Health’Informacs · 2016-04-08 · Nextweek:’journal’club’ •...
Transcript of Health’Informacs · 2016-04-08 · Nextweek:’journal’club’ •...
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Next week: journal club
• Goal: evaluate and discuss work other than your own that may be outside your field, learn about new work
• For all papers: read, and prepare to comment on • For your paper: – Read the ar.cle (+ other references if needed for context)
– Prepare a brief summary – Prepare ques.ons to lead discussion
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Format
• Brief overview of topic • Summary of paper – What’s the main argument/hypothesis? – How is this supported?
• Overview experiments, figures
• Discussion – Prepare ques.ons
Note: All group members must par.cipate in presenta.on and Q&A Total of 25 min/paper
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Papers
• Probabilis.c phenotyping (uphenotype) • Smoking cessa.on w/mobile sensors (puffmarker) • Text messaging interven.on for diabetes (textmed) • Addressing failure points in trea.ng depression (medlink)
• Personalized health feedback from smartphones (MyBehavior)
• Personalized nutri.on by predic.ng glycemic responses
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Project notes
• Papers due 5/2. Presenta.ons same day • Presenta.on: ~15-‐20 minute talk • Should cover introductory material/mo.va.on (why did
you do this?), methodology (what did you do?), results (+ limita.ons), conclusions + future direc.ons (what would you do if you had more .me?)
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Papers • 6-‐8 pages in NIPS format. No other format is accepted. h9ps://nips.cc/Conferences/2015/PaperInformaAon/StyleFiles • Format [some sec.ons may not apply to you!]
– Abstract (op.onal) – Introduc.on – Related work – Background – Methods – Experimental results – Conclusion – References [any consistent format ok, but ideally alphabe.cal and
must include paper .tles] • Must a9ribute all quotes/sources!
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Phenotyping
Data-‐> cohort with par.cular traits
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Uses
• Retrospec.ve research • Clinical trials • Epidemiology/popula.on health • Discovering subgroups
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Using EHRs for research
• First challenge is iden.fying cohort – Who has disease? Who doesn’t? – Accuracy affects everything that follows
• Usually based on manually defined rules – Itera.ve process – Extremely .me consuming
• Clinical trials – Usually manual iden.fica.on of eligibility
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Usual process: -‐Define criteria -‐Evaluate results -‐Iterate Need some labeled data or ability to determine whether results are correct
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S. Kleinberg and N. Elhadad. Lessons learned in replica.ng data-‐driven experiments in mul.ple medical systems and pa.ent popula.ons. In AMIA Annual Symposium, 2013
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Challenges
• Representa.on – How to describe/define a phenotype
• Complexity – Scale of data, complexity of defini.on
• Data quality/completeness/bias – Are the criteria we need there? Can we trust the data?
• Narra.ve text – Extrac.ng criteria
• Portability – Does phenotype in one hospital work at another?
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EXAMPLE: CHF case defini.on
Geisinger: – 2 medica.on orders for CHF or
– 2 outpa.ent visits with CHF diagnosis or
– 1 medica.on order and 1 outpa.ent CHF diagnosis or
– CHF on problem list
Columbia: – 2 ICD-‐9 codes for CHF or
– 1 ICD-‐9 code for CHF and 1 men.on of CHF in note on the same date or
– 1 ICD-‐9 code for CHF and one medica.on typically indicated for CHF
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Wu et al. (2010). Prediction Modeling Using EHR Data: Challenges, Strategies, and a Comparison of Machine Learning Approaches. Med Care 48(6):S106-13.
OperaAonal criteria
Number of Framingham criteria
Total none 1
minor, 0
major
2+ minor,
0 major
0 minor,
1 major
1 minor,
1 major
1 major, 2+
minor
2+ major
1 outpa.ent visit or 1
medica.on order
331 111 15 262 160 56 368 1303
2+ medica.on orders only 299 81 10 195 99 22 203 909
2+ outpa.ent visits only 171 60 15 134 109 47 316 852
1 outpa.ent visit and 1 medica.on order only
44 18 7 45 28 7 73 222
Problem list only 124 47 8 81 56 26 139 481
Meet 2 of 3 criteria 281 114 32 303 224 89 826 1869
Meet all 3 criteria 72 44 8 103 88 42 504 861
Total 1322 475 95 1123 764 289 2429 6497
Meets opera.onal criteria and Framingham criteria, N=2294 (35%)
Meets opera.onal criteria but not Framingham criteria, N=2900 (45%)
Meets Framingham criteria but not opera.onal criteria, N=424 (7%)
Does not meet opera.onal criteria or Framingham criteria, N=879 (14%)
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Phenotyping algorithms
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Main approaches
• Logical rules – Where do rules come from? Guidelines, expert knowledge
• Text-‐based – Keywords, deeper seman.c processing
• Sta.s.cal/ML(classifica.on)
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Example: eMERGE
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eMERGE example -‐ serngs
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Results
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Automated phenotyping
Algorithm EHR
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Why is this hard?
