High Quality Ready To Wear Apparel

Linking FDI, Technology Development for Capacity Building & Strategic Competitiveness

Mr. Abdessalem MANSOURGeneral Manager of FIPA-Tunisia

FIPA TunisiaFIPA Tunisia

Colombo - Sri Lanka Colombo - Sri Lanka 15-17 October 200215-17 October 2002

Oct. 15-17Oct. 15-17, 2002, 2002 Foreign Investment Promotion Foreign Investment Promotion AgencyAgency

Content

Trilogy : FDI, Know-how and Competitiveness

The Tunisian Case : Main features of Tunisia Tunisia’s risk assessment Legal & regulatory framework Tunisian strategy for attracting FDI and Technology

Transfer Upgrading program in Tunisia Insight into FIPA Tunisia


The sought objective from attracting FDI’s is :

the strengthening of the countries’ competitiveness through the transfer of technology and know-how, and particularly the innovative projects

Why countries are looking for

FDI ?


Trilogy : FDI + Know-How + Competitiveness

FDI are an important vehicle for the transfer of Know-How

FDI & Know-How are intimately linked

FDI in high added value and innovative projects will lead to a high competitiveness level


The liberalization of FDI regimesThe liberalization of FDI regimes

has gone far, and most countries now has gone far, and most countries now

actively promote the inflow of FDI for actively promote the inflow of FDI for

both greenfield FDI and cross-border both greenfield FDI and cross-border

M&As. M&As.

Foreign Direct Investment


In various ways In various ways FDI affects resource flows andFDI affects resource flows andinvestment in productive capacityinvestment in productive capacity

in host countriesin host countries. .

The flows of capital and income arising from the activities ofThe flows of capital and income arising from the activities offoreign affiliates also affect the balance of payments and theforeign affiliates also affect the balance of payments and theallocation of benefits from foreign investment between hostallocation of benefits from foreign investment between hostcountries and foreign investors. countries and foreign investors.



Transforming and upgrading the technologiesTransforming and upgrading the technologies used in production and strengthening national technological capabilities to innovate, are major objectives of are major objectives of countries with respect to their development processcountries with respect to their development process. .

The transfer of technology and its efficient application and dissemination are therefore some of the most important benefits sought by developing countries from FDI.



The MNCs tend to be leading innovators.The MNCs tend to be leading innovators.

They are leading suppliers of technology to developing countries and economies in transition through FDI and other forms of transfer, such as licensing, minority joint ventures, licensing, minority joint ventures, subcontracting, strategic alliances or capital goods sales. subcontracting, strategic alliances or capital goods sales.

They can also stimulate the development of innovatory stimulate the development of innovatory capacities in host economiescapacities in host economies, , thereby supplementing technology dev. that takes place through R&D in domestic firms and publicly funded institutions.

Multinationals’ Role


Positive spillover effects competition with local firmscompetition with local firms, , stimulating them to improve

technological capabilities and raise productivity; co-operation between affiliates and local suppliersco-operation between affiliates and local suppliers and customers,

stimulating technology spillovers to vertically linked firms and service providers;

labor mobilitylabor mobility, , particularly of highly trained personnel, from foreign affiliates to domestic firms,

proximity between foreign and local firms,proximity between foreign and local firms, leading to personal contact, reverse engineering, imitation and the formation of industrial clusters facilitating technological upgrading in host countries.

The Tunisian Case : The Tunisian Case :

the main features of Tunisiathe main features of Tunisia


A Strategic Location in the Euro-Mediterranean region

Tunis - Valetta 1h 00Tunis - Valetta 1h 00

Tunis - Rome Tunis - Rome 1h 00 1h 00

Tunis - Barcelona 1h 30Tunis - Barcelona 1h 30

Tunis - MadridTunis - Madrid 2h 2h

0000

Tunis - ParisTunis - Paris 2h 15 2h 15

Tunis - Frankfort 2h 30Tunis - Frankfort 2h 30

Tunis - Brussels 2h 40Tunis - Brussels 2h 40

Tunis - LondonTunis - London 2h 2h

5050Oct. 15-17Oct. 15-17, 2002, 2002 Foreign Investment Promotion Foreign Investment Promotion AgencyAgency

