Hartman et al 503 ch 2 DR 2014-03-19c.indd

GSA Data Repository Item 2014024—Text, tables, and figures providing documentation and interpretation of works on the stratigraphy and

paleontology of the northern Great Plains, as they pertain to understanding the Hell Creek Formation lectostratotype

To accompany

Hartman, J.H., Butler, R.D., Weiler, M.W., and Schumaker, K.K., 2014, Context, naming, and formal designation of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation lectostratotype, Garfield County,

Montana, in Wilson, G.P., Clemens, W.A., Horner, J.R., and Hartman, J.H., eds., Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and

Adjacent Areas: Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, p. 89–121, doi:10.1130/2014.2503(02).

GSA Special Paper 503-02 Data Repository, Hartman et al., 2014 1

INTRODUCTION

The data repository for this paper provides addi onal fi gures and related text to supplement the following: A) elabora on on the historical context of the naming of the Hell Creek Forma on and comparison to the Flag Bu e sec on; B) a detailed, walking guide examina on of the Hell Creek Forma on lectostratotype; and C) recogni on of Flag Bu e as suffi ciently typical of the Hell Creek Forma- on to permit correla on and comparison to architecture

of the Hell Creek Forma on elsewhere in the Williston Basin. The fi gures and text are organized as much as possible for ease of use in the fi eld and thus, as appropri-ate, organized stra graphically. However, DR-Figures and DR-Tables are sequenced with reference to the main text. Labeled fi gures with fi gure cap ons are self-contained, but should be integrated with other informa on including maps, geologic sec ons, and general views of the Flag Bu e area.

Added Historical Context

East Fork of Hell Creek and Brown’s fi gure 3 The Dawson County plat maps for T. 21–22 N., R. 36–38 W., prior to incorpora on of Garfi eld County, clearly label Ried Coulee (of today) as the “East Fork Hell Creek” (see DR-Fig. 1) (BLM-GLO, 1913) (Hartman et al., 2011). The strata of Flag Bu e and the surrounding terrain were part of direct observa ons made by Brown and others while describing the lithology and lithostra graphy of the Fox Hills, Hell Creek, and Fort Union Forma ons (see DR-Table 1 from East Fork Hell Creek). Unpublished pho-tographs by Brown (DR-Figs. 2, 3) labeled East Fork of Hell Creek, are actually of Ried Coulee (DR-Fig. 4). The Horn-aday map (Clemens and Hartman, this volume), used by Brown (1902) to access the fossil Hell Creek–Snow Creek study area, also helps provides geographic context: 1) “Sieber’s Place” is located near the mouth of Co onwood Creek on a northwest-facing bluff looking toward Hell Creek, and 2) the map reference of a Sieber-discovered Triceratops “possibly 3 miles [4.8 km] from ranch” on the east side of the “E. Fork of Hell Creek” drawn by Hornaday, suggests placing “E. Fork Hell Creek” west of the “Trumbo Ranch Road,” which includes the bu es and highly broken ground on the west side of Hart Creek (DR-Fig. 1). The

orienta on of Hornaday’s drawing of Hell Creek is vague, although Snow Creek appears well placed and the distance from the mouth of Hell Creek to Sieber’s Place is accurate. One can draw a route around Hell Creek to get to Sieber’s Place that is sensible. Circumstan al reasoning suggests that East Fork of Hell Creek is located west of Trumbo Ranch road, which is at odds with the surveyor’s plat maps drawn later (Trumbo Ranch Quadrangle). These details are rela vely important for understanding where primary geologic observa ons and measurements were made by Brown and others, as discussed next. A perusal of hardcopies of the USGS’s “Lexicon of Geologic Names of the United States” (Wilmarth, 1938, or Keroher and others 1966) or its latest electronic incar-na on (h p://ngmdb.usgs.gov) shows that many of the forma ons described in the days of horses and trains are without a formally designated type sec on. To Brown’s (1907) credit, as a vertebrate paleontologist, he provided signifi cant and valuable geologic and paleontologic infor-ma on that seemingly should have been hard for others to ignore as they tried to answer the pressing geological ques ons of the day. In his delivery of data, Brown (1907, fi g. 3; see en-hanced version DR-Fig. 5) provided a complexly pa erned stra graphic sec on of the Hell Creek (Flag Bu e) area. The following review comments on this illustra on in light of other Brown informa on and the Flag Bu e sec on. Brown’s (1907) described beds above Unit 1 (thought to include the Ried Coulee unit or basal sandstone, DR-Fig. 11) as colorful clay (mudstone) beds. DR-Figure 5 shows,

Context, naming, and formal designa on of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Forma on lectostratotype, Garfi eld County, Montana

Joseph H. Hartman, Raymond D. Butler, Ma hew W. Weiler, and Karew K. SchumakerUniversity of North Dakota, Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering

81 Cornell Street, Stop 8358, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA

Data Repository File for GSA Special Paper 503, Part 1

2 GSA Special Paper 503-02 Data Repository, Hartman et al., 2014

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instead, a sandstone sequence containing a pair of coarse sandstone beds. In the text, Brown (1907, p. 832, 834) not-ed two thin beds of sandstone that are usually present and “separated by forty feet (12.2 m) of banded clays,” occu-pying “the same rela ve posi on wherever found . . . each from twelve to fi een feet (3.7–4.6 m) thick” (Units 2b and 2d). Neither the thickness of these units nor their symbol-ism was portrayed with textural accuracy. On the right side of the fi gure, sandstone beds are shown as lateral facies to (sandy) clay (Unit 4a). These diff erent depic ons and facies rela onships are therefore thought to represent a compos-ite sec on based on diff erent loca ons.

