Hidroturbinas en Brazil.- Tiago Filho

2
Abstract This paper presents the state of the art of free- flow hydropower turbine, also known as a hydrokinetic turbine in Brazil. This kind of turbine is designed to generate electricity using only the kinetic energy of water flow in rivers and is used to generate electricity in isolated communities in the inland of Brazil. Moreover it is relevant to say that the develo- ped technology has proved is necessary to be robust and suitable for the extremely severe conditions of the remote and isolated villages, since it is has been functioning uninterrup- tedly from several years with a minimum maintenance. This type of small hydrokinetic turbine typically can provide up to 2 kW of electric power, being a reliable alternative for the electrification of remote and isolated households, communities or social end-users. 1.Introduction Brazil, due to its huge watersheds network, presents a great hydropower potential evaluated in 260 GW. From this situation only 66 GW, 77 % of the Brazilian electric matrix is designated to electric energy generation. The major part of this potential is located the Amazon Region. Which rivers are torrential, run in plains what complicates its use for generation purposes. For the reason that there are vast distances between the communities, and due to the fact that the region is inhospitable and the com- munities are located in the margin of the rivers.. It is relevant to highlight the impor- tance of equipment development adequate to very low head and the use of hydrokinetic turbines. The use of hydro kinetic energy The use of kinetic energy on the rivers can be considered one of the first forms that men invented to transform natural energy, not only in navigation but also in the activation of water rod. Nowadays it is still common to find water pumps driven with the use of water rods located on the rivers. The use of kinetic energy is considered to be an alternative or non-conventional form to generate electricity and has at its source a renewable energy supply. This technology is an advance in relation to environmental impacts, for it is not necessary to store potential energy in artificial lakes with the use of water dam, and so it consequently doesn't need to interfere with the natural course of rivers. Even though it is recognized the importance of this kind of hydro power utilization were usually this kind of turbine are derived from wind turbines, even if its operation is similar. 2.The Brazilian experience on kinetic turbine There are few references in Brazilian literature about the use of kinetic turbine to generate electricity and the knowledge in this field of application is equally poor. One of the first papers is a report of a proto- type of a horizontal axis type turbine develo- ped by Harwood- (1985) of the National Institute of Amazon Research (INPA). He utili- zed 4-meter diameter multi blade propeller wind of the type mills, which is anchored into the river to generate electricity. This equip- ment was experimented in rivers in the Amazon region with water velocities of 0,7 up to 1,5 m/s and proved to be functional. However this equipment did not show being robust enough to support an intense working regime and it did not have any protection against fluctuating debris and the mechanical transmission devices used in this system was made with chains and introduced significant losses and other operating problems. In 1999 the Hydro-mechanic Laboratory of Federal University of Itajubá, LHPCH, makes a reference to a low head hydraulic central with a hydrokinetic turbine. In this paper Zulcy (1999) analyses the characteristics of vertical axis and axial turbines, of Cruz (1995) and shows that the power per unit is typically up to 2 kW for water velocities of 0,6 to 1,5 m/s. Another proposal of axial turbine was done by Alencar (2001) in LHPCH however due to lack of finan-cial resources the equipment was not built. Actually the project is passing through a re-study process and is waiting for financial sup-port liberation from fomentation The of free-flow hydro turbines in Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho, PhD. UNIFEI / CERPCH Figure 1- The kinetic energy used to drive pumps, by water rods. Figure 2 Hydrokinetic turbine by Harwood (1985) Figure 4. Hydrokitnetic Turbine by Alencar (2001) 09

Transcript of Hidroturbinas en Brazil.- Tiago Filho

Page 1: Hidroturbinas en Brazil.- Tiago Filho

Comitê Editorial - editorial commite

Presidente - President

Geraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho - CERPCH UNIFEIEditores Associados - associated publishers

Ângelo Rezek - IEE UNIFEIAugusto Nelson Carvalho Viana - IRN UNIFEICélio Bermann - IEE USPJosé Carlos César Amorim - IMEMarcos Aurélio V. De Freitas - COPPE UFRJZulcy de Souza LHPCH UNIFEI