Area 162 155 sq.kmPopulation 9.6 million inhabitantsActive population32.6 % of total populationClimate MediterraneanTime GMT + 1 Capital Tunis (1.8 million inhabitants)Currency Tunisian Dinar (TND) TND 1 = Euros 0.777

Basic Data 2001

GDP per capita TND 2847.6 GNP TND 28.9 billionGDP Growth 5.2 % ExportsTND 13.4 billionImports TND 14.5 billionTourist RevenuesTND 2.245 billionFDITND 685 million


4.5% per year since 1987 & 5.3% per year from 1997 & 2001

31.328.9

26.724.7

22.620.9

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Forecast 2002

Current prices (in Billion TND) Constant prices de 1990 (in Billion TND)

4.8%

4.7%

GDP Growth (in Billion TND)

5.2% 4.9%

6.2%


GDP Breakdown in 2001

Other services36.6%

Tourism7.1%

Manufacturing Industries

21.1%

Agriculture & fishing13.9%

Non manufacturing industries

11.9%

Transport & communications

9.4%


61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 1

TND 13.4 billion TND 13.4 billion iin 2001n 2001

• Growth rate :Growth rate :

6.6% per year during the last four years 97 & 2001

• Exports Exports of goods & services contribute to

1/3 of the GDP growth

Exports of Goods and Services


1.9

6.3

4.0

4.7

3.73.7

3.1

2.7

8.2

5.8

2.9

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 1

• A controlled inflation :

3% in average during the last four years 1997 & 2001

Inflation Rate


2.42.2

3.43.3

2.6

3.2

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

A budget deficit of 3% in average between 1997 & 2001

Budget Deficit


24.4 24.4

25.1

24.3

24.6

24.9

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Forcast 2002

Savings Rate (in % of GDP)(in % of GDP)


Tunisia’s Risk AssessmentTunisia’s Risk Assessment


According to the Africa Competitiveness According to the Africa Competitiveness

Report 2000 compiled by The World Report 2000 compiled by The World

Economic Forum Economic Forum

& Harvard Institute for International & Harvard Institute for International

Development,Development, Tunisia Tunisia out of theout of the 24 24

African African countries surveyedcountries surveyed, tops the , tops the

competitiveness rankings.competitiveness rankings.0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.7

0.8

1.0

9 - Ghana

8- Senegal

7- South Africa

6- Egypt

5- Morocco

4- Namibia

3 - Botswana

2- Maurituis

1- Tunisia

Competitiveness of the Tunisian Economy

Tunisia is the most competitive country in AfricaTunisia is the most competitive country in Africa


Skilled and Competitive Human

ResourcesThe Africa Competitiveness Report 2000

compiled by

The World Economic Forum &

Harvard Institute for International Development

RANKS TUNISIA 1ST AFRICAN COUNTRY

FOR ITS SKILLED HUMAN RESOURCES


• Standard & Poor ’s : BBB “2001”• Moody ’s : Baa3 //• IBCA-FITCH : BBB //• R & I (Japan) : BBB+ //

Romania

Turkey

India

South Africa

Thailand

Malaysia

Poland

Hungary

B

B-

BB

BBB-

BBB-

BBB

BBB+

A-

Standard & Poor’s rating, March 2002

The French Company of Insurance for Foreign Trade “COFACE” granted

Tunisia, A4, as a note in the short-term and a a fairly good risk as a quotation in

the medium term. Country Risks 2002Country Risks 2002

The Investment Grade : has been granted to Tunisia since 1994

TunisiaTunisia

BBB

Tunisia ratings


• Member to the GATT accords in 1990Member to the GATT accords in 1990

• Member to the WTO since 1995Member to the WTO since 1995

• Association Agreement with the European Union signed in 1995Association Agreement with the European Union signed in 1995

• Arab Free Trade Zone since 1998Arab Free Trade Zone since 1998

• Bilateral Free Trade Agreements with :Bilateral Free Trade Agreements with :

Morocco, Libya, Jordan & Egypt.Morocco, Libya, Jordan & Egypt.

