wj: t xf] r'sf x} . O;;] nf] u cfh eL eod'Qm gxL x'P x} + . sf7df08" sf s'5 xL P] ;f 3/ xf] uf lhGx] + lkm/ lgdf{0f gxL s/ gf k8Þ] uf . hxfF ts dGqfno sL aft x} tf] p;s] d/ Ddt ;Def/ Pj+ lgdf{0f d] + caf] { ¿kof vr{ xf] g] sL ;Defjgf x} .

sf7df08", l;Gw'kfNrf] s, g'jfsf] 6, wflb+u, uf] / vf, sfe|] kfnrf} s, eQmk'/ , nlntk'/ , bf] nvf, dsjfgk'/ ;lxt : yfgf] + k/ 5f] 6] –5f] 6] e"sDk s] em6s] xd] zf cft] xL / xt] x} = hf] zfob k|s[lt s] åf/ f r] tfjgL bL hftL yL lsGt' O; k/ ls;L g] Wofg gxL+ lbof cf} / cfh dxfljgfz sf xd ox ¿k b] v / x] x} + . O;s] jfjh"b eL / fhgLltsdL{ : jfy{ ;] pk/ p7s/ gxL cfgf rfxt] x} + hf] ;a;] a8ÞL b'Mvb aft x} . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sL aft cftL x} tf] lzIff / f] huf/ L, / fHo sf aF6jf/ f, ljsf;, ef/ t, cd] l/ sf, rLg, hfkfg sf pbfx/ 0f k|: t't s/ t] x} + . rfx] hgtf sf] ox zAb k|nf] eg s] lnP Sof] g b] t] xf] + < k/ Gt' jxL / fhwfgL cf} / dGqfno sf7df08" ;] afx/ / vf hfP ls;L g] ;jfn gxL p7fof, Sof] < g] kfn d] + / xg] jfn] ;eL g] kfnL x} tf] / fhwfgL kxf8Þ d] + xf] rfx] dw] z sL e"ld d] + . hxfF k|fs[lts k|sf] k gxL+ xf] , ;eL g] kfnL sf] cfg] hfg]

sL ;'ljwf, ;do sf art, snsf/ vfgf, pBf] u, lzIff s] lnP cR5f jftfj/ 0f xf] p;L ;dtn : yn k/ / fhwfgL xf] gL rflxP cf} / O;s] lnP ;eL / fhgLltsld{+of] sf]

cfjfh p7fg] sL cfjZostf x} .cu/ xd ef/ t sf pbfx/ 0f dfq n] t]

x+} tf] k/ fk"j{ sfn ;] xL lbNnL / fhwfgL gxL x} . hxfF ts dGqfno sL aft x} jx eL / fhwfgL d] + xL xf] gL rflxP ox eL ax; unt x} . ef/ t d] + ;eL dGqfno / fhwfgL d] + gxL+ x} . b] z s] ljleGg efuf] d] + x} . sf7df08" sf] ;a;] a8Þf ko{6sLo : yn agf lbof hfP cf} / / fhwfgL lrtjg d] + . sf7df08" d] + kof{Kt wfld{s ko{6sLo cfwf/ x} lh;d] + lgj] z s/ ljZj sf] ckgL cf] / cfslif{t s/ ;stf x} . sxg] sf dtnj ox eL gxL x} ls / fhwfgL lrtjg d] + xf] tf] ;eL dGqfno eL lrtjg d] + xL / x] , s'5 dGqfno sf7df08" ;lxt cGo : yfgf+] k/ eL agf lbof hfP . g] kfnL sfFu|] ; s] g] tf / fh' ;fx sf dfggf x} ls / fhwfgL s] lnP lrtjg ;a;] pQd : yn x} . jxfF k/ ko{6sLo cfwf/ ;lxt sL ckf/ ;Dkbf x} . cu/ jxfF / fhwfgL s/ lbof hfP tf] ;eL g] kfnL s] lnP pQd / x] uf . lll

lbg] z ;fx, ;ef;b\/ fi6«Lo dw] z ;dfhjfbL kf6L{

ox aft cfd hgtf ;] eL cf / xL x} . / fhwfgL cu/ sf7df08f} ;] sxL+ afx/ / vf hfP 7Ls xL xf] uf . cfg] jfn] lbg

d] + k|fGt sL / fhwfgL sf7df08" tf] x} xL . O;] / fhgLlts bn a} 7s s/ zL3| lg0f{o s/ gf rflxP . P] ;] ax't ;f/ ] b] z x} + lh;sL / fhwfgL b] z s] ljleGg : yfgf] + k/ agfO{ uO{ x} . cfd hgtf sf] ;'/ Iff b] gf xL ;/ sf/ cf} / / fhgLlts bn sL rfxt xf] gL rflxP .

b] lvP ljklQ s] ;do d] + dw] zL kxf8ÞL hgtf sf ;jfn gxL+ p7tf x} . sf} g cfbdL s} ;] ;'/ lIft / x]

O; k/ Wofg b] gf rflxP . / vgf xL x} tf] hxfF k/ dw] zL x} jxfF / vf hf ;stf x} k/ Gt' h+un ljgfzs/ a;fgf plrt gxL+ x} . lh; k|sf/ sL k|fs[lts ljkbf kxf8Þ d] + cfO{ x} h+un ljgfz xf] g] k/ dw] z d] + eL cf ;stL x} . xd ox sxgf rfx+] u] sL dw] z s] ;fy ljut d] + hf] ;Demf} tf x'cf x} jx jt{dfg ;/ sf/ : yflkt s/ ] + ;f/ f ljjfb xL cGTf xf] hfP] uf .

hL, lans'n ;r x} . / fhgLlts : jfy{ s] sf/ 0f nL8/ f] + s] aLr P] ;f xf] tf x} . k/ Gt' dw] zL nL8/ d] + P] ;L wf/ 0ff gxL+ x} . cu/ P] ;L aft / xtL tf] dw] z s] nL8/ xL dw] zL nufot ef/ t ;] nfvf] + / fxt ;fdu|L ;+sng s/ e"sDk kLl8Þt

sf] gxL+ b] t] . xd ;Kt/ L sf pbfx/ 0f b] gf rfx] +u] jxfF eL ;a;] a8L k|fs[lts 36gf cfu nuL x'O{ yL . k/ Gt' Ps eL kxf8ÞL ;d'bfo jf kxf8ÞL nL8/ f] + g] ;xof] u gxL+ lsof yf, k/ Gt' dw] zL hgtf cf} / nL8/ bf] gf] + g] lsof x} .

ljut d] + x'P dw] z s] ;fy x'P ;Demf} tf sf] ;/ sf/ : yflkt s/ lhtgL hNfb xf] ;s] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s/ ] . cu/ O; af/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gxL+ xf] ;sf tf] g] kfn lkm/ ;] %) jif{ kL5] xf] hfPuf . ceL / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ sL aft rn / xL x} d} + sxgf

rfx"Fuf ls ceL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f jt{dfg ;/ sf/ xL s/ ] . / fi6«Lo ;/ sf/ s] emd] nf d] + k|wfgdGqL agg] sL n8ÞfO{ rfn" xf] hfPuL . lhtgL hNb xf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f lsof hfP .

!

@

#

$

l/kf]6{÷hgsk'/

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 23

) O; ljgfzsf/ L dxfe"sDk s] afb ca ts lstg] Sn] d cfP x+} < Sn] d s] ljifo k/ sDkgL s} ;L gLlt ckgf / xL x} <

– b] lvo] , nf] u tf] ax't s'5 sx / x] x} + Sn] d sf] n] s/ . k/ xd nf] uf] + sf] ceL ts l;km{ gf} Sn] d ldnf x} . hf] ls xd k"/ L t/ x ;] ;'nemf r's] x} + . s'n ldnfs/ O; Sn] d d] + %) nfv *^ xhf/ ¿k} of e'QmfgL s/ r's] x} + . xd o] atf b+] ls @% tf/ Lv sf] hf] dxfe"sDk cfof yf p; s] cUfn] lbg xL xdg] + cvaf/ d] + ;"lrt lsof ls hf] eL k|efljt x} +, jf] xd;] ;Dks{ s/ ] +, xdnf] uf] sf] sf] O{ eL sfuhft gxL+ rflxo] . l;km{ ;/ sf/ L ln: 6 d] p;sf gfd xf] gf rflxo] cf} / xdf/ f a|fGr d} g] h/ hf s/ k"5tf5 s/ ] uf cf} / p;s] afb xd t'/ Gt xL nf] u dbb s] lnP t} of/ y] . xdf/ L sDkgL sf kxnf kmh{ agtf x} hLjg aLdf s/ jfgf . ceL cf} / eL Sn] d cfgf afsL x} cf} / p;s] lnP xd k"/ L t/ x ;] t} of/ x} + . ls;L h?/ tdGb sf] ljklQ s] ;do k} ;] sf / fxt b] gf Ps a8Þf sfd x} . ef/ t d] + ox eL dfgf uof x} ls hf] aLdf s/ ftf x} jf] d/ tf gxL+ x} + . xd o] gxL+ rfxt] x} ls;L sf] eL a'/ L kl/ l: ylt sf] em] ngf k8Þ] . jf] ckg] aLdf s] k} ;] ;] ckgf hLjg ;'vdo latf ;s] xdf/ f oxL dfggf x} . ) Sof hLjg aLdf sL cf] / ;] eL / fxt afF6g] sf sfd lsof uof x} < cu/ lsof uof x} tf] sxfF cf} / lstgf lsof uof x} <

– xdnf] uf] + g] @% ck|Ln s] e"sDk cfg] s] tLg lbg afb k|wfgdGqL / fxt sf] if d] + !% nfv ¿kP sf ;xof] u lsof x} cf} / xdf/ ] sDkgL s] sd{rfl/ of] + g] ckg] bf] lbgf] + sf j] tg sf6 s/ / fxt sf] if d] + hdf lsof x} . xdnf] uf] + g] cf} / ax't ;f/ ] sfd lsP x} + . xd nf] uf] + g] s'5 kfn d+uafP hf] h?/ tdGbf] + sf] xdnf] uf] g] k|bfg lsof . ) sDkgL d+] sf] O{ Iflt tf] gxL+ kxF'rL x} <

–b/ c;n xdnf] uf] + g] ckgf bkm\t/ xL abn lnof x} + . O;lnP gxL+ sL jxf+ k/ sf] O{ Iflt x'O{ yL . k/ dgMl: ylt P] ;L xf] uoL x} ls ;asf] $ d+lhn k/ / xgf k/ ] zfg s/ / xf yf cf} / aun ;] hf] gbL axtL yL jf] xdf/ ] lnP cf} / eL eofjx jftfj/ 0f k} bf s/ / xf yf . cf} / xd ox gxL+ rfxt] x+} ls xdf/ ] u|fxs sf] sf] O{ eL k/ ] zfgL xf] cf} / sf] O{ eL sd{rf/ L 8/ s] sfd s/ ] . O;lnP xdg] bkmt/ abn lnof x} + . ceL xd gS;fn d] + ckgf zfvf cf‘lkm; cf} / eujtL axfn s] kf; xd ckgf sf‘kf] {/ ] 6 cf‘lkm; hNb vf] Nfg] jfn] x} + . ) hLjg aLdf sDklgof] + d] + O; dxfljklQ s] afb ls; t/ x sL sl7gfO{ cfO{ x} <

– d} o] sxgf rfx"Fuf ls ljklQ s] afb eL sDkgL sL xfnt 7Ls x} lrGtf sL sf] O{ aft gxL+ x} . sf7df8'+ d] yf] 8ÞL k/ ] zfgL tf] x} k/ g] kfn s] afx/ s'5 vf; c;/ gxL+ k8Þf x} . o] eL sxgf rfxtf x"F ls s/ La * xhf/ ;] Hofbf sL df} t x'O{ x} . pg d] ;] a; bf] ;f} of tLg ;f} nf] uf] + g] xL aLdf s/ jfof yf . d] / ] sfo{sfn s] cGtu{t d+} o] af/ af/ af] ntf cf / xf x"+ sL hLjg aLdf s/ jfPF . hf] nf] u s/ f] 8Þklt x} + pgs] d[To' s] afb pgs] kl/ jf/ sf] ptgf c;/ gxL+ k8] Þuf . k/ hf] u/ La nf] u x+} jf] lstg] lbg / fxt ;fdu|L ;] ckgf hLjg lgjf{x s/ kfPFu] + . O;lnP ;a sf] hLjg aLdf s/ jfgf cToGt h?/ L x} . a; cfk hLjg aLdf s/ jfgf rfxt] x} + tf] Ps sk rfo s] / sd sf] arfo] + . cf} / ;fn e/ d] o] tLg xhf/ ts cfk aLdf d] + lgj] z s/ t] x} + tf] hLjg aLdf

cfk sf] s'5 nfv ¿ko] ts sf dbb lhGbuL d] + b] uf . a; dg d] + o] rfx xf] gL rflxo] ls ckg] kl/ jf/ s] lnP s'5 s/ ] cf} / d} + cfk nf] uf] + sf] lbnr: k aft o] atfgf rfxtf x"F ls gg–nfO{km sf 8f6f hf] xdf/ ] kf; cfof x} jf] !@ xhf/ s] s/ La Sn] d cfof x} . O;;] o] ktf rntf x} sL nf] uf] + g] ckg] hLjg ;] Hofbf ckgL ;DklQ k/ Wofg lbof x} . ckg] hLjg dxTj s] af/ ] d] + s'5 gxL+ ;demf . ) c+t d] +, b] z sL hgtf ;] aLdf ;] xf] g] jfn] kmfob] s] ;DaGw d] + s'5 sxgf rfx] +u] <

– c+t d+] d} + ox sxgf rfxtf x"F ls x/ ju{ s] nf] uf] + sf] hLjg d] + s'5 s/ g] s] lnP hLjg aLdf s/ jfgf ax't h?/ L x} . h?/ t s] ;do jx / sd pgs] lnP ax't nfebfos l;4 xf] ;stL x} . s'5 a'/ f xf] xd P] ;f gxL+ ;f] rt] lsGt' ljklQ sx s/ gxL+ cftL x} cf} / P] ;] ;do s] lnP cu/ xd v'b sf] t} of/ / v] + tf] ox b"/ blz{tf x} . O{Zj/ gf s/ ] ls aLldt JolSt s] ;fy s'5 a'/ f xf] lsGt' cu/ P] ;f xf] eL hftf x} tf] oxL ;f] r cfksf] cfu] a9Þg] d] + ;xfotf s/ tL x} . cfk gf eL xf] + tf] cfks] kl/ jf/ sf] O;sf kmfobf xf] uf . O;lnP d} + ox rfxtf x"F ls g] kfn sL hgtf O;d+] cfu] cfPF cf} / O;;] nfeflGjt xf] + . lll

lhGbuL s] ;fy eL lhGbuL s] afb eL PncfO{;L

lk=cf/ = ld>;~rfns tyf sfo{sf/ L lgb] {zs, PncfO{;L

lk5n] lbgf] + b] z g] lh; cfkbf sf] em] nf x} p;g] b] z s] x/ If] q sf] ;Dk"0f{ ¿k ;] k|efljt lsof x} . O;;] aLdf sDklgofF eL c5"tL gxL+ x} + Sof] +ls aLdf s/ jfg] sf p2] Zo xL xf] tf x} ls ls;L eL ljk/ Lt l: ylt d] + aLdf sL / flz ;] ;xof] u ldngf . sxt] x} +, aLdf hLjg s] ;fy eL cf} / hLjg s] afb eL cfksf ;fy b] tL x} . cfkbf s] O; ;do d] + aLdf sDkgL sL gLlt Sof x} O;L ;DaGw d] + PncfO{;L s] ;~rfns tyf sfo{sf/ L lgb] {zs lk=cf/ = ld> s] ;fy sljtf bf; sL x'O{ aftrLt sf ;+lIfKt Aof] / f –

aLdf÷cGt/jftf{

lxdflngL h"g @)!%24

lnnfgfy uf}td

e"sDk s] afb dw] zL bndw] zL hgtf g] cd"No of] ubfg lbof x}

e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP / fxt ;+sng sfo{ d] + xdf/ ] sfo{stf{cf] + eL ;lqmo x} + . l;km{ sfo{stf{ xL gxL+, ;j{;fwf/ 0f dw] zL hgtf eL ptgL xL ;lqmo x} + . hf] eL xf] , kxf8Þ sL kL8Þf sf] sd s/ fg] s] lnP dw] zL hgtf cxf] / fq / fxt ;+sng d] + h'6] x} + . dw] zL hgtf g] : jtM: km't{ ¿k d] + …d'¶LbfgÚ sf cleofg rnfof x} . O; sf of] ubfg cd"No x} . lh;s] kl/ 0ffd xL @$) uf8ÞL vfBfGg nufot ;fdu|L ;+sng xf] ;sf . xd nf] uf] + g] tf] p; ;fdu|L sf] l;km{ Jojl: yt ¿k d] + ljt/ 0f s/ g] sf sfd lsof x} .

oxfF Ps aft : d/ 0fLo x} – t/ fO{ sL hgtf x/ ;fn zLtnx/ cf} / af9Þ ;] kLl8t xf] tL x} + . xhf/ f] + 3/ jf/ ljxLg xf] hft] x} + . n] lsg ceL ts O; t/ x sf / fxt ;+sng cleofg gxL+ xf] kfof x} . dw] zjfbL sxnfg] jfn] xd / fhgLlts bnf] + g] eL P] ;] cleofg sK z'?cft gxL+ sL . n] lsg e"sDk kLl8Þt kxf8ÞL ;d'bfo s] b'Mv sf] dw] zL hgtf b] v gxL+ kfoL . O;LlnP : jtM: km"t{ ox cleofg z'? xf] uof . O;;] : ki6 xf] tf x} – dw] zL ;d'bfo, kxf8ÞL ;d'bfo s] k|lt lstgf ;Dj] bgzLn x} + . n] lsg b'Mv sL aft tf] ox x} ls dw] zL hgtf åf/ f lsP uP O; of] ubfg k/ oxfF s] dLl8of sL gh/ gxL+ k8Þ ;sL . ta eL xdf/ f ;xof] u hf/ L x} .

xd nf] u kxf8Þ d] + hf s/ >dbfg s/ g] s] lnP eL t} of/ x} + . ;eL k|efljt lhnf d] + xdf/ L kf6L{ sf ;+u7g gxL+ x} + . cu/ ;+u7g / xtf tf] >dbfg s] lnP ;xh xf] ;stf yf . n] lsg lh; lhnf d] + x} , p; lhnf d] + xd nf] u >dbfg sL of] hgf agf / x] x} + . sf] –cl8{g] 6/ s] lnP ;DalGwt lhnf ;] l;km{ bf] JolQm ldn hfP tf] xd t/ fO{ ;] ckg] sfo{stf{ sf] n] s/ hfP+u] . xdf/ ] sfo{stf{ >dbfg s] lnP t} of/ x} . j] rfxt] x} ls lhtgf hNb xf] ;s] kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP c: yfoL lgjf; sf lgdf{0f xf] . lh; lhnf d] + ;+u7g gxL+ x} , jxfF ox sfo{ Jojxfl/ s gxL+ xf] ;stf .

xd nf] uf] + sf] ktf x} – JolQm, lghL ;+3–;+: yf tyf bft[ lgsfo e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] gfd d] + ;xof] u s/ g] s] lnP t} of/ x} + . n] lsg k|wfgdGqL / fxt sf] if d] + ck] Iff cg';f/ / sd hdf gxL+ xf] kf / xf x} . O;;] : ki6 xf] tf x} ls ;/ sf/ bft[ lgsfo sf] ljZj: t s/ g] d] + c;kmn xf] r'sf x} . O;sf Ps sf/ 0f x} – ;/ sf/ åf/ f 3f] lift Psåf/ k|0ffnL . Psåf/ k|0ffnL sL ;f] r cf} / sfo{z} nL s] sf/ 0f ceL ;/ sf/ sL ck] Iff cg';f/ ;xof] u / flz gxL+ h'6 kf / xL x} . bftf nf] u eL gxL+ rfxt] x} + ls pgsf ;xof] u ;Lwf k|wfgdGqL / fxt sf] if d] + rnf hfP cf} / ckgL e"ldsf lgliqmo / x] . P] ;L cj: yf d] + ;/ sf/ L k|fjwfg unt ;flat xf] / xL x} . cu/ sf] O{ bft[ lgsfo, ;+3–;+: yf tyf JolQm ;xof] u s/ gf rfxt] x} + tf] pgsf] cj;/ b] gf rflxP . ;/ sf/ L of] hgf cf} / df] lg6lg{ª d] + sf] O{ eL bftf sf] ljBfno ejg tyf ufFj lgdf{0f s] lnP lhDd] bf/ L b] ;st] x} . n] lsg sf] if d] + xL / sd hdf s/ g] sL hf] ;/ sf/ L dfgl;stf cf} / k|fjwfg x} , p;;] / fhgLlts bn tyf ;/ sf/ L sL gLot s] k|lt cfz+sf k} bf xf] hftL x} . O; d+] ;'wf/ s/ gL rflxP .

/ fh] Gb| dxtf] , cWoIf;b\efjgf kf6L{

dxfe"sDk -j} zfv !@, @)&@_ s] afb ;a;] Hofbf cfnf] rgf / fhgLlts

bn cf} / pgs] g] tfcf] + sL x'O{ x} . ljkt–Joj: yfkg cf} / p4f/ sfo{ d] + ;/ sf/ k"0f{ c;kmn / xL, P] ;f sxs/ cfqmf] z htfg] jfn] eL ax't ;f/ ] x} + . n] lsg oxL ;/ sf/ dftxt kl/ rflnt ;] gf cf} / k|x/ L åf/ f lsP uP p4f/ sfof] {+ sL ax'tf] + g] k|z+;f sL x} . ;/ sf/ c;kmn, n] lsg ;/ sf/ dftxt s] lgsfo ;kmn Û P] ;f eL xf] tf x} Sof < gxL+ xf] gf rflxP, n] lsg P] ;f xL b] vg] sf] ldnf . cg'dfg nufof hf ;stf x} ls xdf/ L ;/ sf/ tyf / fhgLlts bnf] + s] k|lt a9Þt] cljZjf; s] sf/ 0f xL P] ;L c: jfefljs k|ltlqmof cfoL x} . nutf x} ls l;km{ hgtf xL gxL+, cGt/ f{i6«Lo ;d'bfo eL oxfF s] ;/ sf/ s] k|lt ljZj: t gxL+ x+} . e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP ;xof] u s/ g] s] lnP OR5's JolQm tyf bft[ lgsfo k|wfgdGqL / fxt sf] if sf] ;xof] u s/ g] s] lnP clgR5's lbvfO{ b] gf O;sf k|df0f x} . O; ljifo d] + cnu xL ljZn] if0f xf] ;stf x} .

oxfF Ps cnu ljifo d] + rrf{ lsof hfPuf, jx x} – e"sDk s] afb dw] zL bn . xfF, e"sDk s] afb ;fdflhs ;~hfn cf} / cgnfOg dLl8of d] + dw] zL cf} / hghflt g] tfcf] + k/ nlIft s/ t] x'P s'5 Hofbf xL cfnf] rgf b] vg] sf] ldnf . kxrfg s] gfd ;] / fhgLlt s/ g] jfn] dw] zL cf} / hghflt g] tf, e"sDk s] afb sxfF u'd xf] uP < O; t/ x s] k|Zg cfg] nu] . n] lsg Sof ;r d] + xL e"sDk s] afb dw] zL g] tf nfktf x'P y] < kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP dw] zL g] tfcf] + g] s'5 gxL+ lsof < O;L k|Zg s] k|lt s] lGb|t / x s/ oxfF

l/kf]6{÷dw]z /fxt

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 25

rrf{ sL hfPuL . xfF, e"sDk s] z'?cftL lbgf] + d] + / fhgLlts

bnf] + sL ;lqmotf gxL+ lbvfO{ bL . O;LlnP k|Zg cfg] nu] – …aGb–x8Þtfn s/ g] jfn] cf} / ;8Þsf] + d] + 6fo/ hnfg] jfn] / fhgLlts bnf] + s] sfo{stf{ sxfF 5'k uP x} <Ú, …g] tfcf] + s] lgb] {zg d] + tf] 8Þkmf] 8Þ d] + pt/ g] jfn] sxfF u'd xf] uP <Ú O;t/ x s] ax't k|Zg cfg] nu] . oxL k|Zg dw] zL / fhgLlts bn tyf pgs] g] tfcf] + s] k|lt eL lbvfO{ lbof . n] lsg

s'5 lbg s] afb ;eL / fhgLlts bn cf} / pgs] g] tf÷sfo{stf e"sDk k|efljt If] q d] + lbvfO{ b] g] nu] . hxfF dw] zLjfbL bn eL ;lqmo y] . n] lsg dw] zL g] tfcf] + sf sxgf x} ls pgs] åf/ f lsP uP lqmofsnfk sf] sf7df+8" s] dLl8of g] k|fyldstf gxL+ bL x} . O;LlnP e"sDk s] afb dw] z s] k|d'v / fhgLlts bnf] + g] sxfF–sxfF Sof–Sof lsof < O; ;DaGw d] + lxdflngL g] s'5 tnfz s/ g] sf k|of; lsof . ljleGg dw] zjfbL bnf] + s]

kf6L{ sfof{no d] + hf s/ ljj/ 0f ;+sng sf k|of; lsof . s'5 g] tfcf] + s] ;fy 6] lnkmf] g d] + aftrLt eL sL . O;L qmd d] + k|fKt ljj/ 0f cf} / ;Djfb sf ;Dkflbt c+z oxfF k|: t't lsof uof x} –

dw] zL hgclwsf/ kmf] / d -nf] stflGqs_ha lxdflngL k|ltlglw dw] zL

hgclwsf/ kmf] / d nf] stflGqs s] kf6L{ sfof{no ;fg] kf kx'FrL, jxfF sf] O{ eL kf6L{ s] Gb|Lo ;b: o gxL+ y] . n] lsg sfof{no ;lrj k/ dfgGb d] xtf sfof{no d] + xL y] . d] xtf g] atfof ls clwsf+z kf6L{ g] tf t/ fO{ s] ckg] xL lhn] d] + x} . d] xtf g] ox eL atfof ls s'5 g] tf e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP / fxt ;+sng cf} / ljt/ 0f d] + ;lqmo x} + . n] lsg ls; lhnf d] + lsg g] tfcf] + sL cu'jfO d] + / fxt ljt/ 0f xf] / xf x} , O; sf ljj/ 0f kf6L{ cflkm; d] + gxL+ ldnf . d] xtf s] cg';f/ hf] g] tf sf7df+8" s] 8] / f d] + / xt] y] , pgd] + ;] s'5 g] tfcf] + sf lgjf; Ifltu|: t xf] g] s] sf/ 0f jx ckg] 3/ t/ fO{ d] + uP x} , e"sDk sL k/ fsDkg hf/ L / xg] s] sf/ 0f j] nf] u ceL ts gxL+ nf} 6] x} . d] xtf sxt] x} +– …e"sDk k|efljt lhnf s] kf6L{ g] tf ;DalGwt lhnf d] + xL / fxt ;+sng cf} / ljt/ 0f d] + ;lqmo x} .Ú

/ fhgLlts bn rGbfbftf gxL+ x}

clgn emf, cWoIfg] kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{

/ fhgLlts bn Jofkf/ L gxL+ x} . ;eL kf6L{ b";/ f] + ;] rGbf n] s/ xL rntL x} . P] ;L cj: yf d] + xd s} ;] e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP rGbf b] ;st] x} < ta eL ckgL Ifdtf s] cg';f/ xd nf] uf] + g] eL / fxt ljt/ 0f lsof x} . ;ef;b tyf sd{rf/ L jfkt / fHo åf/ f ck] lIft ;xof] u d] / ] kl/ jf/ ;] eL xf] / xf x} . O; sf] SofNs'n] ;g lsof hfP tf] d] / ] kl/ jf/ ;] nu–eu 8] 9 nfv ¿kof e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] gfd lsof uof x} . O;;] clws cfly{s ;xof] u xd nf] u gxL+ s/ ;st] x} + . xdf/ f sfo{If] q eL ox gxL+ x} . n] lsg dLl8of cfnf] rgf s/ t] x} ls g] tfcf] + g] s'5 eL gxL+ lsof . atfof hf / xf x} ls ;] gf–k'ln; g] sfd lsof, n] lsg / fhgLlts bn lgliqmo / x] . ox ;/ f;/ unt dfgl;stf x} + . xd g] tf nf] u ;] gf–k|x/ L tyf sd{rf/ L sL t/ x kmLN8 d] + hfs/ >d gxL+ s/ t] x} + . ;/ sf/ tyf / fhgLlts bnf] + sf lhDd] bf/ L tf] O;sf Joj: yfkg s/ gf xf] tf x} . jx xd s/ xL / x] x} + . kmLN8 d] + hfg] jfn] tf] ;] gf÷k|x/ L cf} /

sd{rf/ L xL xf] t] x} + . pg nf] uf] + åf/ f lsof uof of] ubfg xL ;/ sf/ tyf / fhgLlts bnf] + sf of] ubfg xf] tf x} . P] ;L cj: yf d] + cfk s} ;] sx ;st] x} + ls / fhgLlts bn u} / lhDd] bf/ xf] uP x} <

hxfF ts / fhgLlts kf6L{ sL t/ km ;] xf] g] jfn] >dbfg sL aft x} , dw] zjfbL bnf] + sL t/ km ;] ox ;Dej gxL+ x} . e"sDk kxf8Þ d] + cfof x} , dw] z d] + gxL+ . k|efljt kxf8ÞL lhnf d] + xdf/ L kf6L{ sf ;+u7g eL gxL+ x} . ax; cf} / efif0fafhL s] lnP tf] s'5 eL af] n ;st] x} + . kxf8Þ d] + hf s/ dw] zL åf/ f >d s/ gf Jojxfl/ s gxL+ xf] ;stf . kmf] 6f] lv+rfg] s] lnP hfgf cnu aft x} . xdf/ ] sfo{stf{ kxf8Þ hft] –hft] xL ys hft] x} , P] ;] sfo{stf{ ;] s} ;] >d sL ck] Iff / vt] x} < O;LlnP kxf8Þ sL

ef} lts ;+/ rgf lgdf{0f d] + t/ fO{ sf of] ubfg gxL+ xf] ;s] uf . O;s] lnP tf] ;/ sf/ sf] xL kxn s/ gf rflxP .

l/kf]6{÷dw]z /fxt

lxdflngL h"g @)!%26

d] xtf s] cg';f/ sfe|] , l;Gw'kfNrf] s, sf7df+8", eQmk'/ cf} / nlntk'/ nufot lhnf d] + kmf] / d nf] stflGqs g] / fxt ljt/ 0f lsof x} . O;L qmd d] + kf6L{ cWoIf ljhos'df/ uR5bf/ bf] af/ l;Gw'kfNrf] s kx'Fr] x} + . kf6L{ s] Gb|Lo ;b: o u0f] z nfdf e"sDk s] afb clwsf+z ;do sfe|] d] + xL Jo: t x} + . d] xtf s] cg';f/ nfdf g] sfe|] lhnf d] + nueu %–^ s/ f] 8Þ a/ fa/ sL / fxt ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f lsof x} . Ow/ sf7df+8" pkTosf d] + kmf] / d nf] stflGqs s] g] tf ?b| >] i7 s] g] t[Tj d] + / fxt ljt/ 0f cleofg hf/ L x} . O;L t/ x kf6L{ cWoIf uR5bf/ g] ckg] lgjf; d] + cg] jfn] kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP lgjf; ;] xL / fxt ljt/ 0f lsof x} .

