Higher Education | Pearson - Praise for The …...Interior Design:Red Kite Project Cover...

“An exceptionally engaging narrative....Written in a lively stylethat will surely grab the attention of students, this textbook

offers a balanced approach to the American past by conciselyblending political, economic, social, and cultural history.”

Brad Cartwright, University of Texas at El Paso

“The approach the authors have taken makes the course notonly easier to teach, but by far more interesting in that it

challenges the students to consider different viewpoints and theimpact each has on the whole of history.”

Daniel Donalson, Houston Community College Southeast

“The text accomplishes the difficult task of merging narrativewith multiple perspectives, keeping a careful eye on the

diversity of American experiences. The writing is engaging, thescholarship is up-to-date, and the overall value of the textbook

makes it an excellent choice for U.S. survey courses.”

Melanie Perrault, Salisbury University

Praise for The American Story

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ROBERT A. DIVINE, George W. Littlefield ProfessorEmeritus in American History at the University of Texas atAustin, received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1954. Aspecialist in American diplomatic history, he taught from1954 to 1996 at the University of Texas, where he washonored by both the student association and the graduateschool for teaching excellence. His extensive publishedwork includes The Illusion of Neutrality (1962); SecondChance: The Triumph of Internationalism in America

During World War II (1967); and Blowing on the Wind (1978). His most recent work isPerpetual War for Perpetual Peace (2000), a comparative analysis of twentieth-centu-ry American wars. He is also the author of Eisenhower and the Cold War (1981) andeditor of three volumes of essays on the presidency of Lyndon Johnson. His book, TheSputnik Challenge (1993), won the Eugene E. Emme Astronautical Literature Awardfor 1993. He has been a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the BehavioralSciences and has given the Albert Shaw Lectures in Diplomatic History at JohnsHopkins University.

T. H. BREEN, William Smith Mason Professor ofAmerican History at Northwestern University, receivedhis Ph.D. from Yale University in 1968. He has taught atNorthwestern since 1970. Breen’s major books includeThe Character of the Good Ruler: A Study of PuritanPolitical Ideas in New England (1974); Puritans andAdventurers: Change and Persistence in Early America(1980); Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the GreatTidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution (1985);

and, with Stephen Innes of the University of Virginia, “Myne Owne Ground”:Race and Freedom on Virginia’s Eastern Shore (1980). His Imagining the Past(1989) won the 1990 Historic Preservation Book Award. Marketplace of Revolutionreceived the Colonial Wars Book Award for the “best” book on the AmericanRevolution in 2004. In addition to receiving several awards for outstanding teach-ing at Northwestern, Breen has been the recipient of research grants from theAmerican Council of Learned Societies, the Guggenheim Foundation, theInstitute for Advanced Study (Princeton), the National Humanities Center, andthe Huntington Library. He has served as the Fowler Hamilton Fellow at ChristChurch, Oxford University (1987–1988); the Pitt Professor of American Historyand Institutions, Cambridge University (1990–1991); the Harmsworth Professor ofAmerican History at Oxford University (2000–2001); and was a recipient of theHumboldt Prize (Germany). His most recent book is American Insurgents: TheRevolution of the People Before Independence (2010).

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about the authors

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GEORGE M. FREDRICKSON was Edgar E. RobinsonProfessor Emeritus of United States History at StanfordUniversity. He is the author or editor of several books,including The Inner Civil War (1965), The Black Image inthe White Mind (1971), and White Supremacy: AComparative Study in American and South AfricanHistory (1981), which won both the Ralph WaldoEmerson Award from Phi Beta Kappa and the Merle CurtiAward from the Organization of American Historians.

His most recent books are Black Liberation: A Comparative History of BlackIdeologies in the United States and South Africa (1995); The ComparativeImagination: Racism, Nationalism, and Social Movements (1997); and Racism: AShort History (2002). He received his A.B. and Ph.D. from Harvard and has been therecipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, two National Endowment for the HumanitiesSenior Fellowships, and a fellowship from the Center for Advanced Studies in theBehavioral Sciences. Before coming to Stanford in 1984, he taught at Northwestern.He has also served as Fulbright lecturer in American History at Moscow Universityand as the Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford. He served as pres-ident of the Organization of American Historians in 1997–1998.

