Latin VII

Hic Liber a Magistro Capitone Factus est Mense Iunio MMXIII

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Lingva Latina Per Se Illvstrata

Capitvlvm Primvm - Imperivm Romanvm

Pars I

Rōma in Italiā est. Italia in Eurōpā est. Graecia in Eurōpā est. Italia et Graecia in Eurōpā

sunt. Hispānia quoque in Eurōpā est. Hispānia et Italia et Graecia in Eurōpā sunt. Aegyptus in

Eurōpā nōn est, Aegyptus in Āfricā est. Gallia nōn in Āfricā est, Gallia est in Eurōpā. Syria nōn

est in Eurōpā, sed in Asiā. Arabia quoque in Asiā est. Syria et Arabia in Asiā sunt. Germāniā

nōn in Asiā, sed in Eurōpā est. Britannia quoque in Eurōpā est. Germāniā et Britannia sunt in

Eurōpā.

Estne Gallia in Eurōpā? Gallia in Eurōpā est. Estne Rōma in Galliā? Rōma in Galliā nōn

est. Ubi est Rōma? Rōma est in Italiā. Ubi est Italia? Italia in Eurōpā est. Ubi sunt Gallia et

Hispānia? Gallia et Hispānia in Eurōpā sunt. Estne Nīlus in Eurōpā? Nīlus in Eurōpā nōn est.

Ubi est Nīlus? Nīlus in Āfricā est. Rhēnus ubi est? Rhēnus est in Germāniā. Nīlus fluvius est.

Rhēnus fluvius est.

Nīlus et Rhēnus fluviī sunt. Dānuvius quoque fluvius est. Rhēnus et Dānuvius sunt

fluviī in Germāniā. Tiberis fluvius in Italiā est.

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Latin Word Order

Like many other languages, including German, Latin is an inflected language. This means that

many of the words in Latin will change their shape depending on their role in a sentence. The

shape of the word will tell us what its function in a sentence is. Therefore, since the words

themselves tell us what they’re doing in a sentence, Latin speakers do not need to worry so

much about what order words go in, but rather on what you want to stress in a sentence as the

most important. These important words usually will be right at the beginning of a sentence or

found at the end.

Look at these two sentences, which mean the same thing in Latin.

Rōma in Italiā est. Rome is in Italy.

In Italiā Rōma est. Rome is in Italy.

What’s different about the two is that in the first sentence, the speaker is stressing that ROME

is in Italy, while in the second sentence, the speaker is indicating that Rome is IN ITALY.

This is not the case in English. Since, for the most part, our language is not inflected, we have

to rely solely on word order to make sense of a sentence properly.

Look at these two sentences in English, as an example. Which one makes more sense?

I saw the king. The king saw I.

One of the tricks to learning Latin is realizing that it’s not English! Seems simple, right?

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PRACTICE: Translate the following sentences. Be sure to use proper English word order!

1. Graecia in Eurōpā est. ______________________________________________________________

2. Hispānia et Italia et Graecia in Eurōpā sunt. ___________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Gallia nōn in Āfricā est, Gallia est in Eurōpā. __________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Syria et Arabia in Asiā sunt. Germāniā nōn in Asiā, sed in Eurōpā est. _____________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

5. Ubi est Italia? _____________________________________________________________________

6. Rhēnus ubi est? ___________________________________________________________________

Cases

Since, in Latin, word order matters not (at least most of the time), another technique is used to

convey a word’s syntax, the grammatical function of a word in a sentence. For example, look

at this English sentence: “The woman gives the cat a toy.” “Woman,” “cat,” and “toy” have

different grammatical functions that help convey the complete meaning of the sentences.

woman = subject cat = indirect object toy = direct object

The word order helps us make sense out of the syntax of these words. We’d have a much

different picture in our minds of what is going on if we changed the word order: “The cat gives

the woman a toy.” or worse, “The toy gives a cat a woman.” We’ve already seen that in Latin,

being an inflected language, you can put the words in any order and get the same meaning.

The syntax of a noun in Latin is expressed by its case, a “flag” at the end of a word.

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Let’s look at a couple examples of case from the first reading. Every noun (and most words in

Latin) have a stem and an ending.

-a -āItali in Eurōp est.

-a -āRōm in Itali est.

