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Transcript of Hawk Hook
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Hawk Hook Competition! Individual: You have 10 minutes to answer
these question, no help, or calendars allowed. I have mentioned the answer to all of these questions before…Lets see how much you were paying attention. (No penalty for wrong answers)
Winner gets a 5 pt extra credit coupon1. When is the AP exam (Date and time)? 2. How many days of class do we have until that day (not
including today or the day of the exam)?3. What writing utensils do you need?4. What kind of clothing are you not allowed to wear?5. How is the multiple choice portion of the AP exam scored?6. According to this, what should be the rule about guessing
when you have no clue about the answer as apposed to when you can narrow down your choices and make an educated guess?
7. How much time will you have for the multiple choice portion?8. How many multiple choice questions are there?9. How much time will you have for the Free Response section?10. How many Free Response questions are there?
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AP REVIEW!!!
Unit Concepts~Unit 1 Geography its
Nature and Perspectives
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How did the following people contribute to
Geography? Babylonians Ibn-Battutah: Eratosthenes:
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What are the 3 Types of Regions?
Functional Formal Vernacular
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Functional Region “Nodal Region”: organized around a
“node” or focal point and includes the area that “uses” the node Ex: newspaper circulation, Wal-Mart and
its customers
EDA
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Formal Region Uniform region/homogenous region Everyone shares in one or more distinctive
characteristics (physically connected!) Ex: Using the Koppen System (What is the
Koppen System) Defines 5 types of climate worldwide What unit of geography did this influence?Variations in religion or level of economic development
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Name a Formal Region from this Map
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Another Ex. of a Formal Region
Vegetation What unit of geography did this influence? 4 Biomes (Plant Communities)
ForestSavannaGrasslandDesert
Unless you are insaneyou will never think youare apart of a tropical region when you livein the desert!
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Vernacular Region Perceptual Region A place people believe exists because of
their cultural identity Not necessarily physically
connected….Just emotionally
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What is Cultural Ecology?
Explain Environmental Determinism with 1 example
Explain Possibilism with 1 example
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What is Globalization?
How does it affect the economy?
How does it affect culture?
How does it affect international relations?
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What is a transnational corporation??
How is Apple and its iPhone a perfect example of how these corporations work? Why do they do any of their work in
the US or Europe, etc. if it would be cheaper to function in an LDC?
What are the positives and negatives of transnational corporations investing in the industrialization of underdeveloped countries?
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What is Distribution
The arrangement features in the world
What are the 3 main properties?: density, concentration
, and pattern
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What is Density
The frequency with which something occurs in space
What are the 3 types of density and define them. Arithmetic Density: total
number of objects in an area Physiological Density:
number of people compared to arable land
Agricultural Density: number of farmers per unit of farmland
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What do we learn if we look at Physiological and
Agricultural Densities together?
The capacity of the land to produce food (with which measure of density?) and how efficient they are at using this land (with which measure of density?)
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What is Concentration
To what extent a feature is spread over space What are the two options?
Clustered: Objects in an area are close together
Dispersed: Far apart
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Original Professional Football Teams
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Has the Density Increased?Has the concentration become more or less dispersed?
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What is Pattern?
Geometric arrangement of objects in space Ex: Linear patterns: houses along a
street Squared or Rectangular patterns:
Gridded streets (Charleston, SC); Land Ordinance of 1785
What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?
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What are Spatial Interactions?
Why and how are distance decay and space time compression changing?
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What are the 2 main types of Diffusion?
Relocation Diffusion: spreading an idea by physical movement
Expansion Diffusion: spreads in a snowball getting bigger and bigger What are the 3 types of Expansion
diffusion? Hierarchical Contagious Stimulus
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What is Hierarchical Diffusion?
Spread of an idea from a person or node of authority to other people or places What are some examples of this?
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What is Contagious Diffusion?
Widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population What are some
examples of this method?
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What is Stimulus Diffusion?
Spread of an underlying principal when a whole concept fails to diffuse How could the
development of Islam be an example of this?
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Connecting the Concepts
You have 5 min to look at your notes and 25 min to write your response without notes On a separate sheet of paper, answer the prompts. #2 should be in complete sentences, no length requirement, but you should answer all parts of the question for full credit. Remember write everything you know that applies!
1. What are the 3 dominant world cities?
2. Use the following concepts to explain how transnational corporations have caused culture and economic activities to diffuse from these 3 hearths.
