Headnoun vgp do&io

THE HEAD NOUN

Noun Phrase

NP

What is a head noun?

The word that is modified by other

elements in a noun phrase, Verspoor

& Sauter (p. 120, 2000).

Head noun

Noun Phrase

(determiners) (pre-modifiers)Head noun

(post-modifiers)

NP

Elements:

Head noun

Possible constituents


(post-modifiers)

NP

Elements:

Head noun

Central element of a

noun phrase


(post-modifiers)

NP

Elements:

(determiners)Head noun

Introduce the noun

phrase.

(Greenbaum, p. 47 ,

2002)


(post-modifiers)

NP

Elements:

(pre-modifiers)Head noun

•Adjective phrases•Other nouns•Genitive noun

Phrases(Greenbaum, p. 47

, 2002)


(post-modifiers)

Example:

My beautiful girlfriend's father

AdjP

NP

N’

NP

Adj

Det

N

POSS

Det

N

Where:


AdjP

NP

N’

NP

Adj

Det

N

POSS

Det

N


Where:

AdjP

NP

N’

NP

Adj

Det

N

POSS

Det


N

Where:


AdjP

NP

N’

NP

Adj

Det

N

POSS

Det

N


AdjP

NP

N’

NP

Adj

Det

N

POSS

Det

Where:

N

How do we find the head noun

inside a NP?

• According to (Greenbaum p. 88, 2002) we had to:

Remember, that the head of a noun phrase may be preceded by a determiner or pre-modifier, but NOT by a preposition.

Remember also that the head of a noun phrase cannot be terribly far into the phrase, unless there happen to be a bunch of pre-modifiers, which is very seldom the case.

NP

Elements:

Head noun

(post-modifiers)

•Relative clauses

•Prepositional Phrases

(Greenbaum, 2002):


(post-modifiers)

What is a relative clause?

• A noun phrase can contain a sentence which is called a relative clause (Fabb, p. 59 2002).

• One very common type of (head noun) post-modifier is the relative clause which is embedded in the NP. (Greenbaum, p. 47 2002).

Embedded?

• According to Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(p. 572, 1999) the embedding processconsists of a clause within an NP that at thesame time modifies the head noun.

Example:

The fans who were attending the rock concert had to wait in line for three hours.

The fans who were attending the rock concert had to wait in line for three hours.

The embedded clause [who were attending the rock

concert] is closely associated with the head N of the NP

“fans”, it tells us which "fans” had to wait in a long

line.

This relative clause identifies for us which noun[s] of

all nouns in the same set we are speaking about (in

Other words: anybody who could be called "a fan").

What is the function of a relative

clause?

• It introduces a kind of subsidiary sentence into the main one Thomas (p. 95, 2002).

• It may be added to a noun phrase to help identify the head noun Verspoor & Sauter (p. 127, 2000) .

Example:

my crazy friend who is living in New York City

AdjP

NP

N’

Adj

Det

N

N’

S2

Where:

AdjP

NP

N’

Adj

Det

N

N’


S2

Where:


AdjP

NP

N’

Adj

Det

N

N’

S2


AdjP

NP

N’

Adj

Det

N

N’

S2

Where:

Head noun

Head noun

(pre-modifiers)(pre-modifiers)

(post-modifiers)(post-modifiers)

so many questions to my girlfriend who met them last night at my mother´s house.

so many questions to my girlfriend who met them last night at my mother´s house.

AdjP

N’

Adj

N

NP

S3

Adv

Det

NP

P

PP

N’

N

Verb

Is word that expresses time while

showing an action, condition , or the fact

that something exists. Some verbs tell

what the subject does.

Types of verbs

According to Thomas (1993,pg. 37-53)

• Transitive verb– Normally has to have a direct object to be

complete.

• Intransitive– Is a class of verb which does not take an

object, requires nothing else to complete theverb phrase.

• Di-transitive– Requires two objects one of these is the familiar

direct object, the other an indirect object.

Types of verbs

• Intensive

– Include the verb like: be (most commonly)

seen, appear, become, look. Follows the

verb in a sentence relates back to what

precedes the verb. The bit that comes

after the verb functions as the SUBJECT

COMPLEMENT.

Types of verbs

• Complex transitive

– The complement relates to the object not

the subject, the complement is therefore

an object complement. Two elements are

obligatory to complete the verb phrase.

Verb group

• Verbs can consist of one or more thanone element to form the VERB GROUP(Vgp).The part of the Vgp whichcarries the meaning is called LEXICALVERB.