Notice that the first word in both these sentences (which both happen to be the subjects) ends

with the letter “-a.” An “-a” is a case ending that tells us a word might be the subject of the

sentence. See also that the words which follow the word “in” end with a different ending,

namely “-ā,” a case ending which tells us that these words are up to something else in these

sentences. The same noun can use any case to flag its role. See how the word “Itali-” has

appeared both as Italia and Italiā? Here the flags “-a” and “-ā” show us that “Ital-” is being

used in two different functions.

There are six main cases in Latin. Each one of them have specialized uses. Throughout the

year, we’ll meet them all. In this reading we’ve seen two cases:

Case Specialized Use Singular Ending

nominative subject (subiectum) -a -us

ablative place where (ablātīvus locī) -ā

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case ending ➤ case ending ➤

noun ➤noun ➤

noun ➤noun ➤

case ending ➤ case ending ➤

PRACTICE: Find 8 nominative subjects (words that end either in -a or -us in the singular)

and 6 ablatives of place where (-ā) from the reading.

Nominative (Subject)

1. ____________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________

3. ____________________________________ 4. __________________________________________

5. _____________________________________ 6. __________________________________________

7. _____________________________________ 8. __________________________________________

Ablative of Place Where (ablātīvus locī)

1. in ________________________________ 2. in ______________________________________

3. ____________________________________ 4. __________________________________________

5. _____________________________________ 6. __________________________________________

Ablative of Place Where

The ablative case is one of the most versatile cases in Latin, having many specialized uses. The

first use of the ablative case you’ve me is called the ablative of Place Where a.k.a. ablātīvus

locī. It tells us where something or someone is, or where something is happening. It can be

used to answer the question “ubi?”. This ablative will be paired with the preposition “in”

which can mean either “in” or “on.”

ABLATIVVS LOCI: VBI? WHERE?

Where is his helmet? ON HIS HEAD. (in capite)

Where is his head? IN HIS HELMET. (in galeā)

Where is Loki? IN THE PICTURE. (in picturā)

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Singular & Plural

Like in English, a noun may either be singular (one) or plural (more than one) . In this section,

you’ve seen the word fluvius in both the singular and in the plural.

Notice that its flag changes when the word goes from singular to plural.

one fluvius ➣ more than one fluviī

The “-ī” ending is the nominative plural flag case ending for e nouns which end in “-us” in the

nominative singular.

If a noun has a nominative singular which ends in “-a”, then the ending will change to “-ae” in

the nominative plural.

PRACTICE: Change the following words to singular or plural.

1.one fluvi-us, many _________________________

2. one puell-a, many __________________________

3. one ancill-a, many __________________________

4. one vill-a, many ____________________________

5. one serv-us, many __________________________

6. one īnsula, many ____________________________

Also, a verb will either be singular or plural depending on whether its subject is singular or

plural. So far you’ve met the singular verb est and its plural form, sunt.

For verbs, singular and plural are indicated by the ending.

singular verbs end in -t (e.g. est)

plural verbs end in -nt (e.g. sunt)

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PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 1, 2, & 3 in your online textbook.

When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.

est ___________________________ sunt _______________________ in __________________

quoque _________________________ et ________________________ nōn _________________

sed ____________________________ -ne? ________________________ ubi? _________________

fluvius _________________________

Pars II

  Nīlus fluvius magnus est. Tiberis nōn est fluvius magnus, Tiberis fluvius parvus est.

Rhēnus nōn est fluvius parvus, sed fluvius magnus. Nīlus et Rhēnus nōn fluviī parvī, sed fluviī

magnī sunt. Dānuvius quoque fluvius magnus est.

Corsica īnsula est. Corsica et Sardinia et Sicilia īnsulae sunt. Brittania quoque īnsula est.

Italia īnsula nōn est. Sicilia īnsula magna est. Melita est īnsula parva. Britannia nōn īnsula

parva, sed īnsula magna est. Sicilia et Sardinia nōn īnsulae parvae, sed īnsulae magnae sunt.

Brundisium oppidum est. Brundisium et Tūsculum oppida sunt. Sparta quoque oppidum

est. Brundisium est oppidum magnum. Tūsculum oppidum parvum est. Delphī quoque

oppidum parvum est. Tūsculum et Delphī nōn oppida magna, sed oppida parva sunt.