Openness and Integration of the Tunisian Economy into the World Economy


Tunisia-EU Free Trade Agreement

Signature: July 1995July 1995

Entry in force: January 1st, 1996January 1st, 1996

Duration: Gradual implementation over a 12 years period12 years period

Free access of all industrial products MADE IN TUNISIAMADE IN TUNISIA to

EU (No quotas, No duties)

About 40%About 40% of European industrial products will be fully

exempted from Customs duties by the end of the year 2000.


Free Trade Agreements

EGYPTEGYPT

TunisiaTunisia is a Gateway to the is a Gateway to the

Middle East & African countriesMiddle East & African countries

MOROCCO MOROCCO JORDANJORDAN


Legal & Regulatory FrameworkLegal & Regulatory Framework


A Legal and Regulatory Framework

Investment is FREEFREE

Simple proceduresSimple procedures to set up a new company

FREEFREE transfer of profits and capital

Possibility to be established in Economic Free Economic Free

ZonesZones

Governmental support Oct. 15-17Oct. 15-17, 2002, 2002 Foreign Investment Promotion Foreign Investment Promotion AgencyAgency

Full and Partial Tax Exemption

Full exemption for

10 years

50% reduction starting

from the 11th year for an

unlimited period

• Exports

• Agriculture

• Regional development

• Exports

• Regional development


Technology and Research & Development

Legal Framework

Investments made by industrial, agricultural and

fishing companies which, by means of a local by means of a local

integration effort, allow the control or the integration effort, allow the control or the

development of technology, or the development of technology, or the

improvement of productivityimprovement of productivity, are entitled to the

State take over of totally or partly the expenses

relating to staff training.



Legal Framework

Investments made by companies in order

to save energysave energy are entitled to a specific a specific

premium:premium:

• a premium for carrying energy audits : TND 10,000

• premium for carrying out demonstration projects: TND 50,000

• premium for investments in the field of rational use of energy

& renewable energiesOct. 15-17Oct. 15-17, 2002, 2002 Foreign Investment Promotion Foreign Investment Promotion AgencyAgency


Legal Framework

Investments aiming at saving energy,

developing research, production and marketing

of renewable energies and geothermics are

entitled to

• the reduction of customs duties to the rate of 10%,

• the suspension of value added tax with respect to imported equipment and materials having no similar locally manufactured

• the suspension of value added tax with respect to equipment and materials acquired locally.



Legal Framework

Investments made by research and development companies operating in the industrial and & agricultural and fishing sectors are entitled to ::

• the exemption from customs duties and taxes of equivalent

effect

• the suspension of value added tax and consumption duty with respect to

imported equipment having no similar locally manufactured and necessary

for carrying out those investments

• the suspension of value added tax on locally manufactured

equipment

• a premium


Setting-up a Company One-Stop-Shop certified ISO 9002

- Private LimitedCompany “S.A.R.L.”

24 hours

- Limited LiabilityCompany “S.A.”

3 days

• Exporting industrial companies : free points: free points • Customs clearance procedures : simple: simple • Customs formalities : within factories: within factories

- Individual Company

2 days


73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 July2002

of which 21022102 from the EU

France: 943943Italy: 537537Germany: 266266Belgium: 212212

Foreign Companies in Tunisia2449

818

348


73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 July2002

Average annual setting up :• 1973 - 87 : 31 companies / year

• 1988 - 91 : 109 companies / year

• 1992 - 96 : 125 companies / year

• 1997 - 00 : 178 companies / year

FDI: Foreign Companies in Tunisia2449

818

348

During the year 2001 During the year 2001 : 202 new companies have been incorporated: 202 new companies have been incorporated


FDI Flows during 2001

Main countries (in %)19.5

14.7

12.1

10.2

7 6.7

4.5 4.2

France USA Italy Libya GB Germany Japan Canada

- Including energy


The Tunisian Strategy For The Tunisian Strategy For

Attracting Attracting

FDI and Technology TransferFDI and Technology TransferOct. 15-17Oct. 15-17, 2002, 2002 Foreign Investment Promotion Foreign Investment Promotion AgencyAgency

Strategy to attract FDI

Faithful to its tradition, Tunisia followed a wise,

pragmatic approach in attracting FDI in order to:

stimulate the economic growth,

transfer technology,

create jobs,

enhance development in remote areas,

and of course foster competitiveness.


The job creation

The qualification of the human resources in Tunisia

recognized by the various international agencies is the fruit

of a led effective policies, since the independence, in

education and in training (1/4 of the State Budget).