1. Transnational Corporations2. Hierarchical Diffusion3. Popular Culture4. Folk Culture5. Space Time Compression6. Core7. Periphery8. Globalization
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AP REVIEW!!!
Unit Concepts~Unit 2 Population
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World Pop Stats NIR currently at 1.2% About 80 million people are
added to the Earth annually The growth rate has dropped
sharply in the last decade Current doubling time: 54
years (2100 24 billion people in the world!!!)
Where is most of the population growth occurring? Why is this a problem?
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What can the Infant Mortality Rate tell you about a country?
Health Care System Trained doctors and nurses Modern hospitals and
medicines
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Demographic Transition
What two factors affect the rate at which a country goes through this transition? Culture and economic conditions
When is it possible to regress to an earlier stage?
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Stage 1: __________________
How were people living when were at this stage? Hunter-gatherers
When civilizations began to grow after the __________ what kept the world in this stage? War, Disease, Famine
Have all countries made it out of stage 1?
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Stage 2 _________________
1. Industrial Revolution In what year? What did this do to
health, wealth, i.e. the standard of living?
This moves what areas into Stage 2?
What were the 2 causes of Stage 2?
2. Medical Revolution In what year? What happened?
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Stage 3 _______________
What happens to the NIR at this stage?
What are the 2 causes of this stage?1. Better medical practices
This lowered IMR, so people chose to do what?
2. Urbanization For what 2 reasons does this lead
to a slow down in population growth
Less kids needed to work in comparison to agricultural life
Less space makes children more of a liability
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Stage 4 _______________
What specific type of population growth is exhibited at this stage? What is the total fertility rate like in
these countries? To stay at this stage what must happen
to this number if the country exhibits high number of net-in migration?
What are the 3 causes of this stage? Women enter the labor force Birth Control More adult recreational activities
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Possible Stage 5 ____________
Where is this occurring? What was the cause of
this phenomenon? Results of Communism
(pollution and extreme family planning)
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What is a population Pyramid?
Bar graph displaying age and gender What demographic
indicator determines its shape?
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Age Distribution
What is the dependency ratio? What numbers on the
pyramid do you use to determine this?
What would this tell you? Larger the percentage of
dependents the greater the financial burden on those who are working
Which stage has the highest number of dependents?
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“Graying” of the MDC
What does the concept “Graying” of the MDCs mean in terms of government services?
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Overpopulation: Bad
Who said that population is growing larger than our food supply? What did he believe was the
method for solving the problem? What do we call the people who
have expanded his theory ? How did they expand the theory?
More than just food but also resources, especially in relation to the unequal distribution of wealth between LDCs and MDCs
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Overpopulation: Good
Boserup, Kuznets, and Simon say that a larger population can be a good thing. Why? Generates more
customers and inventors more resources to
use and more people to consume them = better economy
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Marxists
Marxists ( or Communists) do not believe population growth is to blame for poverty and hungry. They believe what is to blame? Corrupt rulers not
distributing wealth or social justices equally
Who should rule in their opinion?
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Reality of Overpopulation
Although the worldwide food supply is high enough to support all people, Regions face food shortages because the wealth is not available to get the resources to them
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What are 2 ways to lower population
growth?1. Improving their economic
situation How does this help?
Increases healthcare and education for women causing more babies to survive and educating women about working, waiting to have children, and safe sex practices
2. Distributing Contraceptives Why is this usually the most
widely used method?
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What is the Epidemiological
Transition? Study of the distribution and control of
epidemics What does it relate to?
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Stages 1
What is this stage called? Stage of Pestilence and
Famine What are some
characteristics of this stage? Parasites, animal or human
attacks, Example: ________________
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Stage 2
What do we call stage 2? Stage of Receding
Pandemics What revolutions may
have helped slow the spread of pandemics? Industrial Revolution Medical Revolution
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Stage 3 What is this stage called?
Stage of Degenerated and Human-created Diseases
What does this mean? Age related diseases rise: cardio-vascular
and cancer What helps lower diseases for children
at this stage?
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Stage 4
What is this stage called? Stage of delayed
degenerative diseases Although disease remains
what increase life expectancy at this stage?
What earlier concept is as a result of this stage?
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Possible Stage 5 What is this stage called?
Stage of Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Disease
What 3 Reasons have caused this to possibly occur?1. Evolution (super germs)2. Poverty3. Improved Travel
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Migration Vocabulary
What is mobility? What is the difference
between circulation and migration?
