Hawk Hook 11/12

Write the following:1. 3 things you know about

Christianity2. 3 things you know about Islam3. 3 things you know about

Buddhism.

ReligionThe Origins, Distribution and Conflicts of Religion

2 types of Religion

Universalizing ReligionGlobal, tries to

appeal to all people regardless of location or culture (62%)

Ethnic ReligionAppeals to one

group living in one place (24%)

Overview of Universalizing Religions

3 Universalizing religionsChristianity (2 billion: most

followers) Islam (1.3 billion followers)Buddhism (400 million

followers) 3 Divisions within in each

Branch: Large, fundamental division

Denomination: Divides branch, connect local congregations

Sect: Small group broken away from a denomination

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS

CHRISTIANITY

ORIGINSAll UR origins knownChristian origins:

JesusPreached:Principles of JudaismLove for God,

neighbors, enemies, and self

A personal relationship with God

An eternal Kingdom after death for repentant sinners (Heaven)

Ignored wealth and status “Blessed are the meek,

for they shall inherit the earth”

• “Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, and pray for those who mistreat you. If anyone hits you on the cheek, let him hit the other one too; if someone takes your coat, let him have your shirt as well. Give to everyone who asks you for something, and when someone takes what is yours, do not ask for it back. Do for others just what you want them to do for you.”

Jesus’ Death

People believed he was the MessiahJewish Priests did notRoman Gov: Pontius Pilate accused

him of defying Roman authority (later tried to stop it but too late) Crucified Body disappears Appeared to followers Called Jesus “Christ”:

o Greek for savior

Branches of Christianity

1. Roman Catholics: Oldest Branch Belief in

sacraments for grace

Pope as head of church

Branches of Christianity

2. Eastern Orthodox: Great Schism

Split from Roman Catholics over worshipping idols in 1054

Patriarch head bishop but not head sole head of church

Branches of Christianity

3. Protestants Reformation

Split from Catholics over worshipping Pope

Belief in personal salvation and relationship with God

Diffusion of Christianity

Diffused through all types of diffusion

First: Relocation Diffusion Missionaries (Paul)Colonization (God, Gold, & Glory)

Contagious Diffusion:Daily contact with believers

Hierarchical Diffusion:Emperors/Kings converted

Christianity in Europe

Roman CatholicDominant in

Southwest and Eastern Europe

ProtestantDominant in North

WestEastern Orthodox

Dominant in East and Southeast

Sharp geographic patterns of Protestants and Catholics in Europe50/50 in

Netherlands but N = P, S = C

Christianity in N & S America

Catholicism93 % of Latin

America29% in North

America

US Stats:50%

Protestant24% Catholic

Protestant (denominations) Distribution in US

Baptists in SouthIndigenousFirst no

formal requirements to become clergy

Spread from white masters to slaves

Remained solid in South bc agricultural: little migration into area

Mormons in the WestFounded by

Joseph Smith in NY

PersecutedUnder Brigham

Young went to Utah for religious freedom

Lack of in-migration agricultural

Protestant (sect) Distribution in US

Lutherans in the North–Mid WestLutheran

Germans contracted to farm here

Chain Migration: families moved in

Lack of urbanization kept in-migration down

Protestant (denomination)

Distribution in US

Catholic Branch Distribution in US

North East, Mid Western CitiesImmigration

from Ireland, Italy, E Europe

South WestImmigration

from Latin America

What is incomplete about this map?

Over generalizesScale of map

cannot see diversity within counties and small areas where other religions dominate

Christian Cultural Landscape

ChurchCreated in the image of

GodConsidered a sacred

spaceAttendance important to

religion As such: Considerable

wealth spent on buildingReflects beliefs and

regional architecture Catholic and Eastern

Orthodox: ostentatious Protestant: austere and

simple reflecting hatred of extravagance

Regular Church Attendance

Europe: 5%Canada: 10%US: 46%

67% in South

Christian Cultural Landscape

Growth of Mega-ChurchesMarketable

Often project sermons on TV or radio

Evangelical (halfway between liberal Christians and fundamentalist groups)