Regarding basal sandstone beds, Flight (2004) described two sec ons, one on an unnamed tributary of Gilbert Creek (Site 11; M14388, Gilbert Creek Quadrangle, to east) and one on Cole Creek (Site 3; M14375, Peterson Point Quadrangle, to west), both having a very thick suc-cession of sandstone units with minimal or no mudstone interbeds, in sharp contrast to Flag Bu e. The Cole Creek site, nearest to the valley of Hell Creek, has a measured sec on 27.5-m thick that consists of 95% sandstone, with three mudstone interbeds totaling 5% of the sec on. The Gilbert Creek sec on represents a similar mul stacked

channel sandstone sequence 33.4 m thick with one mudstone interbed represen ng only 4% of the sec on. Therefore, the “Ried Coulee unit,” as it would have been perceived by Brown (1907), should be overwhelmingly sandstone. In the upper beds or member above the basal sand-stone, Brown (1907, fi g. 3; DR-Fig. 5) described dis nc ve strata that are not depicted in his schema c composite

sec on. He iden fi ed “light blue or slate-colored clay” beds (Toothpaste marker?), consis ng of arenaceous clays alterna ng with sandstones and carbonaceous ma er, and two persistent sandstone horizons containing many large brown concre ons, with reported thicknesses of 15 and 20 (4.6–6.1 m), separated by 30 to 40 feet (9.1–12.2 m) of clay. Brown’s diagram, however, does not show these thicknesses or lithologies. The top of the upper sandstone occurs 118.4 (36.1 m) above the base of the Hell Creek Forma on (Brown, 1907, fi g. 3; DR-Fig. 5). Overlying these sandstone beds are “a hundred and sixty feet [48.8] of bluish clays . . . [which] in some locali es . . . gives place to pockets of heavy sandstone” (Unit 4). The total sec on thickness of our Hell Creek here, however, is 278 (84.7

DR-Figure 1, con nued. Thus Hell Creek and East Fork of Hell Creek as known to Hornaday, Brown (1907, 1914), and Leonard (1907), which is their straight-line depic on of Hell Creek, may indicate the true line of the creek path and not just a simplifi ca on of fl ow. The East Fork of Hell Creek on the plat maps is now called Ried Coulee. The Hell Creek Forma on sec on work of Brown and Leon-ard were likely adjacent to Flag Bu e strata. DR-Figure 1 highlights rivers, creeks, ranches, and other deserted ranch buildings and roads of the me. Labels in blue (and associated features) are added for reference. All roads and creeks are color-enhanced in their original confi gura on. The John and Sylvia Trumbo Ranch (circle added) that is known to many paleontologists (not the homestead of Elmer Trumbo) is near the Sensiba brothers’ cabin and corral (map was enhanced, but not otherwise altered; permission from Garfi eld County Clerk and Recorder, 2008). Although other “Sensibi” map loca ons are known, this one is almost exactly the requisite 12 miles from the mouth of Hell Creek noted on the W. T. Hornaday map used by Barnum Brown in his 1902 explora on of the Hell Creek badlands (see Clemens and Hartman, this volume). Brown wrote that “it was at the head of one of these canyons, Hell Creek, that they established camp at the old Max Sieber ranch . . .12 miles [19.3 km] S. of the Missouri River” (Brown, 1902).

DR-Figure 2. Brown’s photograph of Ried Coulee to Flag Bu e (far right). Pyramid shape (“˄”) indicates same feature as in Figure 7 and DR-Figures 3, 4. Photo cap on reads “Laramie Badlands. East Fork Hell Creek[,] Mont.” Added cap on “A.M.N.H photo 680-18776 (79E-2-27)” (Brown photo 176).

DR-Figure 3. Brown’s photograph in Ried Coulee of dis nc ve feature (“˄”) (see Figure 7 and DR-Fig. 2, 4). Brown’s photo cap on reads “Fossil beds. East Fork Hell Creek.” Added photo cap on “AMNH photo 679-18175 (79E-2-26)” (Brown photo 175). View interpreted to be southeasterly in East Ried Coulee, a tributary of Ried Coulee.


m), closely matching Brown’s fi gure 1 (1 inch = 100 ). The “clay” strata (Unit 4) overlying the pair of sand-stone beds are depicted using dots for clay and shale, or dots with dashes for sandy clay, but the pa ern is not uniform (see DR-Fig. 5). Therefore, lateral and ver cal facies changes in clas c content are inferred from these symbols. In addi on, nowhere in fi gure 3 (DR-Fig. 5) does Brown show his “heavy sandstone” beds. In comparison, cliff -forming sandstone units are common above the JenRex sandstone (i.e., Brown’s sandstone pair) in the Flag Bu e sec on. These include the F, P, Apex, J–K, and E–F sandstones (see DR-Table 2).