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Migration Vocabulary
What do you call moving from a location?
What do you call moving to a location? What does your country
have when it has more immigrants than emigrants?
Net in-migration Is this Absorption or
Dispersion? What does your country
have if emigrants out # immigrants?
Net out-migration Absorption or Dispersion?
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Net in-Migration
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Net out-migration
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What are the 3 main reasons people
migrate? Which is the most common, which is
considered forced? 1. Economic: Most common 2. Cultural: Forced migration: compelled to move by cultural factors Political instability
What do we call the people who have been forced to move?
3. Environmental: physically attractive areas from hazardous ones
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Migration Transition At Stage 2 of Demographic
Transition w hat type of migration would you find usually? Why? Technology: not as many farmers
necessary move for work At Stage 3 and 4 of
Demographic Transition what type of migration would you usually find? Why? Destination of international
migrants Intraregional migration
(from _______ to ____________?
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Influences on Destination
Proximity Where would Cubans want to go? Where would Mexicans want to go?
What do you call it when people migrate to a specific area because their family have moved their or people of their ethnicity?
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2 Main Obstacles What used to be the hardest part of migrating? What are the two problems immigrants face
today? Permission to enter Hostile attitudes
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Refugees What reasons give refugees
special priority to avoid immigration laws? What reason is not accepted?
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Critical Thinking: Making Connections
Describe the characteristics of each of the 5 stages of the Demographic transition in terms of growth, causes, disease, and type of migration prevalent. This does not need to be in complete sentences or even well explained just a quick list for easy reference. Follow this template: Where you have no information just write NA Stage 1
Growth: Causes: Disease: Type of Migration:
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AP REVIEW!!!
Unit Concepts~
Unit 3 Culture
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What are the 2 categories of Culture?
Define them Folk Culture: customs often practiced by small, rural, and homogenous (uniform) peoples
Popular Culture: Certain habits shared by large, heterogeneous (mixed) societies despite personal differences
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Where do Folk Cultures originate?
The hearths are __________ Tied to the environment
where they originate usually LDCs Ex: Foods eaten,
preparation methods, housing materials all relate to resources available locally
Why is Hip Hop folk music turned popular?
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Food Why is food the longest lasting folk
culture? What is a taboo?
“Cooking is even more uniquely characteristic of our species than language. Animals do at least bark, roar, chirp, do at least signal by sound; only we bake, boil, roast, and fry”
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How doe Folk Culture diffuse?
Relocation Diffusion
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Hearths of Popular Culture
Pop culture is the product of what type of countries? Top 3: North America,
Western Europe, Japan When will pop culture
begin to originate? What is the difference
between popular music and folk music?
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Hierarchical Diffusion From where to where? What has helped this
spread so much quicker?
By what method does popular
culture diffuse?
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PROBLEMS WITH GLOBALIZATION OF
POP CULTURE
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2 problems Threat to Folk Culture Environmental impact of pop culture
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Threat to Folk Culture
Rising Incomes
Desire for pop culture items
Death of traditions
Spread of Western Perspective
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Loss of Traditional Values
Clothing: western dress Status symbol Threat to values
Ex. Fundamentalist Muslim cultures
Role of Women More equality More prostitution
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Economic/Cultural Imperialism
Threat to Independence TV Spreads Western Values:
Social Mobility Freedom for Women Glorify Youth Violence
Attractive but conflict with traditions
US and Britain dominate news LDC answer: government
control
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Vocab! Acculturation: Process of adopting
only certain customs that will be to their advantage Ex. Taking on a language but not food
or religion Assimilation: Process of less
dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture Ex. Folk culture being replaced by pop
culture
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Environmental Impact of Pop
Culture Little regard for physical features Modify environment to
promote activity or product (ex golf)
Promote uniformity People recognize and want
the product
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Negative Environmental
Impact Increased demand for scarce
resources Petroleum Extinction of animals Pollution
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Language Vocab Language family
Languages that share unknown origins
Language branch Languages that share
origins found in the archeological record
Language group Languages within a
branch that share recent origins and share very similar vocab and grammar
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Indo-European Language Family
Most extensively spoken language family Includes: Indo-Iranian, Romance,
Germanic, and Balto-Slavic Clustered from S. Asia to Europe to N.
