HIGH POWERED COMMITTEE

ON

PIG FARMING

ACTIVITIES

IN

MAURITIUS AND RODRIGUES

FINAL REPORT VOLUME 1

Study on the relocation of pig breeding activities

and the introduction of Integrated Farming System In Mauritius and Rodrigues

FINAL REPORT

Part 1 : Mauritius

Terms of Reference

Membership

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Approach and Methodology

1.3 Census Survey of Pig Breeding Activities in Mauritius

1.4 Meetings and Visits

Chapter 2 Technical and Management aspects

2.1Pig production Techniques

2.1.1 Pig Breeding

2.1.2 Pig Fattening

2.1.3 Recommended Guidelines

2.2 Review of Current Practice

2.2.1 The Bassin Requin Pig Farm

2.2.2 The St. Martin Pig Farm

2.2.3 Roche Bois

2.2.4 Remedial Projects

2.3 Integrated Farming System

2.3.1 General

2.3.2 The value of IFS

2.3.3 Description of an IFS System

2.4 The Union Ducray Farm

2.4.1 The System tried

2.4.2 The University of Mauritius Report

2.4.3 Views of the Ministry of Health

2.4.4 Views of the Committee

2.5 Composting-Preliminary Studies on Pig Wastes

Chapter 3 Socio-Economic Aspects

3.1 Economic Importance of Pig Farming

3.2 Socio-economic profile

3.3 Costs of Production

3.3.1 Cost of production of one weaner piglet

3.3.2 Cost of production of one fattened pig

3.4 Relocation of Pig Farming Activities from Roche Bois

3.4.1Comparative costs/benefits of different

scenarios

3.4.2 Other alternatives

Chapter 4 Legal Aspects

4.1 Background

4.2 New Draft Pig Breeding Regulation, 2001

4.3 Views of the High Powered Committee

4.4 The HPC’s Recommendations on Legal Aspects

Chapter 5 Proposals and Recommendations

Part 2: Rodrigues Chapter 6 Introduction

6.1 Background

Chapter 7 Technical and Management Aspects

7.1 Pig breeding

7.1.1 Baie Topaze Livestock Production Unit

7.2 Fattening and Marketing of fattened pigs

7.3 Advice to Farmers

7.4 Review of current practices

7.5 Environmental Impact of pig farming activities

7.6 The Fond La Bonte Project

7.7 Composting – An alternative method of waste

handling

7.7.1 The Concept

7.7.2 Use of pig compost in Rodriguan Agriculture

Chapter 8 Socio –economic aspects

8.1 Economic outlook

8.2 Agriculture

8.3 Livestock

8.4 Socio-economic profile

8.5 Cost of Production

8.6 Scope /Prospects of pig industry in Rodrigues

Chapter 9 Legal Aspects

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Legislation

Chapter 10 Proposals and Recommendations

Part 1

Mauritius

Terms of Reference

In June 2001 Government set up a high powered committee to carry out an

in-depth study on all issues pertaining to pig farming activities in Mauritius and

Rodrigues, and to make recommendations with regards to relocation of pig

breeding activities, and the introduction of Integrated Farming System.

The committee is considering the following issues:

(a) The high polluting nature of pig farming and considering the scarcity of

land;

(b) The general economic evolution of the country and the opportunities of

the other development alternatives;

(c) The economic viability of implementing an Integrated Farming System

bearing in mind that pig units themselves would have to meet the costs

involved, including waste disposal facilities;

(d) To assess the Sanitary and Public Health impact of these technologies on

the food chain;

(e) The socio-economic aspect of pig farming activities; and

(f) The elements of a new legislative framework.

Membership

The Committee is made up of the following members:

Dr. B.K. Baguant Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering,

University of Mauritius (Chairman);

Mrs V. Nababsing Adviser, Ministry of Finance (from June to August

2001);

Mr. D. Mootien Adviser, Ministry of Finance (from September

2001);

Mrs D . Lan Ng Deputy Director, Ministry of Environment;

Dr. R. Naseeven Principal Research and Development Officer,

Ministry of Agriculture, F.T. & N.R.

Mr.R.S. Veeramundar Senior Economist, Ministry of Economic

Development, F.S. & C.A.

Mr. C. Mooneeramsing Research and Development Officer

Ministry of Agriculture (Secretary).

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In April 2001 a Technical Advisory Committee under the aegis of the Ministry

of Environment highlighted the main problems of the pig industry in a policy

paper on pig farming. Available statistics for the past five years (see annex I )

indicate that the average annual consumption of pig meat and derived

products is of the order of 2,413 tonnes of which 1,537 tonnes (65%) is

constituted of frozen meat and transformed products of superior quality

imported from South Africa , Zimbabwe and other countries.

Per capita consumption, as shown in Table (i) has not changed over the past

five years and remains in the order of 0.8kg to 1.0 kg per head per year.

Compared to the other meat and products consumed, pig meat represents a

relatively small share of all meat consumed locally. This is in part due to its

consumption by relatively few Mauritians. The other meat consumed show

increasing trend over the past five years (refer to Figure I) with the largest

increase in poultry meat.

The 35% local production of relatively lower quality meat is undertaken by

about 434 farmers operating in Bassin Requin, Roche Bois, St. Martin and in

various parts of the country in a generally unprofessional way characterized

by poor husbandry practices, infrastructural inadequacies and haphazard

disposal of wastes generating acute pollution problems like odour, fly and

rodent proliferation, soil and water contamination and smokes. Thus, due to

increasing environmental and sanitary pressure the sector will have to evolve

towards an improved system where the use of modern and effective

technologies within the context of a redefined and updated legal framework

will help to eliminate or minimize its negative impact on the environment.

It has been suggested that a rational relocation of pig farming activities

presently scattered in the rural and peri-urban areas will be the right

opportunity to operate a radical transformation in terms of modernisation of

the pig farming system. Reference has been made to the Integrated Farming

System which is perceived by a number of people as being one of the options

available to the sector for achieving sustainable pig farming. This is fully

addressed in chapter 2.

Table (i) : Per capita consumption of different meat types (1995-2000)

Meat kg /year

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cattle 4.94 5.07 4.23 5.94 5.97 6.19

Goat & sheep 4.36 4.74 4.77 4.25 4.56 4.73

Pig 0.87 1.03 0.96 0.87 0.84 0.95

Poultry 17.46 17.83 18.51 16.43 17.98 21.90

Game 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.44 0.44 0.43

Figure 1 : Per capita consumption of meat 1995-2000

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

YEAR

kg

/ye

ar

Cattle Goat & sheep Pig Poultry Game

1.2 Approach and Methodology

The task was broken down into three broad items listed below, to be

addressed in order of priority. The island of Mauritius has been considered

first, especially in the light of the acute problems faced in some areas like St.

Martin and Roche Bois. A visit was effected to Rodrigues in early February

2002 to gather baseline information, and to organise the conduct of a sample

survey amongst pig breeders to collect technical, social and economic data

relevant to the sector of activity.

(i) Technical and Management Aspects :

For the purpose of this study the detailed classification of scale of production

is based on total number of heads of pigs inclusive of sows and newborn

piglets and it follows classification already adopted by the Policy Paper i.e.,

Small scale less than 20 ,

Medium scale between 20 and 100 and

Industrial scale more than 100.

Techniques of pig production are described and the current situation in terms

of production technology, husbandry practices, waste management and

disposal and product quality is reviewed.

(ii) Socio- Economic Aspects

Evaluation is made of aspects such as; the importance of the sector, viability,

environmental impact and sustainability, resource requirements, outputs and

cost to the society. The socio-economic profile of pig farmers provides useful

information on their educational level, social background, importance of pig

farming from the socio-economic point of view and the structural set up for

production and marketing.

(iii) Legal Aspects

Existing laws governing this sector have been appraised. The draft Pig

Breeding Regulation 2001 has been thoroughly examined and appropriate

recommendations have been proposed.

1.3 Census Survey of Pig Breeding Activities in Mauritius

In June 2001, the representative of the Ministry of Commerce and

Cooperatives has apprised the High Powered Committee of the Ministry’s

intention to conduct a comprehensive survey of the pig breeding sector. The

Committee agreed that the findings of such survey would be essential to

conduct and complete the task assigned to it.

The census was eventually carried out during the month of April 2002. The

main highlights of the methodology are as follows:

(i) All active pig breeders were enumerated.

(ii) The unit of observation was the pig sty.

(iii) Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire (see

annex XVI) approved by the Cooperative Division.

(iv) Field officers of AREU conducted the data collection.

(v) Enumerators were given a half day training on interview

techniques and filling of questionnaire.

(vi) Data collection was supervised by officers of AREU.

(vii) Verified questionnaires were submitted to the Cooperative

Division.

Of the 502 farmers, 415 are full time breeders, 19 are part timers whereas the

remaining 68 have ceased pig farming activities. Upon receipt of the

completed questionnaires at the Central Information Systems Division (CISD)

a data capture application was devised, using the IMP’s software (a software

supplied by the U.S Bureau of Census for the processing of social surveys).

After the completion of the data capture by the Data Entry Section the data

was cleared and validated to a limited extent in order to remove

inconsistencies and thereafter tabulations were issued according to the

requirements of the High Powered Committee.

1.4 Meetings and Visits

The first meeting was held on 12th June 2001. A total of 24 meetings was

held. Stakeholders concerned have been heard.

Several site visits have also been effected by members of the committee. The

objectives of the visits were to see de visu and gather information on all

stages of operation from rearing to slaughter and marketing. The different

sites visited and stakeholders convened are listed in annexes (II) and (III).

During the different meetings and visits effected issues raised with the

stakeholders were related to the following main aspects: the daily routine on

the farm, i.e., swills collection and preparation, the feeding methods,

maintenance of the sties and the general husbandry practices, problem of

solid/liquid wastes disposal, pollution to the environment, nuisances to nearby

residents and sanitary implications. Were also raised issues pertaining to

marketing of finished animals, conditions in which they are slaughtered at the

central abatoir, the carcass quality and the market structure. Furthermore,

questions relating to the technique of waste treatment and possible risks to

human health associated with food production using the IFS system were

raised with promoters of the Union Ducray Farm.

CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS

2.1 Pig Production

Pig production is basically a two-component process: the breeding process

and the fattening process.