A. G. Leonard’s contribu on to naming the Hell Creek Forma on

Among the historic records available to us, Leonard (September 20, 1906, p. 6) clearly documented his travels and fi eldwork with Brown in “Dawson” County: “Rode with Mr. Barnum Brown from our camp on Gilbert Creek west across the head tributaries of Crooked Creek (DR-Figs. 6–9, 12, 24) to the east fork of Hell Creek (Ried Coulee) (DR-Fig. 10), coming down to the creek at the Anderson ranch [located at a ‘good spring’ es mated to be in sec. 19 or 20, T. 21 N., R. 38 E., Maloney Hill Quadrangle, DR-Fig. 14] , several miles [km] from the head of the East Fork of Hell Creek [Ried Coulee]. Our course followed along one to three miles [1.6–4.8 km] north of the bare clay bluff s which extend along the divide at the head of the valleys tributary to the Missouri. The many tributary valleys which head up against their bluff s begin as steep-sided gullies, which within a short distance become deep gorges 75–100 feet [22.9–30.5 m] deep and over (DR-Fig. 15). Followed down one or two miles [1.6–3.2 km] these gorges widen out, their bo om broaden and the slopes become less

steep, un l 6, 8, or 10 miles [9.7, 12.9, 16.1 km] below they open out onto the Missouri valley.” Leonard (September 21, 1906, p. 7)–“Hell Creek Sec on. Spent the day with Mr. Brown in the valley of East Fork of Hell Creek, studying the Fort Union, Laramie [~Hell Creek Forma on], Fox Hills and Pierre forma ons, all of which are well shown” (see measured Sec on M3929, DR-Fig. 16; generally located on map DR-Fig. 6) (forma on

names and bullets added below; underscores in original).

Hell Creek Forma on • “The basal sandstone of the Laramie is fi nely ex-posed in the gorge at the headwaters of the East Fork of Hell Creek [Ried Coulee] where it has the excep onal thick-ness of 150(?) feet [45.7 m] (DR-Fig. 17). • At some points along this gorge a por on of the thickness was composed of clays, some mes with the basal sandstone above and below, the clay beds being enclosed by the sandy strata. • This basal sandstone is said by Mr. Brown to be al-most universally present at the base of the Laramie of this region, its average thickness being about 100 feet [30.5 m], though may be less than this. • The sandstone is very massive, seldom showing bedding planar or uniform layers; o en shows cross-lam-ina ons and contains large numbers of large sandstone concre ons, some of them 8’–10’ [2.44–3.05 m] long and

DR-Figure 4. View easterly across Ried Coulee of dis nc ve fea-ture noted in Brown photo (see Figure 7 and DR-Figs. 2, 3; “˄”) (Hartman photo 2008f C34372).

DR-Figure 5. Brown’s (1907) fi g. 3 redrawn and enhanced to show the various details of Hell Creek Forma on lithologies (see Summary for details). Brown noted that the Hell Creek Forma on could be subdivided into lower and upper members and this fi g-ure emphasizes that dis nc on, although his text indicates that the rela ve distribu on of sandstones and mudstones is variable.


several feet [meters] in diameter” (DR-Fig. 2).

Fox Hills Forma on (DR-Figs. 17–19) • “Below the basal sandstone of the Laramie there are about 60’ [18.3 m] of light gray to buff clays, near the top of which there is a 6’ [1.8 m] bed of sandstone which weathers to a light yellow. • These Mr. Brown considers Fox Hills. The beds have yielded very few fossils and the few that have been found have been iden fi ed as belonging to the Fox Hills.”

Bearpaw Shale • “The light colored, buff clays overlying the dark gray clays of the Pierre, which show below the forks of Hell

Creek [East and main], resembles closely the clays occu-pying the same posi on at mouth of Cedar Creek, above Glendive . . .” (see discussion concerning sec on at Iron Bluff ) (DR-Figs. 19, 20). • From 100–200 [30.5–61 m] feet or over of Pierre shale are exposed along Hell Creek valley, making the thickness of the beds exposed from the Missouri river level to top of the divide near Percy Williamson’s ranch [see note below], about 750 feet [228.6 m]” (see DR-Table 3). Leonard (September 23, 1906).–“Hell Creek Sec on. Spent the day in the valley of Hell Creek, below Anderson’s Ranch (DR-Fig. 14), going from the ranch as far as the forks [Hell Creek and East Fork (Ried Coulee], or down to the main valley. Clark rode the saddle horse north as far as the

DR-Figure 6. In 1906, four years a er Brown made his ini al traverse into Hell Creek country, Leonard (1907, pl. XII) covered much the same route and exposures. Leonard measured the sec ons denoted by Mnos, made other observa ons, and took photographs of the type sec on of the Colgate Member (his sec on was used as the defacto “stratotype”) and of sec ons at Miles City, Crooked Creek, and Hell Creek, where he measured a complete sec on on “East Fork Hell Creek” Leonard (1907, p. 199; Sec on M3929) (see text for discussion).


Missouri river at the mouth of Hell Creek (Leonard, 1906b, p 9). Lester Twitchell (Jordan, Montana) showed Bill Clemens (UC-Berkeley, 2011, wri en communica on) the loca on of the Williamson Ranch, as being south of the White Horse Divide at the head of White Horse Creek (SW ¼ SE ¼ NW ¼ sec. 17, T. 20 N., R. 38 E., Jordan NW Quad-

rangle). Hornaday photographed the “odd li le place” in August 1904 (Brown and Felton, 1956, p. 87) showing it immediately adjacent to the dissected breaks of the Fort Union Forma on. Leonard (1906b, p. 8) recorded that the “Anderson’s house was 100’ [30.1 m] below the top of the divide where the road crosses it.” Leonard’s (1906b, p. 7) es mate of 750 [228.6 m] of available sec on from river level (not lake) to the divide is as good an es mate as any. Leonard (September 23, 1906) observed that “[t]he total thickness of the Laramie of this region is only about 400 feet [121.9 m] and the dinosaur bones are confi ned to beds less than 200 feet [60.2 m] in thickness” (more on these measurements below) (Leonard, 1906b, p. 10).