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Ubi est Sparta? Sparta est in Graeciā.

Sparta est oppidum Graecum. Sparta et Delphī

oppida Graeca sunt. Tūsculum nōn oppidum

Graecum, sed oppidum Rōmānum est.

Tūsculum et Brundisium sunt oppida Rōmāna.

Sardinia īnsula Rōmāna est. Crēta, Rhodus,

Naxus, Samos, Chios, Lesbos, Lēmnos, Euboea sunt īnsulae Graecae. In Graeciā multae īnsulae

sunt. In Italiā et in Graeciā sunt multa oppida. In Galliā et in Germāniā multī sunt fluviī. Suntne

multī fluviī et multa oppida in Arabiā? In Arabiā nōn multī, sed paucī fluviī sunt et pauca

oppida.

Num Crēta oppidum est? Crēta oppidum nōn est! Quid est Crēta? Crēta īnsula est. Num

Sparta īnsula est? Sparta nōn est īnsula! Quid est Sparta? Sparta oppidum est. Rhēnus quid est?

Rhēnus est magnus fluvius. Num ōceanus Atlanticus parvus est? Nōn parvus, sed magnus est

ōceanus.

Ubi est imperium Rōmānum? Imperium Rōmānum est in Eurōpā, in Asiā, in Āfricā.

Hispānia et Syria et Aegyptus prōvinciae Rōmānae sunt. Germānia nōn est prōvincia Rōmāna:

Germānia in imperiō Rōmānō nōn est. Sed Gallia et Britannia sunt prōvinciae Rōmānae. In

imperiō Rōmānō multae sunt prōvinciae. Magnum est imperium Rōmānum!

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Interrogatives

In these readings so far, you’ve seen four words followed by question marks. They are:

-ne? - expects an answer of “yes” or “no” (this word can be glued to the end

of the first word or two of a sentence to indicate to a listener that a question is being asked).

Example: Estne Gallia in Eurōpā? the -ne is glued to the verb “est” to indicate a

question. You will never see the particle -ne standing alone. We call these types of words

enclitics.

num? - expects an answer of “no”

Example: Num Crēta oppidum est? Crēta oppidum nōn est! The num is meant to lead

into an answer of “no.” You can translate this sentence as “Surely Crete is NOT a island, is it?”

ubi? - asks “Where?”

Example: Ubi est Sparta? Sparta est in Graeciā. (Note the use of the ablative of place

where to answer the question!)

quid? - asks “What?”

Example: Quid est Sparta? Sparta oppidum est.

Make sure that you’ve memorized these words! They’re all frequently used.

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Textbook Tip!

There’s a lot of useful information in the margins of the book which help you decode new words. If you’re stuck on a word, or seeing it for the first time, look to the left or right of the page and there’s usually a clue, sometimes even a picture!!!

Here’s how the book marks opposite words: ↔

parvus ↔ magnus

small ↔ large = small is the opposite of large

Nouns: Declension & Gender

A noun is a word that expresses a person, place, thing, or idea. In Latin nouns are organized

into families called declensions. All nouns in the same declension will behave in the same way.

Also, all nouns have one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. This holds true for all

nouns, even if they don’t seem to be male or female. Sometimes there’s logic behind the gender

of a noun, other times there’s not. For example, the word for “girl” in Latin is feminine, the

word for “boy” in Latin is masculine, the word for “rock” is neuter. But the word for “bag” is

masculine, and the word for “tree” is feminine. Therefore, the gender of a noun must be

memorized.

In the readings so far, we’ve met nouns of all three genders:

Gender Singular Plural

feminine -a -ae

masculine -us -ī

neuter -um -a

See that the ending “-a” can either be feminine singular or neuter plural. Context will help!

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But I’m a boy tree.....

PRACTICE: Go through the text and find the following. Write the words in the blanks provided. Do not repeat your selections. Make sure your words are NOUNS not ADJECTIVES!!!