dw] zL hgclwsf/ kmf] / d, g] kfnha lxdflngL k|ltlglw dw] zL

hgclwsf/ kmf] / d g] kfn s] kf6L{ sfof{no afns'df/ L kx'FrL, jxfF eL sf] O{ g] tf gxL+ y] . ktf rnf ls kf6L{ cWoIf pk] Gb| ofbj s'5 xL b] / kxn] lgsn uP x} + . sfof{no ;lrj xl/ d] xtf s] cg';f/ clwsf+z g] tf ckg] xL lhnf d] + x} + . sf7df+8" d] + / xg] jfn] s'5 g] tf tyf sfo{stf{ sf] n] s/ kf6L{ cWoIf pk] Gb| ofbj e"sDk k|efljt lhnf uf] vf{ cf} / l;Gw'kfNrf] s kx'Fr] x} . kmf] / d g] kfn g] lstgf / fxt ;+sng cf} / ljt/ 0f

lsof x} < O;sL hfgsf/ L sfof{no ;] k|fKt gxL+ xf] ;sL . O;s] lnP kf6L{ dxf;lrj / fd;xfo k|;fb ofbj ;] ;Dks{ lsof uof . n] lsg pGxf] +g] sxf– …cflwsfl/ s hjfa kf6L{ cWoIf ;] xL ldn ;stf x} . O;LlnP kf6L{ cWoIf ofbj ;] ;Dks{ sLlhP .Ú n] lsg cWoIf ofbj g] O; ;DaGw d] + af] ng] s] lnP c: jLsf/ lsof . pGxf] +g] sxf– …kxn] kxf8ÞLo bnf] + g] lstgf / fxt ;+sng lsof

x} , p;s] ljifo d] + vf] h sLlhP, cfk nf] u xd] zf Sof] + dw] zL bnf] + s] kL5] k8Þt] x} < dw] zL bnf] + g] s'5 gxL+ lsof x} .Ú O;s] afb pGxf] +g] kmf] g / v lbof . n] lsg kf6L{ ;b: o tyf ;ef;b cleif] s k|tfk ;fx g] atfof ls kf6L{ g] uf] / vf, l;Gw'kfNrf] s, eQmk'/ , dxf] Q/ L nufot lhnf d] + / fxt ljt/ 0f lsof x} . : d/ 0f / x] , ;ef;b ;fx g] / fHo ;] k|fKt xf] g] jfn] s/ La Ps ;fn sL ckgL tgVffx e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] gfd s/ lbof x} . -pg sL clws cleJolQm aS; d] +_

t/ fO{ dw] z nf] stflGqs kf6L{t/ fO{ dw] z nf] stflGqs kf6L{ s] s] Gb|Lo

sfof{no cgfdgu/ d] + kf6L{ s] Gb|Lo ;b: o tyf k"j{;ef;b sljGb| 7fs'/ nufot Ps bh{g g] tf tyf sfo{stf{ ldn uP . e"sDk kLl8Þt s] lnP tdnf] kf åf/ f lsof uof of] ubfg ;DaGw d] + k"5g] k/ ;eL nf] u atfg] s] lnP pT;'s lbvfO{ lbP . s] Gb|Lo ;b: o 7fs'/ s] cg';f/ kf6L{ ;x–cWoIf x[bo] z lqkf7L kxnL af/ uf] / vf s] af/ kfs kx'Fr] y] . p;s] afb x[bo] z s] xL g] t[Tj d] + / fs] z ld>, ;'zLn ld> nufot g] tf tyf sfo{stf{ sfe|] cf} / l;Gw'kfNrf] s lhnf d] + / fxt n] s/

kx'Fr] x} . kf6L{ ;x–dxfdGqL lht] Gb| ;f] gn eL / fxt n] s/ uf] / vf kx'Fr] x} . sf7df+8", nlntk'/ cf} / eQmk'/ s] kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP ;x–cWoIf lqkf7L, s] Gb|Lo ;b: o sljGb| 7fs'/ nufot g] tf tyf sfo{stf{ g] / fxt ljt/ 0f lsof x} .

g] tf sljGb| 7fs'/ s] cg';f/ tdnf] kf g] nueu @% xhf/ yfg lqkfn e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s]

sf] O{ eL kL8Þf kxf8Þ cf} / dw] z s] lnP cnu–cnu gxL+ xf] tL . O;LlnP e"sDk s] afb ;[lht kl/ l: ylt ;xh s/ g] d] + xd nf] u eL ckg] hux ;] ofu] bfg b] / x] x} + . / fxt ;+sng cf} / ljt/ 0f sfo{ hf/ L x} . / fxt ljt/ 0f cleofg ^ dxLgf ts hf/ L / vg] sL aft kf6L{ s] eLt/ rn / xL x} . ceL ts hf] / fxt ljt/ 0f x'cf x} , jx ;a kf6L{ s] cfGtl/ s ;fwg–;|f] t ;] xL ;+slnt x} . kf6L{ ;] cfj4 ax't nf] u Jofkf/ Joj;fo d] + cfj4 x} + . j] nf] u ;dfh;] jf s] k|lt eL OR5's x} + . P] ;] xL z'e] R5's s] ;xof] u d] + xd nf] uf] + g] / fxt ;+sng cf} / ljt/ 0f lsof x} . 3/ af/ ljxLg kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP xd nf] u Sof s/ ;st] x} < O; ;DaGw d] + eL aftrLt s/ / x] x} + . xdf/ L Ifdtf s] cg';f/ hf] s/ kfPFu] , jx s/ ] +u] .

kxf8Þ cf} / dw] z sL kL8Þf cnu gxL+ xf] tL

sljGb| 7fs'/ s] Gb|Lo ;b: o, tdnf] kf

l/kf]6{÷dw]z /fxt

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 27

l/kf]6{÷dw]z /fxt

lnP ljt/ 0f lsof x} . 7fs'/ g] atfof– …;a;] Hofbf lqkfn kf6L{ s] Gb|Lo sfof{no ;] ljt/ 0f x'cf x} .Ú O;L t/ x kf6L{ s] t/ km ;] nueu !) uf8ÞL vfBfGg ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f lsof uof x} .

O;Lt/ x g'jfsf] 6 d] kf6L{ s] eft[ ;+u7g o'jf k|mG6 s] ;x–dxf;lrj sfd/ ] Gb|

adf{ s] g] t[Tj d] + / fxt ljt/ 0f lsof uof x} . adf{ g] bfjf lsof sL ceL ts !%–!^ s/ f] 8Þ d"No a/ fa/ sL / fxt ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f sL uO{ x} . adf{ atft] x} + ls kf6L{ s] t/ km ;] e"sDk kLl8tf] + sL cfjf; lgdf{0f s] lnP >dbfg sL of] hgf ;DaGw d] + eL ax; xf] / xL x} .

;b\efjgf kf6L{;b\efjgf kf6L{ sfof{no afg] Zj/

d] + kf6L{ cWoIf / fh] Gb| dxtf] , ;x–cWoIf nId0fnfn s0f{ nufot g] tf tyf sfo{stf{ y] . / fxt ljt/ 0f s] lnP kf6L{ cWoIf dxtf] g'jfsf] 6 kx'Fr] x} . cWoIf dxtf] s] cg';f/ ;b\efjgf kf6L{ åf/ f sfe|] , g'jfsf] 6, uf] / vf, tgx'F, sf: sL, wflbª, l;Gw'nL nufot lhnf d] + / fxt ljt/ 0f xf] r'sf x} . ;fy d] + cGo k|efljt lhnf d] + eL hfg] sL t} of/ L xf] / xL x} . O;Lt/ x kf6L{ sL t/ km ;] sfe|] cf} / g'jfsf] 6 lhnf d] + >dbfg sL of] hgf eL ag / xL x} . jxfF c: yfoL lgjf; lgdf{0f lsof hfPuf . cWoIf dxtf] g] sxf– …O;s] lnP ;fdu|L h'6fg] sf k|of; xf] / xf x} .Ú ljtl/ t ;eL / fxt ;fdu|L kf6L{ s] cfGtl/ s ;fwfg–;|f] t ;] xL hDdf gxL+ lsof uof x} . kf6L{ k|lt z'e] R5f k|s6 s/ g] jfn] ljleGg ;+3–;+: yf ;] cfu|x s/ s] ox ;fdu|L ;+sng

;/ sf/ c;kmn xf] r'sL x} e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP kf6L{ sL t/ km

;] Sof–Sof xf] / xf x} , p;sf l86] n d'em] ktf gxL+ x} . d} + tf] lhnf d] + xL x"F . n] lsg d] / L JolQmut aft s/ ] + tf] ;ef;b jfkt d'em] k|fKt xf] g] jfn] sl/ a !# dxLg] -Ps ;fn_ sL tgVffx d} +g] e"sDk kLl8tf] + s] gfd s/ lbof x} . O;s] ;fy–;fy d} +g] ef/ t pQ/ k|b] z s] d'VodGqL dfggLo clvn] z ofbj ;] 6] lnkmf] g ;Dks{ dfkm{t g] kfn s] e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] ;xof] ufy{ cfu|x lsof . pGxf] +g] s/ La 8] 9Þ ;f} 6«s kfgL, la: s'6, ljB'tLo pks/ 0f nufot ;fdu|L e] hf yf . p; ;fdu|L sf] xdnf] uf] + g] g] kfn l: yt ef/ tLo b"tfjf; s] ;xof] u ;] g] kfn ;/ sf/ sf] x: tfGtl/ t lsof x} . O;Lt/ x ef/ tLo hgtf kf6L{ s] jl/ i7 g] tf tyf ;f+;b hut clDasf kfn s] ;xof] u ;] xd nf] uf] + g] uf] / vf lhnf d] + / fxt ljt/ 0f lsof x} . cGo

;xof] u h'6fg] sL kxn eL xf] / xL x} . l;km{ JolQmut kxn d] + xhf/ f] + s] lnP / fxt ;+sng xf] ;stf x} tf] ;/ sf/ L : t/

;] kxn s/ g] k/ p;] sO{ u'0ff Hofbf xf] ;stf x} . n] lsg ck] Iff cg';f/ gxL+ xf] kf / xf x} . jt{dfg ;/ sf/ e"sDk s] jfb l;lh{t ljklQ Joj: yfkg d] + c;kmn xf] r'sL x} . ox c;kmntf e"sDk s] kxn] lbg j} zfv !@ ut] ;] xL z'? x'cf yf . u[xdGqL jfdb] j uf} td g] kfFr 306f s] jfb Soflag] 6 a} 7s / vs/ p4f/ ;DaGwL lg0f{o lnof x} . cu/ jx a} 7s rf/ 306f kxn] xL xf] tf tf] #–$ ;f} sL hfg arg] sL ;Defjgf yL . ceL k|wfgdGqL / fxt sf] if d] + ck] Iff cg';f/ / sd hdf gxL+ xf] kfgf O;s] lnP eL c;kmn ;/ sf/ L / 0fgLlt xL k|d'v lhDd] bf/ x} .

cleif] s k|tfk ;fx;ef;b\, kmf] / d g] kfn

>dbfg s] lnP t} of/ x+}

sfd/ ] Gb| adf{;x–dxf;lrj, o'jf k|mG6, tdnf] kf

e"sDk s] afb xd nf] u eL kLl8Þtf] + sL ;] jf d] + h'6] x} + . / fxt ;+sng cf} / ljt/ 0f sfo{ hf/ L x} . ca xd k'glg{df{0f s] ;DaGw d] + aftrLt s/ / x] x+} . O;s] lnP ;/ sf/ sf] xL g] t[Tj n] gf rflxP . cu/ o'jf tyf v] ns"b dGqfno åf/ f o'jf kl/ rfng ;DaGwL ljz] if of] hgf cf hftf x} tf] xd nf] u eL kxf8Þ d] + hfs/ >dbfg s/ g] s] lnP t} of/ x} + .

lxdflngL h"g @)!%28

l/kf]6{÷dw]z /fxt

lsof uof x} . pbfx/ 0f s] lnP l;Gw'nL lhnf d] + ljtl/ t ;eL ;fdu|L k8Þf] ;L b] z ef/ t s] z'e] R5' dfkm{t k|fKt lsof uof yf . cWoIf dxtf] s] cg';f/ g'jfsf] 6 d] + ljtl/ t ;fdu|L kf6L{ s] cfGtl/ s ;fwg–;|f] t ;] h'6fof uof x} . cWoIf dxtf] g] cfu] sxf– …xd nf] u tf] l;km{ dfWod xf] / x] x} . ;xof] u s/ g] jfn] a[xt ;+3–;+: yf cf} / ;fdfh;] jL x} . pg nf] uf] + ;] k|fKt ;fdu|L xL xdf/ ] g] tf tyf sfo{stf{ g] ljt/ 0f lsof x} .Ú ceL ts ;b\efjgf g] ljleGg lhnf d] + kfFr xhf/ yfg lqkfn, sDan nufot cGo vfBfGg ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f lsof x} .

g] kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{g] kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ s] cWoIf

clgn emf eL kf6L{ cf‘lkm; zflGtgu/ d] + xL ldn] . ;fdfGotM emf dw] zL ;d'bfo k|lt xL gxL+, kxf8ÞL ;d'bfo s] k|lt eL ;b\efj ;] ;Gt'lnt cf} / Jofjxfl/ s ts{ s/ t] x} + . n] lsg e"sDk ;DalGwt lxdflngL s] k|Zg d] + pgsf hjfa s'5 cnu lbvfO{ lbof . Sof] +ls cWoIf emf sf dfggf x} – e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP / fhgLlts bn s'5 eL ;xof] u gxL+ s/ ;st] x} + . emf cfu] sxt] x} – dw] zjfbL bn tf] s/ xL gxL+ ;st] x} + . -pgsL ljrf/ sf ;Dkflbt c+z af‘S; d] +_ .

n] lsg g] kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ g] eL e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP s'5 / fxt ;+sng cf} / ljt/ 0f lsof x} . kf6L{ cWoIf emf s] cg';f/ g'jfsf] 6 cf} / l;Gw'kfNrf] s lhnf d] + kf6L{ cWoIf : jo+ tyf ;ef;b 8f= l8Dkn emf nufot g] tf tyf sfo{stf{ kx'Frs/ / fxt ljt/ 0f lsof x} . / fxt ;fdu|L d] + ;] ^) yfg lqkfn l;Gw'kfNrf] s, !& yfg g'jfsf] 6 d] + ljt/ 0f lsof uof x} . O;L t/ x kf6L{ sfof{no ;] #) yfg v'b|f lqkfn ljt/ 0f lsof uof x} . rfjn !@ ;f} s] hL, r"8Þf @ ;f} s] hL, sDan @) yfg, d;fnf, t] n cflb cGo vfB ;fdu|L eL g] kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ g] ljt/ 0f lsof x} . lll

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 29

ef/tLo dlxnf Sna sL

cWoIf df]lgsf >Ljf:tjåf/f

^ nfv ^! xhf/ ^ ;f} sL

;xof]u /flz g]kfn SofG;/

l/lnh ;f];fO6L -eQmk'/_

sf] k|bfg lsof uof .

ef/tLo

/fhb"tfjf; s]

åf/f k|wfgdGqL

/fxt sf]if d]+ !$

nfv sL ;xfotf

/flz k|bfg sL

uO{ .

t:jL/]

lxdflngL h"g @)!%30

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 31

lxdflngL h"g @)!%32

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 33

lxdfno sL uf] b d] + a;f v"a;"/ t b] z g] kfn . O; b] z sf lhqm

cft] xL nf] uf] + s] h] xg d] + akm{ ;] cfR5flbt lxdfno sL a] xb v"a;"/ t jflbofF Wofg d] + cftL x} + . d7f] + cf} / d+lb/ f] + sf ox b] z ckg] dgf] / d b[Zo cf} / v"a;"/ tL s] lnP k"/ L b'lgof d] + hfgf hftf x} . ko{6g O; b] z sL hfg x} . ko{6s O; b] z s] lnP eujfGf x} + . cltly ;Tsf/ O; b] z s] ;+: sf/ d] + x} . g] kfn cfs/ b'lgof e/ s] ko{6s oxfF sL ;'Gb/ tf cf} / df] xstf s] k|lt cfslif{t x'P lagf gxL+ / x ;st] . g] kfn b'lgof+ s] pg r'lgGbf b] zf] + d] + z'df/ x} hxf+ wfld{s >4fn' ;] n] s/ kj{tLo ko{6s ts cft] x} + . g] kfn pg b] zf] + d] + ;] Ps x} hxf+ nf] u k"/ ] kl/ jf/ s] ;fy 5'l§ofF latfgf k;+b s/ t] x} + . Sof] +ls

oxfF ;as] lnP s'5 gf s'5 df} h"b x} . n] lsg ckm;f] ; ===

@% ck|} n cf} / !@ dO{ sf] cfP e"sDk cf} / p;s] Ps dxLg] afb ts nuftf/ cf / x] k/ fs+kg s] em6sf] + ;] / fhwfgL If] q ;lxt l;Gw'kfNrf] s, g'jfsf] 6, wflb+u, bf] nvf uf] / vf cflb lhnf] + d] + sfkmL g's;fg x'cf . xhf/ f] + nf] u df/ ] uP nfvf] + a] 3/ x'P . b] vg] ;] P] ;f nutf x} ls e"s+k ;] g's;fg cf} / tafxL l;km{ OGxL+ lhnf] + d] + x'O{ . n] lsg

xdf/ L ;f] r unt x} . e"s+k sL tafxL ;] Og lhnf] + d] + tf] tTsfn c;/ lbvf . / fxt cf} / arfj sf sfd eL OGxL+ lhnf] + d] + s] lG›t / xf . n] lsg ls;L sf eL Wofg pg huxf] + k/ gxL+

uof hf] e"s+k d] + tf] ;'/ lIft / x] n] lsg e"s+k s] qf; g] jxf+ s] nf] uf] + sf hLgf b'Zjf/ s/ lbof . nf] u ;'/ lIft 3/ f] + d] + / x s/ eL ;'vL gxL+ x} . ckgf Joj;fo tf] rnf / x] x} + n] lsg u|fxs Ps gxL+, b'sfg] + tf] v'nL x} + n] lsg v/ Lbbf/ Ps gxL+ .

ox bb{ e"s+k k|efljt lhnf] + ;] sxL+ cnu x} . g] kfn s] sO{ ko{6sLo : yn x} hf] O; eLif0f tafxL ;] c5"t] / x] . hxf+ sf] O{ dsfg cf} / b'sfg lu/ gf tf] b"/ sxL+ b/ f/ ] +

eL gxL+ cfO{ n] lsg e"s+k s] sf/ 0f km} n] qf; ;] dfxf} n z"Go ;] clws s'5 gxL+ . g] kfn d] + tafxL e/ ] e"s+k sf] b'lgof+ e/ sL dLl8of d] + hf] : yfg ldnf p;;] s'5 kmfobf tf] x'cf n] lsg g] kfn s] ko{6g If] q k/ p;sf b"/ ufdL cf} / gsf/ fTds c;/ x'cf x} . dLl8of d] +

cfOP=== xd cfks] : jfut sf] cft'/ x} +

k+sh bf;

sf] O{ P] ;f b] z gxL+ hf] k|fs[lts cfkbf ;] gf h"emf xf] . g] kfn g] eL xfn xL d] + ljgfzsf/ L e"s+k sL kL8Þf sf] em] nf x} . xdg] xhf/ f] + nf] uf] + sf] u+jfof x} . n] lsg xd g] kflnof] + d] + p7 v8Þ] xf] g] sf hHaf x} . ckg] kL8Þf sf] e'nft] x'P xd lkm/ ;] cfu] a9Þ rn] x} + . h} ;] kl/ jf/ d] + ls;L b'vb 36gf s] afb xd lkm/ ;] ckgL lh+buL sf] Ps / km\tf/ b] t] x} + 7Ls p;L k|sf/ b] z k/ cfP O; ljklQ sL 38ÞL sf] e"n s/ xd cfu] a9Þ / x] x} + . xd] + k"/ f ljZjf; x} xd lkm/ ;] p7 v8Þ] xf] +u] . b'af/ f ckgL lh+buL d] + gof / +u e/ ] +u] . b'lgof+ e/ s] ko{6sf] + ;] d] / L ckLn x} ls g] kfn ca ;'/ lIft x} , g] kfn s] sO{ ko{6sLo zx/ lans'n ;'/ lIft x} + . cfk cfOP cf} / oxfF s] df} ;d sf, oxfF s] cfltYo sf, oxfF s] ;Tsf/ sf, oxfF sL ;+: s[lt sf k"/ f dhf nLlho] .

– / fh] z xdfn, cleg] tf

l/kf]6{÷ko{6g

lxdflngL h"g @)!%34

lbvfP uP eLif0f tafxL s] b[Zo, nf] uf] + sL bb{gfs df} t, / f] t] lanvt] aRr] , dna] d] + ba] nf] u, nfzf] + sL 9] / , Wj: t x'P Odf/ t, dna]

d] + tAbLn P] ltxfl;s w/ f] x/ , a; b'lgof+ e/ s] 6] nLljhg r} gn, O+6/ g] 6, o"6\o"a, cvaf/ P] ;L xL va/ ] + cf} / P] ;L xL t: jL/ b] v s/ g] kfn cfg] sL ;f] r agfg] jfn] ko{6s ckgf dg abng] sf] dha"/ xf] uP .

hals xsLst sf ox Ps xL kxn' yf . cf} / O;L s] rk] 6 d] + ;RrfO{ sf b";/ f kxn' pGxL+ dnaf] + d] + sxL+ ba s/ / x uof lh;s] sf/ 0f b] z sf ko{6g l;;s–l;;s

s/ ;fF;] n] / xf x} . p;] ha ts p;L ¿k / +u d] + k'ghL{ljt gxL+ lsof uof tf] b] z sf] k'ghL{jg b] gf ax't xL d'lZsn xf] uf . Wj: t

xf] r's] w/ f] x/ f] + sf lkm/ ;] lgdf{0f d] + ;do nu] uf, nf] uf] + s] ph8Þ] cflzofg] sf] lkm/ ;] a;fg] d] + eL s'5 ;do nu] uf xL, n] lsg hf] ko{6sLo If] q lans'n ;'/ lIft x} + pg : yfgf] + sf] k'/ fg] / +u d] + nf} 6fg] sf k|of; tf] ceL ;] xL s/ gf xf] uf . Sof] +ls ko{6g xL Ps dfq P] ;f If] q x} hxfF ko{6sf] + s] cfg] ;] ;dfh s] sO{ nf] u ;Lw] ;Lw] nfeflGjt xf] t] x} + . sO{ nf] uf] + sf] / f] huf/ ldntf x} pgsf kl/ jf/ rntf x} cf} / c+ttM ;/ sf/ cf} / b] z sf] eL kmfobf xL xf] tf x} . O;lnP O; ;do xdf/ f ds;b oxL xf] gf rflxP ls g] kfn s] af/ ] d] + b'lgof e/ s] ko{6sf] + s] dg d] + hf] eo cf} / qf; sf dfxf} n agf x'cf x} p;sf] s} ;] x6fof hfP . s} ;] b'lgof+ e/ d] + ox ;Gb] z lbof hfP ls g] kfn ca ;'/ lIft x} , g] kfn s] sO{ ko{6sLo zx/ ;'/ lIft x} + cf} / oxfF cfg] d] + ls;L eL k|sf/ ;] sf] O{ vt/ f gxL+ x} .

g] kfn s] ko{6g If] q d] + lkm/ ;] hfg km"+sg] s] lnP g] kfn ko{6g af] 8{ k"/ L t/ x ;] ;lqmo xf] uof x} . vf; s/ g] kfn s] ;a;] rlr{t cf} / v'a;"/ t ko{6s If] q kf] v/ f sf] Wofg d] + / vt] x'P sO{ t/ x s] ljz] if cleofg eL rnfo] hf / x] x+} . kf] v/ f ;'/ lIft x} cf} / cfks] cfltYo s] lnP tTk/ x} . O;L ljifo sf] s] lG›t s/ kf] v/ f 6"l/ Hd l/ sj/ L sf} +l;n (PTRC) sf u7g lsof uof x} . kf] v/ f s] ;eL xf] 6n Joj;foL, / ] : 6'/ ] +6 Joj;foL, PljPzg Sna cflb ;eL ldn s/ kf] v/ f d] + ko{6sf] + s] lnP ljz] if 5"6 s] ;fy cfsif{s k} s] h cf‘km/ s/ / x] x} + . ko{6sf] + sf] kf] v/ f sL ;} / s/ fg] s] lnP cf} / kf] v/ f d] / x] x/

xdf/ f Wofg ;a;] kxn] cft+l/ s ko{6sf] + sf] cfslif{t s/ gf x} . O;s] kL5] sf xdf/ f p2\b] Zo ox x} ls b] z s] sO{ lx: ;f] + d] + nf] u e"s+k ;] ;'/ lIft x} + pGx] + sf] O{ g's;fg eL gxL+ x'cf x} n] lsg pgs] dg d] + Ps k|sf/ sf 8/ cf} / qf; sf dfxf} n x} . xd rfxt] x} + ls P] ;] nf] u hf] e"s+k s] 8/ cf} / qf; s] dfxf} n ;] b"/ sxL+ cfs/ ckg] kl/ jf/ cf} / bf] : tf] + s] ;fy cR5f jQm u'hf/ gf rfxt] x} + tf] kf] v/ f pgs] : jfut s] lnP t} of/ x} . Sof] +ls kf] v/ f k"/ L t/ x ;'/ lIft x} . oxfF gf tf] e"s+k sf 8/ x} cf} / gf xL k/ fs+kg sf cx;f; nf] uf] + sf] xf] tf x} . sf7df+8" d] + en] xL e"s+k cf} / k/ fs+kg sf cg'ej xf] tf xf] n] lsg kf] v/ f Og ;a;] c5"tf x} . n] lsg sf7df+8" s] sf/ 0f kf] v/ f s] ko{6g k/ O;sf c;/ k8Þf x} . O;L jhx ;] g] kfn ko{6g af] 8{ sL ;nfx k/ oxfF xdg] kf] v/ f 6"l/ Hd l/ jfOjn sld6L sf u7g lsof x} lh;d] ;eL ;+a+lwt kIff] + sf k|ltlglwTj x} . hNb xL xd Ps s} +k] g nfFr s/ g] hf / x] x} + lh;s] txt xd ef/ t s] ljleGg zx/ f] + d] + hfs/ nf] uf] + ts ox ;Gb] z kx'rfg] sf k|of; s/ ] +u] ls kf] v/ f ;'/ lIft x} . xd ljleGg ;+rf/ dfWodf] + s] hl/ o] , lj1fkg s] hl/ o] ox ;Gb] z kx'Frfgf rfxt] x} + ls kf] v/ f sf] s'5 eL g's;fg gxL+ kx'Frf x} . cfk a] lkmqm xf] s/ kf] v/ f 3"dg] cf ;st] x} + .

– >4f >] i7, ;Llgo/ clkm;/ , g] kfn ko{6g af] 8{, kf] v/ f

e"s+k s] sf/ 0f kf] v/ f d] + ko{6sf] + sL ;+Vof d] + sfkmL sdL cf uO{ yL . g] kfn d] + e"s+k s] cfg] ;] cf} / uf] / vf s] s] +›laGb' agfg] ;] nf] uf] + d] + Sof unt kmxdL km} n uO{ ls sxL+ kf] v/ f d] + tf] O;sf c;/ gxL+ x'cf . n] lsg P] ;f s'5 eL gxL+ x} . kf] v/ f lans'n ;'/ lIft x} . oxfF ;as'5 kxn] h} ;f xL x} . O;lnP ls;L sf] eL kf] v/ f

cfg] ;] 8/ gf gxL+ rflxP . j} ;] v'zL sL aft ox x} ls wL/ ] –wL/ ] xL ;xL n] lsg kf] v/ f d] + ko{6sf] + sf cfgf lkm/ ;] z'¿ xf] uof x} . ef/ t ;] n] s/ cd] l/ sf o"/ f] k ts s] s'5 ko{6s oxfF cf / x] x} + . h} ;] –h} ;] ox ;Gb] z km} n] uf ls kf] v/ f sL l: ylt sfkmL 7Ls x} cf} / oxfF ls;L k|sf/ sf sf] O{ g's;fg gxL+ kx'Frf x} j} ;] –j} ;] ko{6sf] + sL ;+Vof d] + eL Ohfkmf xf] uf . j} ;] ko{6sf] + sf] cfslif{t s/ g] s] lnP xdg] ckgL s+kgL sL t/ km ;] ljz] if cf‘km/ eL b] gf z'¿ s/ lbof x} . xdf/ ] oxfF cN6«fkm\nfO{6 d] + cfg] jfn] ko{6sf] + s] lnP !% k|ltzt ts sL 5"6 ceL xd b] / x] x} + . d] / f ;eL ;] oxL ckLn x} ls cfk cfOP, g] kfn cfOP, kf] v/ f cfOP, xd] + dbb s/ gf x} tf] g] kfn d] + ko{6s s] ¿k d] + cfOP cf} / g] kfn s] k'glg{df{0f d] + ckgf of] ubfg bLlho] .

k|lt1f uf} td, sfo{sf/ L lgb] zs, lkmz6] n cN6«fkm\nfO{6 k|f= ln, kf] v/ f

l/kf]6{÷ko{6g

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 35

ef/ tLo ko{6sf] sf] g] kfn s] ;'/ lIft xf] g] sf ljZjf; lbnfgf xdf/ f kxnf nIo x} . e"s+k s] sf/ 0f g] kfn g] O; af/ sf k"/ f Ps ko{6s ;Lhg vf] lbof x} . n] lsg O;s] l/ sj/ L s] lnP hNb xL xd Ps df: 6/ Knfg nf / x] x} + . j} ;] g] kfn 6"l/ Hd af] 8{ sL kxn k/ l/ sj/ L s] lnP sO{ pkfo lsP hf / x] x} + . O; ;do xdf/ f nIo k"jf{] Q/ ef/ t s] ko{6s x} + . xd rfxt] x} + ls bzx/ f s] df} s] k/ a+ufn ;lxt k"jf{] Q/ ef/ t s] nf] uf] + sf] g] kfn nfg] sf k|of; s/ ] + . j} ;] ef/ t d] + k8Þ / xL eLif0f udL{ cf} / n" sL rk] 6 ;] arg] s] lnP eL xd ef/ tLo ko{6sf] + sf] O; ;do kf] v/ f d'lQmgfy hf] d;f] d h} ;L huxf] + k/ cfg] sL ckLn s/ / x] x} + cf} / p; lbzf d] + xd sfd eL s/ / x] x} +. xd ef/ t sf] nlIft s/ sO{ t/ x s] kf‘s] h nfg] sL of] hgf agf / x] x} + . ;fy xL ef/ t d] + / x] 6"/ cfk/ ] 6/ f] + ;] eL ;dGjo s/ 6"l/ : 6f] + sf] g] kfn nfg] sf k|of; lsof hf / xf x} .