R. HAL WILLIAMS is professor of history at SouthernMethodist University. He received his A.B. fromPrinceton University in 1963 and his Ph.D. from YaleUniversity in 1968. His books include The DemocraticParty and California Politics, 1880–1896 (1973); Years ofDecision: American Politics in the 1890s (1978); and TheManhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to theAtomic Age (1990). A specialist in American political his-tory, he taught at Yale University from 1968 to 1975 and

came to SMU in 1975 as chair of the Department of History. From 1980 to 1988, heserved as dean of Dedman College, the school of humanities and sciences, at SMU,where he is currently dean of Research and Graduate Studies. In 1980, he was a vis-iting professor at University College, Oxford University. Williams has receivedgrants from the American Philosophical Society and the National Endowment for theHumanities, and he has served on the Texas Committee for the Humanities. He hasrecently completed Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the RemarkableElection of 1896, which will be published in spring 2010.

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ARIELA J. GROSS is the John B. and Alice R. SharpProfessor of Law and History at the University of SouthernCalifornia. She is the author of Double Character: Slaveryand Mastery in the Antebellum Southern Courtroom (2000)and What Blood Won’t Tell: A History of Race on Trial inAmerica (2008), winner of the 2009 Willard Hurst Prize forsociolegal history from the Law and Society Association.She has also published numerous law review articles andbook chapters, including most recently, “When Is the Time

of Slavery? The History of Slavery in Contemporary Legal and Political Argument,” inthe California Law Review. She received her B.A. from Harvard University, her J.D.from Stanford Law School, and her Ph.D. from Stanford University, and is the recipientof a Guggenheim Fellowship, a National Endowment for the Humanities Long-TermFellowship at the Huntington Library, and a Frederick J. Burkhardt Fellowship fromthe American Council for Learned Societies. She has been a visiting professor at TelAviv University and the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.

H. W. BRANDS is the Dickson Allen Anderson CentennialProfessor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. Heis the author of numerous works of history and internation-al affairs, including The Devil We Knew: Americans and theCold War (1993), The Reckless Decade: America in the1890s (1995), TR: The Last Romantic (a biography ofTheodore Roosevelt) (1997), What America Owes theWorld: The Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (1998),The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin

Franklin (2000), The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New AmericanDream (2002), Andrew Jackson (2005), and Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life andRadical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2008). His writings have received pop-ular and critical acclaim; several of his books have been bestsellers, and The FirstAmerican and Traitor to His Class were finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. He lectures fre-quently across North America and in Europe. His essays and reviews have appeared inthe New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, the Los AngelesTimes, and Atlantic Monthly. He is a regular guest on radio and television, and has par-ticipated in numerous historical documentary films.

Author ResponsibilityAlthough this book is a joint effort, each author took primary responsibility for writ-ing one section. T. H. Breen contributed the first eight chapters, going from the ear-liest Native American period to the second decade of the nineteenth century. ArielaJ. Gross worked on Chapters 9 through 16, carrying the narrative through theReconstruction era. R. Hal Williams was responsible for Chapters 17 through 24,focusing on the industrial transformation, urbanization, and the events culminatingin World War I. The final eight chapters, bringing the story through the GreatDepression, World War II, the Cold War and its aftermath, the wars in Iraq andAfghanistan, and culminating in the historic election of Barack Obama, were thework of H. W. Brands. Each contributor reviewed and revised the work of his or hercolleagues and helped shape the material into its final form.

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THE AMERICAN STORYVolume I: To 1877

F O U R T H E D I T I O N

ROBERT A. DIVINEUniversity of Texas

T. H. BREENNorthwestern University

GEORGE M. FREDRICKSONLate of Stanford University

R. HAL WILLIAMSSouthern Methodist University

ARIELA J. GROSSUniversity of Southern California

H. W. BRANDSUniversity of Texas

P E N G U I N A C A D E M I C S

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Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission,in this textbook appear on appropriate pages within the text (or on pages C1–C2).