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AbstractThis paper presents the state of the art of free-

flow hydropower turbine, also known as a

hydrokinetic turbine in Brazil. This kind of

turbine is designed to generate electricity

using only the kinetic energy of water flow in

rivers and is used to generate electricity in

isolated communities in the inland of Brazil. Moreover it is relevant to say that the develo-

ped technology has proved is necessary to be

robust and suitable for the extremely severe

conditions of the remote and isolated villages,

since it is has been functioning uninterrup-

tedly from several years with a minimum

maintenance. This type of small hydrokinetic

turbine typically can provide up to 2 kW of

electric power, being a reliable alternative for

the electrification of remote and isolated

households, communities or social end-users. 1.IntroductionBrazil, due to its huge watersheds network,

presents a great hydropower potential

evaluated in 260 GW. From this situation only

66 GW, 77 % of the Brazilian electric matrix is

designated to electric energy generation. The

major part of this potential is located the

Amazon Region. Which rivers are torrential,

run in plains what complicates its use for

generation purposes.For the reason that there are vast distances

between the communities, and due to the fact

that the region is inhospitable and the com-

munities are located in the margin of the

rivers.. It is relevant to highlight the impor-

tance of equipment development adequate to

very low head and the use of hydrokinetic

turbines.The use of hydro kinetic energyThe use of kinetic energy on the rivers can be

considered one of the first forms that men

invented to transform natural energy, not only

in navigation but also in the activation of water

rod. Nowadays it is still common to find water

pumps driven with the use of water rods

located on the rivers.

The use of kinetic energy is considered to be

an alternative or non-conventional form to

generate electricity and has at its source a

renewable energy supply. This technology is

an advance in relation to environmental

impacts, for it is not necessary to store

potential energy in artificial lakes with the use

of water dam, and so it consequently doesn't

need to interfere with the natural course of

rivers.Even though it is recognized the importance of

this kind of hydro power utilization were

usually this kind of turbine are derived from

wind turbines, even if its operation is similar.2.The Brazilian experience on kinetic

turbine There are few references in Brazilian literature

about the use of kinetic turbine to generate

electricity and the knowledge in this field of

application is equally poor.One of the first papers is a report of a proto-

type of a horizontal axis type turbine develo-

ped by Harwood- (1985) of the National

Institute of Amazon Research (INPA). He utili-

zed 4-meter diameter multi blade propeller

wind of the type mills, which is anchored into

the river to generate electricity. This equip-

ment was experimented in rivers in the

Amazon region with water velocities of 0,7 up

to 1,5 m/s and proved to be functional.

However this equipment did not show being

robust enough to support an intense working

regime and it did not have any protection

against fluctuating debris and the mechanical

transmission devices used in this system was

made with chains and introduced significant

losses and other operating problems. In 1999 the Hydro-mechanic Laboratory of

Federal University of Itajubá, LHPCH, makes a

reference to a low head hydraulic central with

a hydrokinetic turbine. In this paper Zulcy

(1999) analyses the characteristics of vertical

axis and axial turbines, of Cruz (1995) and

shows that the power per unit is typically up to

2 kW for water velocities of 0,6 to 1,5 m/s. Another proposal of axial turbine was done by

Alencar (2001) in LHPCH however due to lack

of finan-cial resources the equipment was not

built. Actually the project is passing through a

re-study process and is waiting for financial

sup-port liberation from fomentation

The of free-flow hydro turbines in BrazilGeraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho, PhD.