2.1.1 Pig Breeding

This involves production of piglets. It is a long term investment with high

technical inputs. Selected males and females are reared on controlled diets

until they are 8-9 months old or 100 kg liveweight when they are ready for

breeding. Care is taken in order to avoid inbreeding. Record keeping is very

important.

The gestation length is of 114 days. Thus, technically a sow well taken care of

can farrow 2.5 times yearly and the litter size can reach 10-12 piglets. The

new born piglets are given an iron injection and are artificially heated to keep

them warm for around 35 days. They are milk-fed supplemented with creep

feed until 56 days (i.e., 8 weeks) when they are weaned at an average

weaning weight of 16-18 kg.

The optimum level of feeding, as far as the sow is concerned, is normally

based on the maintenance requirement of the animal, its physiological state (

i.e., whether pregnant or lactating) and the litter size. This will ensure

maximum productivity and survival among the piglets.

As far as waste generation is concerned it will be mostly for the sows at the

rate of 1.5 kg dry matter ( 7-8 kg fresh matter) per head daily. Infrastructural

amenities like creep area, farrowing crates are important in any pig breeding

enterprise.

2.1.2 Pig Fattening

This is simpler and relatively less technical than the breeding process. It

involves rearing weaned piglets on a fattening regime until they 90-100 kg

liveweight in about 6 months when they are ready for the market. All finished

animals are normally sent to the Mauritius Meat Authority where they are

slaughtered and distributed to butchers round the island.

Waste is generated at a rate of 1.0 kg dry matter (5.0 kg fresh matter) per

head per day.

2.1.3 Recommended Guidelines

In technical guidelines for pig production recommended by the Ministry of

Agriculture, Food Technology and Natural Resources emphasis is put on the

following aspects:

(I) Selection : The need for proper selection of breeding stock is very

important. It is recommended to select animals which are offsprings

of high producers and which are the results of a good breeding

programme involving recognised and well established breeds. They

should be properly inspected to make sure that they do not have

undesired physical defects.

(II) Housing: A good housing system should aim at offering maximum

comfort to the pigs. It must provide for easy cleaning, good

drainage, control of extreme temperatures, humidity, air movement

and sunlight. It should be built on the best drained part of the land

and be oriented perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing

winds. The floor should be in concrete, not too smooth nor too

rough. Appropriate models for breeding and for fattening are

available. Special provisions like farrowing crates and creep area

should need proper attention in a pig breeding enterprise.

(III) Feeding: Feeding is the most costly item in pig production. Pigs

need a well balanced diet in terms of appropriate amounts of

carbohydrate, protein, vitamins, minerals and roughage. It is

important that pigs are fed concentrates manufactured by local feed

factories. Feed tables indicating the recommended feeding regimes

at different stages of growth and production are available (i.e., for

growing animals, pregnant sows, suckling sows, boars, piglets and

fatteners) at the Ministry of Agriculture.

(IV) Management of breeding stock: Performance of replacement

animals should be closely monitored for early detection of defects.

Animals with defects should be promptly culled. The management

of mating programme requires skill. Animals should be bred at the

optimal time for maximum conception and piglets production.

Mating should be controlled to avoid close breeding or inbreeding.

Unproductive or poor productive animals must be culled as soon as

possible.

(V) Health: In addition to providing the animals with a healthy

environment it is important that they are kept free from parasites

like worms and ectoparasites, and diseases, in particular, swine

fever.

2.2 Review of current practice

Most of the farmers(95%) are involved in fattening while some 50% also

produce their own piglets. Only few farmers (<5%) specialize in pig breeding

for sale to other pig fattening operators. The piglets are weaned at 6 weeks of

age when they are around 15 kg liveweight. The most common breed being

large white representing 87% of the population.

As regards the types of housing, 45% of farmers rear their animals in closed

sties and about 50% operate in a semi-open type of structure. Only seven of

the farmers surveyed keep their animals completely in the open. The main

building materials used are concrete, iron sheets and wood. The roofs of the

sties are mostly in iron sheets while 73% of the walls and 95% of the floors

are in concrete. In spite of these being in concrete many cases (30%) of poor

drains and floor conditions were reported. Provisions for drinking and feeding

facilities were inadequate in 15% of farmers surveyed.

Most of the farmers segregate their animals in different categories which are

housed and managed separately. Thus, according to the census, almost 50%

of the farmers have separate pens for rearing of piglets, fattening of weaners

or for housing dry sows. Also, around 60% of farmers have special pens for

pregnant sows (farrowing pens) and for boars. This indicates a good

knowledge of housing requirement for breeding. However, given that half of

the housing areas were reported to be below 50 m² the farmers must be

having problem of overcrowding quite often as breeding sows are highly

prolific. A few farmers(15%), however, mix all animals in common pens.

As far as feeding is concerned more than 90% farmers reported using

concentrates available on the market. The latter is heavily diluted with other

easily available cheaper items often of lower nutritional value like crop

residues, swill feeds, offals, wheat bran and rice sweepings. By so doing, the

producers manage to maximize their profit margin though the quality of pig

meat finally produced may be inferior. Water used by 80% of farmers is piped

water. Less than 10% farmers rely on other sources like canals, boreholes,

and rivers.

Cleaning of sties is a daily routine for almost 90% of farmers and the methods

commonly employed are scraping and flushing with abundant water. The solid

wastes are disposed of as follows: 28% of farmers disposed them together

with effluents, 22 % of them stored in pits, 27 % stacked in the open, 15%

burn after drying. As for the liquid wastes the disposal is effected as follows:

24 % of the farmers reported disposing it through surface drain, 62% use

absorption pit while only 3% have a septic tank. Two per cent of farmers

even reported disposing it in the main sewer.

Wrong waste disposal, odour, noise, smokes generated by burning wood and

other combustibles during feed preparation are cited as major nuisances

arising from pig rearing. 16% of farmers admit having received complaints

from neighbours and some 10% of them have received notice from the

Sanitary office.

The general observation is that the production and management techniques

adopted by most of the farmers do not follow recommended guidelines for pig

production. It is to be noted that only 10% have recourse to extension

services and 25% to veterinary services though available free of charge.

Waste management is almost inexistent. Wastes are released directly in the

environment. In response to actions taken by the Sanitary Authority farmers

taken in contravention pay the relevant fines (not exceeding Rs1,000 ) which

is not much of a deterrent.

2.2.1 The Bassin Requin Pig Farm

The farm was set up in 1993. Government provided land of about 3 hectares

free of charge and arranged for access to financial supports in terms of

agricultural loan scheme for putting up the sties. It falls within an agricultural

zone which is fast developing into a tourist area. The type of soil is rocky and

the climate is rather warm and typical of coastal area.

The farm was run by a cooperative society of 14 members who were formerly

backyard producers operating in the nearby villages of Poste de Flacq, Trou

d’Eau Douce and the surroundings. Prior to relocation 63 pig keepers were

surveyed in the region. For most of them pig keeping was only a sideline

activity. Those who finally opted to be relocated were full time operators for

whom there was no other alternative than to invest in the new site.

At the time of the visit (July 2001), the herd size was 1200 heads. Feeding of

pigs was dependent on heavy use of swills obtained cheaply (Rs 5000/month)

from nearby hotels and limited use of protein-rich recommended feed

available at Government feed sale centres at subsidized rates. In this way,

the farmers were able to produce porc meat at reduced cost although the type

of meat produced was of poorer quality.

The sties which were in concrete were not adequately ventilated. They were

built separate from one another and are managed independently. The general

sanitary condition was very poor. This was attributable to the fact that

sufficient provisions for proper wastes treatment and disposal were never

implemented mainly due to cost implications. Wastes generated were

disposed of haphazardly posing serious threats of pollution to the

environment. Already, there had been evidence of faecal contamination

through Bassin Requin on to the nearby oyster pond managed by Constance

S.E. Furthermore, according to gathered information odour nuisances were

discernible even beyond the village of Poste de Flacq.

There was no proper mechanism to regulate activity on the farm. The flow of

animals was irregular. It fluctuated in response to varying market situation.

Uncontrolled expansion often led to aggravation of these environmental

problems.

Breeders tend to attribute their poor animal performance to poor genetics

resulting from some degree of inbreeding although real causes may lie in

deficient production management and poor level of nutrition.

2.2.2 The St. Martin Pig Farm

The farm exists since 1986 and covers an area of 4.0 Ha of state land within

an agricultural zone. It is the site where originally, 33 pig keepers operating as

back yard farmers in the suburban regions of Plaisance and Stanley were

relocated due to increasing sanitary and environmental pressure. According to

the Ministry of Cooperatives in April 2001, 33 pig keepers were grouped in a

cooperative society and were operating at St. Martin. During a visit in July

2001 information gathered on site indicated that the number of pig keepers

had increased to about 40.

The sties were built separately with many shortcomings. With expansion in

activity additions have been made to existing sties in the same haphazard

manner without taking into consideration animal comfort, sanitary aspects,

aeration and waste disposal.

Kitchen wastes, rice sweepings, poultry offals and other agro-industrial

wastes were used in significant proportions to dilute protein rich commercial

feeds in the daily rations for pigs. Thus, the cost of production was

significantly reduced making the enterprise financially more attractive.

Prevailing conditions on the farm were very unhygienic. Wastewater flowed

without much control and contaminated an adjacent irrigation canal and cane

fields. There was also the potential risk of contaminating a nearby borehole

used for potable water supply. Solid wastes were carelessly stacked on the

premises thus contributing to environmental degradation. A palliative remedial

measure had been initiated at the time of the visit. Rodent proliferation was

also a serious problem at St. Martin.

2.2.3 Roche Bois

In July 2001, the highly residential area of Roche Bois was accomodating

about 60 pig farmers rearing some 3000 heads in their backyards. For some

of them this was a side-line enterprise while for others it was their main

economic activity. The herd size varied in the range of 10 to 150 animals per

farmer.

This type of rearing is characterised by low level of investment. The sties are

built haphazardly and do not always conform to recommended norms

proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture. In some cases they are of

rudimentary types made up of woods and iron sheets. They are built close to

houses and the minimum distance between pigsty and the side boundary as

per regulation is seldom respected.

