Health’Informacs · 2016-04-08 · Nextweek:’journal’club’ •...

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Health Informa.cs Lecture 9 Samantha Kleinberg [email protected]

Transcript of Health’Informacs · 2016-04-08 · Nextweek:’journal’club’ •...

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Health  Informa.cs  

Lecture  9    

Samantha  Kleinberg  [email protected]  

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Next  week:  journal  club  

•  Goal:  evaluate  and  discuss  work  other  than  your  own  that  may  be  outside  your  field,  learn  about  new  work  

•  For  all  papers:  read,  and  prepare  to  comment  on  •  For  your  paper:  –  Read  the  ar.cle  (+  other  references  if  needed  for  context)  

–  Prepare  a  brief  summary  –  Prepare  ques.ons  to  lead  discussion  

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Format  

•  Brief  overview  of  topic  •  Summary  of  paper  – What’s  the  main  argument/hypothesis?  – How  is  this  supported?  

•  Overview  experiments,  figures  

•  Discussion  – Prepare  ques.ons  

Note:  All  group  members  must  par.cipate  in  presenta.on  and  Q&A  Total  of  25  min/paper  

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Papers  

•  Probabilis.c  phenotyping  (uphenotype)  •  Smoking  cessa.on  w/mobile  sensors  (puffmarker)  •  Text  messaging  interven.on  for  diabetes  (textmed)  •  Addressing  failure  points  in  trea.ng  depression  (medlink)  

•  Personalized  health  feedback  from  smartphones  (MyBehavior)  

•  Personalized  nutri.on  by  predic.ng  glycemic  responses  

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Project  notes  

•  Papers  due  5/2.  Presenta.ons  same  day  •  Presenta.on:  ~15-­‐20  minute  talk    •  Should  cover  introductory  material/mo.va.on  (why  did  

you  do  this?),  methodology  (what  did  you  do?),  results  (+  limita.ons),  conclusions  +  future  direc.ons  (what  would  you  do  if  you  had  more  .me?)  

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Papers  •  6-­‐8  pages  in  NIPS  format.  No  other  format  is  accepted.    h9ps://nips.cc/Conferences/2015/PaperInformaAon/StyleFiles  •  Format  [some  sec.ons  may  not  apply  to  you!]  

–  Abstract  (op.onal)  –  Introduc.on  –  Related  work  –  Background  –  Methods  –  Experimental  results  –  Conclusion  –  References  [any  consistent  format  ok,  but  ideally  alphabe.cal  and  

must  include  paper  .tles]  •  Must  a9ribute  all  quotes/sources!  

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Phenotyping  

Data-­‐>  cohort  with  par.cular  traits  

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Uses  

•  Retrospec.ve  research  •  Clinical  trials  •  Epidemiology/popula.on  health  •  Discovering  subgroups  

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Using  EHRs  for  research  

•  First  challenge  is  iden.fying  cohort  – Who  has  disease?  Who  doesn’t?  – Accuracy  affects  everything  that  follows  

•  Usually  based  on  manually  defined  rules  –  Itera.ve  process  – Extremely  .me  consuming  

•  Clinical  trials  – Usually  manual  iden.fica.on  of  eligibility  

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Usual  process:  -­‐Define  criteria  -­‐Evaluate  results  -­‐Iterate    Need  some  labeled  data  or  ability  to  determine  whether  results  are  correct  

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S.  Kleinberg  and  N.  Elhadad.  Lessons  learned  in  replica.ng  data-­‐driven  experiments  in  mul.ple  medical  systems  and  pa.ent  popula.ons.  In  AMIA  Annual  Symposium,  2013  

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Challenges  

•  Representa.on  –  How  to  describe/define  a  phenotype  

•  Complexity  –  Scale  of  data,  complexity  of  defini.on  

•  Data  quality/completeness/bias  –  Are  the  criteria  we  need  there?  Can  we  trust  the  data?  

•  Narra.ve  text  –  Extrac.ng  criteria  

•  Portability  –  Does  phenotype  in  one  hospital  work  at  another?  