Text Credits: Page 40, Arthur Miller, The Price, New York, NY: Viking Penguin, 1968; Page 343,“I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King, Jr. Copyright © 1963 by Martin Luther King, Jr.,copyright renewed © 1991 by Coretta Scott King. Reprinted by arrangement with the Heirs tothe Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., c/o Writer's House, Inc., as agent for the proprietor.

Copyright ® 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman,One Lake St., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the UnitedStates of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtainedfrom the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or trans-mission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or like-wise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request toPearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake St., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataThe American story / Robert A. Divine ... [et al.].—4th ed.

v. cm.“Combined volume.”Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-205-72894-7 (set)—ISBN 978-0-205-72895-4 (v. 1)ISBN 978-0-205-72896-1 (v. 2)[etc.]1. United States—History. I. Divine, Robert A. E178.A5545 2011973—dc22

2009047180

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 10: 0-205-72895-2ISBN 13: 978-0-205-72895-4

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Maps xivFigures xvTables xviPreface xxii

CHAPTER 1 New World Encounters 1

CHAPTER 2 England’s Colonial Experiments 29

CHAPTER 3 Putting Down Roots 59

CHAPTER 4 Colonies in an Empire 81

CHAPTER 5 The American Revolution 109

CHAPTER 6 The Republican Experiment 140

CHAPTER 7 Democracy and Dissent 169

CHAPTER 8 Republican Ascendancy 195

CHAPTER 9 Nation Building and Nationalism 220

CHAPTER 10 The Triumph of White Men’s Democracy 243

CHAPTER 11 Slaves and Masters 266

CHAPTER 12 The Pursuit of Perfection 290

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brief contents

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CHAPTER 13 An Age of Expansionism 313

CHAPTER 14 The Sectional Crisis 336

CHAPTER 15 Secession and the Civil War 360

CHAPTER 16 The Agony of Reconstruction 385

Appendix A-1Credits C-1Index I-1

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detailed contents

Maps xivFigures xvTables xviPreface xxii

CHAPTER 1 New World Encounters 1

Native American Histories Before Conquest 2 ■ A World Transformed 8■ West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies 11 ■ Europe on the Eveof Conquest 14 ■ Imagining a New World 16 ■ The French ClaimCanada 21 ■ English Dreams of Empire 22 ■ The Mystery of the LostColony 26 ■ Selling English America 27

CHAPTER 2 England’s Colonial Experiments 29

Profit and Piety 30 ■ The Chesapeake: The Lure of Wealth 31 ■

Reforming England in America 40 ■ Cultural Diversity: The MiddleColonies 48 ■ Quakers in America 51 ■ Planting the Carolinas 53 ■ TheFounding of Georgia 55 ■ Landscape of Fragments 57

CHAPTER 3 Putting Down Roots 59

Sources of Stability: Family Values in Seventeenth-Century NewEngland 60 ■ The Planters’ World 65 ■ Race and Freedom in BritishAmerica 68 ■ Commercial Blueprint for Empire 72 ■ Provinces inRevolt, 1676–1691 74 ■ Common Experiences, Separate Cultures 80

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CHAPTER 4 Colonies in an Empire 81

The Challenge of Growth 82 ■ Convicts Sent to America 83 ■ EthnicCultures of the Backcountry 84 ■ Spanish Borderlands 88 ■ BritishColonies in an Atlantic World 90 ■ Revival: The Appeal of EvangelicalReligion 94 ■ Clash of Political Cultures 97 ■ Fighting Britain’s Wars inAmerica 100 ■ Imperial Patriotism 106

CHAPTER 5 The American Revolution 109

Character of Colonial Society 110 ■ The Army as Provocation:Eroding the Bonds of Empire 115 ■ Decision for Independence 126■ Fighting for Independence 129 ■ The Loyalist Dilemma 136 ■

Winning the Peace 137 ■ Uncertain Prospects: Liberty orAnarchy 138

CHAPTER 6 The Republican Experiment 140

A New Political Culture 141 ■ Living in the Shadow of Revolution 142 ■

The States: Putting Republicanism into Practice 148 ■ Stumbling Towarda New National Government 150 ■ Strengthening Federal Authority 154■ “Have We Fought for This?” 157 ■ Whose Constitution? Struggle forRatification 164 ■ Can the People Be Trusted? 167