>LdtL pHHjnf, dfs{] l6+u x] 8, g] kfn 6"l/ Hd af] 8{

Ps ko{6sLo cfsif{0f sf] b] vg] s] lnP cfksf] O;;] cR5f cf} / ;'gx/ f df} sf zfob xL sxL+ ldn] uf . cfk ljdfg ;] ;km/ sLlho] p;d] 5"6, cfk xf] 6n d] + 7xl/ P p;d] 5"6, vfgf vfOP p;d] 5"6, cfk 6"l/ : 6 ufO8 nLlho] p;d] 5"6, cfk k} / fUnfOl8+u sLlho] of cN6«fkm\nfO{6 sf dhf nLlho] ;as'5 cfksf] ljz] if 5"6 s] ;fy pknAw x} . cfk kf] v/ f d] + kxn] sL xL t/ x gfO{6nfOkm sf dhf eL n] ;st] x} + . / ft sf] : 6«L6nfO{6 d] + n] s;fO8 k/ 3"dg] sf ckgf xL dhf xf] tf x} .

g] kfn d] + cfP e"s+k s] afb dbb s] lnP ;eL b] z cfu] cfP . xhf/ f] + nf] uf] + g] g] kfn cfs/ oxfF s] nf] uf] + sf bb{ af+6f, nfvf] + nf] uf] + g] ljb] zf] + ;] ;xfotf e] hL . e"s+k s] afb x'P

kf] v/ f b] z sf Ps P] ;f ko{6sLo If] q x} hxf+ g] r'/ n 6"l/ Hd, lklnlu|d 6"l/ Hd, dfp+6] g 6"l/ Hd, sNr/ n 6"l/ Hd, lx: 6f] l/ sn 6"l/ Hd ;asf dhf Ps ;fy p7fof hf ;stf x} . a; xd] + nf] uf] + d] + ox ljZjf; lbnfg] sL h?/ t x} ls kf] v/ f ;'/ lIft x} . g] kfn cfg] jfn] ko{6sf] + sf] d} + ox atfgf rfxtf x"F ls g] kfn cfg] d] + eL sf] O{ k/ ] zfgL gxL+ x} . g] kfn sf cGt/ fi6«Lo ljdfg: yn 7Ls x} , g] kfn s] clwsfFz / fhdfu{ lans'n ;'/ lIft x} . ko{6sLo u+tAo ts hfg] jfn] ;eL / f: t] lans'n ;'/ lIft x} + . O; ;do kf] v/ f cfg] jfn] ko{6sf] + s] lnP xdg] ljz] if 5"6 sL 3f] if0ff sL x} . xf] 6n cf} / / ] : t/ f+ d] + %) k|ltzt ts sL 5"6 sL Joj: yf x} . O;s] ;fy xL xd ko{6sf] + sf] cfslif{t s/ g] s] lnP ef/ t s] ljleGg zx/ f] + d] + ljz] if cleofg rnfg] sL of] hgf d] + x} + . xd s'5 af‘nLj'8 s] snfsf/ f] + sf] kf] v/ f 6"l/ Hd sf a|f08 PDa] ;] 8/ agfg] sL ;f] r d] + x} + . xd pGx] + lkmNdL snfsf/ f] +, ufosf] +, cGo xl: tof] + sf] kf] v/ f cfd+lqt s/ g] sL sf] lzz d] + h'6] x} + tfls ef/ t s] ;fy–Þ;fy k"/ L b'lgof d] + o] ;Gb] z hfP ls kf] v/ f ;'/ lIft x} .

u0f] z k|;fb e§/ fO{, ;+of] hs, kf] v/ f 6"l/ Hd l/ jfOjn sfp+l;n

tafxL ;] g] kfn sf] arfg] s] lnP g] kfn s] / fxt cf} / arfj sf sfd ca k"/ f xf] r'sf x} . e"s+k k|efljt If] q d] + k'gjf{; sf sfd z'¿ xf] uof x} . lh; t/ x ;] cfkg] e"s+k s] tTsfn afb g] kfn s] lnP lbn vf] n s/ ;xof] u lsof ca Ps af/ lkm/ g] kfn sf] cfks] dbt sL h?/ t x} . n] lsg ca gf tf] k} ;] sL, gf / fxt ;fdu|L sL h?/ t

x} . a; cfks] Kof/ sL cfks] ;b\efj sL, cfks] cfudg sL h?/ t x} . g] kfn ca ;'/ lIft x} , g] kfn sf ko{6s If] q ;'/ lIft x} , kf] v/ f ;'/ lIft x} , n'lDagL ;'/ lIft x} , hgsk'/ ;'/ lIft x} , lrtjg ;f} / fxf cfksf a] ;a|L ;] OGthf/ s/ / xf x} . cfk cfOP, kl/ jf/ s] ;fy cfOP, bf] : tf] + s] ;fy cfOP cf} / g] kfn s] ko{6g If] q sf] arfg] d] + ckgf ;xof] u bLlho] . osLg dflgP cfksf] Ps gof cg'ej ldn] uf . nf] uf] + d] + jxL pT;fx ldn] uf . cfksf : jfut p;L pd+u s] ;fy xf] uf . lll

l/kf]6{÷ko{6g

lxdflngL h"g @)!%36

Kof/ f8fOd l;km\6

/0fwL/ rf}w/L

cFªu|] hL zAb Kof/ f8fOd l;km\6 s] lno] lxGbL zAbsf] if d+] æk|ltdfg lj: yfkgÆ

zAb lbof uof x} . lh;sf ;/ n cy{ O; k|sf/ ;] ;demf hf ;stf x} . æk|ltÆ sf cy{ Ps k|To] s, dfg sf cy{ dxTj cf} / lj: yfkg sf cy{ ckg] : yfg ;] lxn hfgf cyjf kxn] sL cj: yf d] kl/ jt{g cfgf . ck|Ln @% s] dxfe"sDk g] g] kfn sf] emsemf] / s/ / v lbof x} , vf;s/ kxf8ÞL Onfsf] + sf] . wg–hg sL Iflt sf] b] vf hfo tf] , k'glg{df{0f s] sfo{ sf] g] kfn ckg] a"t] k/ s/ ;stf x} P] ;f k|tLt gxL xf] tf . n] lsg O; n] v sf 6f/ u] 6 yf] 8Þf cnu x} . ;txL ¿k d] lbvg] jfn] e"sDk s] c;/ ;] yf] 8Þf cnu xdf/ L sf] lzz x} , e'sDkLo kb] { s] cf] 6 d] lvn / x] u'nf+] sf] , ;'Id kf/ f8fOd l;km\6 cf} / k8Þg] jfn] c;/ sf] lxdflngL s] kGgf]

s] dfkm{t afx/ nfgf .

kxf8Þ ;] gLr] ck|Ln !@ s] e"sDk g] kxf8Þ sf] lh;

t/ Ls] ;] tafx lsof x} , ;asf sf lbn ljrlnt xf] p7f x} . k/ +t' k|Zg cftf x} , Sof e"sDk s] sx/ g] l;km{ kxf8Þ sf] lxnfof < sf7df08f} d] + 3/ agfs/ / xg] jfnf] + k/ xL e"sDk sf c;/ k8Þf x} < laNs'n gxL+ . O; dxfk|no g] b] z sf] bf] t/ Lsf] + ;] k|efljt lsof x} < k|ToIf cf} / ck|ToIf . sf7dff08f} nufot cGo kxf8ÞL lhnf] d] + k|ToIf c;/ lbvf x} . jxL+ dw] z nufot b] z s] sO{ cGo lhnf] + s] vf; ;d'bfo lhgsf / fHo d] sf] O{ kx'Fr gxL+ x} pgd] &=( DofugLRo"8 sf hf] / bf/ ck|ToIf c;/ k8Þf x} . lh; sf] cgb] vf lsof hf / xf x} / fHoåf/ f . hfkfg, xfO6L, lrnL, >Ln+sf nufot sO{ b] zf+] g] g] kfn h} ;L tafxL sf]

em] nf x} . Og b] zf] sL tafxL sf Oltxf; b] vf hfo tf] tafxL s] afb lbvg] jfnL r'gf} tL s] cGt{ut æOG6/ gnL l8;Kn] ;8 kLk'nÆ -cfO=8L=kL_ cyf{t cfGtl/ s ¿k d+] lj: yflkt nf] uf+] sL ;d: of sf xn lgsfngf Ps cxd r'gf} tL s] ¿k d+] lnof uof cf} / lnof hftf x} . Sof g] kfn d] e"sDk s] afb cfO=8L=kL sL ;d: of gxL+ lbvfO{ b] / xL x} < dO{ @$ sL o"=Pg=8L=kL cf} / dO{ @^ s] dlxnf Pj+ afnaflnsf cfof] u d] + a} 7] bf] gf] dLl6ª g] d'em] rf} +sf lbof yf . bf] gf] + dLl6ª d] +– e"sDk s] afb k'glg{df{0f Pa+ Joj: yfkg d] + ;+eflat qmfOl;; cf} / r'gf} tL k/ ckgf ljrf/ k|s6 s/ gf yf . ;a sf] ;'gg] s] afb ha cGt d+] d} +g] kxn] cfO{=8L=kL sL ;d: of sf] / vf . ljrf/ / vg] s] qmd d] + d} +g] cg'ej lsof ls ;asL jqm b[li6 d] / L cf] / yL cf} / ox bf] gf] + a} 7sf] + d] + b] vg] sf] ldnf . e"sDk s] afb xhf/ f+] sL tfbfb d] + dw] ;L, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, d'l: nd nufot cGo ;LdfGts[t ju{ sf7df08" ;] lj: yflkt x'P x+} . lbg e/ ckgf >d a] Rfg] s] afb bf] jSt sL / f] hL / f] 6L sf pkfo s/ s] hLg] afn] Og ;d'bfo s] nf] uf] + s] k'g: yf{kgf s] lno] ;/ sf/ s] kf; Sof of] hgf x} < ;DejtM s'5 gxL . lh;sf] aofF s/ tf x} pk/ lnlvt bf] gf] dLl6ªf] sf d] / f cg'ej . dO{ @) sf] …b sf7df08" kf] : 6Ú d+] k|sflzt hf] g j] eg s] n] v ælaof] G8 b EofnLÆ sf] cfwf/ dfgf hfo tf] l;km{ / f} tx6 lhnf d] + nueu b; xhf/ hg;+Vof cfGtl/ s ¿k d] + lj: yflkt x'P x} + . t/ fO{ dfgj clwsf/ / Ifs ;+hfn -y8{ PnfoG;_ åf/ f cfO{=8L=kL k/ l/ kf] 6{ agfg] sf lhDdf d'em] ;f} +kf uof x} . O;L l;nl;n] d] + d+} g] sO{ nf] uf] + s] ljrf/ f] + sf] lnof . km'nal/ of–@, ;Kt/ L s] / xg] afn] sdn] z k|zfb zfx hf] sL lk5n] % ;fn ;] sf7df08" d+] On] S6«Ll;og sf sfd s/ ckg] kl/ jf/ -cf7 ;b: o_ sf ;xf/ f agf x'cf x} . e"sDk s] afb sdn] z sf] ca ptgf sfd gxL+ ldn / xf x} sf7df08" d+] lh;;] ls ckg] 3/ s] lnP / f] 6L sf pkfo s/ ;s] . P] ;] sxflgof+] sf kfq sO{ x} +, hxfF ;/ sf/ sL gh/ kx'FrgL rflxo] .

kb] { s] kL5] dxfe"sDk s] afb x/ Ps sf ckgf–

ckgf : jfy{ ;fdg] cftf lbvf cf} / lbv / xf x} . kb] { s] afx/ lhtgL O{dfgbf/ L lbvL , kb] { s] eLt/ b] vg] s] afb s'5 chLa ;f nugf c: jfeljs gxL+ . xd / fhgLlts ¿k ;] lstg] kL5] x} + p; k/ sf] O{ cg';Gwfg sL cfjZostf gxL+ . yf] 8ÞL ax't / fhgLlts sG;g{ ;] O;sf] ;demf hf ;stf x} .

dxfe"sDk s] afb x/ Ps sf

ckgf–ckgf : jfy{ ;fdg] cftf

lbvf cf} / lbv / xf x} . kb] {

s] afx/ lhtgL O{dfgbf/ L

lbvL , kb] { s] eLt/ b] vg]

s] afb s'5 chLa ;f nugf

c: jfeljs gxL+ .

ljrf/

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 37

h} ;] ls, e"sDk s] afb k'ln; cf} / ;] gf sL ;g;gL tf/ Lkm . e"sDk s] afb Ogs] åf/ f lbvfO{ uO{ sfo{ut cu|;/ tf sL ;/ fxgf xd] + s/ g] xL+ rflxo] . ;fy ;fy xd] + ox gxL e"ngf xf] uf ls k'ln; cf} / ;] gf sf c;n sfd O;L ;do tf] k8Þtf x} . cfd hgtf s] 6] S; ;] xL tf] Og ;eL sf vrf{ kfgL rntf x} . ls;L eL / fi6«Lo qmfOl;; s] ;do xd] ax't lqm6Lsn xf] g] sL cfjZostf k8ÞtL x} , vf;s/ / fhgLlts lx;fa ;] . ck|Ln @% sL dxfe"sDk s] afb P] ;f nug] nuf yf ls g] kfn sf] rnfg] sf lhDdf g] kfnL ;] gf, k'ln; cf} / s'5 ljb] lzof] + sf] ;f} kf uof x} . / fhgLlts c;kmntf : ki6 lbv / xL yL b] z d] + cf} / ox lans'n vt/ ] ;] e/ L aft x} . g] kfnL 5fkf d] + eL k'ln;, ;] gf åf/ f pgsf] ;f} +k] uP sfo{ s/ g] s] afb clws ;] Hofbf sj/ ] h lbof hf / xf yf cf} / ox k|lqmof ceL eL ?sf gxL x} . h?/ L gxL g] kfn d] + P] ;f xL xf] ,k/ +t' P] ;f sO{ af/ b] vf uof x} ls / fi6«Lo ;+s6 s] afb cfd hgtf sL efjgf sf] lxKgf] 6fOh s/ yf] 8Þf ax't an k|of] u s/ ;Qf ckg] xfy d] ;] gf g] n] lnof x} .

g] kfn s] cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg d] ;+3Lotf zAb sf] hux dw] l;of+] g] lbnfof, o] ;j{ljlbt x} . Sof P] ;f gxL nutf ls ca ;+3Lotf zAb eL e"sDk s] afb ;+3Lotf lj/ f] lwof+] s] Ph] G8f tn] ba uof x} < j} ;] eL ;+ljwfg ;ef—@ s] afb O; zAb sf cfsif{0f sd xf] g] nuf yf cf} / lh;sf sf/ 0f yf d'bf lj;h{gjfbL dfcf] jfbL s] ;xf/ ] dw] zjfbL bnf] + s] / fhgLlts ky sL z'?cft . cfh b] z–k'glg{df{0f sL rrf{ rn / xL x} . xd] + cjZo ktf xf] gf rflxo] sL ox lgdf{0f ;f/ ] b] z sL gxL+ alNs p; !$ lhnf+] sL xf] uL hf] ef} lts ¿k ;] lav/ uP x} + . hxfF !$ lhnf] + sf] : ju{ agfg] sL aft rn / xL x} jxL cfGtl/ s ¿k d] + lj: yflkt dw] l;of+] s] lno] Sof of] hgf x} ;/ sf/ s] kf; < dw] ;L g] tfcf] s] / fhgLlts Ph] G8fcf] + d] + ox d'2f zfldn x'cf x} sL gxL < cghfg dw] zL cfh

en] xL gxL+, k/ Gt' ;do cfg] k/ : yfO{ ;Ttf s] Jofkfl/ of+] ;] lx;fa lstfa h¿/ s/ ] uL . en] xL jx sf7df08" sf 7] sbf/ xf] of lkm/ r'gfa hLtg] s] afb sf7df08f} sf] ckgf lgjf{rg If] q dfgg] jfn] dw] zL g] tf .

dw] ;, kxf8Þ cf} / dLl8of g] kfn s] clGtl/ d ;+lawfg s] wf/ f !@

-ª_ s] d'tflas sf] O{ eL JolSt g] kfn s] ls;L

eL sf] g] d] hf s/ a;f] af; s/ ;stf x} cf} / ox Ps cR5L aft x} . ;Gbe{ x} e"sDk s] afb kxf8ÞL hg;ªVof sf] dw] ; d] + k'g: {yfkg s/ jfgf cf} / O; k/ ;l/ tf lu/ L cf} / ;L=s] / fpt sL k|ltlqmof . O; e"sDk s] afb x/ ] s dw] ;L s] 3/ ;] / fxt s] gfd k/ s'5 g s'5 kxf8Þ s] lnP lgsnf . y8{ PnfoG; g] tf] ædw] ; ljy kxf8ÞÆ Ps cleofg xL rnfof x} . O;L cleofg s] txt kxf8Þ s] p; hux / fxt afF6L uO{ hxfF ;DejtM kxn] sf] O{ gxL+ kxF'rf yf / fxt n] s/ . hL xfF, aft x} dO{ ( sL, / fxt ;fdu|L n] s/ l;Gw'kfnrf} s s] uf] n5] k~rfot sL hgtf sf] afF6f uof . uf] N5] hfg] ;do / f: t] d] ;] gf åf/ f eL ef} uf] lns ¿k d] ;'ne hUfxf+] k/ afF6f hf / xf yf . Sof y8{ PnfoG;åf/ f lso] uo] / fxt ljt/ 0f sfo{ sf] ;dfrf/ agfof uof < lans'n gxL . ;dfrf/ agfof uof lu/ L sL 6'O{6 cf} / / fpt sf aofg sf] . lu/ L s] cg';f/ e"sDk kLl8Þtf+] sf] dw] ; d] k'g: y{fkg s/ afgf dx] Gb| gLlt sf] lg/ Gt/ tf b] gf x} . / fpt s] cg';f/ cu/

kxfl8Þof] sf] dw] ; d] + a;fof uof tf] u[xo'¢ xf] ;stf x} . O; bf] cleJolSt sf] g] kfnL dLl8of d] hf] / zf] / ;] p7fof uof .

lstgL chLa aft x} g] kfnL dLl8of seL s'5 ljZn] ;0ffTds ;dfrff/ Sof] + gxL agftL . wf/ f !@ -ª_ sf] OG8f] ;{ s/ t] x'P oxL nutf x} ls ls;L eL ;d'bfo sf] sxL k'g: y{fkg s/ jfg] ;] kxn] pg nf] uf] + ;] k"5gf rflxo] ls Sof cfk sf] sNr/ n Uofk k;+b x} < hLof] u|flkmsn Uofk k;+b x} <

cfjZostf efj'stf ;] afx/ cfg] sLxjf{8{ ljZjljb\ofno s] cg';G3fgstf{

P=cn] l;gf cf} / / ] Or s] cg';f/ —æ / fi6« lgdf{0f Ps k|lqmof x} hxfF x/ ] s gful/ sf] + sf] ckg] : jfy{, nIo cf} / k|fyldstf s] k|lt ;femf cf} / a/ fa/ L sL laz] iftf dx;"; s/ g] sf dfxf} n aggf rflxo] . tfls pg nf] uf+] d] + cnu xf] g] sL OR5f eL k} bf g xf] . / fHo s] d7fwL;f] + sf] O; kl/ efiff

k/ cdn s/ gf rflxo] . e"sDk ;] k|ToIf k|efljt en] xL kxf8ÞL lhnf x} , k/ +t' O;sf ck|ToIf k|efj cf} / b"/ ufdL c;/ k/ ;/ sf/ sL gh/ gxL+ uO{ tf] cGhfd Sof xf] uf ox tf] ;do atfouf . ox Ps kf/ f8fOd l;km\6 xL x} ls ;+3Lotf s] d'2f] sf] bafof hf / xf x} . hfu s/ / xgf xf] uf dw] ;L hgtf sf] . ;do x} efj cf} / k|efj ;] x6s/ : jefj d] + / xs/ ckgf / fhgLlts d'2f+] sf] hLljt / vgf . e"sDk s] gfd k/ efj'stf d] + axgf vt/ f ;] vfnL gxL .

sxt] x} + ls, lu/ gf eL cR5f x} , cf} sft sf ktf rntf x} . a9Þt] x} + ha xfy p7fg] sf] , ckgf+] sf ktf rntf x} . lll

ljrf/

e"sDk ;] k|ToIf k|efljt en] xL kxf8ÞL lhnf x} , k/ +t' O;sf ck|ToIf k|efj cf} / b"/ ufdL c;/ k/ ;/ sf/ sL gh/ gxL+ uO{ tf] cGhfd Sof xf] uf ox tf] ;do atfouf . ox Ps

kf/ f8fOd l;km\6 xL x} ls ;+3Lotf s] d'2f] sf] bafof hf / xf x} . hfu s/ / xgf xf] uf dw] ;L hgtf sf] .

xd] v]b x}xd] v]b x} ls lxdflngL jif{ !* c+s

% d]+ …dxfe"sDkM zf]s d]+ 8"af b]zÚ cfn]v d]+ @% ck|Ln sL hux @$ ck|Ln k|sflzt xf] uof x} . xd Ifdfk|fyL{ x}+ . – ;Dkfbs

lxdflngL h"g @)!%38

k': ts–;dLIffl/kf]6{÷/fd]5fk

æd] / L cf7 as/ L d/ uO{, ca tf] hLjg u'hf/ g] s] lnP eL s'5 gxL+ arf,

e"sDk g] d] / f ;a s'5 n] lnofÆ– / fd] 5fk nvgk'/ 8f] / vfgL s] Ps lj: yflkt kl/ jf/ sL cfjfh x} o] . o] Ps cfjfh gxL+ x} alNs cfh / fd] 5fk s] x/ 3/ sL ts/ Lag oxL sxfgL x} . g tf] hLljsf] kfh{g sf sf] O{ pkfo x} cf} / g xL vfg] s] lnP bf] jSt sL / f] 6L . k|s[lt s] sx/ ;] / fd] 5fk eL gxL+ ar kfof x} . e": vng cf} / e"sDk g] g] kfn s] gSz] k/ / fd] 5fk sL t: jL/ xL abn bL x} . / fd] 5fk hgsk'/ c~rn d] + k8Þg] jfnf Ps b'u{d lhnf x} . ;] jf cf} / ;'ljwf s] b[li6sf] 0f ;] eL clt ljs6 dfgf uof / fd] 5fk sf] a} zfv !@ s] ljgfzsf/ L e"sDk g] cf} / eL 8/ fjgf agf lbof x} . 8f] / vfgLaf;L s] 8/ g] sf b";/ f sf/ 0f e"–: vng x} . jxf+ k/ ;do–;do d+] lg/ Gt/ e"–: vng xf] tf / xtf x} .

ut ;fn s] efb| dfx d] + x'P e"–: vng ;] cf7 blnt a: tL xL lj: yflkt xf] uO{ yL . O; dxfe"sDk ;] ceL eL lg/ Gt/ ¿k d] e"–: vng xf] xL / xf x} . : vng ;] lemlnË] kj{t lu/ hfg] sf ax't a8Þf 8/ x} – / fd] 5fk s] : yfgLo ;~rf/ sdL{ lab'/ 9'Ë] u g] atfof, a: tL sf] b";/ ] hux k/ : yflkt s/ g] s] lnP / fHo cf} / k|zf;lgs kIff] + ;] lg/ LIf0f tf] x'cf x} n] lsg sf] O{ eL ;'gjfO{ ceL ts gxL+ x'O{ x} . ;~rf/ sdL{ 9'Ë] n g] cfqmf] ; JoQm s/ t] x'P sxf ls cu/ O; a: tL sf] hNb xL k'g: yf{lkt gxL+ lsof uof tf] a8ÞL sl7gfO{ sf] e'utgf k8Þ ;stf x} . O;L t/ x jxL+ uflj; s] j8f g+= % l: yt nK;Laf] 6 sL cj: yf eL bb{gfs x} . aL; ;fn ;] e"–: vng sL rk] 6 d] + k8Þt] cfg] k/

eL / fHo g] O; cf] / Wofg gxL+ lbof x} . O; dxfe"sDk sL jhx ;] sO{ r'gf} ltofF nK;Laf] 6 afl;Gbf s] ;fdg] x} . eLdaxfb'/ yfkf g] : ki6 zAbf] + d] + sxf ls cu/ ;do d] + xL ;/ sf/ g] plrt Joj: yfkg gxL+ lsof tf] sf] O{ a8ÞL aft gxL+ x} ls / fd] 5fk sf cl: tTj xL vTd xf] hfo . / fd] 5fk sf ckgf Ps P] ltxfl;s dxTj x} . a'h'uf] {+ g] ckg] ;do sf] ofb s/ t] x'P sxf ls hdfg] d] + lemlnË] kjt{ ;] ;'Gwf/ f l: yt w/ x/ f d] + lahnL s] aNa hnt] b] vf hftf yf . p;L hux s] Ps kj{t d] + a|Xdf, lji0f' cf} / dx] z sL k|ltdf eL b] vL hftL x} . oxfF ;nfgf eJo t/ Ls] ;] a8Þ] d] nf sf eL cfof] hg xf] tf cfof x} .

ckg] d] + P] ltxfl;stf sf] ;d] 6] / fd] 5fk

sL l: yltcfh cToGt hh{/ x} . jxfF s] ax't ljBfno ejg 6"6 r's] x} + . 6"6] x'P ejg d] + ;] Ps >L eLd] Zj/ dfWolds ljBfno eL x} , hf] nvgk'/ uflj; s] j8f g=+ & yfkfufpF d] + cjl: yt x} . eLd] Zj/ ljBfno sL : yfkgf )@* ;fn d] + x'O{ yL . cfh ljBfno ckgL cj: yf k/ : jo+ cfF;" axf / xf x} . ljBfno sf x/ sd/ f kTy/ f+] ;] e/ f x} . ;eL ;fdfg gi6 xf] r's] x} + . k|wfgfWofks u0f] z axfb'/ gu/ sf] 6L g] sxf, –…ljBfly{of] + sf] k9Þfg] sL hux gxL+ x} , xdf/ f sfof{no l;km{ kfn s] eLt/ ;Lldt x} .Ú pGxf] +g] lrGtf JoQm s/ t] x'P sxf ls ljBfno sf] Jojl: yt agfg] s] lnP / fHo sf] ljz] if Wofg b] gf rflxP . O; kL8Þf sf] dLl8of s] dfkm{t cfjfh p7fg] s] lnP kqsf/ f] + ;] cfu|x eL lsof . pQm ljBfno sf] l;km{ cf7 yfg kfn ldnf x} . ljBfno ejg

lgdf{0f s] lnP uflj; ;] bf] nfv ¿k} of kfg] sL aft yfkfufp+ s] : yfgLojf;L Pj+ Pdfcf] afbL g] tf sdfgl;+x nfdf g] hfgsf/ L bL . n] lsg eLd] Zj/ ljBfno sL bogLo cj: yf k/ / fd] 5fk s] lhnf lzIff clwsf/ L sf Wofg ca ts gxL+ kxF'r ;sf x} . kfn / vg] s] lnP d} bfg sf eL cefj x} tf] ljBly{of] + sf] a} 7g] s] lnP hux gxL+ x} . O;L t/ x : jf: Yo rf} sL sf ejg eL k"0f{¿k ;] Wj: t x'cf x} . : jf: Yo rf} sL s] OGrfh{ / fdgf/ fo0f ;fx g] sxf ls ue{ktg of hRrf–aRrf s] lnP : jf: Yo rf} sL d] + sf] O{ ;'/ lIft cf} / uf] Ko : yfg gxL+ x} . bjfO{ofF / vg] sL hux eL gxL+ x} . / f] luof] + s] lnP la: t/ cf} / rf} lsof] + sf cefj x} lh;sL jhx ;] xd] + / f] h Og ;d: ofcf] + sf

;fdgf s/ gf k8Þtf x} . / fd] 5fk sf] tLg …nfnÚ s] lhnf ;] eL hfgf hftf x} . O; lhnf d+] oftfoft, lzIff, : jf: Yo cf} / ;~rf/ sf kx'Fr xf] g] k/ eL O;] ljs6 cf} / b'u{d xL dfgf uof x} . g] kfnL Oltxf; s] kxn] zxLb s[i0fnfn clwsf/ L, zxLb u+ufnfn >] i7, g] kfnL sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ s] ;+: yfks dxf;lrj k'iknfn >] i7 sf hGd eL / fd] 5fk d] + xL x'cf x} . / fd] 5fk d] + / fhgLltsdL{, ;flxTosf/ , pBf] uL, Jofkf/ L nufot ljleGg k|ltefcf] + g] hGd lnof x} O;s] afjh"b cfh ts O;sf ;xL ljsf; gxL+ xf] kfof x} . sO{ dxfg xl: tof] + sf] hGd b] g] jfnf / fd] 5fk cfh a/ afbL s] suf/ k/ v8Þf x} , O; cf] / ;eL lgsfof] + sf] Wofg kx'Frgf cfjZos x} . cu/ P] ;f gxL+ x'cf tf] / fd] 5fk sf gfd sn v'b Oltxf; s] kGgf] + k/ l;d6 s/ / x hfPuf . lll

binay.kumar@himalini.com

p4f/ cf}/ ljsf; sL /fx b]vtf, /fd]5fk

ljgo s'df/

/fd]5fk, 8f]/vfgL s] lj:yflkt e"sDk kLl8t

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 39

k8Þf];

ef/ t s] k|wfgd+qL g/ ] Gb| df] bL g] !% hgj/ L sf] xl/ of0ff / fHo s] kfgLkt

d] + cfof] lht Ps ljzfn hg;ef sf] ;Daf] lwt s/ t] x'P sxf yf– …xd a] l6of] + sf] tf] k9Þfgf gxL+ rfxt] n] lsg ckg] 3/ f] + d] + cR5L–vf;L k9ÞL–lnvL ax" nfg] sL OR5f / vt] x} + . Ú …cflv/ ox s} ;] ;+ej xf] uf <Ú pGxf] +g] sxf …hf] ckgL a] 6L–axgf] + sf] gxL+ k9Þft] pGx] + k9ÞL–lnvL ax" nfg] sf eL clwsf/ gxL+ x} < pGxf] +g] ;jfn lsof …olb dlxnfP+ lzlIft xf] g] s] clwsf/ ;] j+lrt / xL+ tf] lkm/ pRr lzIff d] + pgsL kx'+r s} ;] xf] uL <Ú O; k|sf/ ;jfn xL ;jfn y] pgs] efif0f d] + .

sfo{qmd sf gfd yf …a] 6L arfcf] Ú – …a] 6L k9Þfcf] .Ú sfo{qmd ef/ t sL s] Gb| cf} / xl/ of0ff sL / fHo ;/ sf/ f] + åf/ f ;+o'Qm ¿k d] + cfof] lht lsof uof yf . s'5 xL dxLg] kxn] ;Qf d] + cfoL df] bL ;/ sf/ åf/ f ox sfo{qmd z'¿ lsof uof x} . df] bL ;/ sf/ g] ef/ t d] + JofKt …a] 6L–e|'0f xTofÚ cf} / lzIff cflb cg] s If] qf] + d] + a] l6of] + s] ;fy lsP hf / x] e] befjf] + sf cGt s/ g] s] lnP, ox gof cleofg k|f/ +e lsof x} .

ef/ t s] s'5 / fHof] + d] + ceL eL a] 6f cf} / a] l6of] + s] aLr ef/ L e] befj ljBdfg x} . lzIff b] g] s] bf} / fg a] 6f cf} / a] 6L s] aLr e] befj a/ tf hftf x} . O;;] eL a9Þs/ csNkgLo …a] 6L–e|'0f xTofÚ h} ;f b'isd{ eL lsof hf / xf x} . df+ s] ue{ d] + xL e"|0f s] ln+u sL kxrfg sL hftL x} cf} / olb e|'0f a] 6L sf x} tf] p;sL ue{ d] + xL xTof s/ bL hftL x} . jf: tljstf tf] ox x} ls ox h3Go ck/ fw, c1ft j} wflgstf kftf hf / xf x} .

ef/ t s] s'5 ;dfh d] + ceL eL a] 6f kfg] sL cTolws OR5f s] sf/ 0f / f] h a] l6of+ ue{ d] + xL df/ L hf / xL x} + . oBlk, v'n] ¿k d] + O; sfo{ g] dfGotf gxL+ kfof x} . lkm/ eL, ;fdfGo c: ktfnf] + Pj+ SnLlgs d] + …ue{ d] + xL ln+u klxrfgÚ s/ g] sL tsgLs ;xh xL pknAw xf] g] , ue{ ktg s] lnP afk ;] eL a9Þs/ df+ s] t} of/ xf] g] tyf Og sf/ 0ff] + ;] a] l6of] + sL hGd b/ d] + ef/ L sdL cfg] ;] lrlGtt, ef/ t ;/ sf/ g] ox sfo{qmd k|f/ +e lsof x} . ef/ t ;/ sf/ g] O; cleofg s] lnP ef/ tLo l;g] df hut sL hfgL–dfgL cleg] qL dfw'/ L bLlIft sf] ;b\\efjgf b"t s] ¿k d] + lgo'Qm lsof x} .

k|wfgd+qL df] bL g] pQm sfo{qmd …aflnsf–e|'0f xTofÚ h} ;] h3Go ck/ fw s/ g] jfn] 8fS6/ f] + k/ Jo+u s/ t] x'P sxf – ……e"|0f xTof s/ k} ;f sdfg] jn] 8fS6/ ;f] r] + ls Sof O; k|sf/ s] s's[Tof] + ;] cflh{t k} ;f pGx] + …;Gtf] ifÚ cf} / …wg–;'vÚ b] / xf x} of gxL+Ú <Ú pgsf sxgf

yf ls …8fS6/ tf] dg'io sL hfg arfg] s] lnP k9ÞfO{ lsof s/ t] x} + g ls pgsL hfg n] g] s] lnP .Ú

O; cj: yf s] kl/ 0ffd: j¿k, ef/ t d] + n} +lus c;Gt'ng lbv r'sf x} . ;g\ @)!! sL hgu0fgf s] cg';f/ 5x jif{ ;] sd pd| sL afn–aflnsfcf] + sL ;+Vof d] + ;] ……Ps xhf/ afnsf] + sL t'ngf d] + aflnsfcf] + sL ;+Vof dfq (!$ x} ÚÚ . atft] x} + ls ca Ow/ s] jiff{] + d] + tf] aflnsfcf] + sL ;+Vof d] + cf} / clws sdL cfoL x} tyf aflnsfcf] + sL ;+Vof nuftf/ 36tL xL hf / xL x} . ;g\ @))! d] ] + k|lt xhf/ afnsf] + s] cf} ;t d] + (@& aflnsfP+ hGd lnof s/ tL yL hals hg;+Vof ljz] if1f] + sf sxgf x} ls ca tf] aflnsf–hGd d] + cf} / clws sdL cftL hf / xL x} . cf+s8Þf] + s] cg';f/ O;;] kxn] cyf{Tf\ @))! d] + O; ;+Vof d] + Otgf clws cGt/ gxL+ yf . of] hgf ljz] if1 O; cj: yf sf] : jt+qtf s] afb sf ;a;] clws …lj: kmf] 6s n} +lus c;Gt'ngÚ atft] x} + . pgsf sxgf x} …oxL cj: yf sfod / xL tf] cun] bf] bzsf] + s] afb n8Þlsof+ kfg] s] lnP xL n8Þsf] + s] aLr ef/ L df/ –wf/ , p7f–k6s xf] gf lglZrt x} . ;g\ @)!! sL hgu0fgf s] cg';f/ ef/ t d] + k'?if sL ck] Iff dlxnf sL hg;+Vof nueu ^ s/ f] 8Þ sd yL . ox cg'kft 36tf xL hfPuf, P] ;f lbvtf x} .

lgjt{dfg k|wfgd+qL 8f= dgdf] xg l;+x ;+;b sf] ;+af] lwt s/ g] s] bf} / fg / f] k8Þ] y] . pGxf] +g] sxf yf …@!jL+ ztfAbL s] xd cfw'lgs ef/ tLo ceL eL lj1fg s] ljsf; sf b'¿kof] u s/ t] x'P ue{ s] cGb/ xL hfg a"ems/ a] l6of] + sL xTof s/ / x] x} +, O;;] clws b'Mvb 36gf cf} / s'5 eL gxL+ xf] ;stL . kz' eL ckgL ;Gtfg sf] Ps ;dfg b] vtf x} hals xd ljj] szLn k|f0fL, a] 6f cf} / a] 6L d] + e] befj s/ / x] x} + . Ú

ef/ t d] + x/ jif{ lstgL aflnsfcf] + sL xTof sL hf / xL x} +, O;sf kSsf cf+s8Þf tf] ceL eL pknAw gxL+ x} . n] lsg, O; If] q s] hfgsf/ f] + s] cg';f/ x/ jif{ % ;] & nfv aflnsfcf] + sL xTof xf] / xL x} + . ox sfo{ v'n] ¿k d] + tf] gxL+ lbvtf x} tyf c: tkfn eL v'Nndv'Nnf ¿k d] + af] 8{ eL gxL+ n6sftf x} . lkm/ eL, clwsf+z c: ktfnf] + d] + e|'0f xTof s] sfd ;xh cf} / ;: t] d] + lsP hf / x] x} +, P] ;f atft] x} + .

df] bL ;/ sf/ sf ox sfo{qmd !@ lhnf] + d] + s] lGb|t x} . O; sfo{qmd s] cGtu{t ;b\efjgf b"t s] ¿k d] + lgo'Qm l;g] tfl/ sf dfw'/ L bLlIft, a] 6] –a] 6L s] aLr e] befj gxL+ s/ g] sL r] tgf hfu[t s/ g] sf sfd s/ ] +uL . O;L k|sf/ ;/ sf/ pQm lhnf] + s] u/ Laf] + s]

cfly{s ;xof] uf] + sL 3f] if0ff eL sL x} . kxn] r/ 0f d] + r'g] uP !@ lhnf] + d] + xl/ of0ff / fHo s] lhnf] + sL ;+Vof clws x} + . j] lhn] x} + – l/ jf8ÞL, dx] Gb|gu/ , lejfgL, emHh/ , cDafnf, s'¿If] q cf} / ;f] gLkt .