America English: Germanic Language
Activity
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Language Vocab
Dialect Regional language
variations Differs in Pronunciation,
Grammar, and Vocab Standard Language
Most acceptable dialect for Gov. Biz., Ed., Mass communication
Isogloss Regional boundaries
between word-usage
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Evolution of Languages
Result of interaction and isolation
Interaction ~> same language ~> migration ~> isolation ~> dialects ~> new languages
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Origins of Indo-European
Similar roots for: Beech, oak, bear, deer, pheasant, bee Winter and snow (inverno, 3nma)
Cold wintered, wooded environment? Marija Gimbutas’s Theory
4300 BCE Kurgan People (Btwn Russia and Kazakhstan)
Nomadic Herders: Warriors spreading to Asia and Europe
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Origins of Indo-European
Colin Renfrew 6300 BCE From Anatolia in Turkey,
Eastward and Westward Migrated with agriculture not militarily
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Distribution of English
English is the official language in more countries than any other language
Why???? British
Colonization
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Language Vocab
Creole language Mixing of colonizer’s language and
indigenous language Lingua Franca
Languages created through trade Mixes elements of both languages
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Language Vocab Centrifugal Force:
unifying force Countries where
different peoples speak the same language united
Centripetal Force: dividing force Countries with multiple
languages less united Ex: India: 18 official
languages Business in English Hindi majority (33 %) Others less connected
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2 types of Religion
Universalizing Religion Global, tries to
appeal to all people regardless of location or culture (62%)
Ethnic Religion Appeals to one group
living in one place (24%)
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Overview of Universalizing
Religions 3 Universalizing religions
Christianity (2 billion: most followers)
Islam (1.3 billion followers) Buddhism (400 million followers)
3 Divisions within in each Branch: Large, fundamental division Denomination: Divides branch,
connect local congregations Sect: Small group broken away from
a denomination
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Diffusion of Christianity
Diffused through all types of diffusion
First: Relocation Diffusion Missionaries (Paul) Colonization (God, Gold, & Glory)
Contagious Diffusion: Daily contact with believers
Hierarchical Diffusion: Emperors/Kings converted
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ORIGINS
Muhammad: descendent of Ishmael Successful trader
Angel Gabriel came to him Messenger of Allah (one true God)
Same God as Judaism and Christianity Believe in Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
Created Islam (622) Begins with Hijrah (migration to Medina) Islam means: Submission to the will of Allah Muslim = one who submitted
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2 Branches of Islam1. Sunni (orthodox) 83%
Muhammad last divinely inspired individual
Caliphs (successors of Muhammad) keepers of political independence and religious integrity …NO religious significance
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2 Branches of Islam1. Shiites (sectarian)
Caliphs should be descendants of Muhammad which are considered divine by birth
Clustered in Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, and Iraq
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Diffusion of Islam
Relocation Diffusion Missionaries to
Sub-Saharan Africa and SE Asia
Indonesia 4th most populated
country: Muslim BC of trading
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Islam’s Holy Place
The Hajj: to Mecca! Birthplace of Muhammad Pilgrimage to the Ka’ba
Cube-like structure at center of Great Mosque
Formally tribal shrine, taken by Muhammad
All Wear Same white robes Symbolizes unity and equality of
IslamHajj Visas
40% from Middle East, 40% N. Africa, 20% Asia
Long travel lessens number of Indonesians
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Holy Places of Buddhism
Related to important events in Buddha’s life 2 most important:
1. Lumbini, Nepal (Buddha’s birthplace)2. Bodh Gaya, India (where he reaches
nirvana) Sights where his miracles took place
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Missionaries 257 Asoka
(ruler of India Buddhist) sponsored missionaries in Sri Lanka, Kashmir, Himalayas, Myanmar
Trading to China
Diffusion
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Holy Places of Buddhism
Related to important events in Buddha’s life 2 most important:
1. Lumbini, Nepal (Buddha’s birthplace)2. Bodh Gaya, India (where he reaches
nirvana) Sights where his miracles took place
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Buddha’s miracles It is said that immediately after the birth of
Siddhartha Gautama, who later became known as The Buddha, he stood up, took seven steps north, and fearlessly uttered:
"Supreme am I in the worldGreatest am I in the world.Noblest am I in the world.This is my last birth,Never shall I be reborn"
Twin Miracle Taming the Elephant Ascending to Heaven
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Pagodas
Pagodas: contain relics of Buddha’s body or clothing
Not for congregational worship
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UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS
2 Others: Sikhism and Bahá’ís
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Sikhism: 15th century
One supreme God, 25 million followers God is perfect People can move
towards perfection through accepting personal responsibility for their actions
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Bahá’ís: 19th Century Bahá’u’lláh (glory of god)
prophet of God End disunity of religion Establish universal faith
abolishing racial, class, and religious prejudice
8 million adherents ALL over the world
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Chief Check 11/30
1. What path must Buddhist follow to attain enlightenment? Describe 3 parts of this path.
2. By what 2 methods and to where did Buddhism diffuse from its hearth?
3. What are the 2 most important holy places in Buddhism and why are they important?
4. What are pagodas used for?5. What is the basic principle of the Baha’i
faith?