DR-Figure 7. In footnote, Brown (1907) noted a much handsom-er (and more accurate) map of his study area in Dawson County. Produced for bird observa ons (Cameron, 1907), this map also shows a south to north Hell Creek.

DR-Figure 8. At the me of Brown and Leonard, Dawson County was in its sixth confi gura on (as of March 1893 with the crea on of Valley County) before the incorpora on of Garfi eld County in 1919 (trimmed and enhanced from Long, 2010, p. 84).

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(Leonard 1907, p. 199): “It will be seen from the above sec on that in this region between the top of the Fox Hills and the base of the Fort Union, with its abundant and varied fl ora, there are only 400 feet [121.9 m] of the dinosaur-bearing strata, even including the beds of No. 6, the age of which is not wholly beyond ques on” [see Iron Bluff discussion]. Although the thickness of the Pierre Shale is greater than that reported by some (see current exposed Bearpaw, DR-Fig. 20), available relief exists to account for the aver-age thickness of units reported by Leonard from the valley of Hell Creek near the mouth of Ried Coulee (Creek) to the upland plains and ridges (e.g., Hogs Back–White Horse Divides, 47.49385° N, 106.94097° W to 47.49929383 N, 106.89343539 W, respec vely [NAD83 and NAD27conus], on the Jordan NW Quadrangle). Leonard (1907) diff eren- ated these basic units: Pierre (Unit 1; Fig. 16); Fox Hills

(Unit 2); basal [Hell Creek] sandstone (Unit 3); [Hell Creek] mudstone and sandstone sequence (Unit 4); u lized a con-tact coal to diff eren ate the “dinosaur-bearing beds from overlying strata (Unit 5)”; and diff eren ated between the “Tullock (Unit 6);” and “Lebo (Unit 7)” units. In recognizing

the “contact” coal, he noted its apparent traceable distri-bu on for over 25 miles (40 km). Which “Z lignite” (of Ar-chibald, 1980) he was referring to may be a moot point in the context of general study of the me, but Leonard likely saw a thick coal bed at or just above the actual forma onal contact throughout the study area (DR-Fig. 21). Leonard (1907, p. 199).–“In many places in north-western Dawson [Garfi eld] County, par cularly along the streams fl owing into the Missouri, and in the badlands of the region, the dinosaur-bearing beds and overlying Fort Union are well exposed. At the head of Crooked Creek, which fl ows northward into the Missouri a few miles [km] below Hell Creek, the following sec on was measured, beginning near the base of the Fort Union forma on . . .” (DR-Figs. 22, 23). Leonard’s (1906b, 1907) study of the Crooked Creek sec on (M3930) preceded his mee ng with Barnum Brown. Leonard arrived at Percy Williamson’s Ranch on September 16, stayed the night, and headed out for Gilbert Creek the following morning, making observa ons on his way towards Brown’s camp (Leonard, 1906a). On Septem-ber 18, Leonard measured the “Sec on of Laramie beds at

DR-Figure 10. Northeasterly aerial oblique view of Hell Creek Forma on stratotype area between Ried and East Ried Coulees. Arrows indicate a few of the primary (noted herein) photography loca ons. Red dots are waypoints represen ng various geological observa- ons (annotated Google Earth image). See enlarged aerial views in DR-Figures 35, 38, 56, 57; App. A-Fig. 2).


the head of Crooked Creek” (DR-Fig. 23), thought here to be in or near sec. 10, T. 21 N., R. 39 E., Kester School Quad-rangle. Leonard reported his measured sec on began near the base of the Fort Union Forma on, but a signifi cant part of that can be assigned to the Hell Creek Forma on based on fi eld observa ons and the current mapping of the Fort Peck East Quadrangle (Wilde and Bergan no, 2004) (see DR-Fig. 24). “On returning to camp [on Crooked Creek] found Mr. Barnum Brown and the informa on which follows . . . ,” reads like a dra paper of Brown’s 1907 descrip on of his lithic units. Acknowledgment is also given to “Mr. Hoff man of Miles City [who] has accurate and detailed knowledge of the country. Also has very fi ne pictures of the region . . .” (Leonard, 1906b, p. 4). Leonard clearly includes the Hell Creek–Fort Union contact in his study and his sec on units are rela vely fi nely divided, providing an opportunity to understand an early perspec ve on the lithic units of the Hell Creek Forma on.