O; sfo{qmd s] txt dgf] gLt lhnf] + s] clt u/ La kl/ jf/ f] + d] + hGd n] g] jfnL aflnsfcf] + s] ;fy xL !) jif{ ;] sd pd| sL cGo aflnsfcf] + s] gfd ;] eL, a} +sf] + d] + vftf vf] ns/ , pgd] + k|lt aflnsf ! nfv %) xhf/ ¿ko] ts sL / flz hdf s/ f bL hfPuL . pQm / flzof] + k/ sd ;] sd ( k|ltzt Jofh lbP hfg] tyf pQm Aofhf] + k/ ls;L eL k|sf/ sf cfos/ gxL+ nug] sL ;'ljwf ;/ sf/ g] lbof x} . O; k|sf/ sf vftf ls;L eL jfl0fHo a} +s d] + vf] nL hf ;stL x} . Og vftf] + sf] @! jiff{] + ts aGb gxL+ lsof hf ;s] uf tyf vftfwf/ L aflnsf !* jif{ sL pd| k"/ f s] afb, pRr lzIff vr{ x] t' pQm vftf] + ;] / flz lgsfn ;s] uL . n] lsg, ls;L eL xfnt d] + %) k|ltzt / sd xL lgsfn] hfg] sf k|fjwfg / vf uof x} . ;/ sf/ L clwsfl/ of] + sf] cfzf x} ls aflnsfcf] + s] lnP nfoL uO{ O; of] hgf ;] hxf+ Ps cf] / aflnsfcf] + sL lzIff d] + of] ubfg ldn] uf, jxL+ b";/ L cf] / kl/ jf/ d] + a] 6f s] k|lt b[li6sf] 0f d] + eL kl/ jt{g xf] uf .

xfn s] lbgf] + d] + ef/ t d] + a9Þt] hg;+Vof c;Gt'ng s] sf/ 0f …hg;+Vof tyf of] hgf ljz] if1f] +Ú s] aLr, O;s] lg/ fs/ 0f s] lnP gO{ rrf{ z'¿ x'O{ x} . 5f] 6] Pj+ ;fdfGo dzLgf] + s] åf/ f s'5 xL ldg6f] + d] + e|'0f sL ln+u kxrfgg] tyf 5 ;f} ;] Ps xhf/ ¿ko] d] + xL e|'0f xTof s/ g] sL ;xhtf s] sf/ 0f, k|ltlbg a] l6of+ ue{ d] + xL df/ L hf / xL x} + . O; cj: yf sf] olb gxL+ / f] sf uof tf] cfg] jfn] lbgf] + d] + ef/ t d] + o'jsf] + s] ljjfx s] lnP o'jltof+ 9"+9gf sl7g xf] hfPuf -;|f] tM Go"h Ph] lG;of+_ . lll

k|: tf] tfM / fdfzLif

a] 6L gxL+ k9 ÞfgfM lzlIft ax" nfgf s} ;] < M g/ ] Gb| df] bL

lxdflngL h"g @)!%40

) cfk ckg] sfFn] h s] ljifo d] + s'5 atfPF <– k] G6fug sfn] h cfh ;] ^ jif{ kxn] @))( d] + : yflkt lsof

uof . : yflkt s/ g] sf d'Vo sf/ 0f ckg] xL b] z d] + u'0f: t/ Lo lzIff b] gf x} . O; If] q d] nu] cg'ejL lzIfs, k|f] km] ;/ , n] Sr/ sf] n] s/ cf} / pg nf] uf] + sf] xL k|f] df] 6/ agf s/ xdnf] uf] g] O; sf+‘n] h sL z'?cft sL x} . Og ^ jiff] {+ d] + xdg] hf] ;f] rf yf s'5 xb ts jx k"/ f eL x'cf x} . xdf/ ] sf‘n] h ;] hf] eL 5fq k9Þ s/ lgsn] x} + cfh jx 8fS6/ , O+hLlgo/ , rf6{/ csfp+6] +6 ag] x'P x+} . cf} / eL ax't ;f/ ] If] q d] + oxfF s] 5fq cR5f s/ / x] x} + . cfh ts xdnf] uf+] s] sf‘n] h ;] s/ La #)) ;] Hofbf ljBfyL{ 8fS6/ , %)) ;] Hofbf O+hLlgo/ , !%) ;] Hofbf rf6{/ csfpF6+] 6 If] q d] + ckgf ;kgf k"/ f s/ r's] x} + . lh; ;] xd eL ax't v'z x+} cf} / ox cfu] eL hf/ L / vg] sL xdf/ L k"/ L sf] lzz / x] uL . xd ljZj: t/ Lo lzIff ckg] b] z d] + xL b] gf rfxt] x} +++++++ . ) cfks] sn] h sL lzIf0f k4lt Sof x} <

– cfhsn cfw'lgs k4lt s] åf/ f lzIff k|bfg sL hf / xL x} . xdf/ L eL oxL sf] lzz x} ls xd cfw'lgs k4lt s] åf/ f ckg] 5fqf] + sf] x/ If] q d] + lgk'0f s/ ] + . O;lnP xdnf] u eL j} ;L xL lzIff b] / x] x} + lh;;] 5fq x/ If] q d] + ckgL kxrfg agf ;s] . xd ceL cfl8of] ljh'cn s] åf/ f eL 5fqf] + sf] hf] 8Þ / x] x} + . O;s] åf/ f cWoog s/ g] ;] ljBfyL{ cR5L t/ x ;] ;dem hft] x} + cf} / pGx] + O;d] + k"/ L t/ x ;] ;+tf] if xf] / xf x} . ) lzIff sf] u'0f: t/ Lo agfg] s] lnP cfksL Sof gLlt x} <

– lzIff sf] u'0f: t/ Lo agfg] s] lnP xdnf] uf] g] cR5f ef} lts k"jf{wf/ agfof x} . of] Uo lzIfs, cR5L lzIf0f k|f} Bf] of] lusL -6Llr+u 6] Sgf] nfFhL_ sf k"/ L t/ x ;] pkof] u lsof x} . Og;a rLhf] + k/ xdnf] uf] g] k"/ f Wofg lbof x} . ox xdf/ L sf] lzz x} sL xd u'0ffTds lzIff b] . xdf/ f gf/ f xL yf æSjfln6L Ph's] zg Og Sjfln6L z] l§+uÆ . ) cfk s] sf‘n] h d] + s'n ldnf s/ lstg] ljBfyL{ cf} / lzIfs x} + < lzIfs sf r'gfj cfk s} ;] s/ t] x} + <

– xdf/ ] sf‘n] h d] + s/ ?a @@)) ljBfyL{ x+} cf} / lzIfs @%) x} + . lzIfs sf r'gfa xdnf] u tLg : 6] k d] + s/ t] x} + . kxn] ;Dk"0f{ cGt/ aftf{ xf] tL x} . lkm/ Snf; k|bz{g s/ gf k8Þtf x} hf] sL xdf/ ] sf‘n] h s] ljz] if1 lzIfs åf/ f lnof hftf x} lkm/ ljBfyL{ s] cfu] 8] df] b] gf k8Þtf x} . hf] O;] k"/ f s/ tf x} jx k] +6fug s] kl/ jf/ d] + zfldn xf] hftf x} .

) Sof k] G6fug ejg k/ eL O; dxfe"sDk sf c;/ k8Þf x} < Sof oxf+ ljBfyL{ ;'/ lIft x} + <

– : 6«Sr/ d] + ptgL Iflt tf] gxL+ kx'FrL x} k/ hf] OSjLkd] G6 x} h} ;] : 6] zg/ L ;fdfg d] + Iflt kx'FrL x} . k/ ejg d] + e"sDk sf ptgf c;/ gxL+ x} O;lnP ljBfyL{ ;'/ lIft x} + . ) dxfe"sDk ;] ljBfyL{ d] + hf] qf; 3/ s/ uO{ x} . p; 8/ sf] lgsfng] s] lnP cfk s} ;L gLlt ckgf / x] x} + <

– e"sDk ;] jfsO{ d] + ;eL ql;t x} + . ljz] if s/ ljBfly{of] + d] + cToGt 8/ JofKt xf] uof x} . O;lnP xd dgf] j} 1flgs t/ Ls] ;] 5fqd] + s] cGb/ ;] 8/ lgsfng] sL sf] lzz s/ / x] x} + . xd nf] u dgf] lj1fg s] n] Sr/ / cf} / ljz] if1 sf] a'nfs/ ljBfyL{ sf] sfpG;lnª b] +u] + . lh;;] ljBfyL{ sf] o] eo gf xf] ls jf] c;'/ lIft x} + . ) !! cf} / !@jL+ sL k/ LIff rn /xL x} . P];] d]+ ljBfyL{ s] 8/ sf s'5 c;/ k8Þ]uf < – b] lvo] O; e"sDk g] ax't 8/ b] lbof x} O;sf sf] O{ ljsNk gxL+ x} . O; k/ LIff sf] cu/ cfu] a9Þfof uof tf] ljBfly{+of] sf Ps ;fn aaf{b xf] hftf . O;lnP k/ LIff xf] gL h?/ L yL . aRr] xd]zf t} of/ / xt] x}+ . cf}/ jx cR5f s/]+u] . P];f xdf/f ljZjf; x} .) c+t d] +, dxfe"sDk s] afb ;/ sf/ ;] lzIff–k|0ffnL d] + Sof ck] Iff / vt] x} + <

– s'5 vf; gLlt gxL+ cfoL x} ;/ sf/ sL t/ km ;] . ;/ sf/ ceL v'b k"/ L t/ x ;] ;Den gxL+ kfO{ x} . OtgL Iflt x'O{ x} sL clwsf+z dGqfno, ljefu, ;/ sf/ L lgsfo ;eL Ifltu|: t x} + . ;/ sf/ eL kns emkst] xL ;as'5 7Ls tf] gxL+ s/ ;stL x} . sf] O hfb" sL 58ÞL tf] gxL+ x} g pgs] kf; . O; jf: tljstf sf] ;demgf xf] uf . ;/ sf/ sf] ceL cy{gLlt cf} / lzIffgLlt k/ Wofg b] gf xf] uf . g] kfn d+] ;|f] t k|z: t gxL+ x} afx/ ;] eL ;xof] u n] gf xf] uf . cf} / p;] 7Ls t/ Ls] ;] rnfg] s] lnP cR5] Dofg] hd] G6 sL h?/ t x} . cu/ xd lzIff cf} / : jf: Yo k/ Wofg gxL+ b] t] x} + tf] PsfPs kL5] rn] hfPFu] + . O;] lg/ Gt/ tf tf] b] gL xL k8Þ] uL . c+t d] d} ox sxgf rfxtf x"F ls o] k|fs[lts ljkbf x} . xd ;asf] ;a| s/ gf k8Þ] uf . hLjg seL ?stL gxL+ cfu] a9ÞtL hftL x} . Og ;eL cj: yf sf] b] v s/ eljio d] + P] ;L ljkbf cfP tf] xdnf] u k"/ L t/ x ;] t} of/ / x] + cf} / Hofbf ;] Hofbf Iflt g xf] O;sL Joj: yf ceL ;] s/ ] + . lll

sf7dfG8f} s] hfg] dfg] sf‘n] h k] G6fug s]

lk|+l;kn P;=kL=l;+x ;] , sf‘n] h sL lzIf0f k4lt cf} / e"sDk s] afb cfO{ l: ylt sf] db\b] gh/

/ vt] x'P, lxdflngL sL dxfk|aGws sljtf

bf; ;] x'O{ aftrLt sf ;Dkflbt c+z

lzIff÷cGtjf{tf{

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 41

;+3Lotf s] k|Zg d] + pnem uO{ / fhgLlt cf} / tLg k|d'vbn s] g] tfcf] + åf/ f sL

hfg] jfnL ;xdlt cyjf df] n df] nfO{ ;] sf] O{ lgisif{ cfPuf cf} / b] z ;+ljwfg ;ef åf/ f gof ;+ljwfg agf x'cf b] v kfPuf, O; ;'vb ;dfrf/ s] OGthf/ sL cj: yf d] + x} . du/ ;To Sof x} < O;s] ljZn] if0f x] t' g] kfnL / fhgLlt s] w'/ Gw/ bnf] + s] ljut d] + / x] / fhgLlts gf/ f, dfFu Pj+ lrGtg sf] b] vgf xf] uf . @)$^ ;fn s] hgcfGbf] ng d] + g] t[Tj lso] x'P g] =sfF= sL dfFu ;+j} wflgs / fhtGq cf} / ax'bnLo k|hftGq yL . O;L d"n dfFu k/ ;xdt xf] s/ tTsfnLg afd df] rf{ p; cfGbf] ng d] + ;xefuL x'P y] . pgsL dfFu k"/ L eL x'O{ . tTsfnLg cj: yf d] + cfGbf] ng / fhf s] ;fy ;xdlt d] + ;dfKt lsof uof . j} ;] tf] g] kfn d] + ;eL k|sf/ s] cfGbf] ng cGttM ;Dfemf} tf d] + xL ;dfKt xf] gf oyfy{ x} . afb d] + g] =sfF= cf} / Pdfn] åf/ f ;+ljwfg n] vg tyf lagf lgjf{rg ;Qf/ f] x0f s/ t] x'P cfd lgjf{rg åf/ f : jo+ sf] ljhoL 3f] lift eL lsof uof . olb d] / L : d/ 0fzlSt sdhf] / gxL+ x} tf] p; ;+ljwfg sf] ljZj sf pTs[i6 ;+ljwfg sxf uof yf . k/ Gt' p; ;+ljwfg sf] p;s] k|jt{sf] + g] xL kmf8Þs/ km] +s lbof . lkm/ ox sf] O{ gO{ 36gf eL gxL+ yL . O;;] k"j{ lgb{nLo k+rfotL ;+ljwfg sf] lglj{sNk 3f] if0ff s/ g] jfn] tTsfnLg / fhf åf/ f xL k+rfotL ;+ljwfg sf] lg/ : t agfof uof . afb d] + dfcf] jfbL d} bfg d] + cfP . pGxf] +g] u0ftGq sf] d'Vo dfFu agfof . @)^@ s] cfGbf] ng åf/ f 5b\d ¿k d] + k|: t't dfcf] jfbL / fhtGq sL ljbfO{ ts tf] ;kmn lbv] k/ Gt'

ceL g] kfnL / fhgLlt s] / +ud+r k/ j] xflzo] k/ cf uP x} + .

/ fhgLlt d] + u'Kt Ph] 08fcf] + sf xf] gf cg"7f gxL+ x} . k/ P] ;] Ph] 08] ;xfos ¿k d] + dfq xf] t] x} + . xd] zf b";/ f] + sf] O: t] dfn s/ g] sL k|j[lQ cGttM : jo+ sf] xL s7k'tnL agf b] tL x} . sd ;] sd / f0ffsfn ;] ceL ts x'cf oxL x} . b";/ f] + sf lzsf/ s/ g] uP x'P jL/ : jo+ lzsf/ xf] uP . !(%) sL ;lGw s/ s] eL / f0ff ckgL ;Qf arf g ;s] . : jo+ d[t xf] r'sL k|ltlglw ;ef k'g: yf{lkt s/ g] jfn] / fhf sf] p;L k|ltlglw ;ef g] / fhu2L ;] xL ljbf s/ lbof . ;+ljwfg ;ef sL kxnL a} 7s ;] u0ftGq 3f] if0ff s/ jf s/ eL k|r08 kxn] / fi6«klt tf] g ag ;s] alNs cfh Ps lbUe|ldt s|flGtsf/ L xf] uP cf} / kf6L{ 6's8Þf 6's8Þf xf] s/ xfn agg] jfn] ;+ljwfg d] + ;fIfL agg] s] cnfjf pgs] kf; clws ljsNk gxL+ x} .

jt{dfg g] kfnL / fhgLlt d] + rf/ k|d'v zlSt x} + . g] =sfF=, Pdfn] , Dffcf] jfbL cf} / dw] ; . ljrf/ wf/ f cf} / p; k/ cfwfl/ t dfFuf] + ;lxt k|: t't Og zlStof] + d] + ;] g] =sfF cf} / Pdfn] sL dfFuf] + sf @)$^ ;fn d] + xL ;Daf] wg lsof hf r'sf x} . dfcf] jflbof] + sL eL d'Vo dfFu æu0ftGqÆ k"/ L xf] r'sL x} . ca dw] ; sL af/ L x} . ;+3Lotf dw] ; sL Psdfq dfFu yL . tTsfnLg k|wfgd+qL lul/ hfk|;fb sf] O/ fnf sL ;/ sf/ åf/ f rnfO{ uO{ uf] nL ;] xL %$ dw] ;L zxLb x'P y] . cGttM lul/ hf ;/ sf/ afWo x'O{ cf} / ;+3Lotf g] cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg d] + : yfg k|fKt lsof . ceL ljleGg axfgf d] + kxn] lso] uo] jrg–j¢tf ;] kL5] x6g] sf k|of; hf/ L x} . seL / fi6« s] ljv08g sf axfgf, seL kxrfg s] gfd k/ lagf dfFuf x'cf hftLo kxrfg nfbs/ , seL ;fdflhs ;b\efj lau8Þg] sf vt/ f lbvfs/ tf] seL hgdt kl/ jt{g sL 3'sL{ lbvfs/ . k/ cfZro{ tf] o] x} ls Og axfgf] + sf] lbvfg] jfn] bn cf} / pgs] g] tf Ps eL dw] ;L sf] ckg] kIf d] + v8Þf gxL+ s/ ;s] . oxfF ts ls pg bnf] + d] + dxTjk"0f{ kbf] + k/ hd] x'P ckg] g] tf cyjf sfo{sQf{cf] + ;] eL s'5 sxnjfg] d] + o] bn c;kmn / x] x} + . dw] ; sL hgdt oyfjt x} . kxn] ;+ljwfg ;ef d] + !!=#∞ dtk|fKt s/ g] d] + ;kmn dw] ; s] lGb|t bnf] + sf] O; ;+ljwfg ;ef d] + !!=^∞ dt k|fKt x'cf x} . dtk|ltzt a9Þg] k/ eL ut r'gfj

d] *@ ;L6 xfl;n s/ g] d] + ;kmn dw] ;L bn O; af/ s] r'gfj d] + s'n %) ;L6f] + k/ xL ;Gt'i6 / xg] sf] afWo x} + . ox q'l6 dw] ;L hgtf sL g xf] s/ dw] ;L bn cf} / pgs] g] tfcf] + sL c1fgtf sf kl/ 0ffd x} .

dxfef/ t d] + Ps / f] rs k|;+u x} . kf+8jf] + s] lno] dfq kfFr ufFj df+ug] uP >Ls[i0f sf] cx+sf/ d] + r"/ b'of] {wg g] lagf o'¢ ;"O{ s] gf] s a/ fa/ eL e"ld b] g] ;] OGsf/ s/ lbof . afb d] + ;Dk"0f{ xl: tgfk'/ / fHo s] ;fy–;fy ckgf hLjg xL vf] a} 7f . g] kfn d] + eL ljleGg sfnv08 d] + O;L k|sf/ sL 36gfP+ x'O{ x} + . / f0ffcf] + s] kfl/ jfl/ s zf;g d] + cfdhgtf g] cf+lzs ;xeflutf s/ gL rfxL tf] rf/ g] kfnL hgtf sf] kmfF;L b] s/ / f0ffcf] + g] jL/ tf sf k|bz{g lsof . / f0ff zf;g sf pGd"ng xL gxL+ x'cf clkt' sfnfGt/ d] + / f0ff vnkfq xf] uo] . @)#^ s] hgdt ;+u|x s] afb tTsfnLg bnf] + g] k+rfotL Joj: yf d] + xL s'5 pbf/ tf rfxL yL k/ ljho s] db d] + r"/ zf;sf] + g] p; Joj: yf sf] lglj{sNk sxt] x'P ;xdlt sf åf/ aGb s/ lbof . kl/ 0ffd: j¿k k+rfotL Joj: yf xL ;dfKt xf] uoL . dfcf] jflbof] + g] tTsfnLg / fhf s] ;dIf ;+ljwfg ;ef sf lgjf{rg sf] ljb|f] x ;dflKt sL zt{ s] ¿k d] + / vf k/ rf6'sf/ b/ afl/ of] + cf} / d"v{ ;nfxsf/ f] + s] 3] / ] d] + a} 7] / fhf g] gxL+ dfgf . @$) jif{ k'/ fgf / fhtGq Oltxf; xf] uof .

cg"7f xL dfggf k8Þ] uf kfFr ufFj df+ug] k/ gxL+ b] g] k/ Gt' afb d] + ;Dk"0f{ xl: tgfk'/ / fHo xL xf/ gf g] kfnL / fhgLlt sL ljz] iftf ag uO{ x} . ;+3Lotf s] lno] x'P dw] ; cfGbf] ng d] + %$ dw] ;L sL zxfbt s] kZrft xL tTsfnLg lul/ hf ;/ sf/ g] ;+3Lotf sf] ;+j} wflgs bhf{ b] gf : jLsf/ lsof yf . !( g] kflnof] + sf hLjg ;dfKt xf] g] k/ tf] / fhtGq xL Oltxf; ag uof tf] lkm/ dw] ; g] tf] sxL+ clws k|f0ff] T;u{ s/ lbof x} . lk5n] ;do d] + l;d|f} gu9 d] + ;8Þs s] lno] , sn} of cf} / uf} / d] + ;] jf s] Gb| lj: tf/ s] ;/ sf/ L lg0f{o lj?¢ dw] ; d] + hfg sL afhL nufg] sf s|d hf/ L x} . ckg] gful/ sf] + sf] hfg sL afhL nufg] sL afWotf / fHo sf] ;do / xt] xL dx;"; s/ p; kl/ l: ylt sf] / f] sg] s] lno] x/ xd] zf ;r] t / xgf p;sf st{Jo x} .

lll

g] kfn sL / fhgLlts lj8Dagf

b] j] z emf

b[li6sf]0f

lxdflngL h"g @)!%42 lxdflngL

lk5n] sO{ dxLgf+] + ;] ko{6g : tDe s] lnP rnfodfg d] / L n] vgL s'5 lbgf] + ;] p;

ljifo k/ s'5 lnvg] s] lnP cu|;/ gxL+ xf] / xL x} cf} / O; ;f] r d] ++ 8"af x"F ls Sof lnv"F < p;s] sf/ 0ff] + d] + k|d'v / x] –ljut a} zfv !@ cf} / !# ut] -@% cf} / @^ ck|Ln_ cf} / @( ut] s] lbg cfP lbn bxnfg] jfn] e"s+k s] ljgfzsf/ L em6sf] + ;] b] z s] ljleGg efuf] + d] + hfgdfn cf} / / fi6«Lo ;+kbfcf] + sf] kx'FrL ckf/ Iflt cf} / p;;] JofKt b'Mv cf} / cj;fb s] efj . Ps cf] / ljWj+; s] x[bo ljbf/ s b[Zo cf} / b";/ L cf] / qf; cf} / eo sf jftfj/ 0f .

lbn O; qf;do jftfj/ 0f ;] ceL eL d'St gxL xf] / xf x} k/ sNkgfzLn dl: tis s] Ps sf] g] ;] ef/ t s] c+ltd d'un ;d|f6 axfb'/ zfx hkm/ sf jx sfnhoL uLt, …nutf gxL+ x} lbn d] / f ph8Þ] bof/ d] +===========Ú sL u"Fh ;'gfO{ k8Þg] nutL x} . ljkbf sL O; 38ÞL d] + ha lbn cf} / lbdfu bf] gf] + eo, qf;, lvGgtf cf} / cj;fb ;] e/ ] xf] + tf] seL O{Zj/ ofb cft] x} +, seL k|fy{gf s] zAb xf] 7f] + k/ pe/ t] x} + tf] seL P] ;] uLtf] ++ sL u"Fh sfgf] + d] + cfg] nutL x} +, hf] xd] + bb{ ;] / fxt b] t] x} +, en] xL P] ;] uLtf] + d] + ud cf} / pbf;L s] efj xL e/ ] x'P Sof] + g xf] .

ha d} + ;fs{ ;Dd] ng s] lbgf] + d] + ;hfP cf} / ;Fjf/ ] x'P / fhwfgL sf7df+8" sL ;8Þsf] + sL cun–aun s] bLjf/ f] ++ sf] e"s+k ;] Ifltu|: t xf] s/ eUgfjz] if s] ¿k d] + lav/ f x'cf kftf x"F of / fhwfgL s] ;'+b/ P] ltxfl;s Pj+ ko{6sLo dxTj s] a;+tk'/ b/ af/ If] q s] Odf/ tf] + of dxn sf] Ifltu|: t b] vtf x"F of ;'gwf/ f cjl: yt P] ltxfl;s w/ x/ f sf] eUgfjz] if s]

¿k d] + kftf x"F of 6] lnljhg s] kb] { k/ kf6g b/ af/ of eStk'/ b/ af/ rf} s s] eUgfjz] if cf} / b] zJofkL ljgfz nLnf s] lrqf] + sf] b] vtf xF" tf] d] / ] Jolyt x[bo d] + O: f uLt s] zAb pe/ g] nut] x} + – …nutf gxL+ x} lbn d] / f ph8Þ] bof/ d] +===========.Ú

axfb'/ zfx hkm/ g] ha O; uLt sL / rgf sL yL ta pgs] ;fdg] e"s+k sL ljgfz nLnf s] ;dfg x[boljbf/ s lrq lglZrt xL gxL yf, n] lsg cj;fb sL 38ÞL h¿/ pTkGg x'O{ yL, ha pGx] + tVtf] tfh ;] x6fs/ nfn lsn] ;] lgsfnf uof yf cf} / pgsf zfo/ x[bo efj'stf ;] e/ s/ ckg] …ph8Þ] x'P bof/ Ú sf] ofb s/ t] x'P O;] lnvg] sf] dha"/ x'cf xf] uf, hf] cfh eL xhf/ f] + nf] uf] + s] lbnf] lbdfu d] + 5fof x'cf x} . ls;L lx+bL lkmNd lgdf{tf s] lkmNd s] lnP tf] ox uLt 5fof+sg sf ljifo s] nfos xL ag p7f .

e"s+k ;] Ifltu|: t O; jftfj/ 0f d] + hxfF nfvf] + nf] u xtfxt x'P x} +, 3/ jf/ ljxLg xf] s/ …ph8] Þ x'P bof/ Ú d] + zf] s cf} / cefj sf hLjg latf / x] x} +, pgs] k|lt bof, ;xfg'e"lt cf} / ;xfotf s] efj s] ;fy xd] + hLjg latfgL k8Þ / xL x} . Ps cf] / 3/ ;] afx/ lgsng] sL cfjZostf xd] + 3/ s] c+b/ r} g ;] / xg] gxL b] tL tf] afx/ lgsng] k/ lg/ +t/ agf / xg] jfnf ox eo ls sf} g ;L bLjf/ of Ifltu|: t 3/ sf sf} g ;f lx: ;f of 6's8Þf ?s–?ss/ cfg] jfnL e"s+k s] em6sf+] ;] r/ d/ fs/ l;/ cf} / z/ L/ sf] ckg] l;s+h] d] + g hs8Þ n] , xd] + qf;do hLjg latfg] sf] dha"/ s/ tf x} . sfd s] l;nl;n] d] + 3/ ;] lgsng] jfnf] + sf] ox 8/ , tf] 3/ jf/ ljxLg nf] uf] + sf] ckg] l;/ s] pmk/ s] ;fof] + cf} / lk|ohgf] + ;] la5'8Þg] sf ckf/ zf] s cf} / b'Mv, t+a" s] gLr] / xt] x'P lbg d] + tktL w"k sf ;fdgf cf} / afl/ z of ;+qmfds / f] uf] + sL rk] 6 d] + cfg] sf vt/ f . O; k|sf/ kLl8Þt ju{ Ps cf] / vfO{ tf] b";/ L cf] / s'PF s] qf; s] jftfj/ 0f d+] lbg u'hf/ / x] x} + . eo cf} / qf; s] dfxf} n g] ;eL juf] { s] hLjg sf] ckg] k+h] d] + hs8Þ / vf x} .