Have 2000 or more adherents

Huge churches, usually no crosses

Christian Cultural Landscape

Especially Found in SouthBusinessesBillboardsChurch signsClothing (WWJD bracelets)Blue Laws

Dry Counties

Holy or Sacred Places

Holy Place: places considered sacred Universalizing

Religion: related to founders life

Ethnic Religions: Related to physical environment

Pilgrimage: journey to a sacred place for religious purposes

Sacred Sites of Christianity

Bethlehem: Birthplace of Jesus

Jerusalem: Site of Crucifixion and Resurrection (Church of Holy Sepulcher)

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS

ISLAM

ORIGINS

Muhammad: descendent of IshmaelSuccessful trader

Angel Gabriel came to himMessenger of Allah (one true God)

Same God as Judaism and ChristianityBelieve in Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

Created Islam (622) Begins with Hijrah (migration to Medina)Islam means: Submission to the will of

AllahMuslim = one who submitted

BELIEFS5 Pillars of IslamRead the descriptions

of the 5 pillars. What is a simple one-

word English Translation of the Arabic?

Summarize the important points of each in one sentence

Draw a sketch to represent each pillar

Can you answer this…?Map projections that preserve

and accurately represent the shape of the geographical areas and features are said to be:A. ConformalB. EquidistantC. Equal-AreaD. AzimuthalE. useless

2 Branches of Islam1. Sunni (orthodox) 83%

Muhammad last divinely inspired individual

Caliphs (successors of Muhammad) keepers of political independence and religious integrity …NO religious significance

Clustered throughout N Africa and Middle East, Largest number in Indonesia because of its high population

2 Branches of Islam

1. Shiites (sectarian) Caliphs should be descendants of

Muhammad which are considered divine by birth

Clustered in Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, and Iraq

Diffusion of IslamAbu-Bakr: 1st Caliph

expanded meaning of JihadConquer lands spreading IslamReligious tolerance for “people

of the book”: Christians and Jews

Diffusion of IslamRelocation

DiffusionMissionaries to

Sub-Saharan Africa and SE Asia

Indonesia4th most

populated country: Muslim

BC of trading

Islam’s Holy Place

The Hajj: to Mecca!Birthplace of

MuhammadPilgrimage to the

Ka’ba

Cube-like structure at center of Great Mosque

Formally tribal shrine, taken by Muhammad

All Wear Same white robes Symbolizes unity and equality of

IslamHajj Visas

40% from Middle East, 40% N. Africa, 20% Asia

Long travel lessens number of Indonesians

Mosques

Place for community worship

NO clergy, no sermons

Not sanctified Minaret: tower for

Muzzan to summon people to worship

Jihad

Find information on the 3 types of Jihad and answer the question:

Describe the 3 types of Jihad including which is the most important, what is the preferable method to solve problems, and when it is appropriate to use force.

Complete Webquest

Hawk Hook 11/15

1. Tell me where each of the following are clustered in the US:A. LutheransB. BaptistsC. CatholicsD. Mormons

2. Why are Christian and Jews considered people of the book?

3. Describe the difference between Sunni’s and Shiites in terms of who should be caliph and why.

4. What country has the largest % of Shiite Muslims?

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS

BUDDHISM

ORIGINSSiddhartha Gautama

Father wanted him to be a ruler Isolated in the Palace, marries, has a sonAt 29 4 ventures outside palace

Sees an old man, sick man, corpse, and wondering holy man

Everyone gets old, sick, and dies, only religious path gives peace of mind

Spends 6 years in forests of India seeking Enlightenment

Debated with other religious seekers how to achieve

Tried fasting (ate 8 grains of rice a day!)Finally meditated for 49 days under a fig treeBecame Buddha (meaning the enlightened one) First sermon to 5 people who had accompanied

him on his journey

BeliefsReincarnationRejects gods and

castesUltimate Goal:

NirvanaRelease from

selfishness and painPerfect state of

understandingEnd of reincarnationAnyone can reach itAchieve through Four

Noble Truths and Eightfold Path

2 BranchesTheravada:

traditional, individuals reach Nirvana at their own speed

Mahayana: all people will reach Nirvana at the same time

The Four Noble Truths

First Noble TruthLife is filled with suffering and

sorrowSecond Noble Truth

People’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures causes suffering