DR-Figure 11. Brown (1907, p. 830, fi g. 4) photograph of “basal sandstone showing concre ons [from the] Hell Creek beds on Crooked Creek, Montana” (see also DR-Figs. 2, 4, 12). Brown (1907, p. 828) reported that “[o]verlying the Fox Hills there is a fresh-water deposit that is rich in vertebrate fossils. These beds are exposed on the Yellowstone River at Sen nel Bu e near Forsyth; at Glendive; near Ekalaka and at Hocke P. O., south of the Yellowstone. They are probably con nuous with the dino-saur-bearing beds of the Li le Missouri, and of the Grand and Moreau Rivers, judging from the fauna of the la er districts. These beds, with overlying and underlying deposits, are typically exposed on Hell Creek and nearby tributaries of the Missouri Riv-er; hence they have been designated the Hell Creek beds.” The features of the basal sandstone noted by Brown in the Ried Creek drainage are shown in DR-Figures 37 and 40.

DR-Figure 12. Brown (1907, p. 833, fi g. 6) illustrated the “[b]asal sandstone, corrugated phase [on the] west fork of Crooked Creek” (DR-Fig. 13; loca on map, DR-Fig. 24). Brown (1907, p. 831) reported that “[n]ear the eastern border of the outcrop, east of Gilbert Creek, the basal sandstone changes considerably in color, form and texture. The light sepia color changes to a gray, and the massive sandstones are less compactly cemented. They weather rapidly into steep, fl uted cañons as shown in [f]ig. 6 [DR-Figs. 13, 24; see DR-Figs. 60, 79]. These sandstones simply melt away before a driving rain, like sugar. Concre ons are numerous in this zone and are usually globular or lens-shaped. Compact, hard sandstones, showing laminated structure, frequently occur in this eastern region.” This type of sandstone weathering and concre ons are also common in the JenRex sandstone (compare to exposures shown in DR-Figs. 9, 59, 92).

DR-Figure 13. Dis nguishing between the Colgate Member sandstone and the basal Hell Creek sandstone may pose a problem in certain thick sand-on-sand exposures. Dobbin and Reeside (1929, pl. 4c; Dobbin photo 132, c. 1923, USGS Pho-tography Library 2901, dce00132) also noted a similar fl uted weathered surface in the Colgate Member sandstone of the Fox Hills sandstone in a railroad cut [3.5 mi, 5.6 km] west of Marm-arth, Slope County, North Dakota.


DR-Figure 14. Brown photograph of “Camp at Anderson’s ranch. East Fork Hell Creek, Mont.” (A.M.N.H. photo 703-28753) (79E-3-1). The exact camp and Anderson’s Ranch loca on are unknown but likely occur in the broader meander bends of Ried Coulee, sugges ng sec. 19, T. 21 N., R. 38 E. (le arrow – Anderson, right arrow – camp.)

DR-Figure 15. Leonard photograph of “Washout canyon” (1906 #7, photo courtesy of Ed Murphy, Records of the North Dakota Geological Survey). Leonard said that the exposures were good because of recent rains.

DR-Figure 17. Leonard photograph of “Sandstone and cliff s” (1906 #8, photo courtesy of Ed Murphy (Records of the North Dakota Geological Survey). Leonard’s (1906, p. 10) fi eld notes record the (No. 7) contact between Fox Hills and Laramie, with this photo (No. 8) being a close-up view of the contact.


DR-Figure 16. “Sec on on Hell Creek” as interpreted by A. G. Leonard (1907, p. 199 [M3929]) when employed as a fi eld geologist in 1906 by the U.S. Geological Sur-vey to make coal-bed observa ons in east-central Montana. Although the thickness of the Pierre Shale is suspect, available relief exists for the average thickness of units presented here from the valley of Hell Creek near the mouth of Jordan Coulee (Creek) to the upland plains and ridges (e.g., Hogs Back, 47.49385° N, 106.94097° W, NAD83, on the Jordan NW Quad-rangle). With Brown’s (1907) input (at least in some way), Leonard diff eren ated the basic units: Pierre, Fox Hills, basal Hell Creek sandstone, middle and upper Hell Creek mudstone and sandstone sequence, Tullock, and Lebo units. Leonard also recognized a “con-tact” coal and noted its apparent traceable distribu on.


DR-Figure 18. Leonard photograph of “Fox Hills beds on [at the level of] Hell Creek” (Leonard fi eld notes, 1906, p. 10) (recorded on back of photo: 1906 #6, 9/23/06). Photo courtesy of Ed Mur-phy (Records of the North Dakota Geological Survey).

DR-Figure 21. Leonard photograph of contact between the Lara-mie and overlying Fort Union strata. Recorded as “U.S.G.S. 1906 #9 Contact of Laramie and Fort Union forma on Smoke Bu e Creek, about 4 miles [6.4 km] from Chalk Bu e. Dawson Co., Mont.” Arrow points to person. Cap on informa on recorded in Leonard (Sept. 29) fi eld notes as “Photo No. 11.” Photo courtesy of Ed Murphy (Records of the North Dakota Geological Survey).

DR-Figure 19. Brown (1907, p. 828, fi g. 2) illustrated the dark-col-ored “Pierre shale” beds overlain by the lighter colored Fox Hills Forma on from exposures on Crooked Creek. “The clays are grayish yellow and of a decidedly lighter color than the Pierre shales (Fig. 2). They conformably overlie and merge into the darker shale beds below but a dis nct structural change [change in slope] is immediately apparent. On Hell Creek and in that vicinity the apparent unconformity is due en rely to slipping and never shows in a clean-cut sec on” (Brown, 1907, p. 826). Labels and arrow at contact were added.