1. feminine noun ending in -a (singular) __________________________________________

2. feminine noun ending in -a (singular) __________________________________________

3. feminine noun ending in -a (singular) __________________________________________

4. masculine noun ending in -us (singular) ________________________________________

5. masculine noun ending in -us (singular) ________________________________________

6. masculine noun ending in -us (singular) ________________________________________

7. neuter noun ending in -um (singular) ___________________________________________

8. feminine noun ending in -ae (plural) ____________________________________________

9. masculine noun ending in -ī (plural) _____________________________________________

10. neuter noun ending in -a (plural) _______________________________________________

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives modify nouns (or other adjectives). In Latin, an adjective will always agree with the

noun it modifies in GENDER, NUMBER, & CASE! Therefore the ending flags of adjectives are

much more flexible than nouns. A noun can only have one gender. An adjective, on the other

hand, can take any gender!

Here are some examples from the text:

fluvius magnus - fluvius is a masculine, singular, nominative noun. The adjective

magnus is also masculine, singular, and nominative.

īnsula parva - both words are feminine, singular, and nominative!

imperium Rōmānum - both words are neuter, singular, and nominative.

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PRACTICE: Go through the text below and find any noun-adjective pairs. Draw an arrow from the adjective to the noun it modifies. There are at least 16 pairings!!

Nīlus fluvius magnus est. Tiberis nōn est fluvius magnus, Tiberis fluvius parvus est. Rhēnus

nōn est fluvius parvus, sed fluvius magnus. Nīlus et Rhēnus nōn fluviī parvī, sed fluviī magnī

sunt. Dānuvius quoque fluvius magnus est. Sparta et Delphī oppida Graeca sunt. Tūsculum

nōn oppidum Graecum, sed oppidum Rōmānum est. Tūsculum et Brundisium sunt oppida

Rōmāna. Sardinia īnsula Rōmāna est. Crēta, Rhodus, Naxus, Samos, Chios, Lesbos, Lēmnos,

Euboea sunt īnsulae Graecae. In Graeciā multae īnsulae sunt. In Italiā et in Graeciā sunt multa

oppida.

PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 4, 5, 6, & 7 in your online textbook.

When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.

oppidum ________________________________ ōceanus ______________________________

imperium ________________________________________________________________________

magnus ______________________________ parvus ____________________________________

Graecus _______________________________ Rōmānus ________________________________

multī _________________________________ paucī ______________________________________

num? ________________________________ quid? ______________________________________

Gender Number Case

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Pars III: Litterae et Nvmeri

  I et II numerī sunt. III quoque numerus est. I, II, III numerī Rōmānī sunt. I et II sunt parvī

numerī. CIƆ magnus numerus est.

A et B litterae sunt. C quoque littera est. A, B, C sunt trēs litterae. A est littera prīma

(I), B littera secunda (II), C littera tertia (III). Γ littera Graeca est. C est littera Latīna. C et D

litterae Latīnae sunt. Γ et Δ sunt litterae Graecae.

Fluvius et oppidum vocābula Latīna sunt. Ubi quoque vocābulum Latīnum est. In

vocābulō ubi sunt trēs litterae. In capitulō prīmō mīlle vocābula sunt. In vocābulō īnsula sex

litterae et trēs syllabae sunt: syllaba prīma īn-, secunda -su-, tertia -la. In vocābulō nōn sunt trēs

litterae et ūna syllaba.

Quid est III? III numerus Rōmānus est. Γ quid est? Γ littera Graeca est. Num C littera

Graeca est? Nōn littera Graeca, sed littera Latīna est C. Estne B littera prīma? B nōn littera

prīma, sed secunda est. Quid est nōn? Nōn est vocābulum Latīnum. Nōn, sed, magnus, numerus

vocābula Latīna sunt. Vocābulum quoque vocābulum Latīnum est!

NUMBERS

Numbers are also adjectives. However, only a few numbers (namely ūnus, duo, & trēs, and just

a few others) change their ending flags to agree with the nouns they modify. The number 1,000

(mīlle) never changes its form, and therefore is said to be indeclinable, (e.g. mīlle numerī, mīlle

vocābula, mīlle litterae, etc.).

There are two types of number words, cardinal and ordinal. A cardinal number answers

the question “how many?” They are the numbers used in counting. Ordinal numbers are

adjectives that answer the question “which one in a series?” Ordinal numbers WILL change

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their endings.