;fdfGo lbgf] + d] + b] z sL / fhwfgL s] c+b/ s] P] ltxfl;s, ;f+: s[lts, wfld{s cf} / ko{6sLo dxTj s] : ynf] + s] cnfjf b] z s] ljleGg lhnf] + s] kl/ e|d0f s] l;nl;n] d] + cjnf] sg lsP uP dxTjk"0f{ Odf/ tf] +, P] ltxfl;s dxTj s] zfxL dxnf] + -/ fhb/ af/ f] +_ cf} / ljZj ;+kbf sL ;"rL d] ;dflxt d+lb/ f] + cf} / sfi7d+8k Pj+ w/ x/ f h} ;] P] ltxfl;s w/ f] x/ f] + s] pk/ k|s[lt s] b\\jf/ f

drfO{ uO{ x'8Þb+u ;] pGx] + kx'FrL Iflt sf] ofb s/ g] k/ cj;fb ;] e/ f lbn k|Zg s/ a} 7tf x} – / fhwfgL s] cltl/ St b] z s] ljleGg lhnf] ++ sf] ;'+b/ tf ;] e/ g] , ko{6sf] + sf] cfslif{t s/ g] cf} / : yfgLo nf] uf] + sf] / f] huf/ sf cj;/ b] g] jfn] : df/ sf] + cf} / / fi6« sL ;+kbfcf] + sf] ckg] k'/ fg] xfnft d] + nf} 6g] d] + lstgf ;do ldn] uf of OgsL eL lgolt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s] ;dfg xf] s/ / x] uL <

kf6g sf b/ af/ rf} s xf] of eStk'/ of a;+tk'/ If] q sf b/ af/ rf} s of sfi7d+8k ox ;eL P] ltxfl;s dxTj k|fKt Odf/ t] ++ x} + . ha ts Og ;eL Odf/ tf] + sf k'glg{df{0f k'/ fg] : j¿k d] + k"/ f gxL xf] tf ox axfb'/ zfx hkm/ s] ph8] Þ bof/ sL : d[lt : yfgLo hgtf sf] s/ ft] / x] +u] .

k|s[lt g] g] kfn sf] ljZj s] Ps / d0fLo b] z s] ¿k d] + agfg] cf} / ;hfg] d] + hf] pbf/ tf lbvfO{ yL, p;d] + p;L s] O; q"m/ k|sf] k g] P] ;f bfu Sof] + nuf lbof lh;] ;fkm xf] g] d] + sO{ jif{ nu ;st] x} + . ljkbf sL Og 3l8Þof] + d] + cf/ h" cf} / O+thf/ d] + a} 7] b] zjfl;of] + sf] ca ls;L P] ;L rdTsf/ sL eL cfzf s/ gL k8Þ / xL x} hf] pgs] O; 3fj sf] hNb ;] hNb e/ ;s] , jt{dfg sf] ;Fjf/ ;s] cf} / eljio sf] ;'/ lIft agf ;s] .

k|s[lt g] nf] uf] + s] pmk/ sx/ 9fg] d] + tf] sf] O{ s;/ gxL+ 5f] 8ÞL, b] j: ynf] + sf] eL gxL+ aVzf . jx : yn hf] xhf/ f] +–nfvf] + nf] uf] + sf] b'Mv tsnLkm s] lbgf] + d] + k|fy{gf s/ g] sf s] +b| xf] t] y] , zf+lt cf} / zLtntf k|fKt s/ g] sL e"ld xf] tL yL, ckgL cf: yf sf] JoSt s/ g] sf b] jfno xf] tf yf, k|s[lt s] O; cfqmf] if -k|sf] k_ s] ;fdg] c;xfo xf] Ift–ljIft xf] g] k/ dha"/ xf] uO{ x} . k"hf: yn xL gxL ljBf s] d+lb/ sL lgolt eL ;dfg / xL .

b'Mv cf} / cj;fb e/ ] O; jftfj/ 0f d] + p; jSt Ps ;sf/ fTds lrq eL b] vg] sf] ldnL ha sfFk / x] 3/ f] + ;] k|f0ff] + sL / Iff s] lnP efut] x'P nf] u Ps v'n] d} bfg k/ Psq xf] uP cf} / ls;L g] ox ;f] rg] sL h¿/ t gxL ;demL ls O; v'n] d} bfg d] + Psq xf] g] , Ps ;fy / ft latfg] cf} / ldns/ vfg] jfn] nf] uf] + d] + sf} g ;f lx: ;f blnt sf, sf} g lx: ;f v; hflt sf of sf} g lx: ;f dw] zL d"n sf x} . ;eL O; efjgf sf] Tofus/ Ps b";/ ] s] b'Mv d] + ckgf b'Mv dx;"; s/ t] x'P Ps xL lqkfn s] c+b/ ;dflji6 / x] cf} / ljkbf sL O; 38ÞL d] ++ rLgL s] ;fy kfgL s] ;dfg 3'ns/

k|sfzk|;fb pkfWofo

nutf gxL+ x} lbn d] / f===lrGtg

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 43

dw'/ jftfj/ 0f d] ag] / x] . hft–hfltof] + sL ;f+k|bflos efjgf cf} / kxf8Þ cf} / t/ fO{ sL ef} uf] lns b"/ L sf] ld6ft] x'P k|s[lt g] e"s+k s] ¿k d] + Ps P] ;L OGb|wg'ifL 56f lav] / bL lh;d] + ljleGg / +u Psfsf/ xf] uP . ;ft / +uf] + s] Ps ;fy k|s6 xf] g] sf ;'v sx/ s] O; If0f g] cg'ej s/ f lbof . cfh hals ljleGg / fhgLlts bn ljleGg ;"af] + s] lnP bnut x7 ckgfP x'P x} + k|s[lt g] b] z s] / fhgLlt1f] + sf] O; OGb|wg'ifL ;+b] ] z ;] cjut s/ fg] s] lnP tf] O; sx/ sf ;xf/ f gxL+ lnof < dg d] + ox k|Zg eL p7tf x} . O;s] ;fy ofb cftL x} Pg] skf dfcf] jfbL s] cWoIf k'ik sdn bxfn k|r08 sL ox plSt ls O; e"rfn s] sf/ 0f xdf/ ] lbnf] +lbdfu ;] n8Þg] sL efjgf p8Þ uO{ x} , ca xd ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s] sfo{ d] + h'6 hfPFu] . ;+s6 sL O; 38ÞL d] + b] zjf;L ox cfzf s/ t] x} + ls pgsL ox aft] + pgsL cf+tl/ s x[bo ;] xL lgsnL xf] +uL .

b] z d] + ljleGg hft–hfltof] + s] lnP cnu–cnu k|b] zf] + sL dfu p7fs/ pGx] + ljeflht s/ g] sL sf] lzz s/ g] jfnL / fhgLlts kfl6{ofF xL x} , cGoyf ctLt d] + eL hgtf Ps b";/ ] s] ;fy s+w] d] + s+w] ldnfs/ rn / xL yL, b'Mv;'v s] ;xefuL ag] / xt] y] cf} / cfh eL / xg] sf] t} of/ x} . cfzf sL hftL x} ls / fhgLlts kfl6{ofF gP jif{ s] kxn] dxLg] sL O; qf;bLk"0f{ 36gf ;] pTkGg O;

;b\efjgfk"0f{ jftfj/ 0f d] + k'glg{df{0f sL aft] + s/ t] x'P O; ;sf/ fTds ;+b] z sf] cfTd;ft s/ ] +u] cf} / hgtf sf] Pstfjb\w / vt] x'P pgsL v'zxfnL s] lnP sfd s/ g] sL lbzf d] + cu|;/ xf] ++u] .

d'em] b'Mv sL O; 38ÞL d] + ox lnvt] cf} / ;Kt/ L lhn] s] d] / ] pg d'l: nd cf} / dw] zL d"n s] ldqf] + s] k|lt cfef/ JoSt s/ t] x'P ckf/ xif{ eL xf] / xf x} + lhGxf] +g] d'em] ljkbf sL O; 38ÞL d] + sf7df+8" 5f] 8Þs/ ;kl/ jf/ pw/ cfg] cf} / pgs] ;fy lbg latfg] sf cfu|x s/ efjljef] / agfof . pgs] O; lgd+q0f ;] d'em] dw] zL d"n s] nf] uf] + d] + kxf8ÞL nf] uf] + s] k|lt ceL eL ;befj ljBdfg xf] g] , ;'/ Iff sL sfdgf s/ g] cf} / ;+s6 s] lbgf] + d] + ;xf/ f agg] sL rfx a/ s/ f/ / xg] sf cfef; ldntf x} . ;dfg ¿k ;] , / fhwfgL d] + / xg] jfn] d] / ] dw] zL d"n s] ldqf] + g] e"s+kg cf} / k/ fs+kg sL l: ylt d] + s'znIf] d k"5s/ hf] ;b\efjgf JoSt sL jx tf/ Lkm s] nfos tf] x} xL, ;fdflhs k|] d cf} / cfk;L : g] x s] dha"t jftfj/ 0f sf] eL O{+lut s/ tf x} . ctM b] z s] ljleGg / fhgLlts l;b\wf+tf] + sf] c+uLsf/ s/ rng] jfn] g] tfu0f, hf] ckg] sf] hgtf s] ;] js sxnfg] d] + uj{ s/ t] x} +, ;+s6 s] O; If0f d] + pTkGg ;f+k|bflos Pstf s] O; ;+b] z sf] cfTd;ft s/ ] + tf] hgtf s] pmk/ c;Ld s[kf tf] xf] uL xL, b] z d] + ;fdflhs ;b\efj sf] eL

a9Þfjf ldn] uf . ;fy xL / fi6« lgdf{0f d] + a+w'Tj cf} / ldns/ cfu] a9Þg] sL efjgf sf] eL ;xof] u kx'Fr] uf .

d'em] ofb x} , d] / ] rf/ bzsf] + s] k|jf; sfn d] + ef/ t d] + tLg af/ / fi6«Lo ;+s6 sL l: ylt pTkGg x'O{ . kxnL af/ ;g\ !(^@ d] +, ha ef/ t s] pmk/ rLg sf cfqmd0f x'cf yf, b";/ L af/ ;g\ !(^% d] +, ha ef/ t cf} / kfls: tfg s] aLr n8ÞfO{ x'O{ yL cf} / tL;/ L af/ ;g\ !(&@ d] + af+unf b] z o'b\w s] lbgf] + d] + . / fhgLlts l;b\wf+tf] + k/ ljeflht jxfF s] ljleGGf bn / fi6«Lo ;+s6 s] Og tLgf] + cj;/ f] + k/ lh; k|sf/ Psh'6 x'P cf} / / fxt s] sfo{ d] + Ps ;fy cu|;/ x'P, p;] b] vs/ cfqmd0fsfl/ of] + s] k;Lg] 5"6g] nu] cf} / ef/ t sL / fi6«Lo Pstf k/ sf] O{ cfFr gxL+ cfO{ . cfh xdf/ ] b] z s] ;fdg] / fi6« lgdf{0f sf eLdsfo sfo{ ljBdfg x} . O; cj;/ k/ olb ;eL kfl6{ofF ;+s'lrt ljrf/ f] + sf] Tofut] x'P b] z lgdf{0f s] sfo{ d] + Psh'6 xf] ;s] + cf} / ph8Þ] x'P bof/ sf] k'glg{df{0f ;] ;Fjf/ ;s] + tf] lglZrt ¿k ;] g] kfnL hgtf sf efUof] bo xf] uf, ;fdflhs ;b\efj sL ;'jfl;t xjf b] z d] + k|jflxt xf] g] nu] uL cf} / / fhgLlts bnf] + s] k|lt hgtf d] + ljZj;gLotf sf eL ;+rf/ xf] uf . n] lsg cfjZostf x} ph8Þ] x'P bof/ sf] ;Fjf/ g] s] lnP b[9;+sNk s/ g] cf} / lgd{n dg s] ;fy ldns/ xfy a9Þfg] sL . lll

lrGtg

lxdflngL h"g @)!%44

ljZn]if0fefiff ;Gbe{

;g\ !(## ;] @))^ ts g] kfn sL Ps dfq / fi6«efiff g] kfnL / xtL cfO{ lbvtL

x} . ;+j} wflgs tf} / ;] g] kfn clw/ fHo sf ;+ljwfg !(%(, g] kfn sf ;+ljwfg !(^@ cf} / g] kfn clw/ fHo sf ;+ljwfg !(() g] g] kfnL sf] oxL ;j{>] i7 bhf{ lbof x} . ls+t' uf] / vf ;fd|fHo sf] g] kfn gfd b] g] s] afb ;] cfh ts efiff k|of] u s] If] q d] + g] kfn ax'efifL xL / xtf cfof x} . O; uf] / vf / fHo lj: tf/ cleofg ;] kxn] s] jn ceL sL / fhwfgL 3f6L xL g] kfn sxnftL yL cf} / jxfF sL efiff ta ;] ca ts g] kfn efiff s] gfd ;] ;d[4 ¿k d] + : yflkt x} . lkm/ eL zf;sf] + sL Ps dfq efiff oxfF g] kfnL xf] uO{ . ts{ eL lbof hftf x} , b] z sL Ps cflwsfl/ s efiff tf] xf] gL xL rflxP . xdf/ ] lgs6: y k8Þf] ;L b] zf] + d] + eL P] ;] cEof; x} + sxs/ k|df0f lbP hft] x} + . h} ;f ls rLg d] + rLgL, a+unfb] z d] + a+unf, kfls: tfg d] + pb{" cf} / ef/ t d] + lx+bL . O; t/ x b] z s] gfd ;] xL agf ljz] if0f efiff s] gfd s] lnP rLg cf} / a+unfb] z d] + k|o'Qm x'cf lbvtf x} . s'5 b"/ rn] + tf] cGofGo b] zf] + d] + eL ldntf x} . ls+t' oyfy{ s'5 P] ;f x} ls O; t/ x b] z s] gfd ;] ag] ljz] if0f s] ¿k d] + pbLKodfg efiffPF pg b] zf] + d] + ax';+Vos hgtf sL efiff / xL x} + . pbfx/ 0f s] lnP rLg d] + d+8fl/ g rLgL af] ng] jfn] (@ k|ltzt, a+unfb] z d] + a+unf af] ng] jfn] (* k|ltzt cf} / s'5 b"/ rn] + tf] a] nfot d] + c+u|] hL af] ng] jfn] (% k|ltzt ;] clws ldnt] x} + . O;s] cnfjf b] z sL cflwsfl/ s Psn efiff k|of] u s/ g] jfn] b] zf] + s] gfd pg efiffcf] + s] gfd ;] h'8Þf gxL+ lbvtf . pbfx/ 0f s] lnP ef/ t d] + $! k|ltzt nf] uf] + sL efiff lx+bL, e"6fg d] + @$ k|ltzt sL hf] +vf cf} / kfls: tfg d] + &=% k|ltzt hgtf sL dft[efiff

pb{" pgsL sfdsfhL efiffPF x} + ls+t' b] z s] gfd ;] pGx] + slyt / fi6«Lotf ;] hf] 8Þf gxL+ uof x} . O;s] cltl/ Qm ef/ t g] k|f+tLo : t/ k/ @@ efiff+cf] + sf] ;+ljwfg sL cf7jL+ cg';"rL d] + bh{ s/ s] jn sfdsfhL efiff xL gxL+ agfof x} , ckgL sfuhL d'b|f d] + eL pg efiffcf] + sf] : yfg lbof x} . Ogd] + g] kfnL eL k8ÞtL x} .

Ps efiff Ps e] if sL gLlt sf] n+a] ;do ts cfu] a9Þfg] s] afjb"b ;g\ @)!! sL hgu0fgf s] cg';f/ g] kfnL gfd bL uO{ v; uf] vf{nL efiff af] ng] jfn] g] kfn d] + $$=^ k|ltzt xL x} + . / fHo O; eflifs cEof; ;] Ps ;jfn cjZo v8Þf lsof x} , g] kfn sL %%=$ k|ltzt hgtf sf] g] kfnL dfgf hfP of gxL+ < olb dfgf hfP tf] cNk;+Vosf] + sL efiff cu/ b] z s] gfd sL ;/ tfh kxgtL x} tf] xdf/ L / fi6«Lo Pstf lstgL ;an xf] uL < olb gxL+ dfgf hfP tf] ax';+Vos hgtf sf] / fi6«Lo : jfledfg ;] j+lrt s/ g] sf clwsf/ xdf/ ] zf;sf] + sf] ls;g] lbof cf} / ca eL o] tfgfzfxL sa ts rn] uL <

ca ef/ t cf} / g] kfn s] ;+be{ d] + g] kfnL cf} / lx+bL k/ s'5 ljrf/ s/ ] + . pmk/ sxf hf r'sf x} , g] kfnL ef/ tLo ;+ljwfg sL cf7jL+ cg';"rL d] + ;'rLs[t efiff x} . p;L k|sf/ lx+bL eL g] kfn s] c+tl/ d ;+ljwfg @))& s] txt g] kfn sL Ps / fi6«efiff x} . Sof] +ls O; ;+ljwfg sL wf/ f % sL pkwf/ f ! g] g] kfn d] + af] nL hfg] jfnL ;eL efiffcf] + sf] g] kfn sL / fi6«efiff sf bhf{ lbof x} cf} / g] kfn sL hgu0fgf, @)!! g] lx+bL sf] g] kfn d] + &&,%^( nf] uf] + sL dft[efiff lbvfof x} . O; k|sf/ lx+bL sf] s] jn ef/ t cf} / g] kfnL sf] s] jn g] kfn s] kof{o s] ¿k d] + ;+j} wflgs ¿k ;] ;demgf eL q'6Lk"0f{ xL lbvtf x} .

/ fi6«Lotf s] cfwf/ k/ b] vf hfP tf] lx+bL af] ng] jfnf g] kfn sf sf] O{ eL gful/ s ckg] sf] ef/ tLo sxs/ kl/ lrt s/ fgf gxL+ rfxtf x} . alNs u} / kxf8ÞL r] x/ f åf/ f ls;L s] lx+bL af] nt] xL p;] ef/ tLo ;de] m hfg] sf dgf] lj1fg g] kfn sL zf;sLo dfgl;stf sL pkh x} . 7Ls p;s] ljk/ Lt g] kfnL af] ng] jfn] ef/ tLo nf] u : jo+ sf] cGo ef/ ltof] + ;] sxnjfg] sL jhfo v'b g] kfnL sxgf k;+b s/ t] x} + . ptgf xL gxL+, ls;L eL ¿k d] + g] kfn k|j] z s/ gf rfx] tf] pgs] lnP g] kfn sL gful/ stf eL ;xh x} . ca ts s] xdf/ ] k|fl1s Oltxf; d] + j} ;] ef/ tLo gful/ s k|1f k|lti7fg s] s'nklt pks'nklt eL / x r's] x} + . ef/ tLo gful/ s k|zf+t tfdfª s] O+l8og cfO8n s] lnP lx+bL d] + uLt ufg] k/

eL slyt g] kflnof] + g] d/ dL6 s/ pGx] + jf] 6 8fn s/ hf] lhtfg] sf pkqmd lsof, jx tLtf ;To xdf/ ] cfu] ca eL pkl: yt x} . O; k|sf/ ef/ tLo gful/ sf] + sf] g] kfnL sxg] k/ uj{ xf] g] ls+t' hgtf sL hLjg z} nL cf} / k|rng d] + / xL ;f+emL efiff lx+bL s] k|of] u ;] ef/ tLo lj: tf/ sf eo dx;'; s/ g] s] kfv+8 sf] d} +g] ca ts ;demf gxL+ .

k/ +t' g] kfn d] + lx+bL s] af/ ] d] + uha sL bf] wf/ L dfgl;stf lbvtL x} . Ps cf] / lx+bL lj/ f] w sf] g] kfnL / fi6«Lotf sf kof{o dfggf, b";/ L cf] / ef/ tLo ;+rf/ dfWod of d+rf] + k/ lx+bL lj/ f] lwof] + sf] g] kfnL la;/ s/ lx+bL af] nt] b] vgf cf} / ;'ggf eL oxfF ch"af gxL+ x} . g] kfn s] Ps k|wfgd+qL sf] ef/ tLo ;+rf/ sld{of] + ;] a8ÞL cys sf] lzz s] ;fy lx+bL af] nt] ckgL xL cfFvf] + b] vf x} , ckg] xL sfgf] + ;'gf eL x} . ;fdfGotof P] ;L l: ylt d] + cGo b] z s] pRrkb: y clwsfl/ of] + sf] låefifL ;] cg'jfb s/ jfg] sf k|rng b] vf hftf x} . k/ +t' lx+bL s] ;+be{ d] + xdf/ ] oxfF P] ;f gxL+ x} .

O;sf cy{ g] kfn d] + lx+bL k|j4{g cf+bf] ng rnf xL gxL+, P] ;f gxL+ x} . ef/ tLo ljb] z d+qfno g] lx+bL s] j} lZjs k|rf/ k|;f/ s] lnP lglZrt ah6 ;lxt Ps ljefu xL v8Þf lsof x} . cGo b] zf] + d] + ef/ tLo / fhb"tfjf; of pRrfof] u s] hl/ P O;sf sfof{Gjog xf] tf x} . O;L s] txt !) hgj/ L sf] ljZj lx+bL lbj; eL dgfof hftf x} . ls+t' uha sf kfv+8 k|bz{g sL cg'e"lt d} +g] ;do ;do k/ P] ;] cj;/ f] + k/ eL sL x} . lx+bL cEof; s] If] q d] + u'dgfd ;] n] s/ ;fne/ lx+bL s] lj/ f] w s/ g] jfnf] + sf jxfF s] jn bz{g dfq gxL+ xf] tf, pGx] + lx+bL s] kIf d] + jsfnt s/ t] eL b] vf hftf x} .

g] kfnL cf} / lx+bL s] ;+a+w d] + ef/ t cf} / g] kfn d] + / fHo k|fof] lht P] ;] lj/ f] wfefifL cEof;f] + s] bf} / s] afjh"b hg: t/ k/ o] bf] gf] + efiffPF bf] gf] + b] zf] + sL ;f+emL efiffPF x} + . ls+t' O; oyfy{ sf] hg: t/ ts kx'Frfg] s] lnP hg: t/ k/ xL g] kfn d] + lx+bL cf} / ef/ t d] + g] kfnL efiff ;flxTo sL ultljlwofF cfof] lht sL hfgL rflxP . ca ts ef/ t d] + ls;L g] kfnL efiff ;flxTo sL ultljlw sf] ;Lwf b] vg] sf df} sf d'e] m gxL+ ldnf x} k/ +t' xfn xL d] + g] kfn s] kf] v/ f d] + cfof] lht P] ;L Ps hd36 d] + ;xefuL xf] g] sf cj;/ ldnf tf] s'5 xif{ cf} / s'5 ljidft\ sL cg'e"lt h¿/ x'O{ .

;flxTosf/ , kqsf/ tyf snfsf/ f] + sL ckgL xL kxnsbdL d] + ;+rflnt ;[hgufyf

ef/ t cf} / g] kfn s] ;+be{ d] + g] kfnL cf} / lx+bL

uf] kfn 7fs'/

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 45

efiff ;Gbe{8f‘6 sf‘d tyf lj+Wo Go"h g] 6js{ ;lxt s'5 ;fdflhs ;+hfnf] + g] …ndxL ;] n'+lagLÚ zLif{s s] txt xdf/ ] xL kf] v/ f d] + d] + dxLg] sL @! cf} / @@ tf/ Lv sf] b;j] + c+t/ f{i6«Lo lx+bL ;Dd] ng sf cfof] hg lsof yf . pg d] + ;] ljho z+s/ rt'j] {bL cf} / hok|sfz dfg; ;] d] / f ;fdfGo kl/ ro yf . pGxf] +g] d'e] m O; cj;/ k/ cfd+lqt lsof . kj{t sf: sL s] ;+uLt >f] tf cf} / clgn >] i7 ;lxt lx+bL sL ;x k|fWoflksf 8f‘= ;+hLtf jdf{ s] ;fy sf7df8Þf] ;] d} + eL kx'Frf . pb\3f6g ;lxt s'5 ;qf] + d] + d'Vo cltly sL lhDd] bf/ L eL lgjf{x s/ g] sf cj;/ ldnf . jxfF ef/ tLo g] kfnL ;flyof] + ;] eL d'nfsft x'O{ . ;demt] hfg] k/ g] kfn d] + dw] lzof] + sL kL8Þf s] ;fb[Zo ef/ t d] + pgsL eL kL8Þf sd gxL+ nuL lh;sL emns pgsL cleJolQmof] + cf} / sfo{kqf] + d] + ldntL yL . ls+t' pmk/ jl0f{t kfv+8f] + s] af/ ] d] + ha d} +g] pGx] + atfof tf] j] b+u / x uP . vf; s/ ckgL ljnu / fi6«Lo kxrfg s] sf/ 0f dw] z lh; kL8Þf sf] e'ut / xf x} jx pGx] + ch"af nuf . ;xhtf tf] d'e] m eL dx;"; gxL+ x'O{ . g] kfn d] + dw] zjfb : yflkt s/ g] sL r] i6f d] + / x] s'5 ldqu0f k/ ef/ tk/ : y sL abgfdL en] xL d9Þ bL hfP, ef/ tLo hgtf sf] tf] d} +g] O;;] cgle1 xL kfof . ;f/ ;+If] k d] + d] / L cg'e"lt s'5 O; t/ x sL / xL ls lsgf/ Ls[t / fi6«Lotfcf] + sL ;d: of sf ;dfwfg 9"F9g] sL jhfo p;] xd] zf Ps pnemg s] ¿k

d] + hLljt / v vf] vnL kb k|lti7f s] n] gb] g s] pks/ 0f s] ¿k d] + g] kfn ef/ t s] zf;s tyf ;txL / fhgLlt p;sf k|of] u s/ / x] x} + .

lkm/ eL ha d} +g] pGx] + Ps k|Zg lsof, …P] ;] e"s+k sL hf] lvd d] + xd tf] v'b e'mn; / x] x} +, lkm/ P] ;L cj: yf d] + cfknf] uf] + g] oxfF lx+bL ;Dd] ng sf cfof] hg Sof] + lsof <Ú tf] pgsf pQ/ yf, …pkef] Uo cjlw ;dfKt vfB ;fdlu|ofF, cf} iflwofF cf} / km6] k'/ fg] sk8Þ] tf] xdf/ ] kf; gxL+ x} + . xd ef} lts ¿k d] + cfksf ;+s6 df] rg s/ g] sf ;fdYo{ eL gxL+ / vt] . ls+t' cfk nf] u lh; k|fs[lts 3fj cf} / rf] 6 ;] xKfm\tf] + ;] kLl8Þt x} + p; k/ , yf] 8Þf xL ;xL, dnxd nufg] s] p2] Zo

;] cfk s] si6 d] + efuLbf/ xf] g] xd hfga"em s/ ckg] hLjg sf] hf] lvd 8fNft] oxfF cf kx'Fr] x} + . n] lsg P] ;L ljkbf d] + eL cfk nf] uf] + g] dw'/ d': sfg s] ;fy xdf/ f : jfut lsof . cfksL O; ;xgzLntf s] cfu] xd gtd: ts x} + .Ú p; ;d"x d] + d} +g] ;f7 ;] pk/ sL pd| jfnf] + sL pkl: ylt s/ La cfw] ;] clws b] vL yL . lgZro xL d] / L ;xgzLntf d] + O;g] cf} / cbDo ;fx; sf ;+rf/ lsof x} . P] ;L ;fxl;s ofqf s/ g] jfn] d] / ] pg ldqf] + sf] d] / f ;nfd Û lll

jf0f: ynL, dxfb] j: yfg– &, sf7df+8Þ"k|tLs b} lgs, d] + @&, @)!% sf] g] kfnL

d] + kxnL af/ k|sflzt

ofbf] + s] em/ f] v] ;] hu s] pj{/ cfFug d] + a/ ;f] Hof]ltd{o hLjg a/ ;f] n3'–n3' t[0f, t? k/ x] lr/ cJoo, lr/ g"tg a/ ;f] ;'v ag, ;'vdf ag,a/ ;f] hu hLjg s] 3g lbz–lbz d] + cf} Ú kn–kn d] +a/ ;f] ;+;[lt s] ;fjg .

– ;'ldqfgGbg k+t

lxdflngL h"g @)!%46

;f} / f7 ;ef sf k|f/ De !$ jL ;bL d] + s0f{6j+zLo / fhf dxf/ fh xl/ l;+x b] j s] åf/ f lsof uof dfgf hftf x} . xl/ l;+x s] b/ af/ d] lgoldt ¿k d] + zf: qfy{ x'cf s/ tf yf . lh;d] + ljho k|fKt s/ g] jfnf] + sf] k'/ : s[t lsof hftf yf . jif{ !#@^ O{= d] xl/ l;+x b] j åf/ f s'df/ d} lyn a|fXd0f o'jsf] + s] aLr zf: qfy{ sf cfof] hg lsof uof . j] b–j] bfGt, of] u, ;f+Vo, Gofo cflb ljifo k/ ax't lbg ts zf: qfy{ rntf / xf . xl/ l;+x b] j zf: qfy{ d] ;xefuL lj4fg o'jsf] + sL ljåtf b] v cTolws k|efljt x'P cf} / r'Fls zf: qfy{ d] ;xefuL ;eL o'js s'df/ xL y] + O;lnP ;eL sf] Ps–Ps ;'Gb/ sGof k'/ : sf/ : j¿k k|bfg lsof uof . pQm 36gf s] kZrft k|To] s jif{ o'jsf] + s] aLr zf: qfy{ sf cfof] hg lso] hfg] nuf . pQm zf: qfy{ d] sGof kIf jfn] of] Uo a/ sf r'gfj s/ t] y+] . cfw'lgs km} zgk/ : t ;+: s[lt sL rsfrf} +w s] sf/ 0f k'/ ftg ul/ dfdo ;f+: s[lts d'No dfGotf s] x|f; sf k|efj ;] ox c5"tf gxL+ / x ;sf cf} / ceL zf: qfy{ sL k|yf ljn'Kt xf] r'sL x} . ;ef d] j/ kIf cf} / sGof kIf s] aLr ;Dk"0f{ aftrLt to xf] g] s] kZrft ljjfx s] lnP cg'dlt ;ef d] pkl: yt k+hLsf/ ;] n] gf k8Þtf x} . k+hL d] bf] gf] kIf s] aLr ;ft k'Zt ts sf] O{ v"g sf ;DaGw gxL 7x/ g] s] kZrft k+hLsf/ åf/ f ljjfx s] lnP cg'dlt bL hftL x} . O;s] afb j/ cf} / sGof sf hGd s'+8nL ldnfof hftf x} . ;a s'5 ldng] s] kZrft k+hLsf/ åf/ f l;4fGt k|yf hf/ L lsof hftf x} . k+hLsf/ ckgL ;xdlt j/ ub s] Ps ;"v] kQ] k/ lnvs/ b] t] x} + .

k+hLsf/ f+] s] kf; k+hL d] b] z–ljb] z d] a;] ;Dk"0f{ d} lyn a|fxD0f kl/ jf/ sL j+zfjnL xf] tL x} . O; d] kL9ÞL–b/ –kL9ÞL s'n, d"n cf} / uf] q sf ljj/ 0f ldntf x} . kxn] ox ef] hkq k/ lnvf hftf yf lkm/ tfdkq cf} / ca sfuh k/ O;sf ;Dk"0f{ ljj/ 0f bh{ lsof hftf x} . ;dfg uf] q d] ljjfx j+lrt x} . a|fxD0ff+] s] s'n !@ uf] q xf] t] x+} . k+hLsf/ f] + s] kf; *$ k+lhofF xf] tL x+} lh;d+] x/ ] s k+hL d] + bf] ;f} uf+jf] sf ;Dk"0f{ ljj/ 0f pNn] v lsof uof ldntf x} . kxn] a|fxD0f ckgL ljåtf, lzi6tf cf} / ;d'lrt ;nfx b] g] d+] s'zn xf] g] s] sf/ 0f zf;s s] lk|o xf] t] y+] kmntM / fhsLo ;'v–;'ljwf eL k|fKt s/ t] y+] O;sf kmfobf p7fg] x] t' u} / –a|fxD0f eL ls;L t/ x 5n–sk6 åf/ f a|fxD0f kl/ jf/ d] + ljjfx s/ n] t] y] + . O;L ljs[lt ;] arg] x] t' k+hL k|yf sf cf/ De lsof uof .

k+hL k|yf s] z'ef/ De s] ljifo d] cTo+t / f] rs syf …hg/ n cfj b ljxf/ P08 p8ÞL;f l/ ;r{ ;f] ;fO6LÚ d] lsof uof x} . k+l8t xl/ gfy ld> / fhf xl/ l;+x b] j s] b/ af/ d+] k+l8t sf sfd s/ tf yf . k+l8t ld> sL kTgL c;Ld ;'Gb/ L yL . jx lgTo h+un d] eujfg lzj sL k"hf s/ g] hftL yL . a|fxD0fL s] c;Ld ;f} Gbo{ k/ Ps rf08fn sL a'/ L gh/ yL kmntM nf] uf] + d] + ckjfx km} nf bL uO{ sL jx rl/ qxLg x} . O; s] sf/ 0f p;] ;dfh ;] alxis[t s/ lbof uof . k+l8t xl/ gfy ld> eL e|ldt xf] kTgL k/ zs s/ g] nuf . O; k/ pgsL kTgL b'MvL xf] / fh b/ jf/ d] + rl/ qjfg ;fljt xf] g] s] lnP x/ k/ LIff b] g] s] lnP t} of/ x'O{ . / fhf s] cfb] z k/ k/ LIff nL uO{ . ægfxd\ rf08fn ufldgLÆ cyf{t olb d} + rf08fn ufldgL xF"+ tf] d] / f xfy hn hfo . Otgf sxt] xL p;s] xfy hn hft] x} + cf} / O;s] afb ;ef d+] rl/ qxLg sxs/ 3f] if0ff sL uO{ . ;tL O; k/ LIff ;] ;+t'i6 gxL+ x'O{ cf} / k'g M k/ LIff n] g] x] t' / fhf xl/ l;+x b] j ;] u'xf/ nufoL . O; af/ d+q sf] ;+zf] wg s/ ægfxd : jklt Uoltl/ Qm r08fn ufldgLÆ sxs/ cfu k/ xfy sf] / vf . O; af/ xfy gxL+ hnf . O; 36gf ;] ;eL cfZro{rlst xf] uP . / fhf s] cfb] z k/ ljåfg kl08tf] + g] xl/ gfy ld> cf} / pgsL kTgL sL s'+8nL sf] ldnfof tf] ktf rnf ls jf] bf] gf] Ps xL d"n uf] q s] x} + O;L sf/ 0f kl08t ld> rf08fn x'P cf} / ox ljjfx ckljq x} . p;L lbg ;] k+hL Joj: yf sf ;"qkft lsof uof tfls ;uf] qL ljjfx ;] arf hf ;s] + .

