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SCHUECO EngineeringProf (h.c.) Dr.-Ing. Winfried Heusler SCHCO International KG / Bielefeld (Germany)

Faade-technology theory and specific projects

Functional Optimisation and Architectural Integration

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1 Introduction

2 Optimisation of faades

3 Integration

4 Summary

Faade-technology theory and specific projectsFunctional Optimisation and Architectural Integration

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3

Traditional buildingsTaking into account local climatic conditions

Tundra/ Taiga

mediterraniantropic

steppesavanna

continental

coastalarctic

desert

subtropic

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Wettbewerb Friedrichstrae

Arch. Mies van der Rohe

DeutschlandBerlin 1922

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Lever House (1950-1952)Arch. SOM

Construction system:

steel frame

curtain-wall (stainless steel)20 storey

New YorkUSA

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Frankfurt am MainGermany

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Energy use in buildingsEurope: national energy standards and certificates (EPBD)

Energy standards in the Europeancountries are based on differing

principles

- primary energy consumption

- consumption of useful energy

- component standards

and widely differing calculation

procedures.

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1 Introduction


- energy

- comfort

- local climatic conditions

3 Integration

4 Summary


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Sustainable buildings: minimizing of energy consumption

- heating

- cooling

- ventilation

- lighting

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Energy-efficient faades ... optimize- heat-prevention

1992 2002 2005

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- sun-shading

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- sun-shading

- use of daylight

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- sun-shading

- use of daylight

- use of solar energy

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- sun-shading

- use of daylight


- use of natural ventilation

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1 Introduction


- energy

- comfort


3 Integration

4 Summary


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Optimisation of faades: comfortuser requirements

Light Situation

using daylight

choice of intensity of illumination

glarefree working places

low contrast

Room Temperature Air Velocity Air Humidity

CO2

CO2-Concentration < 0,1 Vol %

Outer Temperature [ 0C ]

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

0 2 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

RoomT

emperature[0C]

Outer Temperature [ 0C ]

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

0 2 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

0 2 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

RoomT

emperature[0C]

Air Temperature [0C ]

AirVelo

coty[m/s]

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Turbulence 40 %


AirVelo

coty[m/s]

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Turbulence 40 %

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Turbulence 40 %


AirH

umidity[%] 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

012 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Discomforting

damp

discomforting

dry

still cosy

cosy


AirH

umidity[%] 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

012 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Discomforting

damp

discomforting

dry

still cosy

cosy

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

012 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Discomforting

damp

discomforting

dry

still cosy

cosy

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1 Introduction


- energy

- comfort


3 Integration

4 Summary


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Heating or cooling? Thermal insulation or solar shading?

Optimisation of faadeslocal climatic conditions

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too cold

too hot

winter

summer

Optimisation of faadeslocal climatic conditions: Average temperature in C (1961-90) - year

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Optimisation of faadeslocal climatic conditions: solar radiation in W/m (1961-90) - year

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Climate at BucharestAverage outdoor temperature and rainfall

mean annual temperature: +11.2C

decennial temperature minimum: -14.3C

decennial temperature maximum: +34.9C

annual rainfall : 588 mm

Moderate European climate with

warm summers and cold winters

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Climate in BucharestOutdoor temperature and relative humidity in comparison with Frankfurt

Bucharest: Very similar to Frankfurts weather, but more continental, with warmer

summers and colder winters.

Emphasis on both, heating (insulation + using solar gains) and cooling (sun shading)

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Heating or cooling?Hours between 12 and 24C per month

Bucharest

Heating 24C

annual sum

Summer: Shading and cooling mandatory

Winter: Usage of solar gains and good insulation

Bucharest

Frankfurt

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Outdoor temperature and heating day per yearHeating days in dependence to heating start temperature

Bucharest: 189 heating days at a heating start temperature of 12C

Frankfurt: 205 heating days at a heating start temperature of 12C

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Thermal comfort zone

Relativeroo

mh

umidity

[%]

Room air temperature [C]

uncomfortable

dry

uncomfortable

humid

comfortable

moderately

comfortable

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930 h peryear free window ventilation in good comfort zone (11 %/a).

