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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:

1.1.1 Aim:

Currently, almost all network operators worldwide are upgrading their GSM networks in order 

to provide high speed mobile data to their subscribers. The ever increasing growth rate of data

applications such as e-mail and the internet is confronting mobile network operators worldwide

with the challenge to upgrade their networks to high bandwidth capable bit pipes in order to

 provide for all kinds of mobile data applications. !igh speed mobile data will combine two of 

today"s most rapidly growing technologies, mobility and the internet.

G#$S %General #acket $adio Service&, '(G' %'nhanced (ata rates for Global 'volution& and

!SCS( %!igh Speed Circuit Switched (ata& have been designed primarily as upgrades to the well

known and widely used GSM standard. )n the *+s and early *++s, when the GSM system was

designed and standardied, data transmission capabilities were of minor importance compared to

voice.

/esides, at that time, the ma0imum transmission speed of +.1 kbit2s that GSM offered,

appeared to be sufficient and was comparable with analog wireline modems. Starting with

!SCS(, the first high speed mobile data upgrade to be standardied, higher rates of transmission

can be provided to mobile customers. '(G' has a transmission speed of up to 34 kbit2s and

G#$S is able to support up to *1 kbit2s.

1.1.2 Previous System:

)n the past days we use to have the internet hub to surf because those days mobile with the

internet facility was not available, but now we got the internet on our finger tips through high

speed mobile networking.

1.1.3 Proposed Systems:

Mobile networking have been proposed for a wide range of applications through 5G#$S6 which

is gaining speed day by day in the internet services on mobile, which helps helps the common man

to get any information within seconds of his time making the people to feel fle0ible and reliable of 

its function.

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1.2 istory:

G#$S %General #acket $adio Service&, '(G' %'nhanced (ata rates for Global

'volution& and !SCS( %!igh Speed Circuit Switched (ata& have been designed primarily as

upgrades to the well known and widely used GSM standard. )n the *+s and early *++s, when

the GSM system was designed and standardied, data transmission capabilities were of minor 

importance compared to voice. /esides, at that time, the ma0imum transmission speed of +.1

kbit2s that GSM offered, appeared to be sufficient and was comparable with analog wireline

modems.

Starting with !SCS(, the first high speed mobile data upgrade to be standardied, higher 

rates of transmission can be provided to mobile customers. '(G' has a transmission speed of up

to 34 kbit2s and G#$S is able to support up to *1 kbit2s.

1.3 !iter"ture survey:

1.3.1 #o$i%e Device:

: mobile device is a small computing device, typically small enough to be handheld %and hence

also commonly known as a handheld computer or simply handheld& having a display screen with

touch input and2or a miniature keyboard and weighing less than = pounds %.+* kg&.>citation needed ?

Samsung,  Sony,  !TC, ;G, Motorola Mobility  and  :pple are @ust a few e0amples of the many

manufacturers that produce these types of devices.

: handheld computing device has an operating system %8S&, and can run various types of 

application software, known as apps. Most handheld devices can also be eAuipped with Bi-i,

/luetooth, 9C and G#S capabilities that can allow connections to the )nternet and other devices,

such as an automobile or a microphone headset or can be used to provide ;ocation-based services.

: camera or media player feature for video or music files can also be typically found on these

devices along with a stable battery power source such as a lithium battery. )ncreasingly mobile

devices also contain sensors like accelerometers,  compasses,  magnetometers, or gyroscopes,

allowing detection of orientation and motion.

1.3.2 &d'e:

'(G' will provide the highest speeds in the second generation of mobile networks.

!owever, how can '(G' achieve these high throughput rates compared to G#$S or !SCS(D )s

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'(G' really the third alternative to G#$S and !SCS( with regard to high speed mobile dataD )f 

'(G' is so superior to !SCS( and G#$S, why not upgrade directly to '(G', leaving out

!SCS( and G#$SD )ndeed, why is the mobile industry in the ES also talking about '(G' D

1.3.3 (PRS:

G#$S is a packet-switched upgrade to GSM. Bhat conseAuences does packet-switching

actually have on a mobile networkD !ow does G#$S perform in comparison with e.g. !SCS(D

!ow will the GSM networks need upgrading in order to implement G#$S D

1.3.) SCSD:

!SCS( is circuit-switched and hardly any operator decided to implement it. This

subclause will provide you with an overview of !SCS(. )t will describe its principles and performance and it will e0plain why !SCS( is the simplest high speed data upgrade for GSM.