Third Noble TruthThe way to end all suffering is to

end all desireFourth Noble Truth

The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is the Eightfold Path

Eightfold Path

Right ViewsRight

Concen-

tration

Right Condu

ctRight Effort

Right Resolv

e

Right Liveliho

od

Right Speec

h

Right Mind-fulnes

s

Missionaries257 Asoka

(ruler of India Buddhist) sponsored missionaries in Sri Lanka, Kashmir, Himalayas, Myanmar

Trading to China

Diffusion

Holy Places of Buddhism

Related to important events in Buddha’s life2 most important:

1. Lumbini, Nepal (Buddha’s birthplace)2. Bodh Gaya, India (where he reaches

nirvana) Sights where his miracles took

place

Buddha’s miracles It is said that immediately after the birth of

Siddhartha Gautama, who later became known as The Buddha, he stood up, took seven steps north, and fearlessly uttered:

"Supreme am I in the worldGreatest am I in the world.Noblest am I in the world.This is my last birth,Never shall I be reborn"

Twin Miracle Taming the Elephant Ascending to Heaven

Pagodas

Pagodas: “stupas” contain relics of Buddha’s body or clothing

Remains divided into 8 places where Buddhism spread

Not for congregational worship

Hawk Hook 11/16

For the 3 main Universalizing religions: Compare and contrast the sacred spaces and the purpose of their religious architecture

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS

2 Others: Sikhism and Bahá’ís

Sikhism: 15th centuryOne supreme God,

25 million followersGod is perfectPeople can move

towards perfection through accepting personal responsibility for their actions by disciplined meditation

Punjab, India

Bahá’ís: 19th Century Bahá’u’lláh (glory of god)

prophet of God Buddha, Abraham, Jesus,

Muhammad, etc. all consecutive prophets also, moving people towards one world faith

End disunity of religion Establish universal faith

abolishing racial, class, and religious prejudice

8 million adherents ALL over the world

ETHNIC

Hinduism

RELIGIONS

General Diffusion of Ethnic Religions

Lack Missionaries devoted to conversion

Diffusion of Universalizing Religions at expense of ethnic religions acculturation or assimilation?

Sometimes Merge the two acculturation or assimilation?

Only spreads through migration

General Info of Hinduism

3 Largest Religion (860 mill adherents)

Concentrated in India (97%)

ORIGINS

Known or unknown?Unknown originsAryans: pastoral

people who take over IndiaBring the Vedas

(unwritten stories of prayers, rituals, spells)

Mix with beliefs of natives

Upanishads

Interpretations of Vedic hymns

Written in 7th-5th Century BCE

Describe paths to “Moksha”: enlightenment

Moksha“Perfect

Understanding”:Enlightenment (wisdom)Free from desires or

sufferingUnderstand the spirit of

Brahman :the world’s soul

Path to MokshaMeditation: centralSamsara =

Reincarnation“Transmigration of

the soul”Soul transferred to

other bodies until Moksha achieved

Continuous sufferingKarma

“What goes around comes around”

Good and Bad deeds dictate circumstances of next life

Beliefs Cont’

Devotional Cults3 or main deities

Brahma (the creator), Vishnu ( the protector), Shiva (the destroyer)

Choose the deities you will worshipThrough meditation and veneration all

lead to salvation

Which God should you pick? Brahma

Brings in the day and the nightGood for people who seek the path of

knowledge and academic excellenceStudents and arts and craftsmen

VishnuProtects dharma (the universal order)Good for people who want a normal life filled

with material wealth and eventual religious devotion

ShivaDestroys our past occurrences to enable us to

accept new experiences and ideasGood for people who are not afraid to undergo

huge transformations to reach Moksha, a radical life which requires courageous decisions