It represents an important asset for Tunisia to attract FDI,

mainly in technological fields such as ICT.


The increase of the exports

Exports constitute a fundamental element in the Tunisian economic policy.

Tunisia is a country which is expanding rapidly and in a need of foreign currencies to develop the economy.

It is evident that the foreign direct investments in technological fields and export-oriented are particularly encouraged.


The transfer of technology

Tunisia is strongly willing to attract FDI in “up-to-date technologies " to allow her to be more competitive on the international market.

Any investment assuring a transfer of know-how allowing to improve the productivity, benefits from particular advantages and incentives.


Strategy to attract FDI The selected sectors for attracting FDI, are those in which

Tunisia enjoys comparative advantages and of a high added

value and belonging to high technological fields Automotive components, Electrical and electronic components, Information & communication technologies Textile and clothing Packging Agri-business


• 124 companies generating 16 000 jobs

• 33 of them are totally exporting companies,

• 20 of them are operating in the wire harnesses field.• 50 of them manufacture OEM parts.manufacture OEM parts.

• Production: MTND 557

• Average annual growth rate (95-2000) : 18%

• Wire harnesses : 54% (9th supplier to EU)

• Exports : MTND 405

• Imports : MTND 452

• Main markets : Germany 52%Germany 52%, France: 24%France: 24%, Italy: 10%Italy: 10%

Car Components


Availability of a skilled and competitive

manpower

•A quick adjustment to new A quick adjustment to new

technologiestechnologies

66 schools for schools for engineersengineersand and qualified qualified technicianstechnicians1000 graduate per year1000 graduate per year

Competitive & Highly Skilled Technicians Competitive & Highly Skilled Technicians and Engineers and Engineers

Reasons to Invest


(Wire Harnesses)(Wire Harnesses)• Lear Corporation Lear Corporation

• Delphi Packard ElectricDelphi Packard Electric

• DRÄEXLMAIER DRÄEXLMAIER

• LEONISCHE DRAHTWERKE (AG)LEONISCHE DRAHTWERKE (AG)

• SYLEA (LABINAL Group)SYLEA (LABINAL Group)

Car Component Manufacturers in Tunisia


Tunisia Comparative Advantage

Tunisia Comparative Advantage

Att

ract

ion

to th

e F

orei

gn I

nves

tor

Exhaust systemsExhaust systemsSeat partsSeat parts

Plastic Plastic Components Components

Rubber Rubber Components Components

Electric Electric componentscomponents

Shock Shock absorbersabsorbers

CablesCablesEnginesEngines

BreaksBreaksCar bodyCar body


SSeat covers eat covers

Mechanical plastic connectors Mechanical plastic connectors

Cable harnessesCable harnesses

Profitable Niches


59.67

61.95

63.57

66.56

59.27

59.22

59.01

58.91Tunisia

Hungary

Morocco

Poland

Czech Rep.

Turkey

Spain

France

Unit costs of Production in EUROUnit costs of Production in EURO

Product Seats: Seat covers: Unit: a Unit: a setset of seat covers for the 2 of seat covers for the 2 front front seats seats and back seatand back seat

Source: Source: Comparative study of Competitiveness per Product: Comparative study of Competitiveness per Product: IDOM/BCI 2002IDOM/BCI 2002


22.29

30.26

33.3

38.41

22.07

21,73

21.02

21.00Tunisia

Hungary

Morocco

Poland

Czech Rep.

Turkey

Spain

France

Product: Plastic Components Mechanical plastic connectors Unit: 800 connectors (contents of a Unit: 800 connectors (contents of a boxbox for export) for export)




9.05

18.05

24.57

14.70

8.69

8.13

7.86

7.70Tunisia

Hungary

Morocco

Poland

Czech Rep.

Turkey

Spain

France

Product: Electric/Electronic Com.Cable HarnessesUnit: a Unit: a set set of of harnesses harnesses for the for the interior interior of aof ann mediummedium length length vehiclevehicle




• 213 companies generating 29 400 jobs.