DR-Figure 20. Northeasterly view of Bearpaw, Fox Hills, and Hell Creek Forma ons exposed on east side of Hell Creek (Fort Peck Lake) op-posite Hell Creek State Park (P. Hartman photo 2008e P1010835).


DR-Figure 22. View of 1.6-m [Leonard: 5.5 =1.67 m, JHH: 1.49 m] thick contact lignite interval in headwaters area of West Fork of Crooked Creek at Waypoint 179 (Hartman photo 2009h C37261-37266 compsite1), with Don McCollor and 10-cm incremented staff .

DR-Figure 23. Diagramma c representa on of Leonard’s (1907) sec on on Crooked Creek with division of the sec on according to current forma onal units. Although Leonard (1907, p. 200) considered the coal (Unit 29) to be extensive, he wrote that it occurred “90 to 100 feet [27.4–30.1 m] below [sic] the top of the dinosaur-bearing beds” (see map App. A-Fig. 2).


Veatch on the Laramie Problem: The concern over a Fox Hills–Hell Creek forma onal unconformity

Regarding the discordance and the Laramie problem, Ve-atch (1907, p. 526) stated: (1) [T]he ligni ferous series, which in the Laramie Plains lies between the Montana below and the Fort Union above, and has a maximum thickness of about 12,500 feet [3810 m], is divided about the middle by an unconformity; (2) [T]his unconformity is the same stra graphic plane and con nuous with the unconformity which in the vicinity of Carbon and to the southeast separates all the Laramie beds studied by the Hayden and King [territorial survey] par es from the underlying Cretaceous; (3) [T]he beds above the unconformity rest, o en with great divergence of dip, on all the underlying beds down to and including the Dakota [Sandstone]; and (4) [T]he basal conglomerate, locally well developed at the horizon of the unconformity, while composed largely of materials derived from the underlying Cretaceous rocks, notably the Benton [Shale], contains pebbles and bowlders [sic] from the pre-Cambrian crystallines now exposed in the hearts of the surrounding ranges.” Many USGS and other papers of the me haggled over the presence of this unconformity in specifi c geologic sec ons, including the coal reports (DR-Fig. 25) that describe the Fox Hills–Lance (Hell Creek) forma onal contact (example below). Brown’s stra graphic observa ons apparently apply to McCone County (“East side of Big Dry Creek”). He reported a prominent and extensive, 4–8-inch [10.1–20.3 cm] bed of shells of “Corbula cf. subtrigonalis” at the ranch house of John Willis. The Willis homestead loca on is

presently under water on the west side of Dry Arm of the Fort Peck Reservoir on the Spring Creek Bay Quadrangle in sec. 10, T. 23 N., R. 42 E., Garfi eld County (DR-Fig. 26; BLM/GLO, 1912). The Fox Hills–Hell Creek forma onal contact is not exposed here under inundated reservoir condi ons, but was iden fi ed on the 1955 geologic map of Montana (Andrews et al., 1944). Brown proposed that the Fox Hills–Hell Creek contact be “arbitrarily” placed 20 [6.1 m] above the rust-red sandstone beds. He reported

that the contact shows “. . . laminated shaly sandstones, usually capped by a thin layer of fl a ened limonite-cov-ered concre ons that mark the point of contact with the overlying fresh-water sandstones.” Brown (1914, p. 357, 358) noted that varia on exists in this transi on from Fox Hills to Hell Creek strata and that in the area of the “east-ern” (Dry Arm) exposures, he “. . . o en found it impossible to establish any defi nite line of demarca on between the two beds [Fox Hills and Hell Creek].”


DR-Figure 24. Wilde and Bergan no’s (2004; Fort Peck East Quadrangle) map of Crooked Creek puts Brown’s (1907, p. 832, 834) descrip on of the upper Hell Creek beds from the east fork of Crooked Creek and elsewhere into context: “Immediately overlying the basal sandstone there is a stratum of blue or slate-colored clay [toothpaste marker] about twelve feet [3.7 m] thick which in local sec ons . . . increases to a thickness of thirty feet [9.14 m], where it is highly colored, purple at base and light blue above [see text] . . . Beds of river-sorted gravel occur in these two strata [of sandstone]. They invariably contain waterworn fragments of bones and shells. An example may be seen near Mr. Oscar Hunter’s fence near Crooked Creek where the gravel is cemented into a conglomerate capping a low ridge. This bed is a hundred yards long and stained a dark rusty color, contras ng with the light color of the surround-ing beds. Between these sandstone strata and below them, invertebrates are frequently found.” Hunter’s fence is interpreted to be in the vicinity of Locality L1156. Lnos and Mnos indicate other fossils locali es and measured sec ons in text. “W-nos” refer to waypoint observa ons, some of which are noted in text.