UNIFEI / CERPCH

Figure 1- The kinetic energy used to drivepumps, by water rods. Figure 2 Hydrokinetic turbine by Harwood (1985)

Figure 4. Hydrokitnetic Turbine by Alencar (2001)

08 09

Page 2: Hidroturbinas en Brazil.- Tiago Filho

The generator is out of the river, putted in the

extreme point of a lever which pivot is fixed in

one of the river margins. The runner of the

turbine is inserted in water flow bringing down

the lever. See figure 8.Two models of turbines where tested and

installed. Various blades compose the runner

or propeller. Experiments where made, manu-

facturing the blades with metallic strips and

also with metallic structure involved with

fiberglass. According to Els (2003) the num-

ber of blades, the transversal area and its coe-

fficient of solidity depend on the river flow. The best results for this turbine were obtained

in river with a 2 m/s speed and a six blade,

eighty centimeter, diameter propeller with a

solidity coefficient of 30%. To control the voltage generated by the

turbine, which in this case tends to vary with

the water velocity and the load coupled on its

grid, an electronic control system was desig-

ned. It maintains the electrical load on the grid

constant in order to stabilize the grids voltage.3.ConclusionThe hydrokinetic generation groups are ade-

quate to decentralized generation. Once they

are indicated to the assistance of small isola-

ted riverside communities and might present

robust conception and ease installation and

maintenance. The limitation of this kind of

equipment have been being viable to low

potential, and hardly will surpass 10 kW.

However, its use presents vantages regarding

the environment once it does not demands

water storage or water stream deviation work BibliographyALENCAR, H. Water Current Turbine, in PCH Noticias

& SHP News, year 3, number 11, ago/set/ou 2001.ELS, Rudi Henri van, CAMPOS, C., BALDUÍNO L,

Henriques A M. Hydrokinetic Turbine for Isolated

Villages, in X Encontro Latino Americano e do Caribe

em Pequenos Aproveitamentos Hidroenergéticos,

Poços de Cldas, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 4 a 8 maio

2003, p- 298-272.NASCIMENTO, Marcos V. G. e outros. Opções à

geração diesel elétrica para sistemas isolados na

região norte: eólica, hidrocinética e biomassa. IV

Seminário Nacional de Produção e Transmissão de

Energia Elétrica SNPTEE, Foz de Iguaçu, Paraná,

1999.SOUZA, Zulcy de. PCH de baixa queda, Grupo de

Trabajo sobre hidromecanica. 5a. reunión, IMFIA.

Montevideo, Uruguay, 1999.

institutions. The Center of Research in Electrical Energy

CEPEL, (Nascimento- 1999) also did some

mentions abaut a water rod adapted to gene-

rate electrical energy and a axial type turbine. This first equipment, constructed in asso-

ciation with a national manufacturer of water

rods and the Federal University of Rio de

Janeiro COPPE, has rods with width of 3

meters e diameter of 2 meters. It was moun-

ted on floaters and had to generate 3,5 kW

with water velocity of 1,5 m/s. The equip-

ment, when in a functioning process with the

placing of load, showed an accentuated

reducing in the rods rotation, blocking its

functioning.

Figure 5. Turbine CEPEL by water rods

(Nascimento 1999)

According Els (2003), CEPEL made second

experience with a prototype of a axial turbine

in reduced scale (5/1) with a two bladed

propeller. With this prototype measures where

made to evaluate the influence of a converge

mouthpiece at the entrance of the propeller.

Nevertheless, the use of this device did not

bring great increase in velocity.According to ELS (2003), in Brazil, the most

successful experience in the use of electric

energy happened in the Department of

Mechanical Engineering from the University of

Brasilia UNB, which researching group has

been studying and developing experiences

with diverse prototypes of vertical and axial

turbines, as shown in figures 6.

Figure 6 Prototypes made by UNB ELS (2003)

This project presents some innovations such

as a bar in the turbine entrance and a stator at

the entrance of the runner, which directs the

water flow in the turbine. And that way to

increase the attack angle of the blades of the

propeller, optimizing the transformation of

hydraulic energy. In addition to this, a suction

tube is used at the outlet of the turbine and the

use of cones in the center of the turbine to

minimize the generating of turbulence in the

water stream. This is shown in the figure 7.

