Health in international development agenda_Health for all to SDG

Health in international development agenda: “Health for all” to Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs)

Dr. Bhavesh Kanabar Resident

Outline of presentation…

• Health for all• Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs)• Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs)

May 1, 2023 Health for all to SDG 2

Health for all


Back ground for “Health For All”

World:Health and related socio-economic problems• 1000 million-trapped in vicious cycle of poverty, malnutrition, disease

• Life expectancy: 55 years in developing countries 50 years in Africa and southern Asia

• IMR: 100 to 200/1000 LB in developing countries

• Only 1/3 population in least developed countries- access to safe drinking water and sanitary facilities


Back ground (Contd…)

• Under nutrition-hundreds of millions of people

• Literacy 28% in least developed countries 900 million people in developing countries could neither read

nor write

• Health system Poorly organized in most countries Concentrated in cities only 2/3 population in developing countries did not have access to

any permanent health care


Mile stones for “Health for All”

1977 Decision for launching “ Health for All by 2000” in 30th World Health Assembly was taken

1978 Alma-Ata International conference stated that Primary Health Care is the key to achieve target of HFA

1979 32nd World Health Assembly launched “ Health for All by 2000”

1981 34th World Health Assembly adopted “ Health for All by 2000”


Definition of “Health For All”

“Attainment of a level of health that will enable every individual to lead a socially and economically productive life"


1981

Global strategy for HFA was evolved by WHO

National strategies for individual countries


Monitoring and Evaluation of Progress towards

“Health for all”


Global indicators for monitoring progress towards “Health for all”

• Health policy indicators

• Social and economic indicators related to health

• Indicators for the provision of health care

• Health status indicators


Health policy indicators

• Political commitment to "Health for All"• Resource allocation• Degree of equity of distribution of health services• Community involvement• Organizational framework and managerial process


Social and Economic indicators related to health

• Rate of population increase• GNP or GDP• Income distribution• Work conditions• Adult literacy rate• Housing• Food availability


Indicators for the provision of health care

• Availability• Accessibility• Utilization• Quality of care


Health status indicators

• Low birth weight (percentage)• Nutritional status and psychosocial development of

children• Infant mortality rate• Child mortality rate (1-4 years)• Life expectancy at birth• Maternal mortality rate• Disease specific mortality• Morbidity - incidence and prevalence• Disability prevalence


“Health for all” targets for India

Indicator Level in 1978 Health for all Target

Infant Mortality Rate 125/1000 live birth <60/1000 live birthLife expectancy 52 years 64yearsCrude Death Rate 14/1000 population 9/1000 populationCrude Birth Rate 33/1000 population 21/1000 populationNet Reproduction Rate

1

To provide potable water to entire rural population


Achievements towards “Health for all” in

South East Asian Region


Some achievements

• The average annual population growth rate in the Region declined from – 2.16% in 1975-1980 to 1.44% in 2000-2005.

• Life expectancies rose• Infant mortality rates decreased• The Region was close to eliminate leprosy and to

eradicate poliomyelitis• It was certified free of guinea worm disease in

February 2000


Achievements (Contd..)

• The number of physicians in countries of the Region

2 to 26 per 100,000 population in 1970

4 to 48 and above per 100,000 by the 1990s.


Achievements (Contd..)

Successful health research projects in the Region includedDengue vaccine production in ThailandHepatitis B vaccine and anti-snake toxoid production in

MyanmarLeprosy drug trials and community-based rehabilitation in

India Testing drug resistance in malaria parasites in ThailandMulticentric study on low birth weight and its risk factors

in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka


Achievements towards “Health for all” in

India


Achievements of India


Sr. No.