• (the electric sub-sector employs 70% of the total jobs)

• 91 wholly exporting companies

• Production : MTND 1078 (2000)

• Average annual growth rate (92-2000) : 12%

• Exports : MTND 796 (2000)

• Imports : MTND 1248 (2000)

• Main markets : Germany 49%, France: 33%

• Foreign companies : 101 of which 54 are 100% foreign

and 47 in partnership

Electric, Electronic & Household Industries


Electronic Industry: companies’ breakdown by companies’ breakdown by field field

24%

22%

18%

18%

6%

6%

5%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Audio & Video

Electronic equipment

Electronic cards and printed circuits

Electronic components

Radiotelephony & Telecom

Miscellaneous

Mesuring devices


• Printed circuitsPrinted circuits

• ConnectorsConnectors

• Coils and TransformersCoils and Transformers

• Passive componentsPassive components

• Consumer electronics (TV)Consumer electronics (TV)

• Consumer electronics (Audio)Consumer electronics (Audio)

• Equipment forEquipment for TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

Profitable Niches


0.29

0.43

0.51

0.69

0.28

0.28

0.27

0.26Tunisia

Hungary

Poland

Moroco

Czech Rep.

Turkey

Spain

France

Product: Wire and Cables Electric cables of ConnectionUnit: a cable of connection (bipolar, 2Unit: a cable of connection (bipolar, 2 connectors, male and femconnectors, male and femaleale))




0.36

0.6

0.79

1.13

0.35

0.32

0.31

0.28Tunisia

Morocco

Poland

Hungary

Czech Rep.

Turkey

Spain

France

Product: ConnectorsElectronic InterfaceUnit: electronicUnit: electronic interfaceinterface




77.02

102.25

156.58

118.28

76.79

76.2

74.61

70.89Tunisia

Hungary

Morocco

Czech Rep.

Poland

Turkey

Spain

France

Product: Printed circuits Single face Printed circuits Cards for Domestic UseUnit: 1m2 of Unit: 1m2 of printed circuits cardprinted circuits card




Investment evolution: For 1992-1996 period : TND 862 million For 1997-2001 period: TND 1500 million

A telecommunication infrastructure of a good quality and in a constant progress

An average annual growth of : 17%

Information Technology


According to the UNDP report on Human Development 2001

Tunisia is ranked among the

Dynamic UsersDynamic Users

of New Technologies in the

same category as

China, India, Brasil and South Africa

Human Development

Source: UNDP report 2001


According to the UNDP report on Human Development 2001

the Technological Park of Tunis (El Gazella) is also

among the 4646 world centers

of Technological Innovationof Technological Innovation

Technological Park of Tunis

Source: UNDP report 2001


• Integrated Call CentersCall Centers “CRM : Customer Relationship

Management”

• E-commerce between firms and implementing a network

business to business “B2B”

• Computer engineering services, production and edition

of software in particular multimedia, data bases and specialized business applications

Profitable Niches


203.19

400.36

412.85

619.09

170.59

166.06

122.65

109.84Tunisia

Morocco

Poland

Hungary

Czech Rep.

Turkey

Spain

France

Product: Software Development Software Development CenterUnit: one man-day of Unit: one man-day of a a software engineersoftware engineer




125.22

162.48

167.36

206.83

116.26

74.55

72.61

60.57Tunisia

Czech Rep.

Morocco

Hungary

Poland

Spain

Turkey

France

Product: Call Centers Call Centers

Unit: Unit: one man-day of a call center employeeone man-day of a call center employee




The World Summit on Information to be held in 2005.

will be organized in

TUNISIATUNISIA


• 2087 companies / + 10 employees

• 1640 wholly exporting companies

• 252.000 jobs (56% of the manufacturing sector jobs)

• 6000 jobs are generated a year

• Production MTND 4598

• Added value 30%

• Annual Investments MTND 188

• Exports MTND 3264 (47% of the total manufacturing exports)

• Imports MTND 2384 (Fabrics constitute 60%of imports)

Textile & Clothing


Breakdown of Textile Companies by Sector

45

69

41

196

1506

71

187

Spinning

Weaving

Finishing

Hosiery

Clothing

Manufacture ofTextile Items

Other


2nd supplier for external clothing to Italy

4th clothing supplier

Tunisia’s Ranking

5th textile customer

of the EU

1st clothing supplier for town trousers to the EU

to EU


7 weeks Tunisia

10 weeks Central / Eastern Europe

12 weeks Latin America

Time allocated for Garment Industry

Source : L’Observatoire du Textile et de l’Habillement (France)


……..from subcontracting to project implementation…….

