English Phonetics and Phonology 1. Plosives (stops) Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5-2: English...
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Transcript of English Phonetics and Phonology 1. Plosives (stops) Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5-2: English...
English Phonetics and Phonology
Lecture 5-2: English consonants in detail II(release of word-final consonants)
KAMIYAMA, [email protected]
1. Plosives (stops)
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 53
Reminder: release of a plosivethe case of the bilabial plosives
• 3. Release phase: as the articulators (theupper and lower lips) come apart, the airstreamis released in a small burst (called plosion).
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 54
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /kæpp/• /kæbb/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /kapp/ (« cap »)• /kabb/ (« Cabe »)
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 55
/kæpp/ /kæpp/
no audible releaseno audible releaseupper lip
lower lip
vocal foldvibration
release release with with no no voicingvoicing
initiation(airstream)
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 56
The release phase of voiceless plosivesThe release phase of voiceless plosives• /kæp/• [kʰæ ̆pp] [kʰæ ̆pp ̚̚ ] (no audible release)
The release phase of voiced plosivesThe release phase of voiced plosives• /kæb/• [kʰæbb ̥̥] but rarely [kʰæbbəə]
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 57
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• In English, word-final voicelessvoiceless plosives canbe pronounced with no audible releaseno audible release :/kæp/ [kʰæ ̆pp] or [kʰæ ̆pp ̚̚ ].
• Word-final voicedvoiced plosives are partiallydevoiced, and the voicing almost never lastsafter release: /kæb/ [kʰæbb ̥̥] but rarely [kʰæbbəə].
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 58
Voiceless alveolar plosive /t/:Word-final position
• Observe the voiceless alveolar plosive /t/ atthe endend of the following words:
• /pett/• /miːtt/
London speaker
London speaker
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 59
Voiceless alveolar plosives /t/:Word-final position
• In English, word-final /t//t/ can be pronouncedwith a glottal stopglottal stop (glottis closes suddenly),with no closure in the oral cavity: /pet/ [pʰe ̆tt],[pʰe ̆tt ̚̚ ], or [pʰe ̆ʔʔ].
• In some accents (e.g. London), [ʔ] is observedalso between vowels: /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ [ˈb ̥a ̆ʔʔəflɒɪ].
2. Fricatives
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 511
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /seɪff/• /seɪvv/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /kaff/ (« CAF »)• /kavv/ (« cave »)
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 512
/seɪff/ /seɪvv/
devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 513
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• In English, word-final voicelessvoiceless fricatives arenot accompanied by voicing after release :/seɪf/ [seɪ̆ff], but never [seɪ̆ffəə].
• Word-final voicedvoiced fricatives are partiallydevoiced, and the voicing almost never lastsafter release: /seɪv/ [seɪvv ̥̥] but rarely [seɪvvəə].
3. Affricates
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 515
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /eɪttʃʃ/• /eɪddʒʒ/
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 516
/eɪttʃʃ/ /eɪddʒʒ/
devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 517
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
• In English, word-final voicelessvoiceless affricates arenot accompanied by voicing at the end of thehissing noise : /eɪtʃ/ [eɪ̆ttʃʃ], but never [eɪ̆ttʃəʃə].
• Word-final voicedvoiced fricatives are partiallydevoiced, and the voicing almost never lastsafter the end of the hissing noise: /eɪdʒ/ [eɪdd ̥ʒ̥ʒ̊̊]but rarely [eɪddʒəʒə].
4. Nasals
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 519
Nasals:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /læmm/ /ænn/ /ˈpɑːkɪŋŋ/
• Then compare them with the consonant at thebeginning of the following words in French:
• /lamm/ (« lame, l’âme ») /ann/ (« Anne »)/paʁkiŋŋ/ (« parking »)
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 520
/læmm/ /kɪŋŋ/
devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))
/ænn/
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 521
Nasals:Word-final position
• In English, word-final nasalsnasals are notaccompanied by voicing after the oral release(after the closure in the oral cavity is opened) :/læm/ [læmm], but rarely [læmməə].
• The velar nasal /ŋ/ is NOT pronounced [ŋg] or[ŋgə]: /kɪŋ/ [kɪŋŋ], but never [kɪŋəŋə] or [kɪŋŋggəə].
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 522
Syllabic nasal
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /ˈbɒtmm ̩̩/• /ˈsteɪʃnn ̩̩/
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 523
/ˈbɒtmm ̩̩/ /ˈsteɪʃnn ̩̩/
5. Lateral approximant /l/
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 525
‘clear l’ and ‘dark l’• ‘clear l’• Palatalized [l] [lʲ]• /l/V … ou C/l/V ...• “lot”, “clear”, etc.
• ‘dark l’• Velarized [ɫ]• ...V/l/, …V/l/C, ou …VC/l/• “feel”, “salt”, “apple”, etc.
‘clear l’ ‘dark l’
palatalizationvelarization
pharyngealization
Takebayashi (1996)15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5
26
Lateral approximant /l/:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /seɪll/• /pɔːll/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /sall/ (« salle »)• /pɔll/ (« Paul »)
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 527
/seɪll/ /pɔːll/
English Phonetics and Phonology
Lecture 5-3: English consonants in detail III(coarticulation, assimilation, elision, liking
and intrusive /r/)
KAMIYAMA, [email protected]
1. Coarticulation
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 530
1. Coarticulation
• Speech sounds tend to be influenced bythe speech sound that surround them.
•• CoarticulationCoarticulation is the retentionretention of aphonetic feature that was present in apreceding sound, or the anticipationanticipation of afeature that will be needed for a followingsound.
Based on Wells (1990, 2000)
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 531
1.1. Coarticulation: nasalization
• A vowel or liquid that is adjacent to a nasaltends to be somewhat nasalized.
• Observe the vowel in the following words:/læm//æn//kɪŋ/
Based on Wells (1990, 2000)15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5
32
/lææm/ /kɪɪŋ//ææn/
nasalizationnasalization
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 533
Nasals:the case of the bilabial nasal
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
Pharyngeal wallPharyngeal wall
VelumVelum
/V/ /m/ /V/
NasalizedNasalizedvowelvowel
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 534
Nasals:the case of the bilabial nasal
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
Pharyngeal wallPharyngeal wall
VelumVelum
/V/ /m/ /V/
NasalizedNasalizedvowelvowel
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 535
1.1. Coarticulation: nasalization
• This phenomenon is especially remarkablein American English.
• Observe the following words pronouncedby an American speaker:/kæt//kæn/
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 536
1.2. Coarticulation: C to V
• Many consonants vary somewhat, dependingon which vowel comes after them.
• Observe the vowel in the following words:/sɑːz//siː//suː/
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 537
/sɑɑːːz/ /suuːː//siiːː/
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 538
1.2. Coarticulation: C to V
• Now, observe similar words in French:/sa/ (ça)/si/ (si)/su/ (sous)
15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 539
1.2. Coarticulation: C to V• The effect of C to V (consonant to vowel)
coarticulation is stronger in French: consonantsare more strongly affected by the following vowelin anticipation.
• This tendency is related to the stable character ofFrench vowels (compared to more or lessdiphthongized English vowels).
• French speakers sometimes prepare lip-roundingwell before a rounded vowel. Compare the /s/ in/stʁyktyʁ/ and /stʁiktyʁ/.