English Consonants.2(4)
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Transcript of English Consonants.2(4)
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/S/-/Z/
/S/: fricative, palato-alveolar, voiceless
/Z/: fricative, palato-alveolar, voiced
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/S/-/Z/
Main spellings sh: ship/SIp/ (s)si: Russia
/"rVS@/ c(e, i): precious/"preS@s/,ocean/"@US/
sci: conscious
/"kQS@s/ ti: nation/"eIS/
sugar/SUg@/,sure/SO:/,
machine/m@"Si:/,
Main spellings
s (u): treasure
/"treZ@/,usual/"jU:ZjU@l/
z(u): seizure/"si:Z@/
si: confusion/k@"fju:Z@/
-ge: prestige/pr@s"tIZ/,
beige/"beIZ/
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/h/
/h/: fricative, glottal, voiceless
Main spellings
h: hip/hIp/ wh: who/"hu:/
It is silent in words like: honour/"Q@/, hour /aU@/,and in
untressed syllables like:-ham, Durham/"dVr@m/, vehicle/"vI@kl/
Loss of [h] in weak forms: him/Im/, he /i/
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Affricates
An affricate is simplya sequence of a stop
followed by ahomorganic fricative,Ladefoged (2006:66)
Place of articulation
Palato-alveolar
Voicless tS
voiced dZ
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/tS/-/dZ/
/tS/: affricate, palato-alveolar,voiceless
/dZ/: affricate, palato-alveolar, voiced
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/tS/-/dZ/
Main spellings
ch: chip/tSIp/
tch: match/m{tS/
ture: picture
/"pIktS@/
Main spellings
g(e, i): gin
/dZI/, George/"dZO:dZ/
j: Jordan/"dZO:d@/
dg: badge/b{dZ/ suggest/s@"dZest/,soldier/"s@UldZ@/
It is common in some
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Nasals
Nasal consonants share with the plosives thesame place of articulation. The difference lies inthe fact that with the plosives the air escapesthrough the mouth and with the nasals itescapes through the nose (Brian, M. 2003).
The nasal consonant [N] could never appear ininitial position. It can only be preceded by thevowel sounds [I, e, {, VQ].it is the result of a sequence of thephonemes // and /g/. Ladefoged, (2006)
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/m/-//-/N/
Nasal
Bilabial m
Alveolar
Velar N
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/m/-//-/N/
/m/: nasal, bilabial, voiced
//: nasal, alveolar, voiced
/N/: nasal, velar, voiced
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/m/
Main spellings
m: map/m{p/
mm: mummy/"mVmi/
mb: thumb/TVm/, lamb/l{m/
mn: autumn/"O:tm/
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//
Main spellings
n: nose/@Uz/
kn: knight/aIt/
gn: gnome/@Um/
mn: mnemonic/@"mQIk/ pn: pnuematic/jU"m{tIk/
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/N/
Main spellings
ng: sing/sIN/
n + k: ink/INk/ n + g: English/"INglIS/
Point out that [] in the prefix un- it is normally
pronounced as an alveolar and not as a velar orbilabial: uncut/V"kVt/, unbelievable/%VbI"li:v@bl/.
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Approximants
Articulatory organs produce a narrowingof the vocal tract, but leave enough space
for air to flow without much audibleturbulence.
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Lateral/l/
/l/: lateral, alveolar,voiced
This sound presents two
allophones: Clear [l] in initial, final
or intervocalic position:lip
Oscure [] or velar infinal position or beforeanother consonant: bold,pill
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/l/
Main spellings
l: lip/lIp/
ll: hill/hIl/
Silent l before m:, calm/kA:m/,palm/pA:m/
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/r/
One final characteristic of r is that it isusual for the lips to be slightly rounded;
foreign learners should do this but shouldbe careful not to exaggerate it. If the lip-rounding is too strong the consonant willsound too much like w, which is the sound
that most English children produce untilthey have learned to pronounce r in theadult way. (Gimson, 1989:63)
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/r/
/r/: approximant,post-alveolar, voiced
Main spellings
r: real/rI@l/
rr: lorry/"lQri/
Linking r
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/j/ or yod
/j/: approximant, palatal, voiceless
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/j/
Mainspellings
y: yes/jes/, you/ju:/
ew: few/fju:/
u: music/"mjU:sIk/
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/w/
/w/: approximant, labio-velar, voiced
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/w/
Main spellings
w:
Initial position, war/wO:/ Mid position, sweet/swi:t/, queen/kwi:/, beware/bI"we@/
wh which/wItS/
u is pronounced [w] after q and g in unstressedsyllables: language/l{NgwItS/,tranquil/tr{NkwIl/