;f} / f7 ;ef ldlynf sf ;+f: s[lts dxf] T;j x} . ;f} / f7 ;ef d] AofxL uoL sGof sf] j} wJo sf b'Mv gxL ef] ugf k8Þtf x} , P] ;L dfGotf / xL x} . lagf bf} 8Þw"k Ps : yn k/ of] Uo j/ rog s/ g] x] t' ox pQd Joj: yf s] ¿k d+] k|ltli7t yf . kxn] ;/ sf/ L : t/ k/ eL s'5 ;xof] u sL hftL yL hf] ceL k"0f{tM aGb x} . cf+s8Þ] s] cg';f/ ;ftj] + bzs ts s/ La b; xhf/ zflbofF+ ;f} / f7 ;ef d] to xf] tL yL . k/ Gt' cfw'lgs ;Eotf s] k|efj s] sf/ 0f O;s] ljlzi6 dxTj Pj+ / f} gstf d] + sdL cfO{ x} . ceL s] O; Jo: t hLjg d] O;] æbx] h–d'Qm ljjfx x] t" cleofg : j¿k ;do ;fk] If Joj: yf Pj+ k|lqmof d] ;'wf/ s/ O;] ljjfx–dxf;df/ f] xÆ s] ¿k d] + Jojl: yt s/ g] sL cfjZotf x} . ldlynf s] jf} l4s Pj+ o'jf ;fx; s/ O;] k'g?Tyfg s/ ] + tf] P] ltxfl;s sbd ;fljt xf] ;stf x} cf} / afsL ;+;f/ s] lnP cg's/ 0fLo eL . lll

-n] vs g] kfn–lxGbL ;flxTo kl/ ifb hgsk'/ wfd s] dxf;lrj x} ._

ldlynf sf ;f+: s[lts d] nfM ;f} / f7;ef

8f= k'ikh / fo ærdgÆ

ljjfx k'?if cf} / k|s[lt sf ldngf] T;j x} . ljjfx k'?if cf} / gf/ L sf] kl/ 0fo

;"q d] + af+ws/ ;[hg cf} / cfgGb sL lbzf d] cu|l;t s/ g] jfnL Ps ;fdflhs ;+: yf x} . kfl/ jfl/ s l: ylt , ;fdflhs k|lti7f cf} / s'n, d"n, zLn, ;f} Gbo{ s] cfwf/ k/ bf] kl/ jf/ s] aLr j} jflxs ;DaGw : yflkt lsof hftf x} . k|To] s ;dfh d] j} jflxs ;DaGw : yflkt s/ g] sf ljlw–ljwfg k[ys–k[ys xf] tf x} . O;L t/ x ldlynf d] + ljjfx sf cg] s / f] rs Pj+ k[ys k|yf ljBdfg x} .

ldlynf~rn laxf/ s] dw'agL zx/ ;] kf+r ls=dL= klZrd pQ/ d] + cjl: yt ;f} / f7 gfds uf+j d] k|To] s jif{ b'Nxf sf eJo d] nf cfof] hg lsof hftf x} . O; d] nf d] + j/ kIf jfnf ckg] n8Þs] sf] k/ Dk/ fut ¿k d+] ;hfs/ k|: t't s/ tf x} . sGof kIfjfn] d] nf d+] pkl: yt bnfn s] dfWod ;] ckgL cfly{s l: ylt s] cg'¿k b'Nxf v/ Lb s/ ckgL k'qL sf ljjfx s/ t] x+} . O; d] nf sf cfof] hg k|To] s ;fn ;f} / f7 gfds uf+j d] lsof hftf x} O;LlnP O;] ;f} / f7 ;ef s] gfd ;] ;Djf] lwt lsof hftf x} .

;f} / f7 ;ef sf cfof] hg k|To] s ;fn h] 7 cfiff9 dfx d+] ;f} / f7 uf+j l: yt km'njf/ L cyf{t ;ef–uf5L d+] lsof hftf x} . #) Ps8Þ s] e"–v+8 s] O; km"njf/ L s] k|f+Ë0f d] + Ps snfTds P] ltxfl;s ;f] d] Zj/ gfy dxfb] j sf dlGb/ x} cf} / d+lb/ s] pt/ –k"j{ sf] g] d] + ljzfn 3f6 jfnf Ps ;/ x} lh;] …nluolx/ kf] v/ Ú sxf hftf x} . lsj+bGtL cg';f/ kxn] nf] u r'Nn' d] kfgL n] s/ nw'z+sf lsof s/ t] y] . d] nf d] b'Nxf wf] tL , r+bg , nfn kfu, sfhn cflb nufs/ k/ Dk/ fut j] z–e"iff d] ;hwh s/ ckg] cljefjs s] ;fy b/ L k/ a} 7f / xtf x} . sGof kIf jfn] sf] b'Nxf k;Gb xf] g] k/ cleefjs s] ;fy aftrLt k|f/ De s/ tf x} .

;+:s[lt

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 47

j} ;] tf] sxg] sf] t/ fO{ If] q d] + / fi6«klt r'/ ] jg ;+/ If0f of] hgf rn / xL x} , lh;

of] hgf d] + jg If] q ;] afn', lu6\6L, sf7, jgk} bfjf/ , h8ÞL–a'6L cflb sf bf] xg jlh{t atfof uof x} . jg sfof{no sf jflif{s k|ltj] bg eL sfuhf] + d] + ;Lldt / xtf x} , lh;sf kmfobf jg dflkmof v'n] cfd n] t] x'P gh/ cft] x} + .

lk5n] Ps bzs ;] lhn] d] + a9Þ / x] s6fg k6fg cf} / af9Þ sL ;d: of s] sf/ 0f lj: yflkt xf] g] jfnf] + sL tfbfb Hofbf x} , lhn] sf xf] lnof ufla; k"0f{ ¿k ;] lj: yflkt If] q s] ¿k d] + dfgf hftf x} , * xhf/ hg;+Vof jfnf ox ufla; Ps bzs ;] qmlds ¿k ;] lj: yfkg sL cf] / x} . lk5n] lbgf] hf] tYofFs ;fdg] cfof, p;;] ox eL kfof uof ls qmlds ¿k ;] af9Þ k|efljt ufla; sf eL tYofFs a9Þtf hf / xf x} . xfn kmQ] k'/ , u+ufk'/ , sDbL, ags6\6L, d6] lxof, a] txgL If] q ;] nf] uf] + s] lj: yflkt xf] g] cf} / jg If] q d] + cj} w ¿k ;] : yflkt xf] g] sf qmd tLa| x} .

ut >fj0f @( ut] ut] lhn] d] + cfO{ eLif0f af9Þ s] sf/ 0f k"/ f lhnf k|efljt x'cf, lhn] s] k|zf;lgs lgsfo g] tTsfnLg l: ylt ;Dxfng] s] lnP k|d'v lhnf clwsf/ L hLjg jnL g] ;fd'bflos jg d] + z/ 0f n] g] sL aft sxL, a; oxL jhx x} ls af9Þ s] gfd k/ ;fd'bflos xL gxL+ / fi6«Lo jg If] q sf bfo/ f eL dflkmof s] lgoGq0f d] + cf uof .

@)&! ;fn d] + lhnf jg sfof{no g] lhn] d] + cj} w jg sAhf x6fg] sf cleofg ;+rfng lsof . # xhf/ cj} w sAhf s/ g] jfn] jg dflkmof sf] jg sfof{no g] h+un If] q ;] x6fof n] lsg jx bzf d] + ;'wf/ gxL+ cfof hf] lg/ Gt/ hf/ L x} . k'ln; tYofFs d] + x/ lbg / fKtL gbL tyf h+un If] q ;] , s/ La $ ;f} 6«fnL afn', df] / +u, cf} / kTy/ cj} w ¿k ;] g] kfnuGh kx'Frfof hftf x} .

lhnf 6«flkms sfof{no afFs] s] cg';f/ s[lif sfo{ s] lnP btf{ 6} S6/ l;km{ 9'jfgL ;DaGwL sfd s/ t] x} + . 6«flkms k|d'v u0f] z d] xtf s] cg';f/ jg k} bfjf/ r] s s/ g] sf sfd ag sfof{no sf x} , pGxf+] g] sxf xdf/ f sfd l;km{ 6«flkms Joj: yfkg sf x} , O;;] sf} g Sof n] s/ cftf ox d] / f ljifo gxL+ x} .

k'g/ fj] bg cbfnt g] kfnuGh g] ha cfb] z lbof ls jg ;'/ Iff a9Þfgf h?/ L x} tf] jg kmf} / g x/ st d] + cfof cf} / lhn] e/ d] + jg dflkmof sf] x6fg] sf cleofg ;+rfng lsof . jg cltqmd0f lgoGq0f / 0fgLlt @)^* s] cg';f/ jg sfof{no g] cltqmldt If] q d] + cleofg tf] rnfof n] lsg nf] u ceL eL sf/ jfxL ;] c;Gt'i6 x} + . afFs] a} hfk'/ , sf] xnk'/ , s';'d, kmQ] k'/ , u+ufk'/ , d6] lxof, g/ } gfk'/ , sfnfkmfF6f, nId0fk'/ cf} / s6s'O{+of ufla; d] + ! xhf/ * ;o #^ x] S6/

jgIf] q ceL eL sAhf d] + x} . jg dflkmof sf Ps ;d"x hf] xd] zf jg If] q s] hdLg k/ gh/ / vtf x} . u+ufk'/ lgjf;L ;'efif s'df/ wf] aL g] atfof ls jg If] q d] + Knfl6+u s/ hdLg laqmL sL hf / xL x} . jg If] q d] + x'P dflkmofs/ 0f s] ljifo d] + wf] aL g] jg sfof{no afFs] cf} / lhnf k|zf;g d] + sf/ jfxL eL cfu] a9fO{ . wf] aL s] cg';f/ !& s7\7f hdLg u+ufk'/ If] q d] + Knfl6+u s/ laqmL sL uO{ x} . : yfgLo s'5 nf] uf] + g] jg If] q s] abn] ckgL lghL hdLg eL cbnf abnL sL .

s} ;] a9ÞL ;d: of <@)&) >fj0f @( ut] s] af9Þ s] afb

crfgs nf] uf] + sf cqmf] z a9Þf cf} / xhf/ f] + nf] uf] + g] jg If] q sf] ckgf cf>o : yn agfof .

af9Þ ;] @ xhf/ ^ ;f} ^ 3/ kl/ jf/ jg If] q d] + y] . lhnf jg sfof{no s] cg';f/ af9Þ s] p; ;+Vof d] + ! xhf/ ! ;f} @# cf} / a9Þ uP . u} / af9Þ kLl8Þt sL hf] tfbfb a9ÞL p;;] cf} / Hofbf ;d: of xf] uoL lhnf jg sfof{no afFs] s] jg clws[t a2?bLg

vfF g] sxf, xd lkm/ ;] t} of/ L s/ / x] x} + dflkmofs/ 0f s] lvnfkm cf‘k/ ] zg rnfg] sf . ceL xd l;km{ sf7 t: s/ L s] cleofg d] + x} + pGxf] +g] sxf, lk5n] lbgf] + ef/ L e/ sd ¿k ;] nf] uf] + sf] lu/ km\tf/ lsof uof x} .

% jif{ p;L If] q s] Onfsf k|x/ L sfof{no eujfgk'/ s] OGrfh{ / x r's] uf] kfn wdnf sf eL sf7 jg sfof{no g] a/ fdb lsof . u+ufk'/ ufla; lgjf;L s] zj/ fd uf] l8of, d6] lxof–@ lgjf;L ljQg vf, d6] lxof–# s] gGs] gfp, d] / fh cf} / sl/ d gfp, sf] jg sfof{no s] clwsfl/ of] + g] ^* yfg lr/ fg sf7 ;lxt lk5n] xKt] lu/ km\tf/ lsof .

kmQ] k'/ ufla; ^ lgjf;L xl/ / fd zdf{ sf 6} S6/ cf} / #* So'lkm6 cj} w sf7 ;lxt lhnf jg sL 6Ld g] ] lu/ km\tf/ lsof . tTsfn xL Onfsf k|x/ L sfof{no eujfgk'/ g] !& lu08f a/ fdb s/ lhnf jg sfof{no

sf] ;f} +kf . ;LdfjtL{ If] q xf] g] s] sf/ 0f g] kfn d] + xL gxL+ ef/ tLo ef/ tLo If] q d] + sf7 t: s/ L xf] tL b";/ ] jg clws[t clg?4 ofbj g] atfof t: s/ L sf dfxf] n ax't xL tLa| ¿k ;] a9Þf x} .

kmQ] k'/ , lagf} gf cf} / u+ufk'/ d] + !) ;fd'bflos jg If] q d] + ! xhf/ ! ;o @# 3/ kl/ jf/ g] ! ;o @@ x] S6/ jg If] q sAhf lsof x} . ofbj g] atfof ;d: of ;dfwfg s] lnP jg sfof{no k"0f{ ¿k ;] nuf x'cf x} .

ags6jf d] + ( x] S6/ , sDbL d+] *=#, sf] xnk'/ d] + @, l;tfk'/ d] + @, d6] lxof d] + %), nId0fk'/ d] + @) ;lxt jg g] ! ;f} &%=* x] S6/ jg sAhf x6fof . ofbj g] sxf sAhf s] cg'kft d] + ox ax't sd x} n] lsg z'?cft ;xL x} . cfly{s jif{ @)&),)&! d] + jg rf] / L lzsf/ L, t: s/ L ;DaGwL @# d'2f sfof{no d] + cf} / !$ d'2f lhnf cbfnt afFs] d] + btf{ x'P . ljleGg d'2f] + d] + ! ;f} #@ nf] uf] k/ jg sfof{no g] sf/ jfxL rnfof . @)&!,)&@ d] + !# d'2f btf{ cf} / ^$ nf] uf] + k/ sf/ jfxL x'O{ x} . lll

yd gxL+ / xf, jg dflkmof sf sx/

ljgo bLlIft

l/kf]6{÷g]kfnu+h

jg sfof{no d] + a/ fdb sf7 lj: yflkt xf] lnof ufla; sf] ;'/ lIft s/ g] s] lnP lgdf{0f hf/ L t6aGw .

lxdflngL h"g @)!%48

dlxnfcf] + sf ljsf; ;a sf] ceLi6 x} . Sof] +ls jx ;a s] ljsf; sL d"ne"t

a'lgofb x} . dlxnf Ps P] ;f zAb x} , hf] ckg] eLt/ cg] s ¿kf] + sf] ;dflxt lsP x'P x} . Ps dlxnf dfF, a] 6L, axg, kTgL cflb cg] s ¿kf] + d] + ckg] bfloTj sf lgj{xg s/ / xL x} . lzIff j ;+: sf/ f] + sL cfjZostf k'?if s] lnP lhtgL x} , p;;] sO{ u'gf Hofbf : qL s] lnP x} . Ps rLgL sxfjt x} – k'?if sf] lzlIft s/ f] tf] Ps JolQm lzlIft xf] tf x} . Ps : qL sf] lzlIft s/ f] tf] k"/ f j+z lzlIft xf] tf x} . n] lsg Sof dlxnf ;zlQms/ 0f sL cf] / a9Þt] r/ 0f jf: tj d] + pkof] uL l;4 xf] / x] x} + <

dlxnf ;zlQms/ 0fM a9t] r/ 0folb Oltxf; s] : jl0f{d k[i7f] + sf] kn6t]

x} + tf] 1fg xf] tf x} ls dlxnf ;zlQms/ 0f sf sfo{ jf: tj d] + eujg qKife s] o'u ;] xL k|f/ De xf] uof yf . eujfg qKife g] ckgL bf] gf] + a] l6of] + -a|fXgL j ;'Gb/ L_ sf] qmdzM lnlksnf j c+sljwf d] + lgk'0f agfof . dWoo'u d] + dlxnf ;dfh sL l: ylt sfkmL bogLo xf] uO{ . kbf{ k|yf, ;tL k|yf, bx] h k|yf cflb cg] s ;fdflhs s'/ Lltof] + g] gf/ L s] ljsf; sf] cj?4 s/ lbof . ;do–;do k/ cg] s ;dfh ;'wf/ s x'P, lh;s] k|of; ;] dlxnf sf] 3/ sL rf/ lbjf/ L ;] afx/ sbd / vg] sf cj;/ ldnf . aL;jL+ ;bL s] pQ/ f4{ d] + gf/ L lzIff sf] k|f] T;fxg ldnf cf} / sGofcf] + sf] ljBfnof] +, dxfljBfnof] + d] + k9Þg] sL 5"6 k|fKt xf] uO{ . ;g\ !(&% sf jif{ cGt/ f{i6«Lo dlxnf jif{ s] ¿k d] + dgfof uof . 8] gdfs{, s] Gof, df: sf] cflb b] zf] + d] + ;do–;do k/ cg] s dlxnf ;Dd] ng x'P . kl/ 0ffd: j¿k ;dfh d] + dlxnfcf] + sf] k'?iff] + s] ;dsIf bhf{ lbof hfg] nuf cf} / cg] s gP If] qf] + d] + pgsf k|j] z xf] uof . jt{dfg kl/ k|] Io d] + dlxnfcf] + s] sfo{If] q k/ b[li6kft lsof hfP tf] P] ;f nutf x} ls sf] O{ eL If] q dlxnfcf] + s] st{Jo ;] c5"tf gxL+ x} .

ef/ t ;/ sf/ åf/ f eL dlxnf ;dfh sf] ;zQm agfg] s] lnP cg] s of] hgfPF agfO{ hftL x} + . pgs] lnP lgMz'Ns lzIff sf k|fjwfg x} . ;/ sf/ L sfof{nof] + d] + dlxnfcf] + s] lnP cg] s ;L6] + cf/ lIft

/ xtL x} + . oxfF ts ls b] z s] k|wfgdGqL j / fi6«klt s] kb k/ eL dlxnfcf] + sf st{{[Tj phfu/ xf] r'sf x} .

Sof oxL x} dlxnf ;zlQms/ 0f <Ps ef/ tLo df+ sL ddtf sf Ps ¿k

ox x} ls jx ckg] ljsnf+u, ljlIfKt cf} / aLdf/ aRr] sf cflv/ L ;f+; ts kfng s/ tL x} . jxL ef/ tLo df+ ckg] chGd] + caf] w e|'0f sf] ckgL ;xdlt ;] ;dfKt s/ b] tL x} . l;km{ O;lnP ls jx Ps n8ÞsL x} . Sof oxL x} dlxnf ;zlQms/ 0f <

Ps cf] / gf/ L ;zlQms/ 0f s] gf/ ] , b";/ L cf] / kf] : 6/ f] +, kq–klqsfcf] + cf} / lj1fkgf] + d] + gf/ L b] x sL cZnLn k|: t'lt ckgL ;Ldfcf] + sf] kf/ s/ / xL x} . lkmNd lgdf{tf ckgL lkmNd sf] lx6 s/ g] s] lnP, kqsf/ ckgL kq–klqsfcf] + sf] df+U sf] a9Þfg] s] lnP cf} / j: t'–lgdf{tf ckgL j: t' sL cf] / pkef] Qmfcf] + sf Wofg cfslif{t s/ g] s] ln gf/ L b] x sf pkof] u s/ t] x} + . p;;] eL clws lrGtgLo x} , dlxnfcf] + åf/ f cfj+5gLo k|j[lQof] + d] + ;xefuL aggf . dlxnf ;dfh sf] ;zQm agfg] s] afjh"b b] z d] + a9Þt] x'P anfTsf/ f] + sL ;+Vof atftL x} ls dlxnf sxL+ ;'/ lIft gxL+ x} . lbg xf] of / ft, PsfGt xf] of ;fj{Hflgs : yfg, oqtq P] ;] xfb;] xf] t] / xt] x} + .

cfh ;dfh sf ;a;] ljrf/ 0fLo kxn" x} – …kfl/ jfl/ s lj36g .Ú ;lxi0f'tf j ;fd~h: o s] cefj d] + ;+o'Qm kl/ jf/ sf : yfg Psn kl/ jf/ g] n] lnof x} . lh;;] Ps xL kl/ jf/ s] nf] u b'Mv–bb{ d] + Ps–b";/ ] sf ;xof] u gxL+ s/ kft] . aRrf] + sf] ;+: sf/ b] g] jfn] bfbf–bfbL ckg] kf] t] –kf] ltof] + sf r] x/ f b] vg] s] lnP t/ ;t] / x hft] x} + . ;+: sf/ f] + s] cefj d] + aRrf] + d] + ck/ fw r] tgf hfu[t xf] / xL x} cf} / cft+sjflbof] + d] + cfTd3ftL dlxnfcf] + sL pkl: ylt Sof ;Gb] z b] tL x} < ;dfh sL Og ;f/ L l: yltof] + sf] b] vt] x'P Sof jf: tj d] + nutf x} ls dlxnf ;dfh k"0f{tof ;zQm x} <

d"Nof] + sf hfu/ 0f agfd dlxnf ;zlQms/ 0f6L=jL= OG6/ g] 6 cf} / df] afOn s] O;

o'u d] + dlxnf ;dfh afx/ ;] lhtgf ;zQm nu / xf x} , ;+: sf/ f] + j d"Nof] + s] cefj d] + eLt/ ;] ptgf xL vf] vnf xf] tf hf / xf x} . d"Nof] + sf ;+s6 ls;L Ps k|fGt, zx/

of ju{ d] + gxL+ alNs k"/ L dfgj hflt O;] ef] u / xL x} . hLjg d] + d"Nof] + sL k|lti7f s] åf/ f xL ;xL, dfog] d] + dlxnf ;zlQms/ 0f s] cleofg sf] ;kmn agfof hf ;stf x} . ;kmn dlxnf ;dfh sf] cfjZostf x} – – jx pkef] ujfb sL ;+: s[lt ;] afx/

lgsns/ ;+u|x j[lQ sf] lgo+lqt s/ ] . – k|bz{glk|otf ;] pmk/ p7s/ cfTdfled'v

agfg] sf k|oTg s/ ] . – cgfu|xL j[lQ sf] ljsl;t s/ ] . – ;lxi0f'tf, ljgd|tf / ;sf/ fTds ;f] r sf]

cfTd;ft s/ ] . s] jn afx/ L l6k6f] k ;zlQms/ 0f sf

cfwf/ gxL+ x} . afx/ L ljsf; s] ;fy–;fy cfGtl/ s ljsf; s] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; s] åf/ f xL sf] O{ : qL : jo+ sL gO{ kxrfg b] ;stL x} . tyf lzIff cf} / ;+: sf/ bf] gf] + b[li6of] + ;] ;zQm xf] s/ ckg] kl/ jf/ , ;dfh j / fi6« s] lnP s'5 sfd s/ ;stL x} . lll

dlxnf ;zlQms/ 0fM Ps k|Zg;fWjL k'iok|ef

cfh ;dfh sf ;a;]

ljrf/ 0fLo kxn" x} – …

kfl/ jfl/ s lj36g .Ú ;lxi0f'tf

j ;fd~h: o s] cefj d] +

;+o'Qm kl/ jf/ sf : yfg Psn

kl/ jf/ g] n] lnof x} .

lh;;] Ps xL kl/ jf/ s]

nf] u b'Mv–bb{ d] + Ps–b";/ ] sf

;xof] u gxL+ s/ kft] . aRrf] +

sf] ;+: sf/ b] g] jfn] bfbf–

bfbL ckg] kf] t] –kf] ltof] + sf

r] x/ f b] vg] s] lnP t/ ;t]

/ x hft] x} + . ;+: sf/ f] + s]

cefj d] + aRrf] + d] + ck/ fw

r] tgf hfu[t xf] / xL x} cf} /

cft+sjflbof] + d] + cfTd3ftL

dlxnfcf] + sL pkl: ylt Sof

;Gb] z b] tL x} <

gO{ snd ;]

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 49

cfZro{ gxL+ Ps cslNkt ;r x} ls a'4 cf} / dxfjL/ g] lh; w/ tL sf] s?0ff

cf} / clx+: ff s] : g] lxn ;|f] tf] + ;] clel;+lrt lsof, cfh p;L tLy{: ynL k/ qm"/ tf cf} / lx=: f d'Qm ¿k ;] c7v] lnofF s/ / xL x+} . / fd cf} / / xLd g] lh; b] z s] nf] uf] + sf] k|] d cf} / dfgjtf sf kf7 k9Þfof, jxL+ b] z cfh lx+;f sL Hjfnf d] + em'n; / xf x} . Clif–d'lgof] + sL lh; tk: ynL k/ z] / cf} / as/ L Ps xL 3f6 k/ kfgL kLt] y] , cfh p;L tkf] e"ld k/ dfgj, dfgj s] eo ;] ;+q: t x} . uf+j s] ulnof/ f] + cf} / d} bfgf] + d] + v'n] cf;dfg s] gLr] cnd: t ;f] g] jfnf cfbdL cfh aGb dsfg d] + eL lglZrt xf] s/ gxL+ ;f] kftf . dg'io ljsf; s] cfwf/ k/ hLtf x} cf} / p;L s] cfwf/ k/ ljz] if sfd s/ tf x} . cfh lktf–k'q h} ;] ghbLsL l/ Ztf] d] + eL ljZjf; sL cfwf/ lznf 8fFjf8f] n xf] / xL x} . ;Gb] x cf} / cft+s s] jftfj/ 0f d] + cfbdL sL ;fF;] 3'6 / xL x} + . hxfF d"F5 sf Ps afn eL cfbdL sL O{dfgbf/ L sL ;fv e/ tf yf, jxfF cfh dfgj : jo+ eL ckgL O{dfgbf/ L s] af/ ] d] + ;+lbUw / xtf x} . b] z d] + 3l6t Ps eL b'3{6gf of b'/ frf/ sf ;+jfb hxfF l;x/ g k} bf s/ b] tf yf, jxfF cfh cfP lbg ;dfrf/ –kqf] + s] d'vk[i7f] + k/ lx+;f, anfTsf/ , ckx/ 0f, n"6v;f] 6 cflb sL cdfg'lifs jf/ bft] + ;'g–k9Þs/ eL cfbdL s] dg d] + ;+j] bgf k} bf gxL+ xf] tL .

ef/ t sL cfhfbL s] ;fy xL slj sL sNkgfcf] + g] cfsf/ lnof . O;sL Ps k+lQm yL–

æxd nfP+ x} t"kmfg ;] sZtL lgsfn s] O; b] z sf] / vgf d] / ] aRrf] + ;+efn s] Æ k/ zfob ox b] z sf b'ef{Uo xL x}

ls lhg caf] w afnsf] + ;] b] z sf eljio ;+j/ ] uf, pgsf jt{dfg afn>d s] af] em tn] ba / xf x} . v] ng] , s"bg] , k9Þg] , lnvg] sL pd| d] + xL 5f] 6] –5f] 6] df;"d dha"/ g dhb"/ ag / x] x} + . b] z e/ d] + afn>ldsf] + sL lbg k|ltlbg a9ÞtL ;+Vof ljsf; sf bfjf s/ g] jfnL ;fdflhs ;+: yfcf] + k/ Ps k|ZglrGx x} . ;dfh d] + P] ;] c;dflhs tTj k} bf xf] / x] x} +, lhgd] + dfgjLo ;Dj] bgf x} xL gxL+ .

j] lx+;f s] go] –go] r] x/ ] k|: t't s/ / x] x} + . hf] gf} lgxfn b] z s] eljio x} +, j] pgs] åf/ f ckx/ 0f s] lzsf/ xf] / x] x} + . afn ckx/ 0f cf} / afn>d afnkL9ÞL s] ;'Gb/ eljio k/ bb{gfs s'7f/ f3ft x} + .

æoq gfo{: t' k"HoGt] , / dGt] tq b] jtfÆ sL ;+: s[lt jfn] / fi6« d] + cfh gf/ L pTkL8Þg sL aft uDeL/ agL x'O{ x} . dlxnf sf] dfq j: t' ;demg] jfnL dfgl;stf ;] dft[zlQm ckdflgt, k|tfl8Þt cf} / nf+l5t xf] / xL x} . cTofrf/ s] ;3g c+w] / ] d] + t8Þk / xL g hfg] lstgL sGofPF ;fd"lxs b'isd{ sL lzsf/ xf] / xL x} + . clzlIft canfPF xL gxL+ lzlIft : jfjnDaL l: qofF eL ;'lgof] lht if8\oGq d] + km+;L hf / xL x} . dlxnf anfTsf/ sL rLTsf/ ] + ;dfh sf s?0f qmGbg x} . cGwljZjf;L, cefju|: t cf} / a] 6L sf] af] em dfgg] jfn] ;dfh d] + k|ltjif{ xhf/ f] + sGofPF w/ tL k/ cfs/ cfFv] vf] ng] ;] kxn] xL clGtd ;f+;] lug / xL x} . hGd ;] kxn] xL k/ nf] s udg sL bf?0f sxfgL– sGof e|'0f xTof . O; h3Go ck/ fw ;] ;dfh d] + ln+ufg'kft sf u|fkm c;+t'lnt xf] / xf x} . Otgf xL gxL+, bx] h–pTkL8Þg s] sf/ 0f lstgL–lstgL lgbf] {if dlxnfPF cfTdxTof s] lnP ljjz xf] / xL x} + . bx] h sf bfjfgn ;dfh d] + lh; ult ;] km} n / xf x} , p;] b] v ;'gs/ / f] +u6] v8Þ] xf] hft] x} + . Ps bb{gfs bf} / ;] u'h/ / xL x} a] l6ofF . sxL+ e|'0fxTof sL qf;bL x} , sxL+ bx] h xTof cf} / tnfs sL ;d: of x} tf] sxL+ cZdt sL ;'/ Iff sf cefj . P] ;f dfgf hf ;stf x} ls Ps gxL+ cg] s ¿kf] + d] + gf/ L k/ zf] if0f s] lz+sh] s;t] hf / x] x} + . t] hfjL xdn] , ckx/ 0f, xTof, anfTsf/ , bx] h pTkL8Þg, 3/ ] n"lx+;f, dfgl;s k|tf8Þgf cflb gf/ L sL cl: dtf s] lnP r'gf} tL ag uP x} + .

O; sfnv08 d] + Ps P] ;L qmflGt sL h?/ t x} , lh;;] zflGt sf ;fd|fHo : yflkt xf] . lx+;f sL qf;bL ;] 5'6sf/ f ldn] . cfbdL ;'v e/ ] ;+;f/ d] + ;f+; n] . zflGtb"t cfrfo{ >L dxf>d0f sf O; lbzf d] + Ps dxfg cfWoflTds pkqmd x} – clx+;f ofqf . cfrfo{ sL dxf>d0f clx+;f ofqf s] dfWod ;] dfgjtf sf pTyfg s/ / x] x} + . j] kf+j–kf+j rnt] x'P uf+j–uf+j hfs/ hg–hg d] + ;b\efj, g} ltstf cf} / gzfd'lQm sL nf} k|bLKt s/ / x] x} + . j] cg's+kf sL r] tgf cf} / d} qL efjgf sL hfu/ 0f s] lnP k|oTgzLn

x} . w/ ftn 5f] 8ÞtL x'O{ dfgjtf sf] 7f] ; cfwf/ b] g] sf k|of; s/ / x] x+} . cfrfo{>L sf cledt x} ls ;dfh sf lx+;s r] x/ f teL abn] uf, ha cfbdL ckgL Ifdtfcf] + sf pkof] u ljWj+; d] + gxL+ ;[hg d] +, ktg d] + gxL+ pTyfg d] + s/ ] uf .

aL;jL+ ;bL s] dxfg qmflGtsf/ L / fi6«;+t cfrfo{ r'n;L sf pb\3f] if yf– æ;'w/ ] JolQm, ;dfh JolQm ;] / fi6« : jo+ ;'w/ ] uf .Ú cR5] / fi6«–lgdf{0f s] lnP h?/ L x} – cR5] JolQm sf lgdf{0f xf] . cfhsn ox eL b] vf hftf x} ls cfbdL : j: y / xg] s] lnP k|f0fzlQm sf] dha"t s/ tf x} . jxL+ of] ufrfof] {+ s] k/ fdz{ ;] cf;g–k|f0ffofd sf cEof; s/ tf x} . cfo'j] {bfrfof] {+ sL / fo ;] cf} iflw ;] jg s/ tf x} . Hof] ltifL s] sygfg';f/ u|xbzf cR5L agfg] sf k|of; s/ tf x} . dGqljbf] + sL k|] / 0ff ;] hk cflb sf k|of] u s/ tf x} . : j: y z/ L/ s] lnP h} ;] k|f0fzlQm sL h?/ t x} , j} ;] xL : j: Yo cf} / clx+;s ;dfh sL ;+/ rgf s] lnP qf0fzlQm cfjZos x} . dfgj–dfgj d] + ox efjgf hu] ls d} + k|fl0fof] + sf eIfs gxL+, / Ifs ag'F, ;+xtf{ gxL+, qftf ag'F . cfbdL s] eLt/ Ps–b";/ ] sL / Iff s/ g] sL dgf] j[lQ anjtL ag] + .

efujb\ uLtf sf ;Gb] z x} – …cfTdgM k|lts"nflg k/ ] iff g ;dfr/ ] t\Ú cyf{t\ hf] ckg] lnP k|lts"n x} , jx Jojxf/ b";/ f] + s] ;fy eL dt s/ f] . dxfjL/ jf0fL sf pkb] z x} – æcfot'n] kof;'Æ k|fl0fof] + sf] cfTdt'No dfgf] . hf] Jojxf/ xd : jo+ s] lnP rfxt] x} +, jxL Jojxf/ b";/ f] + s] ;fy s/ ] . : jo+ k|f] T;fxg rfxt] x} + tf] b";/ f] + sf] eL k|f] T;flxt s/ ] + . dfgj s] dg, jf0fL cf} / sd{ d] + dfgjLo r] tgf d'v/ xf] . ls;L sf] lu/ fg] jfnf gxL+, lu/ ] x'P sf] p7fg] jfnf dfgj x} . ls;L sf] 3fj s/ g] jfnf gxL+ 3fj k/ dnxd s/ g] jfnf dfgj x} . ls;L sf] 8'af] g] jfnf gxL+, 8"a] x'P sf] arfg] jfnf dfgj x} . cfrfo{ sL dxf>djf0fL : j: Yo ;dfh sL ;+/ rgf s] bf] ;"q atft] x} +– cfbdL s] hLjg Jojxf/ d] + clx+;f sL b] jL cf} / afhf/ d] + g} ltstf sL b] jL k|ltli7t xf] . clx+;f cf} / g} ltstf ¿kL b] ljof] + sL k|lti7fkgf ;] xd lx+;f sL qf;bL ;] d'Qm xf] s/ clx+;f, k|] d cf} / efOrf/ ] s] pGd'Qm cfsfz d] + p8Þfg e/ ;st] x} + . xd Ps ;'Gb/ , : j: y cf} / : g] lxn / fi6« d] + ;f+; n] ;st] x} + . lll

lx+;f sL qf;bL ;] s} ;] ldn] 5'6sf/ f < gO{ snd ;]

;fWjL k|a'åozf

lxdflngL h"g @)!%50

l/kf]6{

g] kfn, ;f+: s[lts cf} / k|fs[lts ;f} Gbo{ sf wgL b] z . ljleGg hflt, efiff cf} /

k/ Dk/ fcf] + sf ;lDdng x} ox b] z cf} / sO{ dfog] d] + ckg] k8Þf] ;L b] z ef/ t s] s/ La eL . bf] cnu b] z lsGt' ;+: s[lt, k/ Dk/ f cf} / dfGotfcf] + s] cfwf/ k/ Ps xL cfTdf sf] wf/ 0f s/ t] x} + . ;LdfPF x} + lsGt' aGwg gxL+ . s'5 aft] + cf} / s'5 l/ Zt] P] ;] xf] t] x} + lhGx] + hf] 8Þg] s] lnP k|of; sL cfjZostf gxL+ xf] tL x} jx : jtM h'8Þt] rn] hft] x} + . s'5 P] ;f xL cfTdLo l/ Ztf x} g] kfn cf} / ef/ t sf . sxt] x} + cfk lhgs] lhtg] s/ La xf] t] x} +, ts/ f/ eL jxL+ clws xf] tL x} lsGt' ox ts/ f/ b"l/ ofF gxL+ a9ÞftL alNs l/ Zt] sf] cf} / eL dha"tL xL k|bfg s/ tL x} . g] kfn sL ;f+: s[lts lj/ f;t ;lbof] + sL x} cf} / ef/ t ;] l/ Ztf eL ta ;] xL . xdf/ ] wd{, xdf/ ] j] b, xdf/ ] k'/ f0f, pklgifb ;a Ps x} + . xdf/ L ;+: s[lt, xdf/ L k/ Dk/ f Og k/ l6sL x'O{ x} cf} / oxL Og bf] gf] + b] zf] + sL ;fFemL lj/ f;t x} . sf] lzzf] + s] afjh"b O; ;RrfO{ sf] gsf/ f gxL+ hf ;stf ls xdf/ L gL+j sxL+ gf sxL+ Ps xL x} . ef} uf] lns ;LdfPF cnu xf] ;stL x} +, k/ xd Ps b";/ ] s] ;'v cf} / b'v d] + Ps xL x} + . k': ts s] lgaGw t'n;Lbf; cf} / efg'eSt M ;fdflhs cf} / ;fF: s[lts kl/ b[Zo d] + k|f] = c?0f xf] tf g] pNn] v lsof x} ls efg'eSt g] eStdfnf d] + lnvf x} Ma8f] b'n{e hfgf] ; ef/ t e"ld sf] hGd

hgn] .;xh ldn5g\ 7fs'/ xl/ , ehlnof z'4

dgn] ..O; kb sf] l;km{ elSt sf kb g

dfgf hfo, O; kb s] dfWod\ ;] ef/ t g] kfn sL ;fF: s[lts 3lgi7tf s Lcf] / eL Ozf/ f lsof uof x} . g] kfnL n] vsf] + g] lxGbL k|b] zf] + d] + cf} / lxGbL n] vsf] + g] g] kfn b] z k|b] z d] + ;fF: s[lts ;dGjo s] dfu{ sf] k|z: t lsof x} .

8f‘= ;Tok|sfz ltjf/ L hL g] Ps dxt\ sfo{ lsof x} cf} / jf] x} , t'n;Lbf; cf} / efg'eSt bf] lbJo cfTdfcf] + sf] Ps ;fy, Ps xL s[lt d] + ;dflxt s/ g] sL . cfks] ;Dkfbg d] + cfgGb k|sfzg sf] nsftf ;] k|sflzt …;f+: s[lts cl: dtf s] k|tLs M t'n;Lbf; cf} / efg'eStÚ k': ts lgM;Gb] x bf] b] zf] + sL k|uf9Þtf sf] cf} / eL dha"t

s/ ] uL ox ljZjf; x} . j} ;] eL ;flxTo, ;+uLt cf} / snf sL sf] O{ ef} uf] lns ;Ldf gxL+ xf] tL cf} / p; xfn d] + tf] cf} / eL gxL+ xf] tL ha cfk sO{ : t/ k/ Ps xL xf] + . sO{ af/ cfjZostf dx;"; xf] tL / xL x} , Og bf] eSt sljof] + k/ Ps ;fy ljZn] if0ffTds cf} / ljx+ud b[li6 8fng] sL cf} / O; lbzf d] + ox k': ts dLn sf kTy/ ;flat xf] uL . Ps ;fy sO{ ljåfgf] + s] cfn] vf] + sf] ;Dkflbt s/ k': ts sf ¿k b] g] s] lnP ltjf/ L hL g] euL/ y k|of; lsof x} cf} / pgs] ;tt k|of; sf kl/ 0ffd x} ox k': ts . t'n;Lbf; cf} / efg'eSt s] ;eL kxn' sf] ljåfgf] + g] ckg] –ckg] cfn] vf] + d] + ;d] 6g] sL sf] lzz sL x} . nutf gxL+ ls sf] O{ kIf 5"6f x} 1fg sL O; u+uf d] + k|jflxt xf] g] x] t' . s'n afO; dxTjk"0f{ cfn] v O; k': ts d] + x} + hf] t'n;Lbf; cf} / efg'eSt ;] ;Da4 x/ kIf sf] pb\eflift s/ g] d] + ;Ifd x} + cf} / k7gLo x} + . k|f] =c?0f xf] tf, k|f] =zDe'gfy, k|f] =bfdf] b/ ld>, k|f] =df] xg kL bxfn, 8f‘=k|tfkrGb| k|wfg, 8f‘=rs|w/ k|wfg, 8‘f=cf] dk|sfz kf08] o, dgLiff emf, 8‘f=d'Ggfnfn k|;fb, jf;'b] j yfkf, / ] ldsf yfkf, 8f‘=eLvL k|;fb jL/ ] Gb|, >L / fdfjtf/ zdf{, b] j] Gb|gfy z'Sn, ;f] gfd z] kf{, 8f=s[i0f s'df/ >Ljf: tj, ;/ f] h s'df/ L zdf{, 8‘f= df] = dhLb ldof, nf] sgfy k|wfg, 8f‘=;'zLn s'df/ ltjf/ L, 8‘f=dgf] h s'df/ ld>f, 8f‘= ;Tok|sfz ltjf/ L h} ;] lxGbL efiff cf} / g] kfnL efiff s] ljåfgf] + g] ckg] ljrf/ f] + ;] k': ts sf] ;hfof cf} / ;Fjf/ f x} . efg'eStLo / fdfo0f sL df} lnstf sf] l;4 s/ t] x'P k|f= zDe'gfy g] ckg] lgaGw d] + lnvf x} ls M ox dxTjk"0f{ aft gxL+ x} ls efg'eSt g] cWofTd / fdfo0f ;] Sof lnof yf, / fdrl/ tdfg; ;] Sof lnof . d'Vo aft ox x} ls pGxf] +g] g] kfnL efiff sf] Ps pmFrfO{ bL, p;] g] kfnL nf] uf] + s] cfTd;Ddfg sf k|tLs agfof . jx ckgL / fdfo0f d] + g] kfnL hgtf s] ;f+: s[lts hLjg sL emfFsL

eL hux hux lbvft] x} + . g] kfnL ;dfh d] + : qL sd{7 xf] tL x} , p;sL a8 ÞL OHht xf] tL x} . oxL jhx x} , efg'eSt sL / fdfo0f d] + / fd sL r/ 0f w"ln ;] ha clxNof sf p4f/ xf] tf x} cf} / ;fdg] clxNof hLtL

hfutL v8ÞL xf] hftL x} tf] / fd clxNof sf] k|0ffd s/ t]

x} + . t'n;L s] dfg; d] + clxNof / fd sf]

k|0ffd s/ tL x} . efg'eSt sL / fdfo0f d] +

clxNof lznf¿ ;] h} ;] xL Ps ;'Gb/ gf/ L d"lt{ ags/

v8ÞL xf] hftL x} , / fd p;sf gdg s/ t] x} + . efg'eSt sL ox df} lns

pb\efjgf p; g] kfnL nf] s ;+: s[lt s] cg'¿k x} lh;d] +

: qL sf cfTd;Ddfg Ps cy{ / vtf x} .

k': ts sf x/ lgaGw dxTjk"0f{ x} . ox ef/ t cf} /

g] kfn bf] gf] + s] ;f+: s[lts kIf sf] phfu/ s/ g] d] + ;Ifd x} . lgM;Gb] x k': ts ;flxTo hut s] lnP Ps cd"No s[lt x} . t'n;Lbf; cf} / efg'eSt Og bf] gf] + g] xL ;fdflhs hfu/ 0f tyf g} lts lzIff sf ;+b] z lbof x} . rfx] …dfg;Ú xf] of …efg'eSt / fdfo0fÚ, OgsL x/ Ps k+lSt ;"St x} , gLlt x} . cfh ;dfh d] + hf] Jolerfl/ tf, g} lts ktg cf} / dfgjtf sf x«f; lbv / xf x} p;d] + ax't of] ubfg kfZrfTo ;+: s[lt sf c+wfg's/ 0f x} . xdf/ L kf} jf{To ;+: s[lt sxL+ kL5] k8Þ / xL x} , P] ;] d] + cfh ;dfh d] + Ps af/ lkm/ ;] Og wd{ u|+yf] + sL ckl/ xfo{tf dx;"; xf] / xL x} . cfh cfjZostf x} ls xdf/ L kL9ÞL Og ;] h'8Þ] cf} / Ogd] + ;dflxt gLlt tTjf] + sf] ckgL hLjgz} nL d] + ptf/ ] . lgM;Gb] x ;f+: s[lts cl: dtf s] k|tLs M t'n;Lbf; cf} / efg'eSt Ps ;+u|xgLo cf} / pkof] uL k': ts x} lh;] af/ af/ k9Þg] sL OR5f xf] uL . lll

k|: t'lt M 8f= Zj] tf bLlKt

;[li6 cfksL, b[li6 xdf/Lk':ts ;dLIff

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 51

g] kf n ;/ sf / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf / dGqf no

;"rgf l jef u

s'g} klg JolQmn] hft, hflt / cGt/ hftLo

ljjfxsf cfwf/ df kl/ jf/ sf ;b: onfO{ alxisf/

ug] {, 3/ leq kj|] z ug{ glbg] , ufpF lgsfnf ug{] ,

To: tfaf6 hlGdPsf ;Gtfgsf] Gjf/ fg gug] {h: tf

e] befjk"0f{ sfo{ ug{'÷u/ fpg' x'Fb} g . To: tf] sfo{

ug] { JolQmnfO{ hftLo e] befj tyf 5'jf5't s;'/

/ ;hfo P] g, @)^* adf] lhd tLg dlxgfb] lv

tLg jif{;Dd s} b jf Ps xhf/ b] lv kRrL; xhf/

¿k} ofF;Dd hl/ jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] 5 .

lxdflngL h"g @)!%52

Hof] ltifzf: q sL dfGotf cg';f/ s'n rf/ o'u x} – ;Too'u, q] tfo'u, åfk/ o'u, slno'u . ;[li6 sf cf/ De ;Too'u ;] xf] tf x} , hf] ;qx ;fn c¶fO;

xhf/ jif{ ts rntf x} . k'gM q] tfo'u sf cfudg xf] tf x} , hf] af/ x nfv l5ofga] xhf/ jiff] {+ ts ;+r/ 0f s/ tf x} . O;s] kZrft åfk/ o'u sf cfudg xf] tf x} , hf] cf7 nfv rf} ;7 xhf/ jiff] {+ ts rntf x} , O;s] afb slno'u sf k|j] z xf] tf x} , lh;sL cjlw rf/ nfv aQL; xhf/ jif{ x} . rf/ f] o'uf] + sf dfg lt/ fln; nfv aL; xhf/ jif{ xf] tf x} . Og rf/ o'uf] + s] dfgsf] rt'o{uf] + sf dfg sxf uof x} . P] ;] xL ha o] o'u Ps xhf/ af/ ckgf e|d0f k"0f{ s/ t] x} +, p; ;do ts dfgjLo u0fgfg';f/ s'n rf/ c/ a aQL; s/ f] 8Þ jif{ xf] tf x} . O;L sf] Ps sNk sxt] x} cf} / oxL a|XdhL sf Ps lbg xf] tf x} . cf} / OtgL xL / flq xf] tL x} . cyf{t\ a|XdfhL sf Ps xL / flq cf7 c/ a rf} ;7 s/ f] 8Þ dfgjLo jiff] {+ s] a/ fa/ sxf uof x} . O;L sf] eujfg >L s[i0f g] >L db\efujt\ uLtf d] + ch'{g sf] pkb] z s/ t] x'P sxf x} –

;x;|o'u ko{Gt dxo{b a|Xd0ff] + ljb'M ./ flq o'u;x;|fGtf t] ̃xf] / fqljbf] hgfM .. uLtf -*.!&_eujfg\ >L s[i0f sxt] x+} , x] ch'{g Û hf] nf] u Ps xhf/ o'u ko{Gt a|Xdf s]

lbg sf] tyf OtgL xL / flq sf] cyf{t\ Ps xhf/ o'uko{Gt hfgt] x} +, j: t'tM j] xL cxf] / fqj] tf –sfn s] tTj sf] hfgg] jfn] x+} .

Hof] ltifzf: q s] cg';f/ hfts s] hLjg d] + u|xf] + sL dxfbzfPF rntL x} + cf} / pg gju|xf] + sL dxfbzf d] + k|To] s u|xf] + sL cGtb{zf cftL x} , k'gM Ps u|x sL cGtb{zf d] + u|xf] + sL ko{Gtbzf rntL x} , p; Ps u|x sL cGtb{zf d] + k'gM gf} u|xf] + sL ;'Idbzf tyf sO{ u|x sL ;'Idbzf d] + eL gf} u|xf] + sL k|f0f bzf rnf s/ tL x} . ox ;'Id ljrf/ s'08nL d] + hfts s] hLjg ;Gbe{ d] + Hof] ltljb lsof s/ t] x} + . O;L t/ x cfo'j] {b d] + eL Ct'cf] + s] cg';f/ xL / f] uflb sL pTklt Pj+ pgs] pkrf/ f] + sf pNn] v ldntf x} . ^ Ct' x+} – u|Lid, jiff{, z/ b, x] dGt, lzlz/ tyf a;Gt . k|To] s Ct' ;] 5xf] Ct' yf] 8] Þ ;do ;] kl/ e|d0f s/ tL / xtL x} . cfo'j] {b sL dfGotfg';f/ k|To] s lbg d] + cyf{t\ dg'iof] + s] Ps cxf] / fq rf} aL; 306f d] + k|To] s Ct' rf/ –rf/ 306] s] qmd d] + p;L k|sf/ JotLt xf] tL / xtL x} . h} ;] k|To] s lbg d] + Ct', df;, jif{ cflb s] ;"Id c+z b} lgs JotLt xf] t] / xt] x} + . O;L k|sf/ ;] k|Tos o'u d] + rf/ f] + o'u yf] 8ÞL–yf] 8ÞL cjlw s] lnP cft] x} + . slno'u s] kZrft\ ;Too'u sf xL cfudg xf] tf x} . ctPj slno'u d] + eL rf/ f] + o'uf] sf cGt/ yf] 8Þ] –yf] 8Þ] sfn k/ cftf / x] uf . ox k|s[lt sf c6n lgod x} .

dxfslj ;"/ bf; hL s] cg';f/ slno'u s] kfFr xhf/ jif{ aLtg] s] afb cyf{t\ ljqmd ;+jt\ s] bf] xhf/ jif{ JotLt xf] g] k/ s] xhf/ jif{ ko{Gt sln k|efj ckg] r/ d k/ xf] uf . Ps xhf/ jif{ d] + k'/ f0ff] + Oltxf; u|Gyf] + Pj+ Hof] ltifzf: q d] + jl0f{t gfgf k|sf/ s] pkb|j, cd+un Pj+ slno'u sf ljeT; ¿k k|s6 xf] uf, hgtf d] + qflx–qflx sL l: ylt jg hfPuL . O;L cjlw d] + lbJo cGt/ lIf Pj+ ef} dflb pTkft eL a9Þ hfPFu+] . cwd{ sL j[l4 ;] k|s[lt If'Aw xf] uL cf} / hgkof] Wj+; xf] gf cf/ De xf] hfPuf . cwd{ sL j[l4, wd{ sL xflg, ;j{q cft+s, k|fs[lts pTkft, k|s[lt ljko{o, k|hf sL cltzoj[l4, k[YjL sL cfs'ntf, dxfdf/ L, e"sDk, e": vng, Hjfnfd'vL lj: kmf] 6, c0f'j: qf] + sf k|of] u, k|hf d] + Olt sf eo, b'le{sf k|sf] k, ;+;f/ s] ljleGg b] zf] + d] + o'4 cf} / ljZjo'4 sL l: ylt agg] ;] k[YjLjfl;of] + sf Ifo xf] g] k/ : jnk wdf{Tdf, k'0ofTdf xL z] if ar] / x] +u] cf} / ox l: ylt nueu Ps xhf/ jif{ko{Gt rn] uL . k'gM k[YjL sL kl/ l: ylt d] + kl/ jt{g xf] uf, slno'u d] + xL ;To'u cjfGt/ ¿k ;] k|j[i6 xf] uf . xl/ s[kf ;] wd{ sL j[l4 xf] uL . ckg] k'0o k|tfk ;] arL x'O{ k|hf ;'vL xf] hfPuL . jftfj/ 0f lgd{n xf] uf . rf/ f] cf] / ;'v, zflGt Pj+ ;d[l4 5f hfPuL . lll

slno'u sf k|efj

/jLGb| emf ‘z+s/’

kfFr xhf/ jif{ aLtg] s] afb cyf{t\ ljqmd ;+jt\ s] bf] xhf/ jif{ JotLt xf] g] k/ s] xhf/ jif{ ko{Gt sln k|efj ckg] r/ d k/ xf] uf . Ps xhf/ jif{ d] + k'/ f0ff] + Oltxf; u|Gyf] + Pj+ Hof] ltifzf: q d] + jl0f{t gfgf k|sf/ s] pkb|j, cd+un Pj+ slno'u sf ljeT; ¿k k|s6 xf] uf, hgtf d] + qflx–qflx sL l: ylt jg hfPuL .

cWofTd

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 53

lhg cfFvf] + d] + seL ;kg] knt] y] , sfgf] + d] + bfbf–bfbL, gfgf–gfgL s] ls: ;]

;'gfO{ b] t] y] , ls: ;] eL P] ;] hf] g} ltstf cf} / jL/ tf sL ufyfPF xf] tL yL+ . lhg;] Ps z'4 rl/ q cf} / cfTdf sf ljsf; xf] tf yf . kl/ of] + cf} / ;kgf] + sL b'lgof d] + vf] P aRr] a8Þf] + sf ;fy rfxt] y] . pgs] ;fy v] ngf, ¿7gf, xF;gf, ufgf eftf yf pGx] +, zfd s] jSt ulnof] + d] + luNnL 8+8f v] nt] aRr] cfh v'b ls;L sxfgL sL t/ x ag uP x} + . OgsL b'lgof l;d6 uO{ x} . c;Lldt ;Defjgfcf] + ;] e/ L ;fOa/ sL b'lgof s] hfb" g] afn dg sf] ckg] hfn d] + pnemf lnof x} . cfh jx hf] rfxtf x} ;fOa/ p;] k/ f] ; b] tf x} . v] n sL b'lgof sf cf/ De of] + tf] sDko"6/

k/ sf/ ] + bf} 8Þf s/ sL uO{ yL+, lsGt' cfh ox sfkmL cfu] lgsn uO{ x} . cfh aRrf] + sL ks8Þ d] + r} 6, km] ;a's, Jxf6\;ck h} ;L ;f] zn ;fO6] + x} + . Otgf xL gxL+ gUgtf cf} / cZnLntf k/ f] ;tL kf] g{ ;fdu|L eL cfh pgs] xfyf] + d] + x} . cfh aRr] k9Þg] sf axfgf s/ sd/ f aGb s/ / ft–/ ft e/ OG6/ g] 6 ;] h'8Þ uP x} + . r} l6+u, d] n, P;=Pd=P;= ;] h'8Þs/ pgs] xfyf] + d] + ca : df6{kmf] g cf uof x} . ckgf] + s] ;fy a} 7gf pGx] + cR5f gxL+ nutf . vfgf–kLgf ;a g] 6 s] ;fy xL xf] tf x} . ckgf clwst/ ;do aRr] g] 6 k/ latft] x} + . cfh x/ 3/ d] + sDko"6/ x} cf} / O;s] kL5] Ps jhx aRrf] + s] : s"n eL x} + . 5f] 6] 5f] 6] aRrf] + sf]

eL sdKo"6/ l;vfg] s] gfd k/ 3/ f] + d] + sDko"6/ sf xf] gf cfjZos xf] uof x} .

ljut jiff] {+ d] + ;f] zn g] 6jls{+u sf ;fO6 ax't t] hL s] ;fy a9Þf x} . !((& d] + agL O+6/ g] 6 k/ ca bf] ;f} ;] Hofbf ;fO6\; pknAw x} + . km] ;a's @))$ d] + nfGr xf] uO{ yL hf] cfh b'lgof sL ;a;] a8ÞL ;fO6; ag uO{ x} . cfh aRr] a[xt : t/ k/ O;;] h'8Þ] x'P x} + . sf6'{g lkmNd, 6L=jL= s] l/ oln6Lh zf] o] ;eL aRrf] + sf] eft] x} +, pGx] + b] vgf k;Gb s/ t] x} + . ;fOa/ sL ox dgdf] xs b'lgof aRrf] + sf] OtgL ef uO{ x} ls ca pgsf Ps cnu xL 6«] G8 ag uof x} . O;;] hxfF ;f] zn ;fO6\; s] jf/ ] Gof/ ] xf] / x] x} +, jxL+ aRrf] + sf

dg O;d] + pnems/ ckg] zf/ Ll/ s cf} / dfgl;s : t/ sf cghfg] xL x|f; s/ / xf x} . O{ dfs] {6/ s] d'tflas @)!# d] + ;f] zn g] 6jls{u+ ;fO6 sf] !))) s/ f] 8Þ sf kmfobf x'cf x} , jxL+ d;fAn] lahg] z s] cg';f/ @)!! s] k"jf{4 d] + xL km] ;a's g] )! =^ ljlnog sdfof cf} / ;fn s] c+t d] + ox cfFs8Þf tLg ljlnog ts hf kx'Frf .

;f] zn ;fO6f] + s] lg/ +t/ ;Dks{ ;] aRr] c;do xL a8Þ] xf] / x] x} + . p;g] ckg] cfksf] kl/ jf/ ;dfh ;] sf6s/ PsfsL agf lnof x} . ss] nL kmf] lg{of : 6] 6 o"lgjl;{6L s] dgf] lj1fg s] k|f] = sL l/ kf] 6{ s] cg';f/ , hf] aRr] ;f] zn g] 6jls{=u ;fO6 k/ 3+6f] + u'hf/ t] x} +, j] ckg] cfksf] ;dfh

;] cnu s/ cfTds] lGb|t cf} / cx+sf/ L xf] / x] x} + . aRrf cs] n] kg s] sf/ 0f efjgfcf] + sf] cleJoSt s/ g] ;] b"/ xf] tf rnf hf / xf x} . of} g OR5fcf] + sL a9ÞtL tLj|tf s] sf/ 0f p;g] ckgL lghtf sf] eL ;fj{hlgs s/ lbof x} . pgsL : jfefljs r+rntf lr8Þlr8Þfx6 d] + abn uO{ x} . lh;s] sf/ 0f l8k|] zg, PGhfO6L h} ;L dfgl;s aLdfl/ ofF pgs] cGb/ kgk / xL x} . cfS;kmf] 8{ o"lgjl;{6L s] Go"/ f] j} 1flgs j/ f+dz u|Ld kmLN8 g] atfof x} ls ;f] zn a] j;fO6 aRrf] + s] dl: tis k/ xflgsf/ s k|efj 8fntL x} , lh;;] aRrf] + sL cfTdxTof sL k|j[lQ a9ÞtL x} hf] cfh xd b] v eL / x] x} + . dfgl;s tgfj s] sf/ 0f pgsL Ps|futf sd x'O{ x} . pgs] ofb s/ g] sL k|j[lQ sd x'O{ x} . kxf8Þ] , u'0ff efu tf] ca e"n xL uP x} + . P;=Pd=P; sL zf6{ kmfd{ n] vg g] efiff sf] sdhf] / lsof x} cf} / pgsL n] vg snf sf] eL k|efljt lsof x} . kj{Tof] xf/ ;a;] aRr] b"/ xf] t] hf / x] x} + . dxfk'?iff] + sL hLjgL k9Þg] sL nns xL gxL+ / x uO{ x} . O;sL jhx ;] Ogd] + ;+: sf/ f] + sL sdL xf] tL hf / xL x} .