Here are the numbers you’ve met:

Arabic Roman Cardinal Number Ordinal Number

1 I ūnus, -a, -um prīmus, -a, -um

2 II duo, duae, duo secundus, -a, -um

3 III trēs, trēs, tria tertius, -a, -um

6 VI sex sextus, -a, -um

1000 CIƆ or M mīlle mīllēsimus, -a, -um

PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 8, 9, 10, & 11 in your online textbook.

When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.

numerus ________________________________ littera ___________________________________

vocābulum ________________________________ capitulum ______________________________

syllaba ____________________________________ exemplum ______________________________

ūnus _________________ duo ___________________ tres __________________________________

sex _______________ mīlle ___________________ prīmus _________________________________

secundus _________________________ tertius ___________________________________________

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Textbook Tip!

Other textbook vocabulary words you’ll see are: pēnsum - homework/task grammatica - grammar

singulāris - singular plūrālis - plural

In the margins, the symbol < is shorthand for “is from the word,” showing a derivative.

Rōmānus, -a, -um < Rōma = Rōmānus, -a, -um is from the word Rōma.

The = sign shows a synonym. I = ūnus (1)I is the same as ūnus.

Vocabulary - Copia Verborvm

These are the words you need to know to master the first chapter. Use quizlet to review them, or create your own flashcards. Soon you’ll learn what the extra parts mean. For now, make sure you know all parts of these words.

Nouns (nōmina) Adjectives (adiectīva) Verbs (verba)fluvius, -ī, m. duo, duae, duo estimperium, -ī, n. Graecus, -a, -um suntīnsula, -ae, f. Latīnus, -a, -umōceanus, -ī, m. magnus, -a, -umoppidum, -ī, n. mīlle Prepositions (praepositiōnēs)prōvincia, -ae, f. multī, -ae, -a in parvus, -a, -umGrammar Words paucī, -ae, -a(grammatica) prīmus, -a, -umcapitulum, -ī, n. Rōmānus, -a, -um Conjunctions (coniūnctiōnēs)exemplum, -ī, n. secundus, -a, -um etgrammatica, -ae, f. sex sedlittera, -ae, f. tertius, -a, -um quoquesingulāris, -is, -e trēs, trēs, triapēnsum, -ī, n. ūnus, -a, -umplūralis, -is, -e Adverbs (adverbia)syllaba, -ae, f. nōnvocābulum, -ī, n.

Interrogatives (vocābula interrogātīva)-ne?ubi?num?quid?

Derivatives

Many words in English are derived from Latin words, that is, they descend directly from

words in Latin. Such words are called derivatives. For example, the English word “counsel” is

a derivative of the Latin word cōnsilium. In many instances, the difference in sound and

spelling between an English word and its Latin parent are not significant enough to obscure

the fact that they are related. Some English derivatives descend from the roots of Latin words.

A root is the basic element or stem of a word that carries its meaning and from which other

words are made by adding prefixes and suffixes.

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PRACTICE: Use a dictionary to find the meaning of these derivatives of Cap. I vocabulary words.

Derivative Latin Word Meaning

unison ūnus

mileage mīlle

illiterate littera

travail trēs

nonentity nōn

nonchalance nōn

trinity trēs

treble trēs

trivial trēs

unique ūnus

unanimous ūnus

innumerable numerus

literal littera

obliterate littera

enumerate numerus

reunite ūnus

provincial prōvincia

literature littera

supernumerary numerus

trident trēs

trio trēs

treble trēs

magnitude magnus

imperial imperium

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Capitvlvm Primvm Final Steps

Read the Grammatica Latina section in your textbook. Make sure you completely understand all the material there.

Complete Pensum A, B, & C. Pensum A will test your grammar knowledge, Pensum B focuses on vocabulary, and Pensum C allows you to write in Latin! Use this workbook and the margin notes in the textbook for help!

Check Yourself: By the end of this unit you should know/do:

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Need to Review Got It!

all nouns have a gender, number, and case

adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in

gender, number, and case

word order matters not

verbs will be singular or plural depending on the

number of the subject

nouns are organized into declensions

a noun’s case will vary depending on its syntax

cases have specialized uses

nominative as subject

ablative of place where

cardinal and ordinal numbers

all excercitia completed

all pensa completed

all vocabulary memorized

WHEN YOU’RE READY TO MOVE ON, SEE MAGISTER FOR THE SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT