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Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Ministry of Water and Irrigation
Groundwater in AZRAQ Basin
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JORDAN : FOURTH DRIEST COUNTRY IN THE
WORLD
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Jordan is an arid to semi arid country
An area of about 90.000 km2.
A population of 6 million.. Annual growth
rate of about 2.2 %
High flow of refugees from surrounding
countries adds burden to water supply
system due to instability in the region .
About 73% of the population lives in
urban areas concentrated in the northern
and middle parts of Jordan .
JORDAN IN FACTS AND FIGURES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jordan_pop.png
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ِAverage Annual Rainfall
• High Land
400 – 600 mm (2.9%)
• Jordan Valley 50-300 mm (5.7%)
• Desert Area (Badia) 50 – 200 mm (91.4%)
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Aquifer Safe Yield
MCM/yr
1) Amman-zarqa 60-70
2) Azraq 30-35
3) Yarmouk 30-35
4) Jordan River
Side Wadis
28-32
5) Jordan River 15-20
6) Dead Sea 40-50
7) Hammad 11-12
8) Sarhan 7-10
9) Jafr 7-10
10) Disi / Mdawara 2-3
ً 11) Wadi Araba /
North
5-7
12) Wadi Araba /
South
4-6
Total 240-294
Ground Water Basins
Hammad
Sarhan
Azraq
Yarmouk
Dead Sea
AlJafar
Amman-
zarqa
Wadi
araba-
South Disi-Mdawara
flow direction of
geound water
Jordan Valley
JV Side
Wadis
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CHALLENGES
Populationgrowth (2.5%/year) and large refugee influxes.
Rising water needs for
expanding economic sectors, such as industry and tourism.
High rate of non-revenue-
water at around 40%. Limited funding and private
sector participation.
Weak coordination with neighboring countries of shared water resources.
Limited energy sources and high dependency on foreign sources (96% of energy comes from imported oil and gas ).
Climate change predictions:
20-25% decrease and strong variability of rainfall; temperature rise of 2ºC
Long distances between areas
of high consumption and of abstraction high transportation costs.
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GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
Jordan is heavily dependent on groundwater resources (over 50% of supply).
10 out of the 12 groundwater basins are over-exploited.
Agriculture is the largest water consumer with 56% of the water use in
Jordan in 2011.
Municipal
347 MCM
39 %
Livestock
8 MCM
ca 1%
Industrial
37 MCM
4 %
Irrigation
506 MCM
56 %
Water consumption in Jordan
by sector (2011)
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OVERVIEW
Basin size: the largest in Jordan
Safe yield: 34 MCM
Elevation: 500 – 1500 masl
Rainfall: 50 - 400 mm/year
Uniqueness: Azraq Oasis
s
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AZRAQ BASIN WATER RESOURCES
Surface Water
Wadi System with seasonal runoff
Two main springs; Druze and shishan
Groundwater
The Upper Shallow Aquifer
The Middle Limestone aquifer
The Deep Sand stone Aquifer
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AZRAQ BASIN DILEMMA
- Groundwater over exploitation
- Around 20 m drawdown in the water table level
Continuous deterioration of water quality.
Ground water over-abstraction has led to complete cessation of the
two main springs
Azraq oasis problem; drought.
Very high évapotranspiration
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OVER ABSTRACTION FROM GROUND WATER BASINS IN
JORDAN
GROUNDWATER BASINS SAFE YIELD (MCM/YEAR) ABSTRACTION (MCM/YEAR) % OF OVER ABSTRACTION
1. JAFR 9,00 24 267%
2. AZRAQ 24 54 225%
3. SIDE WADIS 15 28,5 190%
4. AMMAN-ZARQA 87,5 155 177%
5. NORTHERN WADI ARABA 3,5 5,75 164%
6. SOUTHERN WADI ARABA 5,5 8 145%
7. JORDAN RIVER 21 30 143%
8. DEAD SEA 57 81 142%
9. YARMOUK 40 51 128%
10. SARHAN 5 1 20%
11. HAMMAD 8 0,75 9%
12. DISI AND MUDAWARRA (125) 61,5 Non-renewable
TOTAL 275,50 500,50 182%
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AZRAQ BASIN – AVG. TREND -1.3 M/YR
AS RESULT OF OVER PUMPING
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SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN SALINITY IN MOST
WELLS
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17 wells in deep 200m are operated since the 80s.
Change of quality was detected in water
withdrawn from AWSA wells.
Salt water confined at the center of the basin.
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In order to enhance the groundwater management in
Azraq basin the groundwater resources monitoring is
highly needed.
MWI requested KFW to support monitoring project by
using new technology.
Installing of egis- imaGeau Equipment's at AWSA
wellfield in Azraq basin.
Enhancing sustainable GW management by application
of real –Time and high temporal monitoring schemes.
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Monitoring project to evolution of the
brackish in AWSA wellfield by :
• Measuring electrical conductivity
• Measuring Water level
• Groundwater flow direction
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AWSA WELLFIELD
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SALT-WATER INTRUSION
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PROJECTION OF SALT-WATER INTRUSION
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Immediate ACTION: set up a hydraulic barrier to
confine the brackish water plume :
• increase maximum volume extraction from
southern part of well field (AWSA 12,13,15)
• Install treatment plant (reverse osmosis) to treat
the brackish water
• Mix treated water with groundwater abstracted
from the Northern part of the wellfield
• Pipe and discharge the brines to Qa Al’Azraq for
natural evaporation
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Thank you