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SHARPn
• INTRO
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SHARPn -‐ eMERGE
hsp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar.cles/PMC3243189/
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High throughput phenotyping
• Previously: laboriously define criteria for one phenotype at a .me
• Limita.ons – Large-‐scale GWAS – Discovering new phenotypes – Stra.fica.on – Only as good as prior knowledge
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Results -‐ RA
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Results -‐ crc
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Challenges?
• Missing data • Bias • Error • Standardiza.on
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Open problems • Phenotype detec.on • Time – Disease state changing over .me, pa.ent popula.on changing over .me, medical process changing over .me
• Interpreta.on – Making automated phenotypes understandable
• Evalua.on – What’s the ground truth?
• Fragmented data – Nonclinical data – HIE
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Pharmacovigilance
• Drug trials involve small popula.ons • What about – Rare side effects? – Interac.ons with other medica.ons? – Interac.ons with foods? – Repurposing drugs?
• Postmarket analysis
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How are ADEs reported?
• Clinical trials – Every event reported
• FDA AERS – Selected events submised by pa.ent, doctor
• But also indirectly – Searching for informa.on – Evidence of side effect in EHR
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Biomedical informa.cs goals
• Drug side effects • Drug-‐drug interacAons • Dosing • Ideal treatment • Subgroup • Finding new indica.ons
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• ADD DETAIL
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• Many pa.ents have comorbidi.es – Two common illnesses will lead to many drug-‐pairs in common
• One effect: raised glucose – T2DM increasing, major public health problem
• DDI may not be reported as such, need to look at co-‐occurrences
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Methods
• 12,627 averse event reports – 37 drugs
• 4 pairs – 3 were infrequent combo
• 1 combina.on let: Paroxe.ne, Pravasta.n – Took glucose measurements before/during treatment for pa.ents at Stanford • 374 on paroxe.ne, 449 on pravasta.n, 8 on both
– Replicated at Vanderbilt, and Partners
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Tatoner, N.P., Denny, J.C., Murphy, S.N., Fernald, G.H., Krishnan, G., Castro, V., Yue, P., Tsau, P.S., Kohane, I., Roden, D.M. & Altman, R., 2011, Detec.ng drug interac.ons from adverse-‐event reports: interac.on between paroxe.ne and pravasta.n increases blood glucose levels, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeu4cs, 90(1), pp. 133-‐42
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Today’s paper
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• Can we use searches to find side effects? – People might search symptom – But might also search something they’ve heard on TV/read about
• Medica.ons from previous study, before reported
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Limita.ons?
• Not sure people necessarily on drug – might be searching for alterna.ves
• Might not be on meds at same .me • Mul.ple users of machine
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Google flu
hsp://sta.c.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en/us/archive/papers/detec.ng-‐influenza-‐epidemics.pdf
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hsp://www.nature.com/news/when-‐google-‐got-‐flu-‐wrong-‐1.12413
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Twiser + flu
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Main points
• Data is changing over .me • Publicizing results can change searcher behavior
• Correla.on vs causa.on – Robustness
• Big data not necessarily good data
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• How to discover new uses for drugs? (why important?)
• How to find out when drugs being used off-‐label?
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• a
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• Lots of $$ and .me to develop new drugs • Can we repurpose old ones for new indica.ons?
• 100 diseases, 164 drugs – 16000 pairings -‐> 2664 stat. sig
• Assump.on: if drug leads to opposite expression from disease, could be useful treatment
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Detec.ng off-‐label use
• Why? • How?
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Figure 1. Overview of methods and results.
Jung K, LePendu P, Chen WS, Iyer SV, Readhead B, et al. (2014) Automated Detec.on of Off-‐Label Drug Use. PLoS ONE 9(2): e89324. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089324
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Figure 2. Training and tesAng a classifier to recognize used-‐to-‐treat relaAonships.
Jung K, LePendu P, Chen WS, Iyer SV, Readhead B, et al. (2014) Automated Detec.on of Off-‐Label Drug Use. PLoS ONE 9(2): e89324. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089324
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Next week
Journal club!