Paths to Salvation

3 paths to SalvationRight ThinkingRight ActionReligious

DevotionIndividual

choiceFreedom in

practice

Hindi Holy Places

Tied to physical geographyHindi Tirtha: (pilgrimage) for

purificationTo HimalayasBathing in Ganges

Hinduism and The Caste System

Karma and Reincarnation Strengthened Castes

A Caste was a life sentence

Dominated every aspect of life: marriage, friends, foods, dress, work

Cleanliness and Purity all important

Still strong in some rural areas

The CastesBrahmin Kshatriyas

• Priests, scholars• Men could achieve

Moksha• Aryan Decent

• Rulers and Warriors• Men could achieve

Moksha• Aryan Decent

The Castes

Vaishyas

Shudras

• Peasants and the Traders

• Men could achieve Moksha

• Aryan Decent

• Lowest Caste• Laborers or

Craftspeople• Could NOT achieve

Moksha• Non-Aryan Decent

• Outside the Caste Structure

• Butchers, Gravediggers, Trash Collectors

• Could NOT achieve Moksha

• Non-Aryan Decent

The Untouchables

Untouchables ArticlesRead through the following articles (you

may read with a group) and Respond to the following questions To what extent is the Caste System, especially

untouchability, still practiced in India today? (5 sentences)

How does geography impact whether or not people adhere to this system? (IE where is it practiced the most in India) (4 sentences)

What are the keys to continuing these changes and how has culture interrupted these changes? (3 sentences)

Confucianism 551-479 BCE

Strong connection to traditional Chinese valuesSet of Ethical principles

for daily life (li) Feng Shui: Organizing

living space to favorably channel life forces that exist in nature

Daoism (Taoism) 604-531

Began by Lao-Zi: stressed mystical side of life not public serviceUniverse is not

rationalAvoid mundane daily

activities and partake in introspection to live in harmony with principles governing the universe

Banned in Communist China

Shintoism

Distinctive ethnic religion of Japan

Nature is divineLater emperors also

divineOral heritage until 5th

century introduction of Chinese writing

Still alive in Japan but not official religion

Judaism 15 mill adherents Concentrated in large cities and

Israel Roots of Christianity and Islam

(Abrahamic religions) First recorded monotheistic

religion Ethnic religion to Israel

(formerly Palestine and originally Canaan) Many beliefs and celebrations

related to agricultural calendar of area (harvesting, planting, etc)

JudaismException to distribution of ethnic

religionsFound all over the world due to Diaspora

(dispersion of Jews starting in AD 70 w Roman Empire)

Ghettos: began in 16th century: forced segregation of Jewish people Walled, gated, and

locked to preventescape

Zionism: End of 19thcentury movement tobuild a Jewish homeland

Animism100 mill adherents to various

animist religionsConcentrated in Sub-Saharan

AfricaDivinity in Nature: natural world

holds spirits that will intercede on your behalf

Oral traditionChristianity and Islam replaced

traditional beliefs

Place Names reflecting Religion

Shows the importance of religion in daily life

Promotes regional religion distinctionsEx: US. South West and Great

Lakes many towns after Saints reflecting Catholic influence of Spanish and French during colonization St. Louis San Francisco San Diego

International Example: Islamabad, Pakistan: means Abode of Islam, showing importance of religion here

Burial Sites affecting Cultural Landscape

Affects land use: must provide space for preservation and burial of the dead based on customEx: funeral homes, crematoriums, etc.

Creates distinctive landscape: aware of local beliefs based on places designated as cemeteries, types of cemeteries, or types of services availableEx: many mausoleums more indicative

of Catholicism, more cremation services indicative of Asian beliefs (Hinduism/Buddhism)

Cemeteries spread out like parks: Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Sacred Sites affecting Cultural Landscape

Sacred Sites preserved longer Considerable

funds spent to keep clean and intact because: Source of tourist

dollars from visitation to sites

Often create tension with sacred spaces overlap…

Religion verses Government

Hawk Hook 11/29 Communism versus

ReligionIn the Communist Manifesto Karl Marx called religion the “opium of the people.” Reflect upon this quotation and explain what you believe he meant. 1 AP paragraph.