Only limited amounts of recommended feeds are purchased as feeding is

based mostly on the use of kitchen wastes, rice sweepings, offals and other

market wastes in order to minimize feed costs.

Waste disposal is done in various ways including illegal means:

(i) In unsewered areas the wastes are discharged through unlined

channels which, in several cases are not covered, connected to

soak away pits of questionable design covered with used iron

sheets;

(ii) In sewered areas the wastes are discharged illegally into the sewer

mains without respecting established regulations.

(iii) There are also instances where wastes were manually handled with

impending risks of infection. One case was seen of transfering

waste water manually from a collecting basin to the sewer line

because the sties were at a lower level.

Sanitary condition on most of the sites is very poor. During the visit one of the

farmers cum butcher and his workers were found busy handling meat and

blood next to badly maintained sties, i.e., in an environment which is non-

hygienic and where there is high risk of infection. Furthermore, unpleasant

odours, fly proliferation, smokes emitted from burning used tyres and plastics

for cooking feeds are other nuisances constantly affecting nearby dwellers

leading to increasing complaints.

2.2.4 Remedial Projects

A waste treatment plant was being constructed at Bassin Requin. The design

as proposed by Prof. G.Chan comprises four treatment units each with the

capacity to cater for 400 animals. Each unit consists of an anaerobic digester,

a sedimentation tank and three shallow basins. This system will presumably

digest the wastes sufficiently so that a 90% BOD reduction is finally achieved

(i.e., acceptable limit for release into the natural environment). It is expected

that the treatment plant will provide medium term solution to the waste

disposal problem provided it is well maintained and that there is no expansion

in activity beyond the maximum limit of 1600 animals at any one time.

However, it would be appropriate to verify the system once it becomes fully

functional to assess whether the expected performance is actually being met.

The cost of the treatment plant was estimated at Rs 3.9 m and the details are

shown in annex (IV). The project is co-financed by the Ministry of Environment

and the Ministry of Commerce and Cooperatives.

In the absence of Prof. Chan the system at Bassin Requin was put into

operation in February 2002 without anybody knowing the proper procedure.

Too much water and pig waste was coming out of the digester before they

were adequately treated. The digesters were restarted all over again on the

19th April 2002 upon the return of the Professor who also trained the farmers

how to monitor the operations. He believes that the digesters should be

operating properly by the end of May 2002 when an assessment could be

made of their performance. It is to be noted that as at end April 2002 the farm

was having 14 farmers rearing a population of 898 heads.

A similar waste treatment plant was also being designed for St. Martin at an

estimated cost of Rs 8.0m. However, fibreglass digesters would be used to

enable their re-utilisation in the event of its relocation elsewhere. It is

expected that the set up will give adequate treatment provided there is no

further expansion of pig farming activities and that the waste treatment plant is

properly maintained. As at the beginning of this year the farm consisted of 44

farmers rearing a pig population of 2500 heads. There are some 450 pigs that

are also being reared by farmers who are not members of the Plaisance

Cooperative Society.

2.3 Integrated Farming System (IFS)

2.3.1 General

Government policy regarding pig industry has tended to focus on increasing

production without giving due consideration to the adverse impacts that it can

have on environment and the quality of life. On the other hand, with

improvement in standard of living people have become more environment-

conscious and are increasingly aware of health risks associated with

increasing pollution load generated by expansion in pig farming and other

livestock activities.

2.3.2 The Value of IFS

Emphasis is being put on the use of Integrated Farming System (IFS) as a

means to treat and dispose of solid and liquid wastes from livestock

production, mainly from pig farming. It is presented as a system which is

ecologically balanced and economically viable. Professor G.Chan has been

pursuing the objective of introducing the system in the Mauritian context. It

claims to treat all pig wastes effectively and recycles all the by-products to

optimize production at the lower costs.

The value of IFS to combat pollution, to intensify farming and also to

regenerate the environment through diversification and recycling has been

demonstrated in Brazil, Fiji and other Asian countries where Professor G.

Chan was personally involved. In essence, the IFS implies intensifying the

use of land and water resources in a sustainable manner through species

diversification and nutrient recycling. In many cases resource productivity

increases, farmers’ income rise, soils are improved and the water kept clean.

The three main pre-requisites for IFS are:

A. sufficient land area – preferably marginal, low lying and water retentive

B. abundant water supply and

C. adequate finance to set up the necessary infrastructure which consists

of large anaerobic digesters and a series of ponds.

2.3.3 Description of an IFS System

The IFS system consists of 3 distinct phases:

A. Phase I

Anaerobic treatment of the waste through a digester and a sedimentation

tank. A 60 % reduction in BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) is achieved.

Biogas is generated and can be collected for use as a fuel.

B. Phase II

Aerobic treatment with free oxygen produced by photosynthesis from the

natural algae and other macrophytes. A further 30% BOD reduction is

achieved.

C. Phase III

Complete mineralization of the organic wastes into stable nutrients in the

stabilization pond resulting in the prolific growth of plankton, which in turn

is consumed by fish. The fish is cooked and fed to the pigs. Moreover, the

stabilization pond can harbour crops that can also be used as animal feed.

Additionally, water from the pond can also be used as irrigation water

which is rich in nutrients.

A flow chart on IFS is given in annex (V).

2.4 Union Ducray Farm

2.4.1 The System tried

At Union Ducray a pilot project based partially on the concept of IFS is in

operation since 1997.It is a polyvalent farm rearing several livestock species.

The pig unit specializes in the production of piglets. The sties are built

according to recommended standards. Feeding is based on commercial

feeds. No agro-industrial waste is used. Breeding materials are purchased

from the station of Palmar. Controlled breeding is carried out in order to avoid

inbreeding. The farm is exceptionally clean.

Washed water issuing from the pig breeding units is channeled through two

anaerobic digesters aligned in series followed by treatment in circular

sedimentation tanks resulting into a 60% BOD reduction.

A further 30% BOD reduction is achieved through aerobic treatment when the

effluents from the sedimentation tanks pass through a series of shallow

basins where free oxygen is produced by photosynthesis from natural algae

and other macrophytes.

Finally, complete mineralisation of the organic pig waste into stable nutrient is

achieved in the stabilisation ponds resulting into prolific growth of plankton,

which in turn is consumed by crayfish (Australian Red Claw) supplemented

with self-produced fish for faster growth.

At Union Ducray the abundant water flows at such a high pressure that the

hydraulic retention time is consequently reduced in the system, making the

latter less effective and efficient. So, before the huge volume of used water is

discharged into the sea it goes through 8-9 existing basins for growing some

red tilapia.

It should be noted that the farm produce, i.e., the crayfish/fish is not being

used in pig feed formulation as originally spelt out in the project. Rather, the

promoters are interested in putting the produce on the market for human

consumption. The Ministry of Health has strong reservations on the fitness of

the crayfish for human consumption. Approval of the Sanitary Authority is still

being awaited.

2.4.2 The University of Mauritius Report

The Trust Fund for the Social Integration of Vulnerable Groups had in March

2001 entrusted the University of Mauritius with the task of assessing the

microbiological quality of the produce of the farm at Union Ducray. A report

was submitted in July 2001 which addressed the microbiological quality of

cray fish produced at Union Ducray by measuring in live samples taken, the

levels of

Total Viable Count, Coliform, Faecal Coliform (Presumptive E. Coli),

Sulphite-reducing anaerobe (Clostridia), Salmonella and Vibrio.

The samples were taken during the period 11 – 16 June 2001, from the pond

in which the cray fish are raised, after depurgation for 5 days in running

irrigation water and after a 6th day of storage in tap water, respectively.

The results obtained were interpreted against the following guidelines :-

(a) The Mauritian Food Act 1998, Eight Schedule, Regulations 62(2)(b)

Food Regulations 1999, which specified that Salmonella and Vibrio

should to absent in 25g sample of Raw fish and Crustaceans. Both

Salmonella and Vibrio were not detected in any of the samples

analysed.

(b) The standard adopted by the Ministry of Health for faecal coliform per g

of raw cray fish as

i. E.Coli should not exceed 100/g in any specimen, and

ii. a maximum of only 2 out of 5 specimens may have an E.Coli

count of between 100/g and 1000/g

The findings of the University’s investigation are that

(a) with an E.Coli count of 36/g of cray fish, specimens subjected to a 5-

day depurgation treatment in flowing irrigation water complied with the

Ministry of Health standard.

(b) samples which were stored for a 6th day in tap water did not comply

with the Ministry of Health standard.

Without wishing to be too critical, the Committee would wish to draw attention

to at least some weaknesses of the report: -

1. Tests were conducted on only one set of samples collected over a

period of one week. The reproducibility as well as the statistical

significance of the test results have not been addressed.

2. From a scientific methodology point of view, the quality of both the

irrigation water and the tap water should have been assessed, if only to

eliminate the possibility that they may themselves have been

contaminated.

3. Surprise is expressed at the fact that the quality was satisfactory after

the 5-day treatment in irrigation water whereas after the 6th day

treatment in tap water the cray fish became highly contaminated with

bacterial growth, without providing any elaborate explanation or

recommendation.

The Committee, after the visit to Union Ducray and discussions held there,

was able to assess that the 5-day treatment in irrigation water was under

running water condition, which had a flushing action that resulted in reduced

bacterial count. The treatment in the tap water consisted of storage in a

closed system in which bacterial growth would be expected to increase as a

result of excretion by the live cray fish themselves, as there is absence of

flushing. Depurgation is based on the principle of dilution of wastes/bacteria

produced. A closed system will result in concentration rather than dilution of

wastes, and must therefore be avoided.

2.4.3 Views of the Ministry of Health

The Specialist Pathologist and the Deputy Chief Health Inspector of the

Ministry of Health expressed strong views and reservations on health risks

from human consumption of cray fish as produced at the Union Ducray farm.

Although they do not contest the results obtained by the University, which in

fact are similar to results obtained by the Ministry of Health, they are of the

view that the conclusions are not very clearcut and are subject to various

interpretations.

The Pathologist is of the view that few scientists will want to say categorically

that there is no risk involved in putting the cray fish produced at Union Ducray

on the market for human consumption. While some people may feel that the

risk is negligible, he felt that the risk was substantial and not worth taking.