• All complete verb groups have toinclude a lexical verb which appearslast in the group and form the HEAD ofthe verb group.(Thomas, 1993,pg. 61)

Verb group

• These additional elements are called

AUXILIARIES (AUX). Auxiliary verbs

modify the lexica verb by indicating

MODALITY, or ASPECT , or VOICE and

TENSE. (Thomas, 1993,pg. 61)

TENSE

Thomas (1993, pg. 62-77) says that:

• There are two tenses in English:

PRESENT and PAST. (future does not

exist as a tense in English but is

indicated in other ways, for example by

the use of auxiliaries.)

Modal auxiliary

Expresses whether a state of affairs islikely, possible, necessary and so on.

Example will, would, can, could, may, might, shall,

should, must, ought to and marginally.

• Will and would signify volition or prediction.

• Can, could, may, and might indicates possibility orprobability.

• Shall, should, must, and ought signify obligation.

A modal auxiliary does not carry tense.

Primary Auxiliaries

• Have, be ,do. Signify aspect and voice.

• Aspect: has to do with time and

relationship of actions or states to

periods of time or duration. PERFECT

and PROGRESIVE.

Do

• Do turns up to lend support to the lexicalverb only in certain constructions andwhere there is no other auxiliary verbalready present.

• Do as an auxiliary is the first constituentof the verb group and therefore carriestense.

• Do when it appears as an auxiliary isfollowed by a bare infinitive.

Perfect Aspect

• Is indicated by the presence of the

auxiliary verb have.

• It carries tense and is always the first

element which is marked. for tense;

that is the element immediately

following TENSE (Thomas, 1993, pg.

66)

Progressive Aspect

• Indicated by the presence of auxiliary

verb be (Thomas, 1993, pg. 69).

• The form of the verb which follows the

progressive auxiliary is called the

PRESENT PARTICIPLE. It is easy to

spot as it is the –ing form of the verb.

Passive Voice

• Voice refers to whether a sentence isin the ACTIVE or PASSIVE.

• The passive is signified within the verbgroup by the presence of the verb be.

• When it is acting as a passiveauxiliary, the verb be is followed by thepast participle or –en form.

Order of auxiliaries

1. Tense or modal + infinitive

2. Perfect: have + -en

3. Progressive: be + -ing

4. Passive: be + -en

Examples:

The dog may have been being given a bone.

PERF

AUX

VgP

(transitive)

PROGMOD

V

PASS

My beautiful girlfriend’s father and my crazy friend who is living in New York city may

have been asking so many questionsto my girlfriend who met them last night at

my mother’s house.

It is THE DIRECT OBJECT = D.O.

It is THE INDIRECT OBJECT= I.O.

THE DIRECT OBJECT = D.O.

• so many questions = D.O.

• The Direct Object (D.O): Refers to a person or

thing directly affected by the action

described in the sentence (Greenbaun &Nelson, 2002, pag.26).

• Whenever you have a transitive verb, itmeans a main verb which requires a directobject to complete the sentence(Greenbaun & Nelson, 2002, pag.26), you

should answer the questions “what” or

“whom” after the verb (Vespoor &

Sauter, 2000, pag. 69).

• For example, in this case: …

may have been asking WHAT?

so many questions = D.O.

• The D.O. can often be replaced with theword “it” (Vespoor & Sauter, 2000, pag. 69).

My beautiful girlfriend’s father and my crazy friend who is living in New York city may

have been asking so many questionsto my girlfriend who met them last night at

my mother’s house.

It is THE DIRECT OBJECT = D.O.

It is THE INDIRECT OBJECT= I.O.

THE INDIRECT OBJECT = I.O.

• to my girlfriend who met them last night at my mother’s house. = I.O.

• The Indirect Object (I.O.): Refers to a personindirectly involved in the action affected bythe action described in the sentence.(Greenbaun & Nelson, 2002, pag.30).

• The I. O. is usually equivalent to phrase

introduced by “to” or “for” (Greenbaun

& Nelson, 2002, pag.30).

• The I.O. answers the questions:

to/ for what? and to/for whom?

• For example; in this case:

• …may have been asking so many

questions to whom?To my girlfriendI.O.

• The I.O. comes after the direct object(Greenbaun & Nelson, 2002, pag.30).

• It means there is no I.O. without a D.O.

• If you have a D.O. then you can have an

I.O.

• You will never find an I.O. alone in a sentence.

References

Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The Grammarbook. London: International Thompson Publishing.

Fabb, N. (2002). Sentence Structure. Longdon/New York:

Routledge.

Greenbaum, S. (2002). An introduction to English grammar.

London: Longman.

Thomas, L. (1993). Beginning Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell

Publishers.

Verspoor, M., & Sauter, K. (2000). English sentence analysis. An Introductory Course. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John

Bejamins Publishing Company.

Team

• Islas Sandoval Nallely

• Chávez Granillo Saratiel

• Tapia Fernández Diana

Headnoun vgp do&io

Education

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