2100 h peryear free window ventilation in moderate comfort zone (24 %/a)

Thermal comfort zone

Relativeroomhumidity[%]

Room air temperature [C]

uncomfortable

dry

uncomfortable

humid

comfortable

moderately

comfortable

Window ventilation?Window ventilation in dependence of outdoor temperature and relative humidity

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Bucharest: Cooling potentials of a free night ventilationApproximated night ventilation hours per month due to outdoor temperature

High potential for a automated night cooling.

Especially the peak cooling month July and August are ideal for night ventilation.

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Solar radiation on different faade orientationsAutomated sun shading systems against high cooling loads

Solarrad

iation[W/m]

Hours per year

Sun shading active at

175 W/m

2364 hours per year

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Suns ecliptic in BucharestSun shading systems must be optimized for local ecliptic

sun

elevation

[]

azimuth []

East South West

morning afternoonNoon

12 h

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Wind velocities in BucharestInfluence on shading systems

Average wind speed

Max. wind speed

Wind

distribution

of Bucharest

Main wind direction

Limit of rounded-edge SCHCO blinds (12 m/s)Limit of flat SCHCO blinds (10 m/s)

Limit of z-formed SCHCO blinds (15 m/s)

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ResultsEffects of Bucharests climate on building and faade design

Winter:

Facade concept for utilizing solar gains and minimizing heat loss

Summer:

Minimizing cooling load with optimized sun shading system

Night ventilation has high potential to reduce cooling energy consumption

Natural window ventilation is possible from spring until autumn

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Optimisation of faadeslocal climatic conditions: micro-climate

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1 Introduction


3 Integration

- sunshading-devices- daylighting-devices

- electric-lighting-devices

- natural ventilation- mechanical ventilation


4 Summary


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Integration: sunshadingreflective glass

Appearance.... and flexibility ?

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Integration: sunshading-devicesblinds

Influence of wind ?

Main wind direction

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Integration: sunshading-deviceslouvre-blades

Appearance ?

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Integration: sunshading-devicesDouble-skin facades

Double-skin faades are characterizedby a second glazing either in front orbehind the actual building faade.

The cavity accomodates the sunshading system (protected against windand dust).

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The various alternatives can be classified

into basic types, according to the method of aircirculation:

closed systems

internally ventilated faades

externally natural ventilated faades

without room-ventilation

externally natural ventilated faades

with room-ventilation

Double-skin faades

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Integration: sunshading-devicesDouble-skin faades

Variable transmission for radiation, heat and air

Solarradiation

(100 %)

Direct

transmission

(5 15 %)

Absorption

("chimney")

Secondary

heat supply(4 8 %)

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42PPT_Vorlage_01.potSCHUECO Engineering

Double-skin faadesUnsegmented faade

Deutscher Ring, Hamburg (1992-1996)

Architekten: von Bassewitz, Patschan, Hupertz und Limbrock

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Double-skin faadesUnsegmented faade

Benefits:

Simple construction Uniform external appearance

Excellent reduction of external noise

Disadvantages:

Strong infiltration

High level of noise transmission

High air temperatures in gap between the upper floors

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Double-skin faadesCorridor faade

Stadttor, Dsseldorf (1998)

Architekten:Ingenhoven, Overdiek, Petzinka, Partner

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Double-skin faadesCorridor faade

Benefits:

Simple construction Prevents spread of fire

Disadvantages:

Horizontal noise transmission

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Double-skin faadesBox-box faade

Victoria-Insurance, Dsseldorf, Germany (1998)

Architect: HPP Dsseldorf

RWE-AG, Essen, Germany (1996)Architect: Ingenhoven,

Overdiek, Petzinka

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Double-skin faadesBox-box faade

Benefits:

Natural window ventilation with freshest possible air No spread of fire

Minimal noise transmission

No infiltration

Disadvantages:

Relatively expensive

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Double-skin faadesConstruction types

1. Unsegmented

faade

2. Corridor faade 3. Box-box faade

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Temperat

ure

Calculations for double-skin faadeTemperature flow in south faade, typical day in winter

Hours in the course of the year

Outside temperature

Surface temperature of outer glazing

Surface temperature of sunshadingblinds

Average air temperature behindsunshading blinds

Surface temperature of inner glazing

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Calculations for double-skin faadeTemperature flow in south faade, typical day in summer

Hours in the course of the year

Temperat

ure

Outside temperature

Surface temperature of outer glazing

Surface temperature of sunshadingblinds

Average air temperature behindsunshading blinds

Surface temperature of inner glazing

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Double-skin faadesGeneral principles of construction

The effectiveness of solar shading depends on the:

type of solar shading (fabric or louvre blades)

level of air and light permeability of solar shading

colour and reflectivity of solar shading

position of the solar shading within the space

dimensions and circulation resistances within the faade

dimensions and circulation resistances of the ventilation

openings in the outer and inner faade

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1 Introduction


3 Integration

- sunshading-devices

- daylighting-devices




4 Summary


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Integration: daylighting-devicesBlinds with variable angles within double-skin facade

- weather-protected- optimised transmission of daylight

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1 Introduction


3 Integration



- natural ventilation

- mechanical ventilation


4 Summary


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Lotus, Danzig (Poland)IntegrationElectric-lighting-devices

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1 Introduction


3 Integration





4 Summary


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Integration: natural ventilationDouble-skin facades

Temperature flow in south faade(Frankfurt a.M.)

Outside temperature

Average air temperature behind

sunshading blindsSurface temperatur of inner glazing,room-side

Energy and comfort: Too cold in winter and too hot in summer !

D bl ki f d

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Shanghai Tobacco, ShanghaiDouble-skin faades

Examples

R f f d Sh h i T b Sh h i (Chi )

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Reference faade Shanghai Tobacco, Shanghai (China)

Reference faade Shanghai Tobacco Shanghai (China)

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Reference faade Shanghai Tobacco, Shanghai (China)

Reference faade Lotus Danzig (Poland)

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Reference faade Lotus, Danzig (Poland)


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Reference faade DeTe Immobilien Hannover (Germany)

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Reference faade DeTe Immobilien, Hannover (Germany)


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about 200

high

about 450 wide


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e e e ce aade e e ob e , a o e (Ge a y)

Double-skin faades

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Vattenfall Europe, Cottbus

Examples

Uniqa TowerDouble-skin faades

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Uniqa Tower

Wien

Examples

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1 Introduction


3 Integration







4 Summary


Integration: mechanical ventilation

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g

... central or decentral

partly central

totally central

totally decentral

Integration: mechanical ventilation

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g

... in Hongkong

Integration of mechanical ventilation

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Capricorn / Duesseldorf (Germany)


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alternative concept


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1 Introduction


3 Integration







4 Summary

gy y p p j


Integration: use of solar energy

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... passive use ...

Solar radiation

Direct

transmission

Absorption

("chimney")

Secondaryheat supply


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... active use ...


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... alternatives

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1 Introduction


3 Integration

4 Summary



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Serious planners point to

the fact that high-

performance facades have

to be optimized for every

location and every building.

heating, cooling or mechanical ventilation necessary ?