;fOa/ sL b'lgof pkof] uL x} O;;] Ogsf/ gxL+ lsof hf ;stf x} . p;g] dfgj hLjg sf] c;Lldt ljsf; ;+efjgfcf] + ;] hf] 8Þf x} . OG6/ g] 6 s] dfWod ;] ljQLo j jfl0fHo ;] n] s/ snf, ;+: s[lt, ;flxTo ts sf] ljZj e/ s] nf] uf] + sf] ;xhtf j ;/ ntf ;] pknAw s/ fs/ hfgsfl/ of] + sf vhfgf nf] uf] + s] xfyf] + d] + ;f} +kf uof x} . n] lsg O;sf gsf/ fTds kIf O;;] eL Hofbf a8Þf x} . lh;;] aRrf] + sf] arfg] sL d'lxd cfjZos x} . ;/ sf/ sf] eL O; cf] / Wofg b] g] sL cfjZostf x} cf} / ;fy xL aRrf] + s] dftf lktf sL ox lhDd] bf/ L xf] tL x} ls jf] aRrf] + sf] cs] nf gf 5f] 8Þ] tyf pgs] ;fy ;do JotLt s/ ] + . aRRff] + ;] x/ ljifo k/ v'ns/ aftrLt s/ ] + . g] 6 s] nfe cf} / xflg ;] aRrf] + sf] kl/ lrt s/ fPF . aRrf] + d] + ;sf/ fTds ;f] r sf] a9ÞfPF . ;do sL pkof] lutf atfPf . o] aRr] xL sn sf eljio x} + . Ps : j: y, ;hu j ;xh, ;'of] Uo : jtGq cf} / ;ls|o ;dfh s] lgdf{0f s] lnP aRrf] + sf] t} of/ lsof hfgf rflxP cf} / ox teL ;Dej x} ha aRrf] + sf] ;fOa/ sL b'lgof sL gsf/ fTds kx'Fr ;] xd pGx] + ;'/ lIft / v kfPF . –lx=;=

;fOa/ sL b'lgof cf} / cfh sf arkg

;f] zn ;fO6f] + s] lg/ +t/ ;Dks{ ;] aRr] c;do xL a8Þ] xf] / x] x} + . p;g] ckg] cfksf] kl/ jf/ ;dfh ;] sf6s/ PsfsL agf lnof x} .

aRrf]+ sL b'lgof+

lxdflngL h"g @)!%54

tyf of] uf;g

cfrfo{ >L : jfdL w|'j

of] u cfufdL jif{ ;] k|To] s jif{ @! h"g sf] ljZj of] uf lbj; (International Day of Yoga) dgfof hfo] uf .

j} ;] tf] g] kfn d] + eL ljleGg u'?cf] + s] cg'oflocf] + bjf/ f ;} s8Þf] + of] uf s] Gb| vf] n] uo] x} + . k/ Gt' Og ;f/ ] s] Gb|f] + d] + l;km{ of] uf;g s] af/ ] d] + xL atfof hftf x} . ax't yf] 8Þ] ;] s] Gb| x} hxfF k/ of] uf;g s] ;fy–;fy of] u sL eL lzIff bL hftL x} . cfdtf} / k/ Hofbft/ nf] u zf/ Ll/ s ;d: ofcf] + ;] d'lSt s] lnP of] uf;g sf ;xf/ f n] t] x} + tyf of] u s] af/ ] d] + g s'5 hfgg] sf k|of; s/ t] x} + cf} / g pGx] + s'5 atfof hftf x} . oxfF Ps aft cR5L t/ x ;] ;demgf h?/ L x} ls of] u cf} / of] uf;g d] + hdLg cf;dfg sf c+t/ x} . cfl: ts zfvfcf] + s] cGtu{t 5M bz{g cft] x} + . !=Gofo, @=j} z] lifs, #=;f+Vo, $=of] u,

%=k"j{dLdf+;f cf} / ^=pQ/ dLdf+;f .Gffl: ts zfvfcf] + s] c+tu{t 5M bz{g O;

k|sf/ x} .!= rfjf{s, af} 4 -af} 4 bz{g s] rf/ e] b x} _

af} 4 rt'i6od\ @=dfWolds, #= of] ufrf/ , $=;f} ] qflGts %=j} eflifs ^= h} g . O; k|sf/ ;fdfGotM af/ x bz{g dfg]

hft] x} + . oxfF d} + cfksf] cfl: ts zfvf s] cGtu{t cfg] jfn] of] u bz{g s] af/ ] d] + lj: t[t hfgsf/ L b] g] hf / xf x"F .

O; bz{g s] JofVofsf/ dxlif{ kt+hln x} . O;d] + O{Zj/ hLjfTdf cf} / k|s[lt sf : ki6 ¿k ;] JofVof lsof uof x} . O;s] cg';f/ k/ dfTdf sf Wofg cfFtl/ s xf] tf x} . hats xdf/ L OlGb|ofF alx{ufdL x} , ta ts

Wofg sbflk ;+ej gxL+ x} . of] u bz{gof] u zAb ;+: s[t s] o'h wft' ;] agf

x} . o'h sf cy{ xf] tf x} ldngf–hLjfTdf sf ljZjfTdf ;] . O;] xL ;dflw sxt] x} . ;dflw dtna lrQ, cGtM s/ 0f, a'l4, cx+sf/ cf} / dg sf lgd{n xf] hfgf tyf k/ dfTdf ;] ldn hfgf . lxGb" bz{gf] + d] + of] u bz{g sf dxTj ;a;] Hofbf x} . ;eL nf] u O; k/ cTolws >4f s/ t] x} + . lxGb" ;+: s[lt sf k|f0f of] u bz{g x} . k/ Gt' h} ;] gbL kxf8Þf] + ;] lgsntL x} } tf] lgd{n / xtL x} k/ h} ;] –h} ;] cfu] axtL x} dnLg cf} / cz'4 xf] tL rnL hftL x} . p;L k|sf/ ljz] ifs/ O{zf s] afb s] JofVofsf/ f] + g] of] u bz{g sf] eL dnLg cf} / cz'4 s/ lbof . ;fdfGohg lagf lr+tg dgg s] ls;L eL 6Lsfsf/ of u'? s] cg'ofoL ag hft] x} + cf} / ldYof e|flGtof] + ;] d'St gxL+ xf] kft] x} + .

dxfef/ t s] kfFr xhf/ jiff] { s] afb Ps Clif g] of] u ;fwgf s] åf/ f ljz] if cg';+wfg s/ s] ;d: t j} lbs jfªudo sf] cR5L t/ x ;demf tyf sfkmL lr+tg dgg s/ s] clt k|frLg of] u bz{g sf] a8Þ] ;/ n 9+u ;] s|da4 ¿k d] + k|: t't lsof . pgsf gfd kt+hln sxf hftf x} . j} ;] k|frLg zf: qf] + s] cg';f/ nutf x} ls h} ;] j] bJof; kb sf gfd yf JolSt sf gxL+ p;L k|sf/ kt+hln eL kb sf gfd yf JolSt sf gxL+ . kt+hln s] cg';f/ lrQj[lQof] + sf lg/ f] w s/ g] ;] zlSt, zflGt cf} / 1fg k|fKt xf] tf x} lh;;] df] If eL k|flKt xf] tL x} .

h} ;] lrlsT;f zf: q s] rf/ d'Vo c+u

:jf:Yo

;a;] kxn] O; k|yd ljZjof] u lbj; s] z'e cj;/ k/ ;eL of] u k|] ldof] + cf} /

O;s] cg'oflocf] + sf] xflb{s awfO{ b] tf xF" . ;fy xL ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL >L g/ ] Gb| df] bL hL sf] eL wGojfb 1fkg s/ tf x"F . Sof] +ls pgs] k|of; s] sf/ 0f xL O; jif{ ;] ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ d] + ljZjof] u lbj; dgfof hf / xf x} . ;r d] + of] u k|] ldof] + s] lnP ox lbJo pkxf/ eL x} .

ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL >L g/ ] Gb| df] bL hL g] o"gfO6] 8 g] zg; s] h] g/ n P] ;] ] DanL d] + @& l;tDa/ !(!$ sf] lbo] ckg] efif0f d] + of] u sf] ljZj of] uf lbj; s] ¿k d] + dgfg] sL aft sxL . >L df] bL s] O; k|: tfj sf ;dy{g rLg, sgf8f, cd] l/ sf s] cnfj] ljZj s] !&% b] zf] + g] lsof . lh;d] + g] kfn s] k|wfgd+qL >L ;'zLn sf] O/ fnf eL y] . O;s] kl/ 0ffd: j¿k o"gfO6] 8 g] zg; s] h] g/ n P] ;] ] DanL s] bjf/ f !! lb;Da/ @)!$ sf] ;j{;Ddlt ;] ox km} ;nf lsof uof ls

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 55

vfgf–vhfgfx} –/ f] u, / f] u sf sf/ 0f, cf/ f] Uo cf} / cf/ f] Uo sf ;fwg -pkfo_ . p;L k|sf/ of] u s] eL rf/ efu x} .!= x] o– b'Mv sf c;nL ¿k Sof x} < @= x] o x] t' –Tofu s/ g] jfn] b'Mv sf jf: tljs sf/ 0f Sof x} <#= xfg– b'Mv sf cefj Sof x} <$= xfgf] kfo– b'Mv d'lSt sf pkfo Sof x} <

O;s] pQ/ d] + of] u bz{g s|dzM O; k|sf/ o] sxtf x} .!= hf] eljio sf b'Mv x} p;sf Tofu ;+ej x} hf] b'Mv ef] uf hf r'sf

x} of jt{dfg d] + ef] uf hf / xf x} p;sL lgj[lQ d'lZsn x} .@= k|s[lQ sf ;+of] uL xL b'Mv sf sf/ 0f x} cf} / ox ;+of] u c1fgtf -cljwfjz_ ;] xf] tf x} .#= k|s[lQ cf} / k'?if sf ;+of] u g xf] gf df] If x} .$= ldYof1fg ;] d'lSt df] If sf pkfo x} cf} / O;sf ;fwg of] u x} .

;d: t j} lbs jfªdo s] clwsf+z Oltxf; s] gi6 xf] g] ;] ox ktf nufgf d'lZsn xf] / xf x} ls of] u sL pTklQ sa cf} / s} ;] x'O{ k/ Gt' k|fKt hfgsf/ L s] cg';f/ nutf x} eujfg lzj of] u s] hGdbftf y] , j} ;] >L dxflji0f' cf} / a|Xdf eujfg eL of] u s] 1ftf y] . of] u sL dlxdf s] af/ ] d] + ;demft] x'P eujfg lzj Ps af/ dfF kfj{tL sf] af] n] –x] lk|o–1fgjfg, lj/ St, wd{lje"lift, lht] lGb|o b] jtf eL of] u s] lagf d'lSt gxL+ kf ;st] x} . dxlif{ afb/ fo0f Jof; s] åf/ f eL of] u;"qf] + k/ efio ldntf x} . OGxf] +g] xL dxfef/ t sL / rgf sL yL . dxlif{ j] bJof; g] j] bfGt;"qf] + tyf dxfef/ t sL / rgf sL x} Pj+ of] u ;"qf] + k/ eL Ogsf efio x} .

uLtf s] !* cWofof] + d] + !* ljz] if of] uf] + sf j0f{g x} –!=ljiffb of] u, @=;f+Vo of] u, #=sd{of] u, $=1fgsd{ ;Gof; of] u,

%= sd{ ;Gof; of] u, ^=cfTd;+od of] u, &=1fglj1fg of] u, *=cIf/ a|xd of] u, (=/ fhljwf / fhu'Xf of] u, !)= lje"lt of] u, !!=ljZj¿k bz{g of] u, !@=elStof[] u, !#=If] qIf] q1 ljefuof] u, !$= u'0fqo ljefu of] u,!%=k'?iff] Qd of] u, !^=b} jf;'/ ;+klåefu of] u, !&=>4fqoljefu of] u, !*= df] If;Gof; of] u .

Og ;eL d] + tLg k|d'v of] u x} – sd{of] u, 1fgof] u, elStof] uOg tLgf] + d] + xL !* k|sf/ s] of] u lglxt x} . Ps ;] n] s/ 5x

cWofo d] + sd{of] u sf, ;ft ;] n] s/ !@ cWofo d] + elStof] u sf, Tf] / x ;] n] s/ !* cWofo d] + 1fgof] u sf j0f{g x} .

z'e cf} / lgisfd sd{ s/ gf sd{of] u x} . eujtr] tgf sf] wf/ 0f s/ gf elStof] u x} . eujbtTj sf] hfggf 1fgof] u x} .

dxfTdf a'4 s] cf;kf; hf] Clif kt+hln x'P pgs] cg';f/ of] u s] k|d'v Pj+ clGtd c+uf] d] + cf7 sf] sfkmL dxTjk"0f{ dfgf x} . O;] xL ci6f+lus of] u sxt] x} + . hg ;fdfGo nf] uf] + sf] cf;fgL ;] ;demg] s] lnP ox ;/ n dfu{ x} .

o] x} – od, lgod, cf;g, k|f0ffofd, k|Tofxf/ , wf/ 0ff, Wofg cf} / ;dflw . O;d] + k|yd rf/ sf ;+a+w efj z'l4, z/ L/ z'l4 tyf Joj: yf z'l4 ;] x} . clGtd rf/ sf ;+a+w cfTd1fg, d'lSt tyf ;To k|flKt ;] x} .

Ps ;/ n of} lus k|0ffnL s] 4f/ f cfk eL of] u s] dxTj sf] ;dem ;st] x} Pj+ p;;] nfe p7f ;st] x} . k|ftM sfn : gfg s/ s] s+an s] cf;g k/ Psf+t of aGb sd/ ] d] kbdf;g, ah|;fg of ;'vf;g d] + a} 7 hfo+] . k|f/ +e d] !% ldg6 a} 7] afb d] + ;dofg';f/ a9Þfo] + . O; d] zf+t xf] s/ a} 7] . cfvf] + sf] aGb s/ s] ckgf ;f/ f Wofg hLe s] cu|efu k/ nufo] + . cfk t'/ Gt kfPFu] + ls cfksf dg zf+t xf] tf rnf hf / xf . ox ljlw eujfg lzj s] lzj ;"q ;] lnof uof x} O;s] JofVofsf/ cf] zf] x} + . lll

;+: yfks tyf ;+/ Ifs;[li6 ;fwgf s] Gb g] kfn tyf l: k|Ro'cn O+: 6LRo"6 cfFkm dfO+8

d} g] hd] G6, ef/ tdhruvswamig@gmail.com,simmpune@yahoo.in

e/ jf+ s/ ] nf;fdu|L – cfwf lsnf] s/ ] nf, bf] Kofh sf k] : 6, bf] rDdr

cb/ v÷nx;'g sf k] : 6, Ps rDdr ;/ ;f] + sf k] : 6, bf] rDdr hL/ f÷wlgofF sf kfp8/ , bf] rDdr nfnldr{ sf kfp8/ , Ps rDdr gL+a" sf / ;, Ps rDdr u/ d d;fnf, bf] rDdr a] ;g sf uf9f 3f] n, gds : jfbfg';f/ .

ljlw – s/ ] n] sf] wf] s/ xNsf ;f pafn n] + . p;s] afb p;d] + rL/ f nufs/ ;f/ f aLh lgsfn n] + . ca s8ÞfxL d] + ;/ ;f] + sf t} n u/ d s/ s] Ps r'6sL d] yL cf} / Ps r'6sL hL/ f r6sf n] + . p;d] + Kofh sf k] : 6 8fns/ e"g] +, xNsf a|fpg xf] g] k/ p;d] + cb/ v÷nx;'g sf k] : 6 8fn b] + . ha Kofh t} n 5f] 8Þg] nu] tf] s/ ] n] sf aLh ;lxt afFsL ;f/ ] d;fn] sf] p;d] + ldnf b] + . d;fnf e'g hfg] k/ u} ; aGb s/ s] p;d] + gL+a" sf / ; ldnf b] + . d;fnf s] 7+8f xf] hfg] k/ p;] rDdr ;] ;f/ ] s/ ] n] d] + e/ b] + . s/ ] n] s] rL/ f sf] a] ;g s] uf9] Þ 3f] n ;] lrksf b] + . ca lkm/ ;] s8ÞfxL d] + cfwf lsnf] ;/ ;f] + sf t} n u/ d s/ ] + cf} / p;d] + s/ ] n] sf] 8fns/ wLdL cfFr k/ pn6 kn6 s/ e"/ f xf] g] ts tn n] + . cfksf e/ jf+ s/ ] nf t} of/ x} .

6df6/ cf} / Go'l6«nf sf crf/ ;fdu|L – cfwf

lsnf] 6df6/ , !)) u|fd Go'l6«nf, Ps Kofh dxLg s6f x'cf, Ps rDdr cb/ v cf} / Ps rDdr nx;'g dxLg s6f x'cf, bf] x/ f ldr{ aLr ;] rL/ f nuf x'cf, Ps Ps rDdr hL/ f÷d] yLbfgf, #–$ ;fa't nfnldr{, Ps Ps r'6sL xL+u cf} / xNbL, $÷% rDdr ;/ ;f] + sf t} n, yf] 8Þf ;f wlgofF kQf s6f x'cf, gds : jfbfg';f/ .

ljlw – Go'l6«nf sf Ps rDdr t} n d] + xNsf ;f e"g s/ lgsfn n] + . ca Ps k} g d] + t} n u/ d s/ ] +, p;d] + hL/ f, d] yL, xL+u cf} / ;fa't nfnldr{ sf] 8fns/ r6sf n] + . p;d] + cb/ v, nx;'g, x/ L ldr{ cf} / Kofh 8fns/ xNsf ;'gx/ f xf] g] ts e"g n] + . ca p;d] + 6df6/ , Go'l6«nf, xNbL cf} / gds 8fns/ yf] 8ÞL b] / ts 9s s/ ksfP] + . ha 6df6/ un hfo] tf] 9Ssg vf] ns/ kfgL k"/ f ;"vg] ts rnftL / x] + . u} ; aGb s/ s] wlgofF kQf ldnf b] + . crf/ t} of/ x} . lll

dw' emf

lxdflngL h"g @)!%56

d] ifM -r"= r] = rf] = nf= nL= n"= n] = nf] = c=_ – d] if / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx ;fdfGotof z'ebfos / x] uf . dfx s] k"jf4{ d] + hxfF, zq'eo, wgvr{ tyf r~rntf, jxL wgk|flKt nfe tyf 1fgj[l4 tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + rf} kfof nfe, ;'v, wd{ d] + cle?lr tyf sfo{l;l4 xf] uL .

a[ifM -O= p= P= cf] = af= lj= a'= j] = jf] =_ – j[if / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx si6bfos / x] uf . dfx s] k"jf4{ d] + : yfg xflg, cnfe, aGwgd, eo, zf] s : qLsi6 xf] t] x'P eL cfsl: ds nfe tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + eL si6bfos xL / x] uf . t;y{ cfk lji0f'zx: qgfd sf kf7 s/ ] + .

ldy'gM -s= ls= s'= 3= ª= 5= s] = sf] = x_ – ldy'g / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod kmnbfos / x] uf . dfx s] k"jf4{ d] + wgk|flKt, 1fgj[l4, ;Gtfg ;'v tyf sfo{l;l4 . k/ Gt' si6 tyf zq'cf] + ;] ;fjwfgL a/ tgL xf] uL tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + b|Jonfe, ;'v tyf ljho tyflk cfn: otf tyf zq'eo sL ;Defjgf x} , t;y{ b'uf{ ;Kt;tL kf7 s/ ] + .

ss{M -lx= x'= x] = xf] = 8f= 8 ÞL= 8Þ'= 8Þ] = 8Þf] _ – ss{ / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx ;fdfGo x} . dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + zf/ Ll/ s / f] u, eo, k'qsi6 tyf clws Joo tyflk wg ;'v tyf Jofkf/ d] + dWod ;kmntf ldn] uL . tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + eL sibfos xL tyflk lsl~rt b|Jonfe xf] uf . cfk s] lnP zlg tyf xg'dfg sL pkf;gf nfes/ xf] uL .

l;+xM -df= ld= d'= d] = df] = 6f= l6= 6'= 6] _ – l;+x / flzjfnf] + s] lnP dfx ;fdfGotof z'e xL / x] uf . dfx s] k"jf4{ d] + ljleGg If] q d] + nfe, ;'v, b|Jonfe tyf sfo{l;l4 k/ Gt' lrGtf tyf zq'j[l4 sf] eL gsf/ f gxL+ hf ;stf . tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + eL ;'v, b|Jonfe, Jofkf/ d] + j[l4 tyflk k/ ] zfgL tyf

zq' j[l4 x} . t;y{ ç gdM lzjfo sf hfk s/ ] . sGofM -6f] = k= kL= k"= if= 0f= 7= k] = kf] =_ – sGof / flzjfnf] + s]

lnP ox dfx dWod kmnbfo / x] uf . dfx s] k"jf4{ d] + wgk|flKt nfe tyf / fHo If] q d] + ;kmntf . jxL wd{xflg, kL8Þf tyf zf/ Ll/ s si6 sf] gsf/ f gxL+ hf ;stf tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + zf] s, / f] u, xf] t] x'P eL ;'v, wgk|flKt tyf sfo{l;l4 sf of] u x} . tyflk cfk s] lnP b'uf{ ;KtztL sf kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

t'nfM -/ f= l/ = ?= / ] = / f] = tf= tL= t'= t] =_ – t'nf / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dxf dWod x} . dfx s] k"jf4{ d] + kL8Þf, si6, xflg, cfly{s sdhf] / L xf] t] x'P eL ;'v nfe tyf pGglt xf] uL . tyf pQ/ fw{ eL ;kmntfbfos gxL+ tyflk ;'v tyf gjsfo{ yfngL xf] uL . cfks] lnP b'uf{ ;KtztL sf kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

j[lZrsM -tf] gf= lg= g'= gf] = of= lo= o'_ – j[lZrs / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod xL / x] uf . dfx s] k"jf4{ d] + Joy{ e|d0f, clws Joo, dgd'6fj xf] t] x'P eL ;'v, wd{/ lt tyf b|Jonfe xf] uf . tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + eL si6, ckJoo tyf k/ ] zfgL xf] t] x'P eL ;'vfg'e"lt xf] uL . cfk s] lnP xg'dfg rfnL;f kf7 nfes/ / x] uf .

wg'M -o= of] = ef= eL= e"= w= kmf= 9= e] =_ – wg' / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx si6bfos / x] uf . dfx s] k'jf{4{ d] + Sn] z ljklQ, xflg, zq'j[l4 tyflk cGgtM ljho tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + e|d0f, b|Jonfe tyf ;'vfg'e"lt xf] uL . k/ Gt' clws Joo, cfn: otf, zq'j[l4 xf] uL . cfk s] lnP b'uf{ ;KtztL sf kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

ds/ M -ef] = hf= hL= h'= h] = hf] = v= lv= v'= vf] = uf= uL_ – ds/ / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx ;fdfGotof z'e kmnbfos x} + . dfx s] k"jf{4{ d] + k'q ;'v, 1fgj[l4, dfgj[l4, ceotf, b|Jonfe tyf sfo{ d] + ;kmntf ldn] uL . tyflk zf/ Ll/ s si6, wd{xflg tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + ;'v, 1fg–dfg j[l4 tyf ljho xf] t] x'P eL dfgl;s k/ ] zfgL p7fgL k8Þ ;stL x} .

s'DeM -u'= u] = uf] = ;f= ;L= ;'= ;] = ;f] = b=_ – s'De / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx si6bfos x} . dfx s] k"jf{4 tyf pQ/ fw{ bf] gf] + kIff] + d] + c1ft eo, zq'eo, dgd'6fj, / f] u, k/ ] zfgL . k/ Gt' lsl~rt wgk|flKt tyf dfgj[l4 xf] uL . cfk s] lnP lzj tyf cg'dfg k"hg nfes/ xf] uf .

dLgM -bL= b'= y= em= `= b] = bf] = bL= r= rL_ – dLg / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod kmnbfos x} . dfx s] k"jf{4{ d] + wgk|flKt, k'q ;'v, 1fgj[l4, Jofkf/ d] + ;kmntf xf] t] x'P eL si6, wd{xflg tyf eo sL ;Defjgf / x] uL tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + dfgxflg, zf/ Ll/ s si6 xf] t] x'P eL ;'v, b|Jonfe, lzIff d] + ;kmntf ldn] uL . cfk s] lnP …ç j[+ j[x: kto] gdMÚ sf hfk nfes/ xf] uf .

-ox / flzkmn ! dfr{ ;] n] s/ #! dfr{ ts nfu" xf] uf_/ flzkmn k|: t't / flzkmn ! h"g ;] #) h"g ts nfu" xf] uf

n] vsM k+=Hof] = x/ ] s[i0f emf -Hof] ltiffrfo{_df] = g= (*$$)&@!(^, sf7df+8Þ"

g] kfnsf clwsf+z gbLx?sf] d'xfg kxf8L If] qdf k5{ . tL gbLx?n] hldg s6fg u/ L cfkm";Fu aufP/ NofPsf] afn'jf, lu§L tyf 9'ª\uf t/ fO{sf] ;dy/ gbLdf y'kfb} { cl3 a9\bf gbLsf] ;txsf] prfO{ a9\g] u5{ . o;n] jif] {gL gbLsf] axfj kl/ jt{g u5{ . ;fy} gbL lsgf/ fdf / x] sf] v] tLof] Uo hldg tyf a: tLdf afn'jf–lu§L y'lk|g] / hldg d?e"lds/ 0f x'g] ;d: of a9\b} uPsf] 5 . To;} n] gbL lsgf/ fdf ?v–lj?jf nufpg] tyf lgoGq0fsf cGo pkfox? cjnDg ug'{ cfjZos eO;s] sf] 5 . o;af/ ] hnpTkGg k|sf] k lgoGq0f sfof{no hgsk'/ ;Fu yk k/ fdz{ u/ L gbL lgoGq0fdf ;xof] u ug{ ckLn ub{5f} + .

hn pTkGg k|sf] k lgoGq0f sfof{nohgsk'/ wfd, wg'iff

gbL lgoGq0f u/ f} +, v] tLof] Uo hldg hf] ufcf} +

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 57

lxdflngL h"g @)!%58

lkmNd ;dLIff

tg' j]8\; dg' l/6g{;k|d'v snfsf/ M s+ugf / gf] 6, cf/ dfwjglkmNd lgb{] zsM cfg+b Pn / fo;+uLt lgb{] zsM s[i0ff ;f] nf] , tlgis–jfo'

…Ps af/ hf] d} +g] sld6d] +6 s/ bL, lkm/ d} + ckg] cfk sL eL gxL+ ;'gtf . kb{] k/ ;ndfg vfg s] af] n] O; kf‘k'n/ ;+jfb sf] …tg' j] 8\; dg' l/ 6G;{ -tj] dl/ _ d] + dgf] h zdf{ pkm{ dg' ckg] c+bfh d] + km] / abn s] ;fy af] nt] x} + tf] kKk" 6f] stf x} ls t'd Sof ;ndfg vfg xf] < l;g] df cf} / pgs] : 6f/ cf} / ufg] xdf/ L lh+buL d] + k|j] z s/ r's] x} + . …tj] dl/ Ú d] + zfx?v vfg sf eL lhqm cftf x} . ;'g;fg ;8Þsf] + k/ cs] nL e6stL tg' s] lnP Ps k'/ fgf ufgf eL u"+htf x} …hf hf / ] a] jkmfÚ . …tj] dl/ Ú d] + kf‘k'n/ sNr/ s] k|efj l;g] df ;] xL gxL+ lnP uP x} + . pQ/ ef/ t d] + k|rlnt 7] 7 zAbf] + s] ;fy …ax't x'cf ;Ddf g t] / L .Ú h} ;] d'xfj/ f ag r'sL k+lQmof] + sf eL ;fy{s O: t] dfn x'cf x} . ofb s/ ] + …t] nx+8fÚ cf} / …em+8Ú h} ;] zAb cfk g] lkmNdf] + d] + ;'gf yf Sof < gxL+ g <

…tj] dl/ Ú xdf/ ] ;do sL P] ;L lkmNd] x} ,hf] pQ/ ef/ t sL txhLa cf} / t/ Ls] sf] au} / ;+sf] r s] k] z s/ tL x} . O; lkmNd sf] b] vt] x'P pQ/ ef/ t s] bz{s yf] 8Þf ;f x+;] +u] , Sof] +ls zAbs,;+jfb cf} / d'xfj/ ] pgsL / f] hd/ f{ lh+buL s] x} + . zx/ L bz{sf] + sf cfg+b cnu xf] uf . pGx] + lx+bL ;dfh sf b] ;Lkg x+;fPuf . …tj] dl/ Ú ;LSjn x} . kxnL lkmNd …tg' j] 8\; dg'Ú sL sxfgL cfu] a9ÞtL x} . dg' d] + l/ lts / f] zg sf] vf] h / xL tg' ca p;] km"6L sf} 8ÞL s] nfos eL gxL+ ;demtL . aft tnfs ts cf hftL x} . sfp+;n/ s] ;fdg] bf] gf] + emu8Þt] x} + tf] seL tg' sL df+u tf] seL dg' sL dha"/ L ;xL nutL x} . l: ylt OtgL lau8Þ hftL x} ls bf] gf] + cfu] –kL5] ef/ t nf} 6t] x} +, n] lsg ckg] –ckg] 3/ f] + sf] . tg' sfgk'/ d] + k'/ fg] of/ f] + sf] vf] htL x} , lh;d] + p;sf gof cflzs lr+6" eL zfldn xf] hftf x} . pw/ dg' sL d'nfsft bQf] ;] xf] tL x} . jx bQf] sf bLjfgf xf] hftf x} . tg' ;] ldn] tnfsgfdf cf} / bQf] sL bLjfguL d] + xd] + dg' s] gP cfofd lbvt] x} + . v"a ha/ b: t 8«fdf xf] tf x} . yf] 8ÞL b] / s] lnP nutf x} ls n] vs lxdf+z' zdf{ b"/ sL sf} 8ÞL n] tf] cfP x} +,n] lsg lgzfgf s} ;] ;fw] +u] < dh] bf/ x} ls lkmNd vTd xf] g] ts ;eL cljZj;gLo k|;+u plrt cf} / tfls{s nug] nut] x} + . cfk bQf] cf} / bQf] ] s] ;fy dg' cf} / / fhf cj: yLg s] ;+of] uf] + k/ osLg s/ g] nut] x} + . awfO{ lxdf+z' .

kxn] ;xof] uL snfsf/ f] + sL aft] + s/ n] + . / fh] G› u'Ktf, s] s] / } gf, bLlKt ld>f, gjgL kl/ xf/ ;d] t 5f] 6] aRrf] + g] ckg] ls/ bf/ f] + ;] sxfgL d] + / +u e/ ] x} + . ls;L Ps sL sdL ;] s'5 vfnL / x hftf . lkm/ bLks 8f] al/ ofn, df] . hLzfg co\o"a, lhdL z] / lun, Phfh vfg, : j|f ef: s/ ;eL g] ckg] P6L6\o"8 ;] sxfgL sf P] ;f tfgf–afgf s;f x} ls lkmNd sL a'gfO{ dha"t cf} / / +uLg xf] uO{ x} . bLks 8f] al/ ofn Ps–bf] b[Zof] + s'5 cf] j/ PlS6+u s/ t] gh/ cft] x} + . axsg] sf vt/ f Hofbf yf, lh;] pGxf] +g] cf} / lgb{] zs g] ;+efnf x} . cf/ dfwjg g] dg' s] : jefj cf} / : j/ sf] ;xL ks8Þf x} . d'lZsn cf} / hl6n b[Zof] + d] + eL j] ckg] ls/ bf/ sf] PS;/ k|] zg sL cfhfbL gxL+ b] t] . ;a s'5 P] ;f gkf–t'nf cf} / ;+oldt x} ls dgf] h zdf{ jf: tljs ;] nug] nut] x} + . pgs] jgnfOg/ tf] dh] bf/ x} + .

O; lkmNd sf Ps gfd …tg" dL6\; bQf] } Ú eL xf] ;stf yf . k'/ fgL sxfgL s] lj: tf/ d] + bQf] s] cfudg ;] gf6sLo df] 8Þ cftf x} . bQf] \ lbvg] d] + tg' h} ;L x} ,n] lsg ckg] Jojxf/ cf} / aft d] + bf] 6"s cf} / ;fkm x} . jx tg' sL t/ x cfTds] +l›t gxL+ x} . O;L jhx ;] jx lgeL{s x} . p;] km} ;n] n] g] d] + b] / gxL+ nutL . pmk/ ;] s7f] / cf} / c+b/ ;] d'nfod bQf] ] abgfd xl/ of0ff sL gO{ pDdLb x} . gO{ n8ÞsL x} . n] vs–lgb{] zs g] …tj] dl/ Ú sL

gf6sLo k|] dsxfgL d] + s'5 h¿/ L ;jfnf] + sf] eL 6r lsof x} . k6syf sf lx: ;f agf lbof x} . bQf] s] ls/ bf/ d] + s+ugf / gf] 6 sf cfTd;ljZjff; b] vt] xL agtf x} . s'5 ls/ bf/ P] ;] xf] t] x} + ls pGx] + of] Uo snfsf/ f] + sf ;dy{g ldn hfP tf] j] ofbuf/ ag hft] x} + . bQf] + P] ;f xL ls/ bf/ x} . p;] ptgL xL lz2t cf} / hfg ;] s+ugf / gf] 6 g] kb{] k/ rl/ tfy{ lsof x} . s+ugf sf …: j} gu/ Ú -O7nfgf_ c+bfh eftf x} . …aGgf] t] / f : j]6/ .Ú ufg] sf] Wofg ;] ;'g] + tf] bQf] g sf rl/ q : ki6 xf] hfPuf . lkmNd d] + uLt–;+uLt efjfg's"n x} + . / fh z] v/ cf} / s[i0ff sL hf] 8ÞL Ps af/ lkm/ lg/ fn] c+bfh d] + lkmNd sL h¿/ t] + k"/ L s/ tL x} . …d"j cf‘gÚ,Ú dt hfÚ d] + ls/ bf/ f] + sL dgf] bzf Jo Qm xf] tL x} . …30fL afj/ LÚ cf} / tg' s] g[To sf d] n cg'lrt nutf x} .

lxdflngLh"g @)!% 59

lxdflngL h"g @)!%60