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EXAMPLE:  CHF  case  defini.on  

Geisinger:  –  2  medica.on  orders  for  CHF  or  

–  2  outpa.ent  visits  with  CHF  diagnosis  or  

–  1  medica.on  order  and  1  outpa.ent  CHF  diagnosis  or  

–  CHF  on  problem  list  

Columbia:  –  2  ICD-­‐9  codes  for  CHF  or  

–  1  ICD-­‐9  code  for  CHF  and  1  men.on  of  CHF  in  note  on  the  same  date  or  

–  1  ICD-­‐9  code  for  CHF  and  one  medica.on  typically  indicated  for  CHF  

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Wu et al. (2010). Prediction Modeling Using EHR Data: Challenges, Strategies, and a Comparison of Machine Learning Approaches. Med Care 48(6):S106-13.

           

OperaAonal  criteria  

   Number  of  Framingham  criteria  

                   

Total  none  1  

minor,  0  

major  

2+  minor,  

0  major  

0  minor,  

1  major  

1  minor,  

1  major  

1  major,  2+  

minor  

2+  major  

1  outpa.ent  visit  or  1  

medica.on  order  

331   111   15   262   160   56   368   1303  

2+  medica.on  orders  only   299   81   10   195   99   22   203   909  

2+  outpa.ent  visits  only   171   60   15   134   109   47   316   852  

1  outpa.ent  visit  and  1  medica.on  order  only  

44   18   7   45   28   7   73   222  

Problem  list  only   124   47   8   81   56   26   139   481  

Meet  2  of  3  criteria   281   114   32   303   224   89   826   1869  

Meet  all  3  criteria   72   44   8   103   88   42   504   861  

Total   1322   475   95   1123   764   289   2429   6497  

Meets  opera.onal  criteria  and  Framingham  criteria,  N=2294  (35%)  

Meets  opera.onal  criteria  but  not  Framingham  criteria,  N=2900  (45%)  

Meets  Framingham  criteria  but  not  opera.onal  criteria,  N=424  (7%)  

Does  not  meet  opera.onal  criteria  or  Framingham  criteria,  N=879  (14%)  

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Phenotyping  algorithms  

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Main  approaches  

•  Logical  rules    – Where  do  rules  come  from?  Guidelines,  expert  knowledge  

•  Text-­‐based  – Keywords,  deeper  seman.c  processing  

•  Sta.s.cal/ML(classifica.on)  

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Example:  eMERGE  

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eMERGE  example  -­‐  serngs  

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Results      

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Automated  phenotyping  

Algorithm   EHR  

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Why  is  this  hard?  

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SHARPn  

•  INTRO  

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SHARPn  -­‐  eMERGE  

hsp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar.cles/PMC3243189/  

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High  throughput  phenotyping  

•  Previously:  laboriously  define  criteria  for  one  phenotype  at  a  .me  

•  Limita.ons  – Large-­‐scale  GWAS  – Discovering  new  phenotypes  – Stra.fica.on  – Only  as  good  as  prior  knowledge  

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Results  -­‐  RA  

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Results  -­‐  crc  

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Challenges?  

•  Missing  data  •  Bias  •  Error  •  Standardiza.on  

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Open  problems  •  Phenotype  detec.on  •  Time  –  Disease  state  changing  over  .me,  pa.ent  popula.on  changing  over  .me,  medical  process  changing  over  .me  

•  Interpreta.on  – Making  automated  phenotypes  understandable  

•  Evalua.on  – What’s  the  ground  truth?  

•  Fragmented  data  –  Nonclinical  data  –  HIE  

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Pharmacovigilance  

•  Drug  trials  involve  small  popula.ons  •  What  about    – Rare  side  effects?  –  Interac.ons  with  other  medica.ons?  –  Interac.ons  with  foods?  – Repurposing  drugs?  

•  Postmarket  analysis  

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How  are  ADEs  reported?  

•  Clinical  trials  – Every  event  reported  

•  FDA  AERS  – Selected  events  submised  by  pa.ent,  doctor  

 •  But  also  indirectly    – Searching  for  informa.on  – Evidence  of  side  effect  in  EHR  

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Biomedical  informa.cs  goals  

•  Drug  side  effects  •  Drug-­‐drug  interacAons  •  Dosing    •  Ideal  treatment  •  Subgroup  •  Finding  new  indica.ons  

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•  ADD  DETAIL  

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•  Many  pa.ents  have  comorbidi.es  – Two  common  illnesses  will  lead  to  many  drug-­‐pairs  in  common  

•  One  effect:  raised  glucose    – T2DM  increasing,  major  public  health  problem  