BENETTON BENETTON (Italy)(Italy)

Over 60 subcontractors in Tunisia (3500 jobs)

Manufacturing Plant in 1995

Extension in progress

production and distribution base

Success Stories


• Ready-to-wear clothingReady-to-wear clothing

• Yarn production to meet the local demand Yarn production to meet the local demand

• High quality ready-to-wear apparelHigh quality ready-to-wear apparel

• Fabric production for off-shore clothing companiesFabric production for off-shore clothing companies

• Hosiery developmentHosiery development

Profitable Niches

Investment Premium : 20% Investment Premium : 20%

for weaving, spinning and dyeing activitiesfor weaving, spinning and dyeing activities


Packaging

• 230 operating companies, wholly or partially exporting.

• A know-how and a high quality level

• 76% of the total production: paper, paperboard and plastic packaging

• Good potential of the Tunisian market: 10% growth per annum.

• Manpower availability

• 20% State premium for recycling projects which require high technology

levels


1782.27

1859.77

1870.75

1952.43

1718.95

1710.12

1707.25

1694.78Tunisia

Czech Rep.

Poland

Hungary

Morocco

Spain

Turkey

France

Product: Corrugated Cardboard boxesProduct Product UnUnitit : : order order of 10 000 boxes Fefco 201, 400x300x300 mmof 10 000 boxes Fefco 201, 400x300x300 mm




7.55

8.35

8.79

9.85

7.49

7.44

7.36

7.32Tunisia

Hungary

Poland

Morocco

Czech Rep.

Turkey

Spain

France

Product: Moulded plasticPlastic Yoghourt pots:

Unit: 1000 yoghourt pots of 125 grsUnit: 1000 yoghourt pots of 125 grs


Source: Source: Comparative study of Competitiveness per Product:Comparative study of Competitiveness per Product: IDOM/BCI 2002IDOM/BCI 2002


4.01

4.72

5.29

6.41

3.99

3.82

3.78

3.71Tunisia

Morocco

Hungary

Czech Rep.

Poland

Turkey

Spain

France

Product: Pharmaceutical Packaging"Contract Packaging" of tablets and capsules: Unit: a box board in bulk containing 96 packages of Unit: a box board in bulk containing 96 packages of blister stripsblister strips


Source: Source: Comparative study of Competitiveness per Product:Comparative study of Competitiveness per Product: IDOM/BCI 2002IDOM/BCI 2002


The Upgrading Program in TunisiaThe Upgrading Program in Tunisia


Progress of the Upgrading Program

About 22278278 Tunisian companies are involved in the Upgrading Program.

for a global cost of TND 2TND 2250 250 millionmillion

Granted premiums: TND TND 315 315 million million

- Foreign partners are participating in the capital of several of them

(technology transfer, integration into their marketing networks).


• Partnerships and alliances

• Subcontracting

• Industrial and logistic platform for the region

• Modernization within companies

• Direct Investments : new enterprises, privatization,

concessions...

Opportunities


Insight into FIPA TunisiaInsight into FIPA Tunisia


Set up since 1995 1995 under the supervision of the MCIIE.

Staff : 70 70, including 66

overseas

representatives, namely in

Paris, Brussels,

London, Cologne

Milan & Chicago.

Foreign Investment Promotion Agency

Contribution to the image building of Tunisia abroad

Attraction of FDI to Tunisia

Awareness campaign & Contact of foreign companies

Supporting foreign investors during all the steps of their

projects’ implementation

Assistance to foreign companies established in Tunisia

Missions


Source :Source : July-August 2001 issue of Corporate Location Magazine - Euromoney Group.

http://www.investintunisia.comranked in theranked in the 12th position 12th position among among the top 50 IPA websites the top 50 IPA websites in the worldin the world..

I

The Tunisian case To sum up, I would say that :

the Tunisian experience in the field of attracting FDI, transfer of technology and know how can be considered as a successful example by other countries seeking for FDI and of course appropriate strategies to ensure the required transfer of know-how and technology in order to enable them to become more and more competitive.


Thank you for your

attention...


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