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Ethnic
Hinduism
RELIGIONS
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General Diffusion of Ethnic Religions
Lack Missionaries devoted to conversion
Diffusion of Universalizing Religions at expense of ethnic religions acculturation or assimilation?
Sometimes Merge the two acculturation or assimilation?
Only spreads through migration
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General Info of Hinduism
3 Largest Religion (860 mill adherents)
Concentrated in India (97%)
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Hinduism and The Caste System
Karma and Reincarnation Strengthened Castes
A Caste was a life sentence Dominated every aspect of
life: marriage, friends, foods, dress, work
Cleanliness and Purity all important
Still strong in some rural areas
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Judaism 15 mill adherents Concentrated in large cities and Isreal Roots of Christianity and Islam (Abrahamic
religions) First recorded monotheistic religion Ethnic religion to Israel (formerly Palestine
and originally Canaan)
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Judaism
Exception to distribution of ethnic religions Found all over the world due to Diaspora
(dispersion of Jews starting in AD 70 w Roman Empire)
Ghettos: began in 16th century: forced segregation of Jewish people Walled, gated, and
locked to preventescape
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Animism
100 mill adherents to various animist religions
Concentrated in Africa Inanimate objects (rocks, plants,
natural events, etc.) have spirits and conscious life
Oral tradition Christianity and Islam replaced
traditional beliefs
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Religious Wars in the Middle East
Claims to Palestine Jewish
“Promised Land”-given to Father Abraham by God
Customs and rituals tied to agricultural heritage of ancient Hebrew tribes
Diaspora until 20th century
Western Wall: what stands of temple destroyed by Romans
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Religious Wars in the Middle East
Claims to Palestine Christians
Control after Rome conquered area Holds the “Holy City” of Jerusalem:
Home of Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection
Church of Holy Sepulcher: believed to be where Jesus was resurrected and ascended to heaven
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Religious Wars in the Middle East
Claims to Palestine Muslim
Have occupied the land since 7th Century
Jerusalem: 3rd Holiest Islamic City where Muhammad ascended to heaven and Abraham devoted himself to God
Dome of the Rock: Temple over rock where Abraham was to sacrifice his son Isaac for God and Muhammad ascended to heaven
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Historical Battles
Crusades Initial European successes but
eventual defeat to Muslims Great Britain controlled area
after WWI Britain withdrew after WWII UN Decision post WWII
1948 split Palestine in 2: 1 Jewish Nation (Israel), 1 Muslim Nation (Jordon)
Jerusalem international city open to all
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Historical Battles
Muslim states immediately declared war on Israel
Split Jerusalem in 1949: Jordon old city, Israel new city (forbidden to visit old city)
Six-Day War 1967 Israel gains territory: West Bank
(all of Jerusalem), Gaza Strip, and Sinai Peninsula
Gives Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt in exchange for peace and recognition of its legitimacy as a country
Gaza Strip and West Bank still being fought over
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Palestinian (Muslim) Perspective Palestinians: Muslims who lived or
continue to live in the area now known as Israel, especially those areas won by Israel during the Six-Day War Upset over migration of Jewish people
into the West Bank (10% of pop today) Military Control by Israeli gov to protect
these citizens Palestine Liberation Organization:
coordinates fights with Israel and now granted limited governmental control but unsatisfied
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Palestinian (Muslim) Perspective
2 Parties, 2 different Perspectives Fatah Party
Recognize Israel if land taken during Six-Day war returned to Palestinians
Hamas Party Refuse recognition of Israel Will fight for control of entire area Considered terrorist organization by
West and Israel
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Geographic Israeli Perspective
Largest cities (Tel Aviv and Haifa) within 40 miles of Palestinian territory…Jerusalem boarders West Bank
Israel surrounded by mountains (Golan Heights) used to stage attacks Now controlled by Israel but still
hostile No intention of giving up control of
Jerusalem, center of disagreements
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AP REVIEW!!!