DR-Figure 25. General geology of North American Western Interior con nental and marine strata (U. S. Geological Survey North Amer-ican Tapestry and Terrain map [part]), with overlay of county and province data. USGS geologists studied the northern Great Plains geology as a resource and divided it into various coalfi elds. Selected coalfi eld reports have been added to the above geologic map to provide context for thickness tallies noted in Table 3. Numbers follow those given by Collier and Knechtel (1939, fi g. 1): 01–McCone; 02–Washburn; 03–New Salem; 04–Cannonball; 05–Standing Rock and Cheyenne River; 06–Fort Berthold; 07–Fort Berthold; 08–Willis-ton; 09–Sen nel Bu e; 10–northwestern South Dakota; 11–Culbertson; 12–Scobey; 13–Fort Peck; 14–Sidney; 15–Glendive; 16–Terry; 17–Baker; 18–Ekalaka; 19–Li le Sheep Mountain; 20–Miles City; 21–Marmarth; 22–Tullock Creek; 23–Bull Mountain; 24–Sheridan; 25–Powder River; 26–Li le Powder River; 27–Gille e; 28–northward extension of Sheridan; 29–Ashland; 30–Rosebud; 31–Forsyth; 32–Richey–Lambert; 33–Mizpah; 34–area south of Custer; 35–Nesson An cline; 36–Big Horn County and Crow Reserva on; 37–Garfi eld County; 38–Crazy Mountain Basin; 39–Bo neau, McHenry, and Ward Coun es, North Dakota; 40–Mercer and Oliver Coun es, North Dakota; 41–Elk Basin, 42–Bighorn Basin; and 43-Pumpkin Bu es. See Table 1 for geology abbrevia ons.


DR-Figure 26. Barnum Brown (1907, fi g. 1) locality map (in part) rec fi ed to a mod-ern USGS base map. This map includes Brown locali es and other features adja-cent to Dry Arm south of Fort Peck Dam on the Missouri River. Note there are two Brownie Bu es in the region (see also Fig. 1).


The Fox Hills Forma on and Colgate Member in Historical Context

Colgate Member. Frequently observed, but some- mes mistakenly iden fi ed (Tschudy, 1971), the “Colgate

sandstone member” was named by Calvert (1912, p. 194) a er “its prominent development in the vicinity of Colgate sta on, on the Northern Pacifi c Railway” (DR-Figs. 13; 27a, b) for a “mass of arenaceous strata which a ains a maxi-mum thickness of about 175 feet [53.3 m]” (DR-Figs. 28, 29). Calvert (1907) cited Leonard (1907, p. 198) for what is eff ec vely a defacto (undeclared) stratotype of the Colgate Sandstone (DR-Figs. 30, 31). No formal declara on of a stratotype was made by Calvert (1912, p. 194), as was the prac ce, but the geologic sec on of Leonard (1907) de-limited a stratotype area as good as any of the turn-of-the century stra graphic units (DR-Table 4). The stratotype area of the Colgate Member of the Fox Hills Forma on (otherwise undivided) was mapped and/or compiled by Vuke and Colton (1998) and Vuke et al. (2003) in the Glendive and Wibaux 30×60-minute Quad-rangles (DR-Fig. 30). This fi gure was enhanced to be er diff eren ate the Colgate Member (bright green; Kfc). Iron Bluff is interpreted to be the northwestern-trending ridge indicated in sec. 2, T. 14 N., R. 55 E. (DR-Fig. 31). The “Colgate sandstone member of Lance forma on” was interpreted by USGS geologists of the me to be of Cretaceous or Ter ary age (DR-Table 5), but other than interpreta on of the plants by Knowlton (in Calvert, 1912), all other lines of evidence were thought to point to a Cretaceous assignment (Calvert, 1912, unnumbered table, p. 192). The Colgate Sandstone was included in the Lance Forma on, but Calvert noted that “the Iron Bluff sec on

appears in transi on from the Pierre shale into the over-lying arenaceous strata, which suggests that the [Colgate] sandstone occupies the stra graphic posi on of the Fox Hills” (Calvert, 1912, p. 194). Calvert con nued: “The facts so far as known at the present me, there-fore, will not allow an exact determina on of the age of the lower part of the Colgate sandstone member. If it can be determined that the lower part is Fox Hills, then the sandstone must necessarily be considered as made up of two dis nc ve parts, the line of separa on depending on paleontologic evidence. If, on the other hand, the fl ora obtained on Iron Bluff about 70 feet [21.3 m] above the Pierre shale is found to con nue down to the base of the sandy beds, the Colgate sandstone should be considered merely as a member of the Lance forma on” (Calvert, 1912, p. 195) (DR-Table 5). Subsequent authors viewed the Colgate as an upper member of the Fox Hills Forma on (e.g., Thom and Ree-side, 1924, and authors cited). However, ques ons regard-ing conformability between units persisted at the me. A brackish and con nental origin for the Colgate Member is known even in its type area, where thin carbo-naceous beds and lignite occur near its top (DR-Figs. 32a, 32b, and 33), along with con nental plants and mollusks. In two rela vely recent studies involving sequence stra -graphic analysis that included the Colgate Member in Garfi eld County (Flight, 2004; Behringer, 2008), a brackish to con nental origin was interpreted for Colgate sand-stones. Both studies considered the Colgate to have been deposited in ribbonlike incised valleys cut into the coastal plain during a lowstand, and fi lled by meandering fl uvial channels or dally infl uenced (estuarine) channels.


DR-Figure 27a, b (inset). Fig. 27a. Colgate Member sandstone type area as delimited by Calvert (1912; fi g. 1, modifi ed and enhanced) on the Cedar Creek An cline near the Colgate Railroad Sta on (now siding), Glendive and Upper Magpie Reservoir Quadrangles (Fig. 27b). Arrows points to photos of Dobbin (in Dobbin and Reeside, 1929; and USGS Photography Library) and type area of Colgate Member. Figure 27b nota on includes Iron Bluff loca on, eff ec vely the stratotype sec on (see also Leonard, 1907).