CHAPTER 7 Democracy and Dissent 169

Power of Public Opinion 170 ■ Establishing a New Government 171 ■

Conflicting Visions: Jefferson and Hamilton 173 ■ Hamilton’s Plan forEconomic Development 176 ■ Charges of Treason: The Battle overForeign Affairs 179 ■ Popular Political Culture 184 ■ The AdamsPresidency 187 ■ The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800 192 ■

Danger of Political Extremism 193

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CHAPTER 8 Republican Ascendancy 195

Regional Identities in a New Republic 196 ■ Jefferson as President 200■ Jefferson’s Critics 205 ■ Embarrassments Overseas 211 ■ TheStrange War of 1812 216 ■ Republican Legacy 218

CHAPTER 9 Nation Building and Nationalism 220

Expansion and Migration 221 ■ Transportation and the Market Economy 228 ■ The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 235

CHAPTER 10 The Triumph of White Men’s Democracy 243

Democracy in Theory and Practice 244 ■ Jackson and the Politics ofDemocracy 250 ■ The Bank War and the Second Party System 257 ■

Heyday of the Second Party System 263 ■ Tocqueville’s Wisdom 264

CHAPTER 11 Slaves and Masters 266

The Divided Society of the Old South 267 ■ The World of SouthernBlacks 268 ■ White Society in the Antebellum South 276 ■ Slavery andthe Southern Economy 283 ■ Worlds in Conflict 288

CHAPTER 12 The Pursuit of Perfection 290

The Rise of Evangelicalism 291 ■ Domesticity and Changes in theAmerican Family 296 ■ Institutional Reform 300 ■ Reform TurnsRadical 303 ■ Counterpoint on Reform 311

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CHAPTER 13 An Age of Expansionism 313

Movement to the Far West 314 ■ Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 320 ■ Internal Expansionism 326 ■ The Costs ofExpansion 334

CHAPTER 14 The Sectional Crisis 336

The Compromise of 1850 337 ■ Political Upheaval, 1852–1856 342 ■

The House Divided, 1857–1860 348 ■ Explaining the Crisis 357

CHAPTER 15 Secession and the Civil War 360

The Storm Gathers 362 ■ Adjusting to Total War 366 ■ Fight to theFinish 374 ■ Effects of the War 381

CHAPTER 16 The Agony of Reconstruction 385

The President Versus Congress 386 ■ Reconstructing SouthernSociety 394 ■ Retreat from Reconstruction 399 ■ Reunion and theNew South 403 ■ Henry McNeal Turner and the “UnfinishedRevolution” 407

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APPENDIX A-1

The Declaration of Independence A-1 ■ The Constitution of the UnitedStates of America A-4 ■ Amendments to the Constitution A-11 ■

Recommended Reading A-18 ■ Suggested Web Sites A-36

Credits C-1Index I-1

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PAGE

The First Americans: Location of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 7

Chesapeake Colonies, 1640 33

New England Colonies, 1650 47

Middle Colonies, 1685 49

The Carolinas and Georgia 56

The African Slave Trade 70

North America, 1750 102

The American Revolution, 1775–1781 130

Northwest Territory 153

Ratification of the Constitution 167

Conquest of the West 185

North America in 1800 197

The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and Clark 204

The Missouri Compromise, 1820–1821 238

Indian Removal 254

Slave Concentration, 1820 283

Slave Concentration, 1860 285

Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth Century 316

The Compromise of 1850 341

Secession 363

Civil War, 1861–1862 370

Civil War, 1863–1865 378

Reconstruction 392

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maps

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Immigration to the United States, 1870–1900 331

Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861 367

Casualties of War 382

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figures

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England’s Principal Mainland Colonies 57

A Century of Conflict: Major Wars, 1689–1763 106

Major Parliamentary Acts: Oppression or Regulation? 125

Revolution or Reform? The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution Compared 163

The Election of 1796 188












The Liberty Party Swings an Election 321


The Age of Practical Invention 330



xvi

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Reconstruction Amendments, 1865–1870 391


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Mt. Whitney14,500 ft.(4,400 m)

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PUERTO RICO(U.S.)