Unit Concepts~
Unit 3 Political Organizations in Space
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Describe the Difference Between an Ethnicity, Race,
and Nationality Define this person’s Nationality,
Ethnicity, and Race Joseph was born in Mali. On a student
visa, he attended college at the University of Southern California and after obtaining a job in Los Angeles, he became a US citizen in 2003. He is still a practicing Muslim and is planning his Hajj next year.
Nationality: ______________ because his legal affiliation is American
Ethnicity: ______________because he shares cultural traditions with the Islamic faith (a specific cultural affiliation)
Race: ____________ because he shares certain physical traits with other Arabic people of Northern Africa and the Middle East
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What does it mean when we say ethnicities are immune to
globalization? Why are they? They will not become global
such as pop culture beliefs Do not try to dominate other
areas, only their local homeland, because their culture is intricately tied to the area in which it originated
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How are minorities distributed in cities?
Create what? Clustered creating
Ethnic Enclaves Clustered ethnic
groups surrounded by other groups
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What do you call the physical separation of races into geographic
areas? Apartheid
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What defines a Nation-State from any other
state? Its territory corresponds to the boundaries of an ethnicity
These began to show up because people believed ethnicities have the right to govern themselves called…. Self Determination
What happens to cultural traditions when an ethnicity becomes a nationality as a result of a group becoming a politically independent nation-state?
Ethnic cultural traditions such as language, customs, and religion fuse with political philosophies
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What is the difference between a Multi- Ethnic and a
Multinational state? In Multi-ethnic states
multiple ethnicities combine to form one nationality
In Multinational states ethnicities have agreed to coexist but only after being officially recognized as distinct nationalities
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What is the forced removal of an ethnic group by another ethnic
group in order to create a homogeneous region?
Ethnic Cleansing
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What is Balkanization?
Balkanization: the process by which a country breaks down due to ethnic conflicts
What was it named after? the unrest in the Balkans
Balkanized: a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into stable states
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Characteristics of a state
(little s) Politically a
Formal/uniform region
Has an established government
Defined territory Permanent
Population Sovereignty: no other
state can control its internal affairs
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What’s the difference between Colonialism
and Imperialism? Differs in terms of number of local
peoples: Colonialism: establish political,
economic, and cultural principles on a territory that is uninhabited or sparsely inhabited
Imperialism (Africa and Asia) Controlling land that is occupied by an
indigenous society
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Shapes of Countries
1. Compact states: distance from the center to the state’s boundaries similar
Ease of communication to all parts of the state
2. Prorupted states: compact state with a large projecting extension
1. For resources or separating boundaries
3. Elongated States Long narrow shapes Poor internal communication
because those on extremes separated from the capital
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Shapes of Countries
4. Fragmented State discontinuous pieces of territory
separated by water or intervening states
Hurts communication and forces good relationships with surrounding areas
5. Perforated States states completely surrounded by another
state Forces good relationships with surrounding
nation
6. Landlocked States states completely surrounded by other states
leaving them without direct sea access Need relationships with other areas for trade
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What is the Difference between a Frontier and a Boundary? Which is the
most common?
Boundary: imaginary line of separation between two states ; most common
Frontier: geographic zone of tangible land area where no state has complete control
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By what 2 methods do states create boundaries? Physical
Boundaries: Mts, deserts, water,
Cultural Boundaries Religion, language,
Ethnicities
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How do unitary and Federal Systems differ in terms of who has the power and what type of states benefit from
that system? Central Gov. Central Gov. shares with local gov. Multiethnic Multinational
Nation States Communist States Large States Small Compact States
Who has the Power?
Who Benefits?
Unitary• Small Compact States
• Communist States: Creates uniformity and control
Federal
Central Government
Central Government shares power with a local government
Small Compact StatesCommunist States: Creates
uniformity and control• Nation States: little diversity
to pacify
• Large states where central control would be difficult from
long distances
• Multiethnic or Multinational states looking to give local autonomy to these people
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Electoral Geography
What is the difference between how Europe and the US draw their legislative boundaries? What problem does this cause in the US? Europe: bipartisan
independent commissions US: State legislatures
Leads to Gerrymandering: State legislatures redraw the boundaries to benefit their political party
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The United Nations
Why was the UN created? Established in 1945 to prevent a
3rd World War Who are the 5 permanent
members of the security council? US, UK, France, Russia, and
China (Cannot be removed) What are its main duties?