The turbine is composed of a protecting grid (1), a

stator with directing blades (2), propeller (3),

suction tube (4), cone for the incoming and outgoing

flows (5), transmission box (6)

Figure 7 Turbine axial parts made by UNB source

Els (2003)

According to ELS (2003), the influence of the

suction tube on the performance of the

turbine was tested empirically in the field, and

it was noted that there was a significant incre-

ment in the overall performance of the turbine

with the suction tube. The mechanical transmission system is imple-

mented with a set of gears submersed in oil

and a stage of transmission belts. The turbine

drive a 2 kVA, 220 volts AC electrical genera-

tor in 1800 rpm, generating 1 kW of electricity.

técnicos

Figure 8 Photos of the turbines made by UNB. Source Els(2003)

ResumoEste artigo propõe uma concepção de

sistema, em certo sentido híbrido, consistindo

de grupos-geradores hidrocinéticos, conhe-

cidos na região como “cata-águas”, consorcia-

dos com um pequeno gerador dieselétrico

existente, que pode ser instalado em comuni-

dades rurais típicas das margens dos rios da

região amazônica. Além do benefício do

fornecimento de energia elétrica, em geral

quase inexistente, as próprias comunidades

podem construir seu sistema. Dessa forma,

são elencadas razões sócio-econômicas e

parâmetros técnicos para esse fim.AbstractThis paper proposes a system, in a certain way

a hybrid system, that can supply electric

energy to small communities among those

typically established along Amazonian river

margins, which consists of parallel hydro-

kinetics turbine power sets, usually known in

Amazon as 'cata-água' (in Portuguese), and

set on parallel to an existing Diesel power set.

Besides the poor benefit of surplus of electric

energy most of the time, the hybrid systems

can be built by the communities itself. The

work elects social, economic and technical

parameters for this purpose.IntroduçãoA carência de eletricidade é fato antigo no

interior amazônico. Numa região de dimen-

sões continentais e população rarefeita, ainda

persiste o cenário de carência de energia

elétrica nas pequenas comunidades isoladas,

obrigando os ribeirinhos à velha iluminação a

lamparina.A colonização da Amazônia concentrou os

povoados nas margens dos rios mais próxi-

mos da calha da bacia amazônica, região de

planície alagada e onde há poucas chances

para a construção de usinas que exijam repre-

samento. No Estado do Amazonas, o maior da

região e cujo interior é dos menos povoados,

atualmente, 85% da população está na calha

oriental do Rio Amazonas (IBGE, 1992) e é

razoavelmente atendida pela concessionária

local, a CEAM, no que pese seus eternos pro-

blemas de caixa, falta de peças de reposição e

o caro transporte de combustível. Os 15%

restantes estão nas regiões mais elevadas,

inacessíveis e distantes, o que contribui para

sua carência de eletricidade. Em geral, a

demanda per capita média no interior amazo-

nense é da ordem de 0,04 kWe (Cruz, 1995).Em decorrência do grande vazio ocupacional

da região, surgem comunidades dentro da

área distrital dos municípios, geralmente em

volta de um pequeno pólo econômico de

exploração de produtos naturais (pau-rosa,

andiroba, sorva, etc.), com população rara-

mente excedendo 200 pessoas (IBGE, 1992).

Algumas dessas comunidades chegam a

distar 500 km da sede do município, sendo

comum disporem de um pequeno grupo

dieselétrico na faixa de 5 kVA que só funciona

nos dias de festa.Concepção do Sistema HíbridoNo contexto deste trabalho, idealizou-se um

sistema que opere 24 horas por dia, produ-

zindo uma potência firme dimensionada assu-

mindo como representativa para as comuni-

dades isoladas da região uma população de

200 habitantes e a demanda per capita média

de 0,04 kWe. Do total, foi tomado arbitraria-

mente apenas metade, como forma de relevar

o menor tamanho sócio-econômico dessas

comunidades isoladas. A capacidade de um

sistema para uma comunidade tipo assim é:

É esperado que a disponibilização de energia

elétrica permita que as comunidades isoladas

possam implementar algumas atividades

econômicas e de subsistência, e. g. a produ-

ção de farinha de mandioca (SUFRAMA,1999).O sistema concebido só deverá operar hibrida-

mente quando o grupo dieselétrico tiver que

ser acionado para atendimento de pontas,

como à noite, durante festas comunitárias,

porque é a inconstância de acesso ao óleo die-

sel e o seu custo que não permitem operação

econômica do eventual grupo existente, como

se demonstra na próxima seção.As duas geometrias hidrocinéticas potencial-

mente aplicáveis, porque já foram investiga-

das em Manaus, são descritas a seguir. - Cata-água do INPA: faz parte da família de

rotores tipo hélice. Foi adaptado de um rotor

de cata-vento multi-pá americano, com flutu-

adores feitos com tambores de 200 litros

(Harwood, 1980). O número de pás do protó-

tipo (Fig. 1) foi reduzido para 8. A eficiência

resultou baixa, mas estima-se que pode

aumentar com desenvolvimento técnico. É

uma alternativa de fácil execução com materi-

ais locais, que não exige mão-de-obra para

funcionar. Nos EUA e Escócia já foram testa-

dos rotores de hélice com duas a três pás, de

alta eficiência.

Figura 1. Ilustração artística do cata-água do INPA.

- Darrieus tripá: este rotor deriva do rotor

eólico de mesmo nome. A configuração hidro-

cinética de três pás retas com a forma de

perfis aerodinâmicos biconvexos (Fig. 2)

demonstrou possuir melhor eficiência que o

cata-água, tanto experimental, como relatado

pelo Instituto Canadense de Hidráulica (apud

Cruz, 1995) onde os testes incorporaram

várias idéias simples para implementação da

eficiência; como teórica (Cruz, 1995).Também pode ser construído com materiais

locais e usar a idéia dos flutuadores com tam-

bores do cata-água.

Figura 2. Ilustração artística do Darrieus-tripá.

As velocidades encontradas nas áreas mais

altas dos rios amazônicos, em geral em altitu-

des acima de 100 m, têm potencial para apro-

veitamentos hidrocinéticos. Dados levantados

por Harwood (apud Cruz, 1995) permitem

adotar uma velocidade média de 1,5 m/s nes-

sas regiões, no período das cheias.Devido uma turbina hidrocinética só usar a

energia cinética do curso d'água, suas dimen-

sões são muito maiores dos que as turbinas

hidráulicas convencionais, para uma mesma

potência. Por isso, só é possível construir

máquinas para potências muito baixas. A

potência útil em [kWe] que um grupo-gerador

hidrocinético pode extrair da correnteza é

dada por (Cruz, 1995):

Onde Nhc é o rendimento total do grupo (0,7 a

0,85), Cp é o coeficiente de potência (máximo

teórico de 0,593, o chamado limite de Betz), A

[m2] é a área frontal do rotor e V [m/s] é a

velocidade média do curso d'água defronte do

rotor. Quanto mais rudimentar a confecção da

máquina, menor o produto . No Canadá,

Micro-Geração de Eletricidade em Pequenas Comunidades Isoladas daAmazônia com Grupos-Geradores Hidrocinéticos e Grupo Dieselétrico

Ricardo Wilson Aguiar da Cruz

Q = kWe/hab.040hab.200½ ,?? = 4,0 kWe

3phcu VAgCη½P =

Dado

Cata-Água

Darrieus

Potência elétrica

1 kW

1,5 kW

Diâmetro do rotor

4,0 m

1,2 m (4,0 m de altura)

Altura total do conjunto

5,5 m

5,3 m

Flutuadores

6 tb/200 l

6 tb/200 l

Rotação nominal

70 rpm

70 rpm

Velocidade da água 1,5 m/s 1,5 m/s

Densidade de potência frontal obtida 0,08 kWe/m2 0,313

kWe/m2

Fontes: Harwood (1980) e Cruz (1995).

1. Dados técnicos dos rotores hidrocinéticos

10 11