PARAMETERS YEARS1951-61 1961 1991-94 1998-99 2002/03 2005/06

1 Crude Birth Rate 41.7 (1951)

37.2 28.7 (SRS 1993)

26.4 (SRS 1998)

25.4/24.8 21

2 Crude Death Rate

25.1 (1951)

10.4(SRS

1998)

8.4/8 7.6

3 Maternal Mortality Ratio

>5/1000 LB

4.37/1000 LB

4.07/1000 LB

4 Infant Mortality Rate

146 110 74 (SRS 1993)

72 (SRS 1998)

63/60 45

5 Life expectancy at birth (years)

41.3 50.5 56.6 62 64.6 56

Challenges

• Non-Communicable diseases figured prominently in the spectrum of illnesses in the Region– taking a toll of nearly seven million lives every year

• Tuberculosis and malaria still dominated the disease pattern, with the added concern of drug resistance

• Kala-azar, once nearly eradicated, and plague, which was dormant for decades, had reappeared

• HIV infection was assuming grave proportions


Challenges (contd..)

• Cases of cholera, caused by a new strain, O139, needed careful monitoring

• Many countries still lack trained epidemiologists to investigate and control outbreaks

• Less effective vector control due to increased insecticide resistance

• An increasing trend in microbial resistance


Challenges (contd..)

• Changes in socioeconomic, demographic and environmental patterns which favoured the emergence and spread of infectious diseases– Rapid population growth– Increasing poverty – Uncontrolled urbanization– Environmental degradation– Rapid increase in travel within as well as between

countries


Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)


Millennium Development Goals


India’s progress towards MDGs


Indicator Year 1990 Actual/est. value

MDG target 2015

Latest status

Likely achievement

by 2015

MDG 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER

TARGET 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day

On -track

Proportion of population below poverty line (%)

47.8 23.9 21.92 (2011-12)

20.74

TARGET 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Slow or almost off-track

Proportion of under-weight children below 3 years (%)

52 26 40 (2005-06)

33


Health in international development agenda: “Health for all” to Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs)

Dr. Bhavesh Kanabar Resident

Steps taken to achieve Goal 1

GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER • Integrated Child Development Schemes (ICDS) [1975] • Indira Awas Yojana (1985) • Pradhan Mantry Gram Sadak Yojana (25th Dec. 2000)• The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

(3rd Dec. 2005)• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee

Act (MGNREGA) [2nd Feb 2006]• National Food Security Mission (Oct 2007)• Aajeevika-National Rural Livelihood Mission (June 2011) • National Urban Livelihood Mission (13th Feb 2015)


Immediate steps to be taken..

• To widen implementation of MGNREGA and Food Security in poorer states

• Universalization of the Government’s financial inclusion programme Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan

• Emphasis on both increasing growth and more spending on poverty eradication programmes

• Vigorous implementing the ‘Make in India’




MDG target 2015

Latest status

Likely achievement

2015

MDG 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION

TARGET 3: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

Moderately on-track

Net Enrolment Ratio in primary grade (%)

77 100 88.08 (2013-14)

Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds

61 100 86.1 (2011) 93.38


MDG 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION• Early Childhood Care and Education under ICDS [1975] • Mid Day Meal Scheme (15th Aug 1995)• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2000-01)




MDG target 2015

Latest status

Likely achievement

2015

MDG 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN

On-track

Ratio of girls to boys (Gender Parity Index)Primary education 0.73 1.00 1.03

(2013-14)1

Secondary education 0.60 1.00 1Tertiary education 0.54 1.00 0.89


MDG 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN

• Mahila Samakhya Programme (1988)• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2000-01)• National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (July

2003)• Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidhyalaya Scheme (Aug 2004)• Kishori Shakti Yojana (1st Jan 2007)• Rashtriya Madhyamic Shiksha Abhiyan (Mar 2009)• Saakshar Bharat (8th Sept 2009)• Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls – SABLA

(1st Apr 2011)• Rashtriya Uchhtar Shiksha Abhiyan (2013)• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (Jan 2015)




MDG target 2015

Latest status

Likely achievement 2015

MDG 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY

TARGET 5 : Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the Under- Five Morality Rate

Moderately on – track due to the sharp decline in recent years

Under five mortality rate (per 1000 live births)

126 42 49 (2013)

40

Infant Mortality rate (per 1000 live births)

80 27 40 (2013)

39

Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles

42.2 100 74.1 (2009)

89


MDG 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY • Integrated Child Development Schemes (ICDS) [1975]• National Health Mission (NHM) [12th Apr 2005-NRHM,