Establish peace keeping operations,
international sanctions (economic etc),
authorize military action
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What are the positives and negatives of the
UN? Positives Almost all states come
together and vote without war
Dedicated to neutrality Negatives
Individual countries must provide the troops and carry out actions meaning rulings are not always followed
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When and Why were NATO and the Warsaw
Pact created? NATO: North Atlantic Treaty
Organization: mostly Western Europe originally (now includes Eastern Europe, US, and Canada)
Warsaw Pact: Soviet Union and Communist East Europe after WWII Disbanded with break-up of
Soviet Union
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What is the European Union
Promotes Economic Development within member states Eliminates barriers on
free trade of goods, services, capital, and people
Uniform currency (Euro) World’s healthiest
market\ Politically has a
parliament and president
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Define Terrorism Using violence
against ordinary people to gain publicity and coerce a government to answer the terrorists demands
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What terrorist group did bin Laden
found? Al-Qaeda What makes Al-Qaeda hard to
dismantle Bureaucratic: each has a
specific job Sleeper Cells: ordinary people
awaiting a call to act Franchised: Other groups
ideologically support al-Qaeda,
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Besides his hatred for western culture, what benefit does bin Laden see for eliminating the
US? According to bin Laden eliminating
the US: Will eliminate Saudi monarchy and
Israel liberating Holy cities of Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem for the devout Muslims
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AP REVIEW!!!
Regional AnalysisNorth America
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Population Clusters Which part of North America is
considered one of the world’s population clusters? NE US/SE Canada
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Demographics What is significant
about the infant mortality rate in the US? Highest of all
industrialized nations because it does not have universal care and many low income women, especially minorities, do not get the prenatal care they need
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Demographic Transition
What stage of the demographic transition is the US and Canada in? 4: Low Growth…both exhibit zero
population growth (just at replacement levels)
Why does the US’s TFR need to below 2.1 to keep the US at zero population growth? Has high in-migration
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Demographic Transition Cont’
What does this mean for society? Many women in the
labor force Women wait longer to
have children to enjoy the activities available for adults
Good access to birth control
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US Population Pyramid
What accounts for the population bulge from 45-70?
What could be the problem as this group enters retirement? Use your AP human geography language
How’s the healthcare of this country? Why?
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Epidemiological Transition
What stage of the Epidemiological Transition is the US and Canada in? Explain this stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases
Still many diseases, especially age-related but people live longer because of improved medical technologies
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Migration Transition What types of migration do you see in
North America? Location for international migration
because of economic and cultural push factors Offers jobs and political freedom
Intraregional Migration Largest migration pattern: Cities to
suburbs Interregional Migration
First Westward do to cheap land then Rust Belt to Sun Belt: less unionization and cheap labor leads to new industries and jobs in south and nice climate
Counter Urbanization
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3 Eras of US Immigration
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1. Colonial Immigration
From Europe and Africa Who was voluntary? Who
was forced? 90% British 650,000 West Africans to US
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2. 19th Century Immigration
1840’s and 50’s, 1880’s, turn of the century
1st Northern and Western Europe 2nd Southern and Eastern Push Factors:
Entered Stage 2: overpopulation in cities Famine, Political instability
Pull Factors Cheap Farmland Factory Jobs
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3. Recent Immigration
Last 25 years Record immigration Asia and Latin America
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US attitudes Opposition to immigrants different
from WASPS Many want to deny access to public
services
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Christianity in N & S America
US Stats: 50% Protestant 24% Catholic
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Protestant Distribution in US
What is most common in the US? Why?