According to him the effectiveness of microbiological examination to assess

the safety of foods is limited. He argues that for a situation where the initial

product is grossly contaminated (that is, the cray fish from the culture pond),

the test results are only valid for the sample tested on that day. There is no

guarantee that it will be satisfactory next week or next month. He further

argues that even if the Ministry of Health were to carry out regular tests, it

would not guarantee safety because laboratory tests cannot detect all

microbiological hazards. Standardised and reliable tests for certain

pathogens particularly, parasites, on food simply do not exist, Moreover,

should a new pathogen emerge, it will take several months to detect or

recognise it. Tests are only done for known pathogens.

Quoting current medical literature he gave examples of the emergence of

many new diseases transmitted by infectious agents from one species to

another, such as BSE (prions from sheep to cattle and then to humans, cats

etc), Niphal virus (from bats to pigs to humans) which causes a type of brain

infection in humans. Food contaminated with sewage is known to cause

many infections in humans and according to him, it would be unwise to

facilitate such processes though production of food for human consumption by

a method such as IFS.

2.4.4 Views of the Committee

The Committee thus finds itself in front of two opposite views, one saying that

cray fish as produced at Union Ducray and after being subjected to a 5-day

depurgation treatment in flowing water satisfies the standards imposed by the

Food Act and the Ministry of Health, the other saying that there are health

risks involved and one has to be very cautious.

The cray fish produced at Union Ducray is based on the Integrated Farming

System except that instead of using the crayfish as protein feed for the

animals, it is being proposed as food for human consumption. This is, in fact,

the real issue. The putting up of the crayfish for human consumption is a risk

that the specialist pathologist from the Ministry of Health is not willing to

endorse, even with the setting up of a control system through regular

microbiological testing. Under these circumstances, the Committee can either

opt for safety and not recommend that the cray fish from Union Ducray be put

up for human consumption, or recommend that further expert opinion be

sought with respect to the pathological risks involved.

Following the latter recommendation in the Interim Report, Government

initiated two measures: the appointment of a French technical adviser Mr. A.

Demoor to assess the system at Union Ducray, and the Mauritius Research

Council to set up a team to conduct further tests and investigations. According

to information gathered by the Committee, the French adviser is of the view

that the present system requires sanitary measures.

2.5 Composting- Preliminary Studies on Pig Wastes

In our search for alternative ways of managing pig wastes, the Committee

investigated the suitability of composting as an option. The concept of

composting and its potential as an alternative means for treatment of animal

waste is dealt with in part II section 2.7 of this report. The Committee found a

recent publication entitled : “Passively Aerated Composting of Straw Rich Pig

Manure : Effect of Compost Bed Porosity.” In the spring 2002 edition of the

COMPOST Science & Utilization magazine. The abstract of the article is

reproduced for reference in Annex (VII ).

As Dr. R. Mohee of the Faculty of Engineering is actively involved in research

on composting, she was requested to extend her investigations to include pig

wastes. A trial is actually at the Young Farmers Centre of Belle Mare whereby

the composting potential of pig waste is being assessed using small rotary

composters. A report on the trial is given in annex (VI) including a diagram of

the rotary digester as well as the cost incurred in its preparation . Preliminary

conclusions show that pig wastes combined with suitable bulking agents such

as bagasse can compost well. The temperature profile and the change in

volatile solids show that there is effective degradation. However, the final

characteristics are yet to be determined.

CHAPTER 3 Socio-Economic Aspects

3.1 Economic Importance of Pig Farming

The Mauritian economy has started really to diversify since 1983-84, this

period coinciding with what is generally referred to as the first phase of the

country’s industrialization. The emerging sectors, namely manufacturing and

tourism are responsible for economic growth from the mid 80’s and through

the 90’s. The economy is now being further diversified with emphasis on the

financial services sector.

Despite the general economic evolution of the country and the opportunities

for other development alternatives pig farming still has its economic

importance for various reasons. These vary from profit –motive to backyard

income generating activities for many families. Rearing pigs is for some pig

breeders the only source of income while for others it supplements an income.

It also maintains and provides employment to certain families who have been

traditionally in this business for several decades. Pig meat is also considered

as high protein food for a significant section of the population.

In year 2000, 12,140 heads of pig were slaughtered at the central abbatory of

Mauritius Meat Authority yielding a total of 890 metric tons of meat. During the

same year the country imported frozen and processed meat worth of Rs 90 m

to meet the 2540 metric tons consumed.

3.2 Socio-Economic Profile

According to the Census Survey, some 415 active full-time are involved in pig

farming activities with a pig population of some 11,900 heads. It is to be noted

that 74% of the farmers are heads of household with a family population of

1,784 members. The distribution of the 415 breeders by total number of pigs

and by district is given below.

As can be seen from the Table (ii) below pig farming is not evenly distributed

over the island. There is a concentration of breeders in the districts of Black

River, Port Louis, Grand Port and Flacq. As regards Port Louis, pig breeders

and pig farming activities are predominant in the region of Roche Bois with 57

breeders caring for a pig population of some 1,250 heads. It is worth noting

that the number of pigs has decreased from about 3000 in July 2001 to 1,250

as reported in the Census Survey of April 2002. Whether this is due to a

current shortage of piglets in the market or to a possible decline in interest is

difficult to ascertain.

Table (ii) :Distribution of Active Full-time Pig Farmers by total

number of pigs kept, and by District

Island District No. of Active Pig Breeders No. of pigs

PORT LOUIS DISTRICT 66 1402

PAMPLEMOUSSES 44 1028

R DU REMPART DISTRICT 33 213

FLACQ DISTRICT 51 2045

GRAND PORT DISTRICT 57 1179

SAVANNE DISTRICT 41 1917

PLAINES WILHEMS DISTRICT 14 633

MOKA DISTRICT 13 505

BLACK RIVER DISTRICT 96 2934

ISLAND OF MAURITIUS 415 11856

Another 19 active farmers, who are heads of household but are part-timers,

rear a pig population of 70 heads spread over the 9 districts.

The frequency distribution of herd size among the farmers is shown in table

(iii). It is noted that almost 50% of farmers rear up to 10 pigs each. About two

thirds of the farmers rear pig populations of 20 or less. Farmers rearing above

50 pigs each represent less than 20% of the total and 5% more than 100.

Table (iii): Distribution of pigs among farmers

Herd size Number of

farmers

percentage Cumulative

percentage

1 to 5 128 30.8 30.8

6 to 10 73 17.6 48.4

11 to 20 75 18.1 66.5

21 to 30 29 7.0 73.5

31 to 40 22 5.3 78.8

41 to 50 12 2.9 81.7

51 to 75 30 7.2 88.9

76 to 100 23 5.5 94.4

101 to 200 19 4.6 99.0

201 to 300 3 0.7 99.8

301 to 500 1 0.2 100

It is also worth noting that each farmer who is head of household, whether

operating on a full time or part time basis sustains an average of 4.3 persons

in the household.

Only 7% of the active full-time breeders have received any formal training,

although 70% have been operating for more than 10 years. Out of the 415

breeders, only 20 pig farmers hold a permit for pig farming from the Health

Authority and about 43% are members of an Association or a Cooperative

Society. The age structure is not evenly distributed. About 55% are in the

age bracket 30-50 , 18% between 50 and 60, 13% are above 60 and only

11% are below 30. There are very few young persons who are attracted and

involved in this activity. As regards level of education only 9% have SC, 17%

have reached lower secondary level, 41% have passed CPE and 28% have

no CPE. Four breeders possess the HSC whereas eight have completed

tertiary education. It is to be noted that breeders with a higher level of

education are cadres and company executives.

Concerning land ownership, 43% operate on their own land, 14% on rented

land and about 22% operate on leased State land. It is also to be noted that

41% of the farmers own a farm, 23% have a communal farm and 33% operate

in their backyards. The majority (95%) of the farmers keep pigs for fattening

as opposed to breeding. Apart from pigs, 6% of pig farmers also keep cattle

and goat whereas 14% keep chicken as well. As far as labour force is

concerned, 5% claims to hire full-time labour, 4% hire one person and about

2% hire more than two persons respectively on part-time basis.

Most of the farmers did not disclose all their sources of income for their

household. However, for pig production about 55% of farmers claim to draw

less than 50% and 39% more than 50% of their total income. Thus, more

than half of the full time farmers draw more income from other sources than

pig farming.

As regards disposal of animals, 81% of the farmers claim to sell directly to the

butchers whereas 7% admit to slaughtering pigs on their premises. More than

65% disposed of their pigs after fattening at a price between Rs 2,000 and Rs

4,000. Regarding piglets, 21% sold piglets at a price varying from Rs 500 to

Rs 1,000 and 3% ranging from Rs1,000 to Rs 2,000

As regards investment, 23% of farmers have contracted loans (14% from

DBM, 3% from Cooperative Bank and 4% from commercial banks) varying

from Rs40,000 to Rs50,000 with very few in the range of Rs200,000 to

Rs300,000.

Among other facilities offered by Government to the farmers 63% have

benefited from subsidized feeds. It is to be noted that not all farmers are

entitled to this scheme. Only 10% farmers have recourse to extension

services (training and technical advice) and 25% to veterinary services

although the latter services are provided free of charge. Thirty per cent have

purchased their breeding animals from Government station.

The socio economic profile provides useful information in terms of status of

breeders, location of pig farming activities, level of investment, income derived

and facilities offered to farmers. These will be helpful to policy makers when

dealing with the issue of pig farming activities throughout the island.

3.3 Cost of Production

3.3.1 Cost of Production of one Weaner Piglet

The cost of production of pig farming depends to a large extent on the scale of

production. Annex (VIII) gives a detailed breakdown of the cost of production

of one weaner piglet on a typical farm producing 320 weaners per year from

20 breeding sows and one boar. The various cost components include such

variables costs as feed, labour, electricity, water, veterinary drugs, fixed costs

such as building and equipment, and other charges such as depreciation,

interest and maintenance. Based on assumptions mentioned therein the

average cost of production of one weaner piglet weighing between 15-20 kg

comes to Rs 1320. However, it is believed that the actual average cost is

much below the above estimate. This is because most farmers operate in a

system where the level of management and technical inputs is very low.

3.3.2 Cost of Production of one Fattened Pig

The majority of pig breeders purchase weaned piglets for fattening purposes.