Globalization means:Popular Culture of N

America and W Europe and Economic development not compatible with traditional values

Resurrection of Fundamentalism: literal interpretation of basic principles

Taliban versus Western Values

Taliban: originally supported by Afghanistan and western worldOnce in power strict laws and atrocitiesBelieved they were chosen to purge

Afghanistan of sin and violence and make it a pure Islamic state

Banned non-Islamic or western activities

Destroyed Buddhist statues as “graven images”

Islamic scholars criticize them for misreading the Qur’an

Overthrown in 2001…still fighting today

Soviet Union and ReligionAfter Bolshevik

Revolution (1918): nationalized all religious buildingsElderly still

worshippedYoung people did notReligion dwindled in

daily lifeFall of Communism

called for revival of religion in Eastern Europe

Soviet Union and Religion

Central Asian countries of Soviet Block:Muslim Disagreement

over rewriting secular laws to incorporate Islam

Religion verses Religion

IrelandRepublic of Ireland gained

independence from the UK in 1949 = 92% Catholic

Northern Ireland: 58% Protestant, 42% CatholicVoted to stay with Protestant UKDiscriminated Catholics from high paying

jobs and good schoolsIRA ([Catholic] Irish Republican Army

created) vying for Irish unity at ALL costs (violence etc)

UFD ([Protestant] Ulster Defense Force) created in reaction

Have only reached an uneasy peace within last decade or so…still religions rather segregated

Religious Wars in the Middle EastClaims to Palestine

Jewish “Promised Land”-given to Father

Abraham by God Customs and rituals tied to

agricultural heritage of ancient Hebrew tribes

Diaspora until 20th century

Western Wall: what stands of temple destroyed by Romans

Religious Wars in the Middle East

Claims to Palestine Christians

Control after Rome conquered area Holds the “Holy City” of Jerusalem:

o Home of Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection

Church of Holy Sepulcher: believed to be where Jesus was resurrected and ascended to heaven

Religious Wars in the Middle East

Claims to Palestine Muslim

Have occupied the land since 7th Century

Jerusalem: 3rd Holiest Islamic City where Muhammad ascended to heaven and Abraham devoted himself to God

Dome of the Rock: Temple over rock where Abraham was to sacrifice his son Isaac for God and Muhammad ascended to heaven

Historical Battles

CrusadesInitial European successes

but eventual defeat to Muslims

Great Britain controlled area after WWI

Britain withdrew after WWII

UN Decision post WWII 1948 split Palestine in 2: 1

Jewish Nation (Israel), 1 Muslim Nation (Jordon)

Jerusalem international city open to all

Historical Battles

Muslim states immediately declared war on Israel

Split Jerusalem in 1949: Jordon old city, Israel new city (forbidden to visit old city)

Six-Day War 1967Israel gains territory: West Bank

(all of Jerusalem), Gaza Strip, and Sinai Peninsula

Gives Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt in exchange for peace and recognition of its legitimacy as a country

Gaza Strip and West Bank still being fought over

Palestinian (Muslim) PerspectivePalestinians: Muslims who lived or

continue to live in the area now known as Israel, especially those areas won by Israel during the Six-Day WarUpset over migration of Jewish people

into the West Bank (10% of pop today)Military Control by Israeli gov to

protect these citizensPalestine Liberation Organization:

coordinates fights with Israel and now granted limited governmental control but unsatisfied

Palestinian (Muslim) Perspective

2 Parties, 2 different Perspectives1. Fatah Party

Recognize Israel if land taken during Six-Day war returned to Palestinians

2. Hamas Party Refuse recognition of Israel Will fight for control of entire area Considered terrorist organization by

West and Israel

Geographic Israeli Perspective

Largest cities (Tel Aviv and Jaffa or Haifa) within 40 miles of Palestinian territory…Jerusalem boarders West Bank

Israel surrounded by mountains (Golan Heights) used to stage attacksNow controlled by Israel but still

hostileNo intention of giving up

control of Jerusalem, center of disagreements

The End of Culture….

Test on Monday!!!!!

FRQ Tuesday!!!

Ganges Video Reflection

During the video take notes on the following prompt:

In at least 12 sentences respond to the following prompt:Describe the Human Environmental

Interactions of India.Things to look for: Religious

(Hindi)/cultural symbolism of animals and the natural world

The impact the environment has on their way of life: The way they make their money, Beliefs,

You must use at least 4 examples from the video in your response and they must be from different parts of the video.