Baptists Indigenous Spread from white
masters to slaves Remained solid in
South bc agricultural: little migration into area
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What is in Utah? Why? Mormons Founded by
Joseph Smith in NY
Persecuted Under Brigham
Young went to Utah for religious freedom
Lack of in-migration agricultural
Protestant Distribution in US
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What religion is in the Northern Mid-West? Lutherans Lutheran Germans
contracted to farm here
Chain Migration: families moved in
Lack of urbanization kept in-migration down
Protestant Distribution in US
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Catholic Distribution in US
Where is Catholicism clustered? New England, Mid
Western Cities Immigration from
Ireland, Italy, E Europe
South West Immigration from
Latin America
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Regional Concentrations of
Ethnicities Where are Hispanics Clustered? Why South West, South Florida Latin American immigration
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Regional Concentrations Where are Asian Americans
clustered? West Coast (California) Immigration during 19th century for
railroad construction, gold, etc
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Regional Concentrations
Where are Native Americans clustered? South West and Plains due to forced
migration onto reservations
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African Americans Where are African Americans
clustered? Why? South and North Eastern Cities
1. South do to Forced Migration from Africa to South• After freed stayed as Sharecroppers:
rented land, equipment, food, and housing paid landowner with large portion of their crop
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African Americans2. North Eastern Cities because of Great
Migration of 1910’s and 20’s again in 1940’s and 50’s• Machinery replaced sharecroppers• Booming economy in North
Lack of labor due to wars Stimulated war time economy
• Followed distinct routes to cities along major highways
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Would US and Canada be considered multiethnic or multinational? Multiethnic… ethnicities do not
have self-determination and desire to govern themselves
All combine to create one nationality of American or Canadian
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Boundaries
What types of boundaries are used between the US and Canada? Geometric and Water
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What system of Government does the
US use? Why? Federal System
Local governments given substantial power
Helps give localized ethnicities some autonomy
Suitable for large states to divide power when a central government is too far away to govern effectively
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The United Nations
Why was the UN created? Established in 1945 to prevent a
3rd World War Who are the 5 permanent
members of the security council? US, UK, France, Russia, and
China (Cannot be removed) What are its main duties?
Establish peace keeping operations,
international sanctions (economic etc),
authorize military action
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What are the positives and negatives of the
UN? Positives Almost all states come
together and vote without war
Dedicated to neutrality Negatives
Individual countries must provide the troops and carry out actions meaning rulings are not always followed
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Agricultural Regions in the US
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Mixed Crop and Livestock Where in the US? What’s the most important region of this agriculture called? US ~ From the Appalachian
Mts to middle of country Most important region ~ Corn
Belt: Ohio to Iowa (oil, ethanol, food products, and food for animals)
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Dairy Farming Where is it found in
North America? Found in: NE US, SE
Canada, ring around urban areas called the milkshed Why are Dairy Farms close
to urban areas? Where is cheese
produced? Why?
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North American Wheat
What do they call the prairies of US and Canada? “Breadbasket” What are the 2 Different Types and Where
located? Winter Wheat: Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma
Planted in Autumn, Harvested early Summer Spring Wheat: Dakotas, Montana,
Saskatchewan, (Harsh winters) Planted in Spring, Harvested late Summer
Why do farmers own farms in both areas? Increase production and share equipment
(combine does work) Has caused problems with
desertification in these areas bc of the constant use of land
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US Cattle Ranching
Where is it found today? West because of large areas of land
Taught by Spanish and Portuguese settlers
Lost much land when US gov. sold it to sedentary farmers in mid-late 1800’s Disputes btwn farmers and ranchers
“Range Wars”…ended when barbed wire was introduced inhibiting the roaming of cattle
Shift to fixed–location Ranching:
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Mediterranean Agriculture
Where is it located in US? California
Farming on arid, irrigated land eating up SW US’s water supply
What is another name for this type of agriculture? Horticulture: commercially
growing fruits, vegetables, and flowers (trees)
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Commercial Gardening
Where in the US? Found in: SE US Long growing season,
humid climate, accessible to large NE markets
What is another name for it? Called Truck Farming:
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Von Thunen Model in US
Dairy Farms in NE apply to model because close to population cluster
Truck Farming in SE applies because around 3rd ring where still close to markets in NE but using cheaper land
Cattle Ranching in West because far from population cluster
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What are the Problems facing US Commercial
Farmers and Commercial Farmers in
general Government subsidies influencing types of crops produced and prices for these products creating overproduction of some products causing certain grocery prices to skyrocket or plummet hurting the consumer or producer
May help keep local small farmers in business though
Urbanization: farms on periphery of cities often taken over by urban sprawl and become apart of suburbs
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Where is sustainable agriculture clustered in
the US? Why? California
Hilly coastal landscape is good for integrating livestock and crops because they can graze on hillsides while crops are grown in the valleys. This integration provides nature fertilizer for crops and a food source for the livestock. Additionally, since their dry climate is prone to wildfires, the livestock can provide a natural way of inhibiting the spread of fires by eating dry grasses.
Since they are sustainable they use intertillage to sensitively manage the soil quality and a limited use of chemicals to reduce water pollution from fun off