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Political and Physical Mapof the United States

Land ElevationMeters3,000

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For many decades, the traditional narratives that framed the story of the UnitedStates assumed a unified society in which men and women of various races andbackgrounds shared a common culture. In recent years, however, many historianshave come to believe that traditional narratives stressing the rise of democracy orthe advance of free enterprise undervalue the complexity and diversity of theAmerican story. This research makes it hard to sustain a perspective that presumesthe inevitability of progress for all men and women and that allows one dominantgroup to speak for so many others who have struggled over the centuries to makethemselves heard. Nevertheless, an awareness that the past is as much about con-troversy as agreement, as much concerned with diversity as with unity, does notpreclude the possibility of a coherent narrative. To create such a narrative whilestill paying attention to the differences of race and class, ethnicity, and gender isthe goal.

The authors of this volume accept the challenge, believing strongly that it ispossible to craft a coherent story without silencing difference. We start with theconviction that to tell this story it is essential to listen closely to what people in thepast have had to say about their own aspirations, frustrations, and passions. Afterall, they were the ones who had to figure out how to live with other Americans,many of them totally unsympathetic, even hostile to the demands of others whohappened to march to different drummers. Readers of this book will encounter manyof these individuals and discover how, in their own terms, they tried to make senseof everyday events connected to family and work, church, and community.

We have done our best to avoid the tendency to lump individuals arbitrarilytogether in groups. It is true, for example, that many early colonists in America werecalled Puritans, and presumably in their private lives they reflected religious valuesand beliefs known as Puritanism. But we must not conclude that an abstraction—inthis case Puritanism—made history. To do so misses the complexity and diversitymasked by the abstraction, for at the end of the day, what for the sake of conven-ience we term Puritanism was in fact a rich, spirited, often truculent conversationamong men and women who disagreed to the point of violence on many details ofthe theology they allegedly shared. The same observation could be made aboutother movements in American history, for example, unions or civil rights, politicalparties or antebellum reform. A narrative that sacrifices the rough edges of dissentin the interest of getting on with the story may propel the reader smoothly throughthe centuries, but a subtler, more complex tale is more honest about how people inthe past actually made events.

Even as we stress the significance of human agency, we resist transforming thelong history of the peoples of the United States into a form of highbrow antiquari-anism. The men and women who appear in this book lived for the most part in smallcommunities. Even in the large cities that drew so many migrants after theIndustrial Revolution, individuals defined their daily routines around family, friends,and neighborhoods. But it would be misleading to conclude that these people wereeffectively cut off from a larger world. However strong and vibrant their local cul-tures may have been, their social identities were also the product of the experience

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of accommodation and resistance to external forces, many of them beyond their owncontrol. Industrialization changed the nature of life in the small communities. So,too, did nationalism, imperialism, global capitalism, and world war. In our accountsof such diverse events as the American Revolution, the Civil War, the New Deal, andthe Cold War, we seek the drama of history in the efforts of ordinary people to makesense of the demands imposed upon them by economic and social change.

It was during these confrontations—moments of unexpected opportunity andfrightening vulnerability—that ordinary Americans came to understand better thoseprocesses of justice and oppression, national security, and distribution of naturalresources that we call politics. The outcome of international wars, the policies leg-islated by Congress, and the decisions handed down by the Supreme Court must beincluded in a proper narrative history of the peoples of the United States since theseoccurrences sparked fresh controversies. They were the stuff of expectations as wellas disappointments. What one group interpreted as progress, another almostalways viewed as a curtailment of rights. For some, the conquest of the West, aprocess that went on for several centuries, opened the door to prosperity; for oth-ers, it brought degradation and removal. The point is not to turn the history of theUnited States into a chronicle of broken dreams. Rather, we seek to reconstruct thetensions behind events, demonstrating as best we can why good history can neverbe written entirely from the perspective of the winners.