•  DDI  may  not  be  reported  as  such,  need  to  look  at  co-­‐occurrences  

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Methods  

•  12,627  averse  event  reports  – 37  drugs  

•  4  pairs  – 3  were  infrequent  combo  

•  1  combina.on  let:  Paroxe.ne,  Pravasta.n  – Took  glucose  measurements  before/during  treatment  for  pa.ents  at  Stanford  •  374  on  paroxe.ne,  449  on  pravasta.n,  8  on  both  

– Replicated  at  Vanderbilt,  and  Partners    

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Tatoner,  N.P.,  Denny,  J.C.,  Murphy,  S.N.,  Fernald,  G.H.,  Krishnan,  G.,  Castro,  V.,  Yue,  P.,  Tsau,  P.S.,  Kohane,  I.,  Roden,  D.M.  &  Altman,  R.,  2011,  Detec.ng  drug  interac.ons  from  adverse-­‐event  reports:  interac.on  between  paroxe.ne  and  pravasta.n  increases  blood  glucose  levels,  Clinical  Pharmacology  &  Therapeu4cs,  90(1),  pp.  133-­‐42  

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Today’s  paper  

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•  Can  we  use  searches  to  find  side  effects?  – People  might  search  symptom  – But  might  also  search  something  they’ve  heard  on  TV/read  about  

•  Medica.ons  from  previous  study,  before  reported  

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Limita.ons?  

•  Not  sure  people  necessarily  on  drug  –  might  be  searching  for  alterna.ves  

•  Might  not  be  on  meds  at  same  .me  •  Mul.ple  users  of  machine  

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Google  flu  

hsp://sta.c.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en/us/archive/papers/detec.ng-­‐influenza-­‐epidemics.pdf  

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hsp://www.nature.com/news/when-­‐google-­‐got-­‐flu-­‐wrong-­‐1.12413  

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Twiser  +  flu  

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Main  points  

•  Data  is  changing  over  .me  •  Publicizing  results  can  change  searcher  behavior  

•  Correla.on  vs  causa.on  – Robustness  

•  Big  data  not  necessarily  good  data  

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•  How  to  discover  new  uses  for  drugs?    (why  important?)  

•  How  to  find  out  when  drugs  being  used  off-­‐label?  

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•  a  

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•  Lots  of  $$  and  .me  to  develop  new  drugs  •  Can  we  repurpose  old  ones  for  new  indica.ons?  

•  100  diseases,  164  drugs  –  16000  pairings  -­‐>  2664  stat.  sig    

•  Assump.on:  if  drug  leads  to  opposite  expression  from  disease,  could  be  useful  treatment  

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Page 58: Health’Informacs · 2016-04-08 · Nextweek:’journal’club’ • Goal:’evaluate’and’discuss’work’other’than’your’ own’thatmay’be’outside’your’field,’learn’about

Detec.ng  off-­‐label  use  

•  Why?  •  How?  

Page 59: Health’Informacs · 2016-04-08 · Nextweek:’journal’club’ • Goal:’evaluate’and’discuss’work’other’than’your’ own’thatmay’be’outside’your’field,’learn’about

Figure  1.  Overview  of  methods  and  results.  

Jung  K,  LePendu  P,  Chen  WS,  Iyer  SV,  Readhead  B,  et  al.  (2014)  Automated  Detec.on  of  Off-­‐Label  Drug  Use.  PLoS  ONE  9(2):  e89324.  doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089324  

Page 60: Health’Informacs · 2016-04-08 · Nextweek:’journal’club’ • Goal:’evaluate’and’discuss’work’other’than’your’ own’thatmay’be’outside’your’field,’learn’about

Figure  2.  Training  and  tesAng  a  classifier  to  recognize  used-­‐to-­‐treat  relaAonships.  

Jung  K,  LePendu  P,  Chen  WS,  Iyer  SV,  Readhead  B,  et  al.  (2014)  Automated  Detec.on  of  Off-­‐Label  Drug  Use.  PLoS  ONE  9(2):  e89324.  doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089324  

Page 61: Health’Informacs · 2016-04-08 · Nextweek:’journal’club’ • Goal:’evaluate’and’discuss’work’other’than’your’ own’thatmay’be’outside’your’field,’learn’about

Next  week  

Journal  club!