The detailed cost of production is presented in annex (IX). The cost of

fattening one pig to 90 kg in six months is estimated at Rs 3480 if

unsubsidised feed is used and at Rs 3030 if feed is subsidized. The revenue

is subject to fluctuations as it depends on demand and supply. The market

being unstable, at times the prevailing price drops to levels when the farmers

will break even or even lose. It is noted that the feed component accounts for

50 % or 40 % depending on whether the feed used is subsidised or not.

Officially, only small farmers are entitled to benefit from subsidy on feed.

However, in practice most farmers manage to increase their profit margin by

significantly diluting commercial pig feed with kitchen wastes, swills, rice

sweepings etc. though the quality of meat produced is of lower grade.

3.4 Relocation of Pig Farming Activities from Roche Bois.

At Roche Bois there are some 60 farmers rearing about 1250 pigs scattered

all over the region. The unprofessional way in which activities are being

carried out is giving rise to acute pollution problems. These have been

sufficiently highlighted under section 2.2.3 of part I of this report.

It was proposed that for Roche Bois all the pig rearing units would be

relocated to more appropriate sites. It was suggested that farmers should

group into cooperative societies in order to benefit from economies of scale

through sharing common facilities especially with respect to waste treatment

plant, infrastructural supports, utility services, transport and bulk purchase of

feeds.

3.4.1 Comparative Costs/Benefits of Different Scenarios

Various scenarios including Partially Integrated Farming System (PIFS) and

Integrated Farming System(IFS) were analysed so as to look into the

possibilities of relocation of pig farming away from the Roche Bois region. The

costings as well as the designs have been carried out Prof. G. Chan and were

obtained from the Ministry of Economic Development Financial Services and

Coorporate Affairs.

The comparative costs/benefits and designs of the different scenarios are

shown in annexes (X), (XI) and (XII). As can be seen in annex (X) the capital

investment for the first four scenarios averages Rs23 m whereas under PIFS

and IFS they are Rs43 m and Rs74 m respectively. On the other hand, the

cost of production for fattening a pig to 90kg in six months is on average Rs

3,800 for the first four scenarios whereas it averages Rs 4,600 under PIFS

and IFS. It is noted that the cost is higher under the last two systems in view

of the huge initial investment cost. The Committee highlighted the cost

implication and economic feasibility of the relocation of pig farming activities

from Roche Bois. Following the submission of the interim report, Prof. Chan

has worked out the comparative benefits of the different scenarios and these

have been incorporated in annex (X). As indicated in annex (X), the benefits

in terms of biogas energy savings, fish feed formulation, scavenging ducks

accrued to PIFS and IFS far outweigh the costs relative to the four scenarios.

In fact benefits/pig in monetary terms give an average of Rs90 whereas the

figures are Rs850 and Rs3,400 for PIFS and IFS respectively. It can be

further seen that profit per pig is on average Rs700 compared to Rs1,100 and

Rs3,000 for PIFS and IFS respectively. Profits could further be increased

through the production of mushroom, earthworms, shellfish and flowers.

3.4.2 Other Alternatives

Despite the benefits accrued from the various scenarios, the Committee feels

that the data generated above needs to be validated in order to assess the

economic viability and sustainability of the various scenarios. Conscious of

land requirement for the relocation of pig farming and pending the availability

of suitable sites for the implementation of a pilot project the Committee has

now explored further options. Although it is proposed that the Public Health

Act be promulgated immediately it is desirable that its enforcement allows

sufficient time (preferably within one year) for farmers to shift smoothly to

alternative activities.

(i) Reconversion to trades supported by relevant training

While imposing a restriction on the current practice of pig rearing at Roche

Bois concurrent measures for redeployment of those farmers who are

engaged full time in pig farming to other forms of gainful occupations must be

considered. These measures may require the provision of relevant training

(e.g in collaboration with the IVTB) prior to redeployment in trades and

practices such as heavy vehicle driving, handicrafts and growing sectors like

construction, tourism and transport. The farmers may also be proposed to

undertake other entrepreneurial activities in the PMEs after proper training.

(ii) Reconversion to other agricultural activities

Subject to the identification of suitable agricultural land in the vicinity of Roche

Bois, interested farmers may be grouped into an agricultural club under the

supervision of AREU. This will facilitate the provision of training in a range of

agricultural projects such as vegetable and fruit production, mushroom and

ornamentals production, food processing or small goat and chicken farms.

AREU should closely follow up on the projects to ensure prompt support.

(iii)Project based financial support

The farmers may avail themselves of micro-credit facilities from the Trust

Fund for the Social Integration of Vulnerable Groups for the implementation of

income generating activities. Loans up to Rs 200,000 for a group of four

persons are available under this scheme. It offers numerous advantages and

a thorough follow up of the projects is carried out so as to ensure that they

reach targets. Upon successful implementation of the income generating

activities the farmers could eventually expand their business or enterprise. A

scheme under the Development Bank of Mauritius can also be made available

to advance loans to these farmers to finance the expansion of their activities

for reconversion.

CHAPTER 4 Legal Aspects

4.1 Background

Pig industry in Mauritius is one of the most polluting activities because of the

location amidst or in the vicinity of residential areas as well as its operation

without appropriate infrastructural facilities for waste water treatment and

disposal. Though there exist various pieces of legislations to control pig

farming activity, provisions for different aspects of undertaking this activity are

fragmented across those different legislations, resulting in poor enforcement.

A summary of the existing legislations which control pig farming activities is

given in annex (XIII).

The promulgation of the new legislation, as recommended in the National

Policy Paper on pig farming in April 2001, would enable better control of pig

activity both from the point of view of enforcing agencies and the promoter.

4.2 New Draft Pig Breeding Regulation, 2001

The Ministry of Health and Quality of Life has worked in close collaboration

with all relevant Ministries/organisations to update the provisions in the

existing draft legislation (Public Health Act of 1995) taking into consideration

the recommendations as indicated in the National Policy Paper. These include

inter alia:

(i) location of the pig farm in the agricultural zones and minimum

distances determined from :-

limits of permitted development

main public roads

boreholes meant for potable water

(ii) Scale of activity

(iii) husbandry practices and general pigsty management

(iv) Waste water management including treatment facility

As at May 2002 the new draft Pig Breeding Regulations 2001 has

already been vetted by the State Law Office and circulated for

comments.

The new draft Pig Breeding Regulations 2001 is enclosed at Annex

(XIV) for reference.

The findings and comments are briefly given in annex (XV).

4.3 Views of the High Powered Committee

The new draft on Pig Regulations has taken cognisance of new

realities and technologies in relation with the pig farming activity and is

better structured than the previous regulations. It is the Committee’s

views that the followings be also considered:

Location of pig sties is a most important provision which has

not been adequately addressed with respect to zoning in the

new draft Pig Regulations, 2001

o As regards the scale of activity, the draft legislation has

considered only industrial scale activity (i.e the rearing of

more than 100 animals at any one time in a piggery).

The Committee views that the following be also considered:

o Provisions should be made for small scale breeders (rearing between

one to nineteen pigs). It is proposed that pig wastes be collected for

composting using the rotary system. It should be noted that this

technique of composting is likely to be feasible for small scale breeding

activity as this will be carried out in closed systems. However,

composting on a larger scale would entail open air systems which will

not be environmentally acceptable. Should the breeder opt for 20 or

more pigs, a waste treatment facility as provided for in the Draft Pig

Regulation should be used.

4.4 The HPC’s Recommendations on Legal Aspects

It is recommended that the provisions made in this new draft Pig

Breeding Regulations be adopted both for Mauritius and Rodrigues with

the following additional recommendations:

Scale of activity

Two scale of activities are proposed :

Small scale (1- 19 heads )

Large scale (20 and above)

In view of the possibility of handling the wastes generated by up to 19

pigs in closed system with minimum nuisance using the rotary

composting system, it is recommended that small scale pig farming

should be allowed using the latter system of solid waste treatment

the location of pig sties be outside limits of permitted development

(i) For 19 pigs or less, the pig farm should be located at a minimum

distance of 200m from limits of permitted development.

Given the scarcity of land resources in the country, a compromise is

inevitable between satisfying the needs of pig farmers while ensuring

minimum nuisance to adjacent neighbours as well as judicious use of

land.

(ii) For any future extension of an existing small scale farm (1-19)

beyond 20 pigs, a minimum distance of 400m should be imposed

from the limits of permitted development. Additionally a distance of at

least 200m between 2 farms along the limits of permitted

development should be imposed.

(iii) For more than 20 heads, the pig farm should be located at a

minimum distance of 400m buffer from the limits of permitted

development.

The figure of 400m is based on the current accepted guidelines buffer

distance from waste water treatment plant.

However, both the distances of 200 or 400 m are not a guarantee

against odour or other nuisances as these depend largely on the

hygienic and cleanliness maintained in and around the piggery. It is

therefore imperative that the relevant ministries (including AREU)

ensure strict compliance with the provisions on husbandry practices.

Regular monitoring with a preventive objective should be undertaken

by the Extension Service of the Ministry of Agriculture (AREU) as well

as necessary guidance/advice given to the pig breeders.

For small scale pig breeding (1 to 19 heads) the wastes should be

scraped and composted using the rotary system. Should the

compost be put to sale, it should be properly labelled to cater for

religious beliefs and practices.

The provisions for closing order in section 11 of the new draft

regulation should also include “the persistence of environment

nuisances /unhygienic conditions”

The provisions should include disposal of animals by public sale

in case of non-compliance of the closing order.

Section 12 (b) may read as follows:

“ Where a closing order has been served, the permit

holder may be given a reasonable period to dispose of all

the pig belonging to the piggery failing which a court

order should be sought for disposal of animal by public

sale or alternative means. The proceed of which shall be

retained by Government”.

The provisions Section 8 on husbandry practices to also include:

(i) Disposal of dead animals and carcasses,

(ii) Canalisation and treatment of liquid waste in

absorption pits or other appropriate system.

(iii) Visual impacts/screening of site and environment

enhancement (trees and shrubs planting)

The Ministry of Agriculture, FT & NR. should assist the Sanitary

Authority in ensuring strict compliance of provisions under the

New Draft Pig Regulations

In addition to guidelines on the pigsty infrastructure given in part II

of the First Schedule of the new Draft Regulation, the

recommended housing designs with drawing should also be

given.