From the start of the project, we recognized the risk of treating minorities andwomen as a kind of afterthought, as if their contributions to the defining events ofAmerican history were postscripts, to be taken up only after the reader had learnedof important battles and transforming elections. Our treatment of the AmericanRevolution is one example of our balanced and integrated approach to telling thestory of the past. Women were not spectators during the war for independence.They understood the language of rights and equality, and while they could not votefor representatives in the colonial assemblies, they made known in other ways theirprotests against British taxation. They formed the backbone of consumer boycottsthat helped mobilize popular opinion during the prelude to armed confrontation.And they made it clear that they expected liberation from the legal and economicconstraints that consigned them to second-class citizenship in the new republic.Their aspirations were woven into every aspect of the American Revolution, andalthough they were surely disappointed with the male response to their appeals,they deserve—and here receive—attention not as marginal participants in shapingevents but as central figures in an ongoing conversation about gender and power ina liberal society.

The story of how African Americans organized after World War II to demand thatthe nation live up to the promise of the Declaration of Independence offers yet anoth-er example of this book’s integrated approach. Our account of the civil rights strug-gle ranges from the eloquent leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., to the key rolesplayed by unheralded blacks in the ranks at Selma and Birmingham. These bravemen, women, and children suffered the blows of local sheriffs and the indignity ofbeing swept off the streets by fire hoses, yet their travails ultimately persuadedwhite America to enact the landmark civil rights laws of the 1960s. The United Stateshas yet to accord African Americans full equality, but the strides taken after WorldWar II constitute a major step toward racial justice. Similarly, the stories of othergrand events integrate the hopes and fears of other groups—Native Americans, newimmigrants from Third World nations—into what philosopher Horace Kallen oncedescribed as “a multiplicity in a unity, an orchestration of mankind.”

An overriding goal in our crafting of this narrative has been to produce a vol-ume that would be enjoyable to read. Striving for this goal, we have sought to avoid

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the clumsy jargon that can be so irksome to the reader who—like us—believes thatgood history involves well-told stories. The structure and features of the book areintended to stimulate student interest and reinforce learning. Chapters begin withvignettes or incidents that introduce the specific chapter themes that drive the nar-rative and preview the topics to be discussed. Our interpretation of the centralevents of American history is based on the best scholarship of the past as well asthe most recent historiography.

New to This EditionIn this edition, we have reviewed each chapter carefully to take account of recentscholarly work and to streamline the presentation in the most contemporary chap-ters for a more straightforward and manageable overview of recent American his-tory. We have also included new and expanded material in several chapters.Chapter 9 includes a new section on urbanization, and Chapter 13 includesstreamlined discussions and coverage of expansionism and foreign policy. Chapter32 has been revised and extended to include events of George W. Bush’s secondterm, notably developments in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the globalfinancial crisis that began in 2007, and the 2008 election of Barack Obama.

The authors are grateful to the reviewers whose thoughtful and constructivework contributed greatly to this and previous editions:

Samantha Barbas, Chapman UniversityJames Baumgardner, Carson-Newman CollegeJoseph E. Bisson, San Joaquin Delta CollegeCynthia Carter, Florida Community College at JacksonvilleBrad Cartwright, University of Texas at El PasoKatherine Chavigny, Sweet Briar CollegeCole Dawson, Warner Pacific CollegeJames Denham, Florida Southern CollegeDaniel Donalson, Houston Community CollegeKathleen Feely, University of RedlandsJennifer Fry, King’s CollegeAimee Harris-Johnson, El Paso Community CollegePaul B. Hatley, Rogers State UniversitySarah Heath, Texas A&M University-Corpus ChristiBen Johnson, Southern Arkansas UniversityCarol Keller, San Antonio CollegeElizabeth Kuebler-Wolf, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort WayneRick Murray, College of the CanyonsMelanie Perreault, Salisbury UniversityCarrie Pritchett, Northeast Texas Community CollegeThomas S. Reid, Valencia Community CollegeMark Schmellor, Binghamton UniversityC. Edward Skeen, University of MemphisRonald Spiller, Edinboro University of PennsylvaniaPat Thompson, University of Texas, San AntonioStephen Tootle, University of North ColoradoStephen Warren, Augustana CollegeStephen Webre, Louisiana Tech UniversityLinda Wright, Tarrant County College

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