Hello, Everyone! Part I Review Review Questions 1. How are English consonants classified? 2. How are...
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Transcript of Hello, Everyone! Part I Review Review Questions 1. How are English consonants classified? 2. How are...
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Hello, Everyone!
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Part I
Review
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Review Questions1. How are English consonants classified?2. How are English Vowels classified?
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Part II
New Content
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Chapter 3
Morphology
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3.1Morphology
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3.1.1 Open class and closed class
1. Open class words: or content words, to which new words can be regularly addedNouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs2. Closed class words: or “grammatical” or “functional”words, to which new words are not usually addedConjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns
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3.1.2 Internal structure of words and rules for word
formation
1. Internal structureDisapprove = dis + approve
2. Rules for word formationDisapprove approvedis
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Definition
Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
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3.2
Morphemes
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1. Definition The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.The smallest meaningful element of language that cannot be reduced to smaller elements. (Bussmann 1996: 313)
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2. Types of morphemes
1. Affix: Collective term for bound formatives or word-forming elements that constitute subcategories of word classes. Affixes are classified according to their placement on the stem.
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Types of morphemes
2. Prefix: Morphemes that occur only before other morphemes. (Bound morphemes that precede the stem.)3. Suffix: Morphemes that only occur after other morphemes.(Bound morphemes that are attached finally to free morpheme constructions)
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Types of morphemes
4. Bound morpheme: Morphemes that cannot occur “unattached”, but always as parts of words.5. Free morpheme: Morphemes that can constitute words by themselves. 6. Stem: Morphemes or morpheme constructions on which inflectional endings can appear
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3.3 Derivational and inflectional morphemes
1. Derivational morpheme: Bound morpheme which change the category or grammatical class of words.2. Inflectional morphemes: Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 3. Stem: Morphemes or morpheme constructions on which inflectional endings can appear
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3.4 Morphological rules of word formation
Morphological rules: ways words are formedUn + ADJECTIVE = not – ADJECTIVEAcceptable – unacceptableSad – unsadProductive/less productive
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3.5 Compounds
compounds: or compound words, words formed by stringing words together
rainbow, pickpocket a. grammatical category b. stress c. meaning
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complementary
Contrast between Chinese and English
word formation
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1. 汉语偏旁部首 Vs 英语黏着词素
汉 语 英 语
单字 偏旁部首 单词 黏着词素
人 心 水 金
亻 忄 氵 钅
man heart water metal
anthrop- -cord hydro- -ium
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anthrop(o) man 人,人类Anthropology 人类学 anthropocentricanthropotomy philanthropist
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1. His philanthropic attitude was widely endorsed (认可) .philanthropic: 慈善的,博爱的2. Evolutionists hold that anthropoid is a stage from which human has developed.anthropoid 类人猿3.The subject of anthropology can be generally divided into two branches: cultural anthropology and physical ( 体质 ) anthropology.
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2. 形声与会意 Vs 合成与派生 汉语1. 形声法 形符 + 声符 义类 + 读音 例:湖、铀2. 会意法 例:安好家
英语1. 合成:词 + 词 +…… playboy forget-me-not warmhearted2. 派生:前缀 + 词根 + 后缀unfriendly, receivehydrograph
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3. 词素分析与词汇学习1. 从结构上加以解剖
preposterous pre-poster-ous 反常的、愚蠢的
2. 从形、音上与熟单词挂钩 depict de-pict (picture) 3. 从词族上加以扩展 defer, confer, differ, infer, offer,
proffer 4. 从单词的译文上加以对比 multilateral synchronous 多 边 的 同 时 的
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1. Review.2. Prepare L 16
Homework
1. Review exercises (P40)
2. Prepare Chapter 5
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