The application form for breeding pigs should be included as a

schedule so as to clearly identify all information required for the

licence

The renewal form of the permit should also be included as a

Schedule in the draft regulations.

CHAPTER 5 PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In the light of the census survey, discussions with all stakeholders of the

sector and site visits, the Committee is making the following proposals and

recommendations:

(1) Relocation of Pig Farming Activities from Roche Bois

Conscious of land requirement for the relocation of pig farming and

pending the availability of suitable sites for the implementation of a pilot

project under IFS, the technical and economic options must be assessed

against the provisions of proposed new legislation for pig breeding

activities to be embodied within the Public Health Act. Although it is

proposed that the Public Health Act be promulgated immediately it is

desirable that its enforcement allows sufficient time (preferably within one

year) for farmers to shift to alternative activities. These alternatives could

be as follows:

(i) The first one is to consider the possibility of

redeployment of the 60 farmers into alternative

employment. This proposed occupational mobility

should be channelled to growing sectors such as

construction and tourism, transport and

entrepreneurial activities in the PMEs. A training

programme wherever necessary and appropriate in

collaboration with training institutions such as the

IVTB has to be worked out in order to prepare these

farmers in their new occupation.

(ii) Subject to identification of suitable agricultural land

in the vicinity of Roche Bois, interested farmers may

be grouped into an agricultural club under the

supervision of AREU. This will facilitate the provision

of training in a range of agricultural projects such as

vegetable and fruit production, mushroom and

ornamentals production, food processing or small

goat and chicken farms. AREU should closely follow

up on the projects to ensure prompt support.

(iii) Those farmers may avail themselves of micro-credit

facilities from the Trust Fund for the Social

Integration of Vulnerable Groups and other

institutions for the implementation of income

generating activities

(2) Financial Assistance

Breeders should be encouraged to take advantage of loan facilities under

the different credit schemes, namely, “ Trust Fund for the Vulnerable

Groups, IFAD Rural Diversification Programme, The Leve deboute Micro

Credit Scheme “ and the “ Anou Diboute Ansam Scheme”. According to

our information the DBM offers loans on the following terms: (a) up to

Rs50,000 at 8% interest rate for 5 to 6 years, and (b) between Rs50,000 to

Rs500,000 at 10% interest rate for 7 to 8 years.

(3) Integrated Farming System

The economic feasibility and sustainability of the Integrated Farming

System has yet to be assessed in the local context. Given the high initial

investment cost, large extent of land and water required, the Committee is

of the view that only the implementation of a pilot project will enable the

proper assessment of its viability whether on a fully integrated or partially

integrated basis.

(4) Bassin Requin and St. Martin Remedial Projects

A constant monitoring of effluents at these pig breeding sites on a regular

basis is required by a joint committee as proposed at (13).

(5) Regular Reports

In view of the highly polluting nature of pig farming any departure from the

good husbandry practices will automatically give rise to environmental

problems. There must be officers especially earmarked to make regular

reports on all pig farming operations to a monitoring committee.

(6) Composting

Composting of wastes from animals such as cattle, chicken and horse has

been successfully demonstrated on small (100 kg) closed rotary digesters.

This technique is now being tried with pig waste and is showing good

potential for stabilization prior to disposal in the environment or for use as

crop fertilizer. In any case, this is a better option than the current disposal

practice, as it is a low cost method of stabilizing the wastes whilst at the

same time eliminating pathogens. This will make the pig wastes safer for

disposal into the environment. However, relevant advice and training on

correct procedures including monitoring must be provided by institutions

like AREU and the University of Mauritius.

(7) Legal Framework

It is recommended that the provisions made in the new draft Pig Breeding

Regulations, 2001 be adopted both for Mauritius and Rodrigues with the

following additional recommendations:

The location of pig sties be outside limits of permitted

development

For 19 or less number of pigs, the distance from limits of

permitted development should be a minimum of 200 m.

For 20 or more heads a minimum distance of 400m buffer from

the limits of permitted development should be observed. For any

future extension of an existing small scale farm (1-19 pigs) a

minimum distance of 400m should be imposed from the limit of

permitted development. Additionally, a distance of at least

200m between two farms along the limits of permitted

development should be imposed.

For small scale pig breeding the wastes should be scraped and

composted using a closed system. Should the compost be used

as a crop fertilizer it should be properly labelled to cater for

religious beliefs and practices.

Provision should be made for the disposal of animals by public

sales in case of failure to comply with terms of the closing order.

The provisions for closing order should also cater for persistent

of environmental nuisances and unhygienic conditions.

The provision 8 on husbandry practices should also include

(i) Disposal of carcasses and dead animals;

(ii) Canalisation and treatment of liquid waste

in absorption pits or other appropriate

system;

(iii) Visual impacts/ screening of site and

environment enhancement such as land

scaping and trees/shrubs planting.

The application form for the licence to breed pigs should be

included as a schedule so as to clearly identify all information

required for the licence.

The renewal form of the permit should also be included in the

draft regulation as well.

(8) Training of Farmers

The efforts already put in by the Ministry of Agriculture, through AREU,

and the Ministry of Cooperatives for training pig producers in proper

production technique, good husbandry practice, and appropriate

management must be sustained and strengthened further through regular

contact with the production community.

(9) Price Mechanism and Sales Outlets

As marketing is not organised, the revenue in case of small farmers tends

to fluctuate according to the prices of the products. Most of the time the

butchers decide on the prices to be offered to farmers. These are relatively

low. A price mechanism could be worked out to take account of cost of

production and a mark-up profit margin. A minimum price coupled with

sales outlets could be set up where the farmers could offer his product for

sale. This will ensure that the farmers are better remunerated for the sale

of their products. This sort of organisation is usually effective through

cooperative societies.

(10) Strategic Alliance

A strategic alliance with processing plants could be envisaged to ensure a

guaranteed market at reasonable prices for the sale of the farmers’

products.

(11) Value added Products

Farmers should be encouraged to add value to their products through

meat processing. Products like ham and sausages could easily find

market. Such endeavour would require equipment and material as well as

training support. These could be procured through loans and micro credit

schemes.

(12) Salle de Decoupe

To assist small farmers to undertake grading of their products and to

ensure that they get better prices, the setting up of a “salle de decoupe”

and a chilling room should be envisaged. The activities of the chilling room

and the ”salle de decoupe” will have to be monitored by the farmers

themselves through a farmers’ organisation or a cooperative society. The

cost implication of the setting up of these units as well as the impact of the

price of the products on the consumers will have to be examined in more

detail.

(13) Genetic Improvement

In order to protect and further improve the genetic performance of the pig

stock, necessary steps must be taken for the introduction of the artificial

insemination technique in Mauritius.

(14) Effort and responsibility on the part of pig farmers

Proposals and recommendations 2, 6 and 8 to 12 concern the pig farming

community in its entirety. It is strongly recommended that the farmers take

full advantage of all the facilities that are likely to be extended to them,

especially in terms of financial assistance, advice and training, while at the

same time organising themselves better by grouping, for example into

cooperative societies and farming clubs.

(15) Steering Committee

A steering committee under the aegis of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food

Technology and Natural Resources should be set up comprising

representatives from the Ministry of Commerce and Cooperatives, Ministry

of Environment, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life and the Waste Water

Management Authority for the implementation of the recommendations

and proposals of this report.

Part 2

Rodrigues

Chapter 6- Introduction

6.1 Introduction/Background

Rodrigues covers an area of 140 sq. km. located at about 600 km east of

Mauritius. It is predominantly mountainous and, as such, most development

activities including pig farming are concentrated on mountain slopes. As

Rodrigues is also included in its terms of reference of the Committee effected

a visit to the island from 4.02.02 to 6.02.02 to assess its pig farming industry.

The Committee members met several stakeholders and effected site visits

(see annex ). A survey conducted on a sample of 45 pig breeders provided

valuable qualitative and quantitative data which have been included in this

report.

Pig farming is a normal economic activity which involves most of the

inhabitants in Rodrigues. In 1995, it was estimated that some 1,400 farmers

were rearing about 4,200 pigs. According to official statistics in year 2000,

1680 heads of pig were slaughtered and exported. Most Rodriguans consume

pig meat since there are neither cultural nor religious restrictions as in

Mauritius. Pig rearing is done mainly on a small scale in a traditional way with

minimum inputs using mostly family labour. The geographical distribution of

pig rearing in Rodrigues is fairly even with slightly higher incidence in some

localities like Mangues and Coromandel. The impact on the local

environment is almost insignificant given the small scale and the spread

across the country. Most breeders are not interested to undertake this activity

on a larger scale because of various constraints, the principle ones being in

order of importance: lack of water, feed shortage, marketing and scarcity of

piglets though a range of facilities and services are provided by the

Government to support the sector.

Chapter 7-Technical and Management Aspects

7.1 Pig breeding

This activity requires a good technical knowledge in management of breeding

animals. Consequently, only 5% of farmers are specialized in breeding. The

majority does fattening but about half of the farmers also do breeding in

addition to fattening.

7.1.1 Baie Topaze Livestock Production Unit

The Government Station of Baie Topaze specializes in piglets production. The

infrastructural set up of the station satisfies basic requirements regarding

general animal comfort. The sties are built according to satisfactory norms,

are well maintained and are adequately ventilated. The pens in the nursery

section are equipped with creep areas where piglets are reared.

Animals are housed in different units according to their stage of growth and

production. Management parameters like litter size (10 piglets/litter), weaning

weight (15 kg) and mortality rate (5%), are indicative of good management.

With a strength of 33 breeding sows the station of Baie Topaze produces an

average of 800 piglets annually. These are sold to farmers after they are

weaned at Rs 30.00/kg of liveweight (about Rs 450.00 per piglet). The

demand for piglets varies depending on the market price of pig meat.

Animals are fed on concentrate feeds based on feed tables recommended by

the Ministry of Agriculture. The feeding regime depends on the actual

physiological state of each individual sow (i.e., whether lactating or pregnant).

The new- born piglets also have access to creep feed offered in the creep

area where dry grass bedding is provided as there is no heating system.

The breeding stock is renewed regularly through importation from Palmar

Livestock Station in Mauritius to prevent inbreeding. Ear notching is used for

identification as this is important for record keeping in any pig breeding

program.

