Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 Academic Competitiveness & National SMART Grants
HIGHER EDUCATION AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
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Transcript of HIGHER EDUCATION AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
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HIGHER EDUCATION AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
David B. BillsUniversity of IowaApril 2011
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3 Big Questions
How does U.S. higher education compare with other nations? Where are behind and where we are ahead?
What needs to be done to further strengthen the U.S. competitiveness of this industry in the next decade?
What research should CASIC conduct to help bring this about?
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Some subquestions
What can we make of the fact that the expansion of secondary and postsecondary education, economic productivity, and post-industrialism have risen together (each to an astonishing degree) over the past several decades?
Are these trends causally related to each other?
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Two Big Facts
Huge Expansion of Educational Enrollments around the Globe: The World Educational Revolution
The Gender Reversal
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Expansion
Formal schooling is now the basis of social mobility and status attainment
Increase in years of schooling completed
Changes in quality of schooling
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Why Has American Education Worked?
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Goldin and Katz – The Race Between Education and Technology
The Human Capital Century Virtuous Cycle:
Public FundingPublic ProvisionSeparation of Church and State
Education as the Engine of Growth
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What If It’s All Just Credentialism? Or Something Worse?
Wolf, A. 2003. “Does Education Matter? Myths about Education and Economic Growth”. Economic Affairs 23, (2): 57-8.
What if the links between education, productivity, and prosperity and growth aren’t what we (and Obama) think they are?
What if universities select on class more than on ability?
What if employers use credentials for prestige more than for skills (or even trainability)?
What if gatekeepers keep talented people out?
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These processes are probably less prevalent than they once were, but they are operative in some markets.
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Relationship Between Educational Expansion and Economic Growth is Ambiguous and Contingent Chabbott and Ramirez primary and secondary schooling have
stronger effects on economic development than does higher education
economic effects of expanded schooling are stronger for poorer countries
Vocational schooling often has more payoff than does academic education.
greater enrollments in science and engineering positively influence economic development
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Barro – In a sample of 98 countries from
1960-1985, economic growth was more an outcome of the initial level of human capital in the society than it was a result of the expansion of any level of the educational system.
Having lots of educated people around enhances economic growth
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Portugal
Poorest and least educated country in Western Europe
28% of those aged 25-64 has completed high school, Germany has 85% and Czech Republic 91%
May lack the human capital to grow its way out of the current economic crisis
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Ireland
Despite current banking crisis, their last decade’s investment in technical education has attracted business and made nation far richer than it would otherwise have been
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Some Complications
As a development policy, educational expansion has distributional effects as well as productive effects. Can expect winners and losers. Maximally maintained inequality.
Educational policies of any sort have to be coupled with employment and welfare policies. Ongoing polarization of employment.
“What works” will vary across settings.
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The Gender Reversal
Three-quarters of American high school valedictorians are female, but only one-quarter of those in STEM jobs are female
Why haven’t economic gains for women kept pace with educational gains?
Still, gains for women are significant, but this is not generally true for racial and ethnic minorities
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American Higher Education Under Fire: A Nation at Risk Again
Recent Titles: Higher Education? How Colleges Are
Wasting Our Money and Failing Our Kids---and What We Can Do About It
Crisis on Campus: A Bold Plan for Reforming Our Colleges and Universities
The Five-Year Party: How Colleges Have Given Up on Educating Your Child and What You Can Do About It
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Arum and Roksa Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses
Too many undergraduate students are not working hard and not learning much
Students (and their professors) are too often under-motivated
German data suggest much the same for academic higher education, although their apprentices are working hard
Difference of course is cost of American and German higher education
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Danger Signs in American Higher Education U.S. no longer leads the world in higher
education participation rates Participation and degree attainment rates
have leveled off and may even be declining in some larger states
Public funding for higher education has declined in the U.S. even as it has increased elsewhere
Fewer young Americans are entering STEM fields relative to our economic competitors
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What of Graduate Education? Have We Lost Our Edge? Research enterprise remains strong Brown, Lauder, and Ashton – The
Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs, and Incomes
“Digital Taylorism” high skills and low pay
Quality of (and commitment to) higher education elsewhere is increasing. China wants to eventually create 20 MITs
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As important as the decline in postsecondary participation is the lack of integration between educational policy and broader national economic and social policy
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What Do We Need to Know? A Couple of Priors Higher Education is not only for the
purpose of social mobility or even human capital development. Are civic, cultural, and other quality of life benefits.
Need a substantial tolerance for ambiguity and contingency
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We know about individual returns to education, but need to know more about social returns.
Is evidence, for instance, that regional universities have strong effects on regional employment (Lendel 2010)
Strong evidence for spillover effects. Less-educated workers in areas with lots of more-educated workers tend to have higher incomes
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Need to conceptualize our object of study as systems of skill development, not simply as higher education – What human capital policies best foster skill enhancement, and what skills should be enhanced? National and regional systems of skill enhancement are closely linked to other political, economic, and social institutions.
Community colleges, apprenticeships, partnerships, company training, industry certification, on-the-job training, etc., but also welfare state, production strategies, party politics, etc.
So we need to understand different national and regional strategies of skill-building reform
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Varieties of Capitalism
Firms need to solve five coordination problems▪ Industrial relations▪ Vocational training and education▪ Corporate governance▪ Inter-firm relations▪ Coordinating employees
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We Need More and Better Data How do employers get skills? When
do they make and when do they buy?
How do we manage transitions between statuses (school, work, training, unemployment, child-rearing, retirement)? Gunther Schmidt’s “transitional labor markets”
How do we structure the sub-baccalaureate labor force, where much of the action will be?
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Thank you for your attention