1st May 2013-NUHM]• Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) [Feb 2013]




MDG target 2015

Latest status


MDG 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH TARGET 6 : Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio

Slow or off-track

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

437 109 167 (2011-13)

140

Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (%)

33 100 76.2 (2009)

77.29


MDG 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH• Integrated Child Development Schemes (ICDS) [1975]• Indira Gandhi Matritav Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) (2010)• National Health Mission (NHM) [12th Apr 2005-NRHM,

1st May 2013-NUHM]




MDG target 2015

Latest status


MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES TARGET 7 : Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

On-track as trend reversal in HIV prevalence has achieved

HIV Prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years ( % )

Target is trend reversal and not based on base year value

0.32 (2012-13)

Trend reversal

Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)

74 (2010)



MDG target 2015

Latest status


MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES

TARGET 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

(trend reversal has achieved for Annual Parasite Incidence of Malaria and for prevalence of TB )

Moderately on-track

Annual parasite incidence (API) rate (Malaria)

2.57 reversal of trend

0.80 (upto Nov- 2014)

Achieved reversal trend

Prevalence of TB (including HIV) per 100,000 population

338 211 (2013)

Deaths due to TB per 100,000 population

43 19


MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES • Urban Malaria Scheme (1971)• National AIDS Control Programme (1992) • Revised National TB Control Programme (26th Mar 1997)• National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme

(2003-04)




MDG target 2015

Latest status


MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY TARGET 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

On-track for the indicator of drinking water, but slow for the indicator of Sanitation

Households with sustainable access to an improved water source(%)

Urban 87.12 93.56 95.3 (2012)

97.5

Rural 58.94 79.47 88.5 (2012)

96.3

Households without access to sanitation (%)

Urban 24.1 15.84 8.8 (2012)

12.14

Rural 87.1 46.64 59.4 (2012)

61.11


MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY • Nirmal Gram Puraskar (Oct 2003)• National Rural Drinking Water Programme (Apr 2009)• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (2nd Oct 2014)


MDG: what we met and missed


Recapping the journey of Health in international development agenda……..


Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)


17 goals 169 targets More than 300 indicators


UN Headquarter


BARAK OBAMA’S SPEECH AT SDG SUMMIT


SDGs- Introduction


Areas of critical importance in SDGs

• People• Planet• Prosperity• Peace • Partnership


SDGs- Introduction

• SDGs -not legally binding• Governments - to take ownership and establish

national frameworks • Countries - Primary responsibility for follow-up and

review of the progress – Quality – Accessible and timely data collection.


Sustainable Development Goals

• Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere

• Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition

and promote sustainable agriculture• Goal 3

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

• Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and

promote lifelong learning opportunities for all


SDGs

• Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

• Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and

sanitation for all• Goal 7

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

• Goal 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth,

full and productive employment and decent work for all


SDGs

• Goal 9Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and

sustainable industrialization and foster innovation• Goal 10

Reduce inequality within and among countries• Goal 11

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

• Goal 12Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns


SDGs

• Goal 13Take urgent action to combat climate change and its

impacts• Goal 14

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

• Goal 15Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial

ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss


SDGs

• Goal 16Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable

development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

• Goal 17Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the

global partnership for sustainable development


Transitioning from MDGs to SDGs


Goal 1

End poverty in all its forms everywhere


Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Background

836 million people still live in extreme poverty

About one in five persons in developing regions lives on less than $1.25 per day

High poverty rates are often found in small, fragile and conflict-affected countries

One in seven children under age five in the world has inadequate height for his or her age


Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Targets (total 7)

By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day

By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions


Goal 2

End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture


Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security .......

Background

Globally, one in nine people in the world today (795 million) are undernourished

The vast majority of the world’s hungry people live in developing countries, where 12.9 per cent of the population is undernourished.

Asia is the continent with the most hungry people – two thirds of the total.


Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security .......

Background

Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45 per cent) of deaths in children under five.

One in four of the world’s children suffer stunted growth. In developing countries the proportion can rise to one

in three.