7.2 Fattening and Marketing of Fattened pigs

As in Mauritius, most of the Rodriguan pig farmers (95%) are involved in

the fattening business as it is simpler and less technical than piglet

production. Thus, piglets purchased from the station of Baie Topaze or

from other sources are put on a fattening regime until they are ready for

slaughter. This is attained in 5 to 8 months depending upon the way the

animals are fed. Animals ready for slaughter are either sold to the ten or

so registered butchers operating across the island or are disposed of

through home slaughtering. During the sample survey 30 % farmers

admitted to slaughtering of pigs on their premises. The actual proportion is

likely to be higher because of accepted practice of home slaughter.

7.3 Advice to farmers

Technical advice and extension services are provided to pig farmers by

the Department of Agriculture and follow similar lines to what obtains in

Mauritius where emphasis is put on, proper animal selection, good

housing, correct feeding and on general health care. However, only 20 %

of the producers make use of these services.

7.4 Review of current practice

Pig farming in Rodrigues is scattered over the whole island and not

concentrated in specific areas as in Mauritius. Fifty five percent of the farmers

are small scale producers rearing between 1 and 3 pigs in their backyard as a

sideline activity in order to supplement an income or to serve as a source of

animal protein for household consumption. Presently, less than 10 % of the

farmers have between 10 to 20 pigs and represent the large scale producer

group. About one third of the farmers raise other animals in addition to pigs,

of which poultry is predominant followed by cattle and goat.

Due to low level of investment in infrastructure (i.e between Rs4,000 to

10,000 for the majority of the farmers) most of the pig sties are of rudimentary

type. The survey figures indicate that nearly half of the farmers have a closed

rearing system where 53% of the walls are in concrete, 40 % of roofs in iron

sheets and 71 % floor in concrete. It must also be noted that more than 22%

of the farmers operate in an open system where animals are often found

attached to a tree grazing whatever vegetation is around.

Although 90% of farmers resort to commercial feed (Rs9.00/kg) the latter is

used in only small amounts in combination with less expensive alternatives

like sweet potatoes, manioc, flour, swills and kitchen wastes. Inadequate

water supply affects more than half of the farmers. Only 2% of them have

access to borehole water while the majority depends on piped water.

As regards sanitation, two thirds of the farmers clean their sties daily. The

majority of them resort to dry scraping and very few use liberal flushing with

water. The solid waste is, thus, segregated and a small volume of effluent is

produced. While the solid waste is kept aside and subsequently used as

manure by almost 60 % of the farmers the effluent is disposed of mainly

through surface drains as very few farmers have absorption pits or septic

tanks.

Concerning health and disease aspects it is gathered that there has not been

any major disease outbreak affecting swine population in Rodrigues during

the past decades. Presently, only 47% of the farmers have all their animals

vaccinated.

The rearing system being very traditional few farmers give importance to

keeping records of production plan, feed, weights, vaccinations, finance or of

visits by officers.

7.5 Environmental Impact of Pig Farming Activities

Given that pig farming activities are widely dispersed and are carried out on a

small scale, waste does not yet pose a threat to the environment as in

Mauritius. Wastes are directed into large holes dug in the ground or are

stacked at a distance from the pigsties and are used as compost by crop

growers. The problem of pollution would be a cause of concern if pig farming

were to be carried out on a larger scale and in the absence of proper waste

disposal facilities.

According to the Sanitary Office it is only rare that people complain about

nuisances arising from pig farming. The survey data indicate that about 13%

of farmers have received complaints from neighbours and the authorities, but

they did not disclose the nature of the complaints.

It is anticipated that an intensification of pig farming activities in the island will

give rise to environmental problems similar to Mauritius if necessary

measures are not taken for proper management of pig wastes.

7.6 The Fond La Bonte Project

At present an IFS project for sheep designed by Prof. G. Chan is being

implemented at Fond La Bonte. Financed by the EDF for the sum of Rs

511,000.00 the project is expected to become operational in three months’

time (i.e by July 2002). The infrastructural set up will include one shed for

15 sheep, two anaerobic digesters, two shallow basins and six maturation

ponds. The intention is to raise fish for aquarium (coy) in the ponds for

generating some revenue. The water requirement which is essential for

the feasibility of this project will be tapped from a source up the nearby hill.

It is also intended to use the nutrient rich water issuing from the ponds for

irrigation of vegetable crops that will be grown on adjacent land.

If this project proves to be technically feasible and economically viable

consideration may be given for the implementation of a pilot project for pig

farming under IFS.

7.7 Composting – An alternative method of waste handling

7.7.1 The Concept

Composting degrades solid wastes containing organic matter. It is basically a

waste stabilization technique which converts wastes into potentially recyclable

materials. The biological decomposition is aerobic and yields a product with

apparently no odour. Composting is done by stacking wastes at 50 to 60 %

moisture in windrows or in closed containers. The stacks have to be turned or

stirred periodically to introduce oxygen in the pile.

The whole process, if carefully monitored, requires 4-6 weeks and its success

is dependent on the C:N ratio in the original material. To correct the C:N ratio

and to increase the dry matter content, the manure is normally mixed with

substances like bagasse, sawdust or other fibrous agricultural wastes.

7.7.2 The Riviere Bananes Project

The University of Mauritius jointly with the UNDP implemented a programme

involving several crop growers in the agricultural valley of Riv. Bananes. The

system of compost preparation in small rotary composters of 60 to 70 kg

capacity was tried. Fifty five such composters were distributed among the

crop growers who were also given necessary training in compost preparation.

The raw materials used were goat and cattle manure mixed with straws,

weeds and other agricultural wastes. The various parameters monitored were:

temperature, humidity and PH.

Based on measured characteristics and composition of the finished compost it

was reported that the product obtained was of good quality. Application of the

compost to crops grown resulted in significant increases in yields.

7.7.3 Composting Pig Waste and its Suitability for Rodrigues

It is given to understand that the success of the Riv. Bananes project has

aroused much attention among agriculturists in Rodrigues regarding the use

of compost. The techniques of composting is ,thus, proposed as a solution to

handle potential problems resulting from wrong pig waste management. This

solution is considered most appropriate for Rodrigues because of several

obvious reasons namely;

(i) Due to the problem of water shortage many pig farmers are

resorting to dry scraping. The solid waste thus segregated having a

moisture content of 40 to 50 % does not require further drying.

(ii) Compost is a cheaper source of fertilizer compared to chemical

fertilizers. It also acts as a good soil conditioner. Pig manure is

actually sold to crop growers.

(iii) There is a high demand for compost in Rodrigues.

(iv) Rodriguans commonly consume vegetables grown on pig manure.

However, given that pig waste has a high percentage of easily fermentable

components and that it is also high in nitrogen content it is important that tests

are carried out in order to identify appropriate bulking agents and to determine

the optimum ratio. The optimum mix will then be placed in the composter for a

period of three to four weeks. Parameters such as temperature, moisture

content and volatile solids will be closely monitored.

Should the tests actually being carried out on composting of pig waste prove

to be technically and economically feasible it is proposed that the use of rotary

composters may be envisaged for smaller farmers. Diagram of the rotary

composter and the details of cost are presented in annex(). Farmers rearing 3

to 5 pigs will require 2 such composters. Larger size composters may be more

appropriate for large producers.

7.7.4 Preliminary trial on pig waste

A preliminary trial is being conducted by the University of Mauritius in

order to assess composting potential of pig waste. A report on the trial is

given in annex (VI). Preliminary conclusions show that pig wastes with

suitable amendment can compost well. The temperature profile and the

change in volatile solids show that there is effective degradation. However,

the final characteristics are yet to be determined.

Chapter 8 - The Socio- economic aspects

8.1 Economic Outlook

The population in Rodrigues stood at 35,776 with 13,843 in employment in

year 2000. The main sectors of the economy are agriculture, fishing,

animal rearing, handicraft, tourism and Government services. The

productive sectors do not appear to be progressing but the tourism sector

is developing steadily.

8.2 Agriculture

The crops grown in Rodrigues are maize, sweet potatoes, onion,

vegetables, manioc and pulses. It is to be noted that the area harvested

has dropped from 994 ha in 1992 to 512 ha in 2000. Availability of water is

an impediment to development in the agricultural sector. Most of the food

crops are chanelled to the local market, except a few commodities namely

onion, lemon, honey, chillies which are exported to Mauritius.

8.3 Livestock

The table below gives a breakdown of combined statistics for animal

slaughter in Rodrigues and exports to Mauritius except for poultry for

which statistics were not available.

Table (iv) : Combined Livestock Export and slaughter Statistics 1996-

2000

Animal Type 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cattle 1944 1291 1552 1594 2092

Sheep 916 1211 1196 1253 1127

Goat 951 1195 1440 1841 1788

Pig 2418 2422 2137 2064 1680

Total 6229 6119 6325 6752 6687

The data for both animal slaughter and exports give an overall indication of

the performance of livestock sector in Rodrigues. It can be seen that the

production of livestock has stabilized at slightly over 6,000 heads. Among the

four animal types, it is observed that the output of pig for both slaughter and

export has declined continuously compared to the other three species. In fact

export of pigs which was 836 heads in 1996 fell drastically to 65 in 1999 and

subsequently to only 8 in 2000. This drastic fall could be attributed to the fact

that butchers/intermediaries in Mauritius preferred to import better quality pig

products at lower prices from other sources namely South Africa and

Zimbabwe. However, because of embargo on imports on account of the foot

and mouth disease, local production has now picked up.

8.4 The socio-economic profile of the farmers

The majority of the breeders (80%) are involved in pig rearing on a part time

basis, out of which 60% are labourer/farmer, 9% housewives, 9% technical

cadres, 11% retired and the remainder are fishermen, tourism workers and

shopkeepers. They have never received any formal training although most of

them have been operating for more than 12 years. They spend at least 2 to 3

hours per day on this activity. 18 % of the farmers operate with a licence for

pig farming from the Sanitary Office. Only 7% belong to a cooperative society.

The level of education amongst the farmers is generally very low with about

70% of them not having passed the CPE . The age structure is not evenly

distributed. 60 % are in the age bracket 35-50, 7% above 65, 11% between

60 and 64 whereas only 6% are youngsters between 20 and 30.