F ti l O ti i ti d A hit t l I t ti

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Co-ordinated interfaces, dimensioning and operation

Planning -approach

Building structure

Interior works

Building technology

Building envelope

Planning -requirements

Building purpose

User requirements

Site/climate

Budget limits

Planningapproach

Building structure

Interior works

Building technology

Building envelope

Planningrequirements

Building purpose

User requirements

Site/climate

Budget limits

Planning -approach

Building structure

Interior works

Building technology

Building envelope

Planning -requirements

Building purpose

User requirements

Site/climate

Budget limits

Planningapproach

Building structure

Interior works

Building technology

Building envelope

Planningrequirements

Building purpose

User requirements

Site/climate

Budget limits


Search Plaza Center, Bucharest

Niederlndische BotschaftHypo Alpe Adria Centre Office Building Neumhlen

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Niederlndische Botschaft,

Berlin, Germany

Office for Metropolitan

Architekture

Hypo Alpe-Adria-Centre,

Klagenfurt, Austria

Bro Morphosis, Architect Thom Mayne

Jumeirah Beach Hotel,Dubai, U.A.E.

Arch. WS Atkins & Partners Overseas

The New Zollhoff,Dsseldorf, Germany

Arch. Gehry, BM+P

Metropolitan House,Warsaw, Poland

Arch. Foster and Partners

Office Building Neumhlen,

Hamburg, Germany

Grntuch/Ernst Architekten BDA

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BurJuman Centre,

Dubai, U.A.E.

Arch. Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates

McLaren Technology Centre

Woking, UK

Arch. Foster and Partners

Axel Springer Verlag,

Berlin, Germany

RHWL Architects

Edificio Termale - Acque Albule Terme di Roma,

I Rom, 2006

3C+T Capolei Cavalli A.A.

Banco Santander

Madrid, Spain

Roche-Dinkeloo

The BBC Media Village,

London, UK

Glserne Manufaktur Volkswagen AG

Dresden, Germany

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London, UK

Allies and Morrison

Dresden, Germany

Henn Architekten

Lentos Kunstmuseum

Linz, AustriaArch. Jrg Weber und Josef Hofer

Sperion- Brohaus, Deloitte

Dsseldorf, GermanyDeilmann Koch

ABC- Bogen,

Hamburg Germany

Oasis Forest Holiday Village

Penrith UK

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Hamburg, Germany

Bothe, Richter, Teherani

Mart, Museo d`arte moderna Rovereto Trento

Rovereto, Italy

Mario Botta

T- Mobile 2

Bonn, Germany

Penrith, UK

Holder Mathias, Alcock plc

Shanghai Tobacco Building

CN-Shanghai, 2005

WTC (World Trade

Center)

Toyo Ito Building, Mahler 4

NL-Amsterdam, 2006

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CN Shanghai, 2005

Huang Fang / Shanghai Pan-Pacific

Architectural Design Co. Ltd.

RUS-Jekaterinburg, 2006

Alkuta Architects, Hr.

Kukovjakin A.B.

BP Zentrale Bochum

D-Bochum, 2005

BRT Architekten

Bothe Richter Teherani, Hamburg

Cannstatter Carr

D-Stuttgart, 2006

EPA Planungsgruppe GmbH

NL Amsterdam, 2006

Toyo Ito, Japan

One Kenmare Square

USA- New York, 2005

Gluckman Mayner

Architects,

New York (Design)

Rose Tower,

Dubai, U.A.E.

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Eurotower Zagreb

HR-Zagreb, 2006

Prof. Dr. Marijan Hri

Vattenfall Europe Mining und

Generation AG & Co. KG

D-Cottbus, 2004

planungsgruppe abv gmbh

Ijsseltower

NL- Zwolle, 2006

PPKS architects, Chicago

(Design)

Seoul Broadcasting

System Headquarters,

Seoul-Korea, 2005

Richard Rogers Partnership

Weltkarte mit Naturkatastrophen 2006

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Earthquake Peru 2007

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Earthquake Pakistan 2005

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High-performance-faades

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... are energy efficient

and comfortable

... take into account

- local conditions

- user-requirements

- design

- costs

the holistic approach !

Faade-technology theory and specific projectsF ti l O ti i ti d A hit t l I t ti

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SCHUECO Engineering

Prof (h.c.) Dr.-Ing. Winfried Heusler SCHCO International KG / Bielefeld (Germany)

gy y p p jFunctional Optimisation and Architectural Integration

Heusler

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