/ased on timeslot bundling, !SCS( can provide speeds up to F.1 kbit2s. !owever, as

illustrated in the table below, its performance depends on the number of timeslots and the channel

type. 9ote that commercial implementations of !SCS( barely e0ceed a speed of 3.4 kbit2s.

1.3.* (S#:

GSM %Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile&, is a

standard developed by the 'uropean Telecommunications Standards )nstitute %'TS)& to describe

the protocols for second-generation %=G& digital cellular networks used by  mobile phones, first

deployed in inland in 7uly *++*.>=? :s of =*4 it has become the default global standard for 

mobile communications - with over +H market share, operating in over =*+ countries and

territories.>3?

=G networks developed as a replacement for first generation %*G& analog cellular networks, andthe GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimied for full

duple0 voice telephony. This e0panded over time to include data communications, first by circuit-

switched transport, then by packet data transport via G#$S %General #acket $adio Services& and

'(G' %'nhanced (ata rates for GSM 'volution or 'G#$S&.

SubseAuently, the 3G## developed third-generation %3G& EMTS standards followed by fourth-

generation %4G& ;T' :dvanced standards, which do not form part of the 'TS) GSM standard.

2. S+ST&# D&SI(N

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2.1 ,-y i'- Speed #o$i%e D"t"

The ever increasing growth rate of data applications such as e-mail and the internet is

confronting mobile network operators worldwide with the challenge to upgrade their networks to

high bandwidth capable bit pipes in order to provide for all kinds of mobile data applications.

!igh speed mobile data will combine two of today"s most rapidly growing technologies, mobility

and the internet.

;et us compare the situation on the mobile side with the progress that has been made on

the fi0ed end. Bhile even today"s analog modems operate at F1 kbit2s and, indeed, )S(9

transmits up to *= kbit2s, mobile users are still limited to +.1 kbit2s in of GSM. The rollout of 

I(S; improves the situation even further on the wireline side, thereby broadening the gap

 between wireline and wireless.

/i' 2.1: Tr"nsmission speed

2.2 0"ndidt- Reuirements:

The figure below presents the bandwidth reAuirements for some typical data transfer 

applications. 9ote that these reAuirements apply to both wireline and mobile usage. 8bviously,

GSM can barely cope with surfing the web and video-conferencing is totally unfeasible.

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/i' 2.2 0"ndidt-

2.3 Customer Potenti"%:

Bith regard to mobile data, not @ust the typical pattern of use by today6s businessmen on

the move shall be addressedJ Today6s GSM-networks are also used by many consumers for the

largest growing mobile data application of the late *++6s, SMS. Therefore, the new mobile data

technologies need to address both consumer groups, the private customer and the business user.

)n the first instance, most network operators intend to attract their high-end business subscribers,

their long term goal being, however, to bring high speed mobile data to the mass market.

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/i' 2.3 i'- Speed D"t" Options or (S#

The figure below illustrates the evolution of data services in GSM. #lease note that

 packet-switched services are illustrated in red while circuit-switched services are shown in blue.

The following sections will provide a technical introduction to these new services.

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/i' 2.): D"t" Services

2.) istoric"% 4ie:

G#$S %General #acket $adio Service&, '(G' %'nhanced (ata rates for Global

'volution& and !SCS( %!igh Speed Circuit Switched (ata& have been designed primarily as

upgrades to the well known and widely used GSM standard. )n the *+s and early *++s, when

the GSM system was designed and standardied, data transmission capabilities were of minor 

importance compared to voice. /esides, at that time, the ma0imum transmission speed of +.1

kbit2s that GSM offered, appeared to be sufficient and was comparable with analog wireline

modems.

Starting with !SCS(, the first high speed mobile data upgrade to be standardied, higher 

rates of transmission can be provided to mobile customers. '(G' has a transmission speed of up

to 34 kbit2s and G#$S is able to support up to *1 kbit2s.

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/i' 2.* Sc"%in' o speed

2.* T-e 4"%ue C-"in Tod"y And ,it- i'- Speed #o$i%e D"t":

Bith today"s focus on speech services, it is mainly the network operators and service

 providers who generate their revenue from the mass mobile market. )n future, there will be a

third party who will enter the marketJ This third party consists of the content providers who will

 provide the applications for high speed mobile data. These applications will reAuire all the

airtime of high speed mobile data networks.

/i' 2.5 4"%ue C-"in

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2.5 Pro$%ems O i'- Speed #o$i%e D"t":

!igh speed mobile data will certainly improve the e0isting mobile networks greatly.

G#$S and '(G', in particular, will write a new chapter in mobile communications history.

!owever, there are various problems which need addressing in order to make high speed mobile

data a commercial success.

irstly, who shall provide all the necessary )#-addresses when many people are

 permanently onlineD 'ven today, a shortage of )# addresses is becoming evident. The only

solution to this issue is an upgrade to )# version 1 but the Auestion is when )# version 1 become a

reality will.

:nother problem is the short span between G#$S, '(G' and EMTS. 'ven before thedemand for G#$S has been proven, the technical evolution has already found successors to

G#$S, namely '(G' and EMTS. #erhaps the market will not be ready for EMTS when it

 becomes available in ==.

Most importantly, however, there is one fundamental AuestionJ )s there really a market for 

high speed mobile data or will G#$S, '(G' and EMTS suffer like the mobile satellite

networksD

The latter is the issue which really needs to be addressed. 8n the one hand, the content

 providers need to e0amine this issue and on the other hand, the network and service operators

need to be willing to accept changes to the value chain so that content providers can also prosper 

from the mobile communications market.

2.6 SCSD:!SCS( is circuit-switched and hardly any operator decided to implement it. This

subclause will provide you with an overview of !SCS(. )t will describe its principles and

 performance and it will e0plain why !SCS( is the simplest high speed data upgrade for GSM.

2.6.1 T-e Princip%es o SCSD:

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!SCS( or !igh Speed Circuit Switched (ata was the first upgrade to be standardied by

'TS) to bring high speed data to GSM. The standardiation process started as early as *++4 and

therefore, !SCS( was the first high speed data e0tension to be ready for implementation in

*+++.

The basic idea behind !SCS( is to bundle more than one timeslot on the air-interface for 

a single connection. :pplying this simple idea, !SCS( is able to reach throughput rates of up to

F.1 kbit2s. !owever, the real-life implementations of !SCS( barely e0ceed 3.4 kbit2s.

/i' 2.6: SCSD

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2.6.2 SCSD Services:

!SCS( services have two distinguishing featuresJ

*. Symmetric 2 :symmetricJ Symmetric connections provide identical throughput rates in the

uplink and downlink directions. :symmetric connections have a greater throughput rate in the

downlink direction. 9ote that !SCS( does not provide for higher throughput rates in the uplink 

rather than in the downlink direction .

=. Transparent 2 9on-TransparentJ Transparent data services do not deploy e0tra measures for error 

recognition or correction while non-transparent data services use the $adio ;ink #rotocol %$;#&

to carry out these functions.

/i' 2.7: SCSD Services

2.6.3 SCSD Perorm"nce:

/ased on timeslot bundling, !SCS( can provide speeds up to F.1 kbit2s. !owever, as

illustrated in the table below, its performance depends on the number of timeslots and the channel

type. 9ote that commercial implementations of !SCS( barely e0ceed a speed of 3.4 kbit2s.

D"t" Reuired Reuired Reuired num$er

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R"te num$er o  

/u%%r"te

TC8s it-

).7 9$its

num$er o 

/u%%r"te TC8s

it- ;.5 9$its

o 

/u%%r"te TC8s

it- 1).) 9$its

4.kbit2s

1 << <<

+.1

kbit2s

2 1 <<

*4.4

kbit2s

3 << 1

*+.=

kbit2s

) 2 <<

=.

kbit2s

<< 3 2

3.4

kbit2s

<< ) <<

43.=

kbit2s

<< << 3

F.1

kbit2s

<< << )

T"$%e 2.1: SDSC Perorm"nce

2.6.) T-e SCSD Netor9 Inr"structure:

!SCS( is a circuit-switched technology. Therefore, one of its ma@or advantages is that the

e0isting core network, mainly the MSC, is able to handle !SCS( traffic. :s opposed to G#$S,

!SCS( neither reAuires a hardware upgrade within the network, nor does it introduce new

channel coding technologies.

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Therefore, !SCS( is a rather simple upgrade of the standard GSM, particularly in

comparison with G#$S and '(G'. Bhen !SCS( is added to an e0isting network, it is mainly

the interworking functions within the MSC and, of course, the mobile stations that are affected.

:ll other network elements and protocols remain transparent with !SCS(.

/i' 2.; ARD,AR& R&=UIR&D

2.7 (PRS:

 G#$S is a packet-switched upgrade to GSM. Bhat conseAuences does packet-switching

actually have on a mobile networkD !ow does G#$S perform in comparison with e.g. !SCS(D

!ow will the GSM networks need upgrading in order to implement G#$S D

2.7.1 (PRS is P"c9et<Sitc-ed:

G#$S or General #acket $adio Service is a packet-switched technology based on GSM.

:s shown in the animation, the radio and network resources are only accessed when data actually

needs to be transmitted between the mobile user and the network. #lease note that in between

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alternating transmissions, no network resources need to be allocated. Compare this to the circuit-

switched transaction where resources are being accessed permanently, regardless of whether or 

not transmission is actually talking place. Therefore, packet-switching saves resources, especially

in the case of bursty transactions.

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2.7.2 Perorm"nce:

 G#$S 8ffers /andwidths up to *1 kbit2s Bith the development of !SCS(, the idea of 

timeslot bundling to achieve higher data rates was born. G#$S also applies timeslot bundling but

additionally, new channel coding schemes have been defined. Bith timeslots and coding

scheme 4, G#$S is able to provide a net throughput rate of *1 kbit2s. !owever, G#$S can not

change physical laws. )n other words, the channel coding schemes that provide for higher data

transmission rates per timeslot sacrifice data protection for speed. Therefore, the new coding

schemes =, 3 and 4 make less provision for forward error correction and can only be applied

when radio conditions are good to e0cellent.

  1 Times%ot 2 Times%ots 7 Times%ots

CS<

1:

. kbit2s *1. kbit2s 14. kbit2s

CS<

2:

*=. kbit2s =4. kbit2s +1. kbit2s

CS<

3:

*4.4 kbit2s =. kbit2s **F.= kbit2s

CS<

):

=. kbit2s 4. kbit2s *1. kbit2s

T"$%e 2.2: (PRS Perorm"nce

2.7.3 (PRS Netor9 Structure:

or G#$S, the e0isting network switching infrastructure cannot be reused, an entirely

new core network is reAuired. !owever, the base station subsystem or /SS can be used for both

circuit-switched services and G#$S packet-switched services. #lease note that the /SS needs to

 be upgraded with the so-called #acket Control Enit or #CE.

The new network elements within the G#$S core network are the Serving G#$S Support

 9ode or SGS9, the Gateway G#$S Support 9ode or GGS9, the /order Gateway or /G and the

Charging Gateway or CG.

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/i' 2.1>: (PRS Netor9 

2.; &D(&:

'(G' will provide the highest speeds in the second generation of mobile networks.

!owever, how can '(G' achieve these high throughput rates compared to G#$S or !SCS(D )s

'(G' really the third alternative to G#$S and !SCS( with regard to high speed mobile dataD )f 

'(G' is so superior to !SCS( and G#$S, why not upgrade directly to '(G', leaving out

!SCS( and G#$SD )ndeed, why is the mobile industry in the ES also talking about '(G' D

This subclause will address all these issues.

2.;.1 &D(&</"mi%y:

ormerly, '(G' was the abbreviation for 'nhanced (ata rates for GSM 'volution.

 9owadays, with '(G' also being adopted by the 9orth :merican market, '(G' is the acronym

for 'nhanced (ata rates for Global 'volution. !owever, '(G' is not a single standard or 

 protocol stack for high speed mobile data. )nstead, '(G' introduces a new modulation scheme

which is -#SK in addition to, e.g. GMSK in the case of GSM. :s illustrated in the figure below,

three members of the '(G' family need to be distinguished. There is '(G' for GSM which

will migrate G#$S and !SCS( to 'G#$S and 'CS(. There is also the 9orth :merican '(G'

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e0tension for the )S-*31 standard which is called )S-*31 !S or '(G' Compact. inally, there is

EBC *31 which is the EBCC"s proposal for )MT-=.

/i' 2.11 &D(& Netor9 

7<PS? #odu%"tion

G#$S and !SCS( work with the normal GSM modulation scheme which is GMSK.

GMSK has a lot of advantages, the most important of which being that it does not contain any

amplitude modulation. !owever, its inherent low speed is the one big disadvantage. )n GMSK,

only * bit can be transmitted per symbol as opposed to e.g. -#SK where 3 bits are transmitted

 per symbol. :s highlighted in the animation, this makes -#SK three times faster than GMSK.

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2.;.2 &D(& "nd Intererence:

 Tripling the data transmission rate on the :ir-)nterface by applying -#SK seems like an

obvious step forward. !owever, it has some inherent disadvantages, in particular, through the

unpredictable environment of radio transmission. Bith increasing interference, the clearly

distinguishable symbols of -#SK, as shown in the animation, become more and more diffused.

:t a certain stage, the receiver is no longer able to distinguish between different symbols.

8bviously, -#SK with different symbols is more vulnerable to such interference than e.g.

GMSK.

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/i' 2.12 &D(& Inter"ce

!i"$i%ities o &D(&

)n a radio environment, the greater the distance between the sender and the receiver, the

greater the probability of interference. The distance between sender and receiver makes up the

effective cell sie in a cellular mobile network. :pplying '(G' with -#SK-modulation to such

a network implies shrinking the effective cell sie. This is due to the fact that -#SK is more

vulnerable to interference which in turn increases with distance. :s illustrated in the figure

 below, the price of the impressive transmission rate of '(G' is a smaller cell radius. )n an

e0isting mobile network, this will limit the feasibility of the implementation of '(G' to urban

environments with their high concentration of users and base stations.

&D(& Reuires " #"@or "rd"re Up'r"deJ

'(G' is mainly concerned with the modulation scheme on the :ir-)nterface. :dding -

#SK as a new modulation scheme reAuires all base stations to receive a hardware upgrade of 

their $-parts to support the '(G' technology. This is a ma@or undertaking which is full of risk 

and, most importantly, is e0tremely costly to the operator.

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/i' 2.13: #"@or "rd"re

3. R&SU!T ANA!+SIS

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*. !igh speed mobile data will certainly improve the e0isting mobile networks greatly. G#$S

and '(G', in particular, will write a new chapter in mobile communications history.

Currently, almost all network operators worldwide are upgrading their GSM networks in

order to provide high speed mobile data to their subscribers.

=. G#$S also applies timeslot bundling but additionally, new channel coding schemes have

 been defined. Bith timeslots and coding scheme 4, G#$S is able to provide a net

throughput rate of *1 kbit2s. !owever, G#$S can not change physical laws. )n other words,

the channel coding schemes that provide for higher data transmission rates per timeslot

sacrifice data protection for speed.

3. '(G' is mainly concerned with the modulation scheme on the :ir-)nterface. :dding -#SK 

as a new modulation scheme reAuires all base stations to receive a hardware upgrade of their $-parts to support the '(G' technology. This is a ma@or undertaking which is full of risk 

and, most importantly, is e0tremely costly to the operator 

/i' 3.1 &vo%ution o 'ener"tions

). AD4ANTA(&S AND DISAD4ANTA(&S

" Adv"nt"'es:

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*. #rovides high speed data

=. aster response .

3. #rovides information

4. le0ible

$ Dis"dv"nt"'es:

*. '0pensive.

=. ;ifespan.

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*. APP!ICATIONS

#"@or "pp%ic"tions o i'- speed mo$i%e netor9in' tec-no%o'y "re:

*. Telemetric applications

=. Toll road services

3. Communication

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5. CONC!USION

!igh speed mobile data will certainly improve the e0isting mobile networks greatly. G#$S

and '(G', in particular, will write a new chapter in mobile communications history. Currently,

almost all network operators worldwide are upgrading their GSM networks in order to provide

high speed mobile data to their subscribers.

!SCS( is a circuit-switched technology. Therefore, one of its ma@or advantages is that thee0isting core network, mainly the MSC, is able to handle !SCS( traffic. :s opposed to G#$S,

!SCS( neither reAuires a hardware upgrade within the network, nor does it introduce new

channel coding technologies. Therefore, !SCS( is a rather simple upgrade of the standard GSM,

 particularly in comparison with G#$S and '(G'.

78G)9#:;;< /.$ '9G)9''$)9G C8;;'G'  24

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7. R&/&R&NC&S

  B1 "Networking Devices" . iT Library. Retrieved !#!$#.

  B2 "Radiolin%a&s 'istory" . (pril !) !!*. Retrieved Dece+ber $) !!,.

  B3  -T /* 0uly !!1. "-MT#!!! 2ro%ect # -T" . Retrieved 3 (pril !$.

  B) Clint Smith, (aniel Collins. 3G Bireless 9etworks, page *31. =.

  B* Tondare) S. M.) S. D. 2anc4al) and D. T. 5us4nure /(pril !*1.

 [6]  "6volutionary steps 7ro+ G to *.8 G."  /2D91. Retrieved 3 (ugust !8.