Goal 2 (Contd…)

Targets (total 8) By 2030, end hunger and ensure access to safe, nutritious

and sufficient food all year round in particular to..Poor People in vulnerable situations,Infants

By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition,Address the nutritional needs of ...Adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and

older persons


Goal 3

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages


Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives.....

BackgroundChild health

17,000 fewer children die each day than in 1990, but more than six million children still die before their fifth birthday each year

Children born into poverty are almost twice as likely to die before the age of five as those from wealthier families.

Since 2000, measles vaccines have averted nearly 15.6 million deaths


Goal 3 (Contd…)

Maternal health

Maternal mortality has fallen by almost 50 per cent since 1990But maternal mortality ratio –– in developing regions is still 14

times higher than in the developed regions

In developing regions, antenatal care increased from 65 per cent in 1990 to 83 per cent in 2012Only half of women in developing regions receive the

recommended amount of health care they need


Goal 3 (Contd…)

HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

At the end of 2014, there were 13.6 million people accessing antiretroviral therapy

At the end of 2013.....New HIV infections -estimated at 2.1 millionAn estimated 35 million people- living with HIV240 000 children were newly infected with HIV


Goal 3 (Contd…)

HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted between 2000 and 2015

The global malaria incidence rate has fallen by an estimated 37 per cent and the morality rates by 58 per cent

Between 2000 and 2013, tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment interventions saved an estimated 37 million lives

The tuberculosis mortality rate fell by 45 per cent and the prevalence rate by 41 per cent between 1990 and 2013


Goal 3 (Contd…)

Targets (total 13)

By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births

By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce....• Neonatal mortality -12 per 1,000 live births • Under-5 mortality -25 per 1,000 live births


Goal 3 (Contd…)

Targets

By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases

By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being


Goal 3 (Contd…)

Targets

Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol

By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services


Goal 3 (Contd…)

Targets

Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services

By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate


Goal 3 (Contd…)

Targets Support the research and development of vaccines and

medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce

Strengthen the capacity of all countries for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks


Goal 4

Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning


Goal 4 (Contd....)

Back ground

Enrolment in primary education in developing countries has reached 91 per cent but .....57 million children remain out of school

103 million youth worldwide lack basic literacy skills, and more than 60 per cent of them are women


Goal 4 (Contd....)

Targets (total 9)

By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education

By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and Ensure equal access to all levels of education for the

vulnerable, including persons with disabilities.


Goal 5

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls


Goal 5 (Contd....)

Targets (target 9)

End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation


Goal 5 (Contd....)

Targets (target 9)

Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights


Goal 6

Ensure access to water and sanitation for all


Goal 6 (Contd....)

Background:

2.6 billion people have gained access to improved drinking water sources since 1990, but 663 million people are still without

At least 1.8 billion people globally use a source of drinking water that is fecally contaminated

2.4 billion people lack access to basic sanitation services, such as toilets or latrines


Goal 6 (Contd....)

Background

More than 80 per cent of wastewater resulting from human activities is discharged into rivers or sea without any pollution removal

Each day, nearly 1,000 children die due to preventable water and sanitation-related diarrhoeal diseases


Goal 6 (Contd....)

Targets (total 8)

By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all To end open defecation, paying special attention to

the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations


Goal 7

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all


Goal 7 (Contd....)

Back ground

3 billion people rely on wood, coal, charcoal or animal waste for cooking and heating

Energy is the dominant contributor to climate change, accounting for around 60 per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions

Reducing the carbon intensity of energy is a key objective in long-term climate goals


Goal 7 (Contd....)

Targets (total 5)

By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix

By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency


Goal 8

Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all


Goal 8 (Contd....)

Background:

Global unemployment increased from 170 million in 2007 to nearly 202 million in 2012

Poverty eradication is only possible through stable and well-paid jobs


Goal 8 (Contd....)

Targets ( total 12)

Take immediate and effective measures..... To eradicate forced labour To end modern slavery To end human trafficking To end child labour in all its forms by 2025

Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments employment


Goal 9

Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation


Goal 9 (Contd....)

Background

Basic infrastructure like roads, information and communication technologies, electrical power etc. remains scarce in many developing countries

Undeveloped infrastructures limits access to health care and education


Goal 9 (Contd....)