As regards investment, 60% of the breeders have spent between Rs 4,000

and Rs 10,000 in the previous year in building whereas very little investment

has occurred in farming and transport equipment. About 50 % spend annually

between Rs1,000 and Rs 5,000 on feed whereas 30% incur expenditure of

about Rs1,000 on drugs. It is observed that very few farmers have resorted to

loans for pig rearing. Most of the farmers (80%) dispose of their pigs through

butchers, while some of the animals are sold to occasional buyers and other

farmers. About 60% earn up to Rs10,000 annually for the sale of live pigs

(about 3 heads) whereas 20% derive income from the sale of meat.

8.5 Cost of Production and Revenue per Pig

Baie Topaze Livestock Production Unit operated by the department of

Agriculture is involved in the production of piglets for sale to local producers

as mentioned earlier. The weaned piglet at a liveweight of 15-20 kg is sold at

Rs30.00/kg. The piglets are fattened until they reach 90-100 kg when they are

ready for the market. The detailed cost of production is presented in annex ().

The cost of fattening one pig to 90 kg in 6 months is estimated at Rs2,674

without feed subsidy and Rs1,990 with feed subsidy. The revenue based on

Rs34.00/kg liveweight in February 2002 is estimated at Rs2,940 thereby

leaving an average profit of Rs600.00 per pig over a period of six months. In

practice the profit margin is more than the estimated figures as most farmers

dilute commercial feed with large proportions of kitchen wastes, rice and

sweet potatoes. One pig breeder even stated that the profit could go up to

Rs1,500. However, such practice extends the fattening period beyond six

months and the meat produced is of inferior quality. As the market is not well

organized, butchers and intermediaries determine the price to be offered to

farmers. Prices on hoof range from Rs30 to Rs36/kg liveweight. The market

prices of fresh lean pork meat (first choice) and fresh fat pork (second choice)

were Rs 100 and Rs 80/kg respectively in February 2002 in Port Mathurin.

8.6 Scope/ Prospects of Pig Industry in Rodrigues

In Rodrigues nearly all people consume pig meat. Statistics shows that they

consume the highest amount of the latter meat compared to other types of

meat. Another advantage of the pig industry is that Rodriguans do not find any

inconvenience in the use of wastes from pigsties to be used as fertilizer and

irrigation water. As Rodrigues has a land surface area of 104 sq. km and

sustains a population of about 36,000, land could be identified to undertake

pig farming on a larger scale and in a more professional and environment

friendly manner.

Furthermore, with an increase in unemployment from 1,195 in 1999 to 2,650

in April 2001 and the development of the tourist sector in Rodrigues, in

particular foreign tourists whose arrival has increased from 8,300 in 1999 to

10,000 in 2000, pig farming activities offer possibilities of expansion. Several

measures can be explored to enhance the sector in order to improve the

socio-economic conditions of the community of pig farmers. These measures

could include grouping into cooperative societies, sensitization programme,

delimiting specific zones for Agriculture and livestock farming, improved

marketability, infrastructure, training, extension of the concept of composting

to pig waste and introduction of the concept of Integrated Farming System on

a pilot basis.

Chapter 9 - Legislation on Pig Farming in Rodrigues

9.1 Introduction

As at present in Rodrigues, there are very few economic activities. Moreover

these activities are carried out with inadequate planning, thus leading to

unsustainable use of land. The National Environment Study commissioned in

1999, have made recommendations to increase sustainability in Rodrigues by

improving the economic activities and the allocation of land.

With regard to animal production backyard farming still prevails. Rodriguan

farmers could not take benefit of incentives to the livestock sector contained in

Agricultural Diversification Programme because of their small scale of activity.

In an attempt to increase productivity and income Government has

considered Rodrigues in the Agricultural Master Plan to be finalised shortly.

9.2 Legislation

With the present status of pig farming industry in Rodrigues which is not yet

polluting, there has not been any regulatory framework to control the activity.

Gradually, with an increase in population, the residential areas will also

expand as houses would be built closer. In view of the fact that the residents

consume the highest amount of pig meat compared to the other meat and

with the continuation of nearly all families keeping pigs at their place as is the

cultural habit of Rodriguans, Rodrigues would face the same situation as

Mauritius is facing today or even worse if the pig farming activity is not

adequately controlled. As there is potential for pig farming in the island, it is

strongly recommended that all the provisions made in the Draft Pig

Regulations to be promulgated under the Public Health Act should also apply

to the island of Rodrigues so that the pig farming industry flourishes in a

sustainable manner and does not cause any significant environmental

problem. It is, however, proposed that a reasonable moratorium period be

given for the legislation to come into force. This would provide sufficient

adaptation time to the interested farmers to improve their activities and to

encourage relocation from residential to identified agricultural sites. During

this moratorium period farmers should be sensitized to better farming

practices so as to ensure that activities are carried out in an environmentally

responsible manner bearing in mind the vocation of Rodrigues as a

destination for tourists.

In addition it may be proposed that an amendment be brought to section 12

of the draft pig regulation concerning solid wastes disposal. This in view of the

acceptability of pig manure as fertilizer in Rodrigues, the solid wastes from the

pigsties could be scraped where possible and collected in appropriate manner

for composting.

Chapter 10- Proposals and Recommendations

1. Grouping of farms and sensitization programme

An awareness campaign should be raised to encourage those farmers who

are interested to rear pigs to organise themselves preferably into cooperatives

or in a village farm so as to benefit from economies of scale and sharing of

common facilities including infrastructure and transport as well as bulk

purchase and marketing.

2. Release of land for farming

The National Physical Development Plan for Rodrigues has set up the policy

framework for land management in Rodrigues. Information obtained from the

Ministry of Housing and Lands shows that the development strategy for

Rodrigues has been outlined and this would be translated into policies for

sustainable development. These policies would be applicable by the planning

authority when granting permits for the development of land. It is important

that this policy be given a legal status, for example, by way of regulations.

Sixty-three percent of the lands in Rodrigues have slopes greater than 20°. As

there is shortage of flat terrain, most of the development is carried out on

mountain slopes. Development of livestock farming would only be allowed

within identified agricultural zones. As agricultural land is scarce, the planning

authority should ensure that there is no encroachment from other economic

activities. However, the sloping nature of the land and the lack of water will be

major constraints to large scale developments.

3. Composting of pig wastes

Due to water shortage it is a common practice in Rodrigues to scrape the dry

pig wastes from the pig sties and these are collected for composting to be

used as fertilizers in food crop production. The demand for pig manure is high.

It is thus proposed that such practice be encouraged as composting is

environment friendly and relatively cheap to implement compared to the cost

of implementing waste water treatment facilities. However, relevant advice

and training on correct procedures including monitoring must be provided by

institutions like AREU and the University of Mauritius.

4. Marketing

(a) Price mechanism and sales outlets

The marketing system is deficient and need to be addressed. Most of the time

prices offered by the butchers are low. This acts as a disincentive to the

farmers to increase their production. To deal with this problem, a price

mechanism could be worked out to take account of cost of production and a

mark-up profit margin. In other words, a minimum price coupled with a few

sales outlets could be set up at which the farmer could offer his product for

sale. This sort of organization could be effected through cooperative societies.

(b) Strategic alliance

A strategic alliance with firms selling feeds in Mauritius or Rodrigues itself

could also be explored. FACER (Federation des Associations Cooperatives

d’Eleveurs Rodriguais) already has an alliance for the supply of feeds. Such

strategic alliance could also be extended for the marketing of the products at

more stable prices. This can ensure a regular supply of feeds and a

guaranteed market at reasonable prices for the sale of the farmers’ products.

(c) Value added products

Facilities should be provided to encourage production of value-added

products through meat processing. Such facilities would include procurement

of equipment and materials through loans and micro credit schemes as well

as training support. Products like ham, sausages and other products with a

distinct Rodriguan cachet will find ready consumers, in particular the 10,000

or so tourists and Mauritians visiting Rodrigues annually. The products could

be made available at the proposed sale outlets to target potential consumers.

An adequate and remunerative price offered to the farmers will motivate them

to go for processed products.

(d) Salle de découpe

To assist small farmers to undertake grading of their products and to ensure

that they get better prices, the setting up of a “salle de découpe” and a chilling

room should be envisaged. The activities of the chilling room and the “salle de

découpe” will have to be monitored by the farmers themselves through a

farmers’ organisation or a cooperative society. The cost implication of the

setting up of these units as well as the impact of the price of the products on

consumers will have to be examined in more detail.

5. Financial Assistance

Breeders should be encouraged to take advantage of loan facilities offered

under the different credit schemes namely; Trust Fund for the Vulnerable

Groups, IFAD Rural Diversification Programme , the Leve Deboute Micro

Credit Scheme and the “Anou Didoute Ensam sheme”. It is worth noting that

out of a first batch of 274 projects submitted under the micro credit scheme of

the Trust Fund for Vulnerable Groups, 141 are for pig farming activities. With

the expertise and skills developed in pig rearing, the breeders could increase

their credit worthiness and secure better loans in the future.

6. Infrastructure and Training

(a) Slaughter facilities

The current practice for slaughter is not satisfactory from a sanitary point of

view. There is need to upgrade the present slaughter house or to consider its

relocation to a more appropriate site with added facilities such as chilling

house and proper waste disposal systems.

(b) Training

Appropriate training in organisation of production and marketing to

improve quality of products should be provided to stakeholders. A training

programme could be worked out with the participation of 3 or 4 Rodriguans

who have already developed the expertise in production of Rodriguan ham

“filiere” and other value added products. The Rodrigues administration in

collaboration with the Department of Agriculture will be responsible to

coordinate the training programme.

7. Legal Provisions

In the application of the Draft Pig Regulations to be promulgated under the

Public Health Act a moratorium period is being proposed to allow sufficient

time for adaptation and relocation from residential areas.

To cater for the Rodriguan context an amendment must be brought to

section 12 of the Pig Regulations concerning solid waste disposal. It is

proposed that composting of pig waste be encouraged as a satisfactory

and environmentally acceptable means of waste disposal in view of the

acceptability of pig manure for crop production.

8. Monitoring

The Central Administration and the Ministry for Rodrigues should be called

upon to monitor the implementation of the above recommendations and

proposals.

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