Target (8)

Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including Regional and trans-border infrastructureTo support economic development and human well-

being, With a focus on affordable and equitable access for all


Goal 10

Reduce inequality within and among countries


Goal 10 (Contd....)

Background

Children of under 5 age group in the poorest 20 per cent of the populations are still up to three times more likely to die than children in the richest quintiles

Social protection has been significantly extended globally, yet persons with disabilities are up to five times more likely than average to incur catastrophic health expenditures


Goal 10 (Contd....)

Background

Despite overall declines in maternal mortality in the majority of developing countries, women in rural areas are still up to three times more likely to die while giving birth than women living in urban centres


Goal 10 (Contd....)

Targets (total 10)

By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status


Goal 11

Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable


Goal 11 (Contd....)

Background

Half of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities today

By 2030, almost 60 per cent of the world’s population will live in urban areas

Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage, the living environment, and public health


Goal 11 (Contd....)

Targets(9)

By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities


Goal 12

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns


Goal 12 (Contd....)

Background

Each year, an estimated one third of all food produced – (equivalent to 1.3 billion tonnes) worth around US $1 trillion – ends up rotting in the bins of consumers and retailers, or spoiling due to poor transportation and harvesting practices

If people worldwide switched to energy efficient light bulbs the world would save US $120 billion annually


Goal 12 (Contd....)

BackgroundWater

Less than 3 per cent of the world’s water is fresh (drinkable), of which 2.5 per cent is frozen in the Antarctica, Arctic and glaciers

Humanity must therefore rely on 0.5 per cent for all of man’s ecosystem’s and fresh water needs

Man is polluting water faster than nature can recycle and purify water in rivers and lakes.


Goal 12 (Contd....)

BackgroundFood

3 billion tonnes of food is wasted every year while almost 1 billion people go undernourished and another 1 billion hungry

Overconsumption of food is detrimental to our health and the environment

2 billion people globally are overweight or obese


Goal 12 (Contd....)

Targets (total 11)

By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses

By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment


Goal 13

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts


Goal 13 (Contd....)

Background

From 1880 to 2012, average global temperature increased by 0.85°C.

For each 1 degree of temperature increase, grain yields decline by about 5 per cent

Oceans have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished and sea level has risen


Goal 13 (Contd....)

Targets (total 5)

Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning


Goal 14

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources


Goal 14 (Contd....)

Background

Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods

Oceans absorb about 30 per cent of carbon dioxide produced by humans, buffering the impacts of global warming

Oceans serve as the world’s largest source of protein, with more than 3 billion people depending on the oceans as their primary source of protein


Goal 14 (Contd....)

Targets (total 10)

By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds

By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans


Goal 15

Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt

biodiversity loss


Goal 15 (Contd....)

Background

Due to drought and desertification each year 12 million hectares are lost (23 hectares per minute), where 20 million tons of grain could have been grown74 per cent of the poor are directly affected by land

degradation globally

As many as 80 per cent of people living in rural areas in developing countries rely on traditional plant-based medicines for basic health care


Goal 15 (Contd....)

Targets (total 12)

By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests

By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world


Goal 16

Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies


Goal 16 (Contd....)

Background

Corruption, bribery, theft and tax evasion cost some US $1.26 trillion for developing countries per year; This amount of money could be used to lift those who

are living on less than $1.25 a day to above poverty level for at least six years

The rate of children leaving primary school in conflict affected countries reached 50 per cent in 2011


Goal 16 (Contd....)

Targets (total 11)

Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms

Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere

End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children


Goal 17

Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development


Goal 17 (Contd....)

Background

Official development assistance stood at $135.2 billion in 2014, the highest level ever recorded

79 per cent of imports from developing countries enter developed countries duty-free

The debt burden on developing countries remains stable at about 3 per cent of export revenue


Goal 17 (Contd....)

Targets (total 19)FinanceTechnologyCapacity buildingTradeSystemic issues


Thank you


Health in international development agenda_Health for all to SDG

Healthcare

Transcript of Health in international development agenda_Health for all to SDG