DR-Figure 27b. Stratotype area of the Colgate Member of Fox Hills Forma on. Calvert (1912, p. 194) stated “prominent development in the vicinity of Colgate sta on, on the Northern Pacifi c Railway.” Photos by Dobbin (in Dobbin and Reeside, 1929) were shot in the breaks descending to the Yellowstone valley lowlands “4 miles [6.4 km] southwest of Glendive.”


DR-Figure 28. View of Colgate sandstone in its type area, 4 mi (6.4 km) southwest of Glendive. Dawson County, Montana (note per-son for scale, center at grass level; modifi ed from Dobbin and Reeside, 1929, pl. 5c) (Dobbin photo c. 1923, 147, USGS Field Records Library USGS 2903, dce00147).

DR-Figure 29. Similar loca on just south of junc on of Pedersen Drive and Marsh Road with south- and west-facing bluff s (Butler photo 2009h 1127) (see photo arrow 3 on DR-Fig. 27a).

DR-Figure 30. Stratotype area of the Colgate Member of Fox Hills Forma on (otherwise undivided), Glendive and Wibaux 30x60-min-ute Quadrangles (mapped and/or compiled by Vuke and Colton (1998) and Vuke et al. (2003). The above map has been enhanced to more drama cally show and diff eren ate the Colgate Member (bright green; Kfc). Iron Bluff is interpreted to be the ridge indicated in Sec on 2, T. 14 N., R. 55 E. No formal declara on of a stratotype was made by Calvert (1912, p. 194), as was the prac ce, but the geologic sec on given (referencing Leonard, 1907) delimits a stratotype area as good as any turn-of-the century stra graphic unit. The Haskell Ranch was located from serial patent data from accession number 595051, BLM-GLO Records Web site.

DR-Figure 31 (below). Iron Bluff profi le (Dobbin and Reeside, 1929, enhanced fi g. 4).


DR-Figures 32a, b. Fig. 32a (le ). Outcrop of top of Colgate sandstone member south and east of Marsh–Pederson Road intersec- on. DR-Fig. 32 b (right) view south toward Colgate siding showing gentle dip of east fl ank of Cedar Creek An cline (Hartman photos

2002n C10671d and C10670d).

DR-Figure 33. Same lateral exposure of Colgate Member viewed to northwest adjacent to Marsh-Pederson Road with sec on of over-lying “Marmarth” sandstone in lower part of Hell Creek Forma on (Hartman photo 2002n C10667d2) (see photo arrow 2 on DR-Fig. 27a).


DR-Figure 34. Early morning easterly view of Flag Bu e and Hell Creek Forma on stratotype area. View from Waypoint 125 just west of truck trail (see Fig. 5, DR-Fig. 10) (Hartman photo 2008h C34609). Trail oriented northwest to southeast (le ) showing direct access to main sec on of Hell Creek Forma on stratotype at Flag Bu e (dashed line up slope on right).





Flag Bu e lectostratotype observa ons and data

The following sec on is based on the main text and fi gure cap ons for explana on. The sequence of images starts with an overlook perspec ve (Waypoint 125, DR-Fig. 34). Flag Bu e, itself, is not otherwise easily visible because of obscuring topographic features (e.g., School Sec on Divide). The inclusive images DR-Figs. 34 through 77 are in stra graphic order.

DR-Table 2 and the Flag Bu e geologic sec on photographs that follow include the voucher sample and basic raw data for the organiza on of observa ons for this paper.


DR-F

igur

e 35

. Nor

thea

ster

ly m

ap v

iew

of l

ower

par

t of H

ell C

reek

For

ma

on

stra

toty

pe a

rea

betw

een

Ried

and

Eas

t Rie

d Co

ulee

s. A

rrow

s ind

icat

e a

few

of t

he p

rimar

y (n

oted

her

ein)

pho

togr

aphi

c lo

ca o

ns. R

ed d

ot w

aypo

ints

repr

esen

t geo

logi

cal o

bser

va o

ns. Y

ello

w li

nes r

epre

sent

hik

ing

rout

es to

and

from

the

low

er g

eolo

gic

sec

on

(Fox

Hill

s For

ma

on)

nea

r con

fl uen

ce o

f Rie

d an

d Ea

st R

ied

Coul

ees (

at n

orth

arr

ow h

ead)

, pro

ceed

ing

from

truc

k pa

rkin

g ar

ea in

to R

ied

Coul

ee e

xpos

ures

of t

he F

ox

Hills

For

ma

on,

then

ce u

p se

c o

n to

war

d Fl

ag B

u e

to th

e ea

st (m

odifi

ed G

oogl

e Ea

rth

imag

e). S

ec o

n 11

3 in

clud

es F

ox H

ills t

o ba

sal H

ell C

reek

For

ma

ons

. Sec

on

119

incl

udes

topm

ost F

ox H

ills a

nd b

asal

Hel

l Cre

ek F

orm

a o

n. S

ec o

n 12

0 in

clud

es b

asal

Hel

l Cre

ek F

orm

a o

n th

roug

h To

othp

aste

mar

ker.


DR-Figure 37. Southwesterly view across Ried Coulee of “very” conformable Fox Hills–Hell Creek forma onal contact (Butler photo 0849). Represents an example (as noted by Brown, 1914) of an exposure where the forma ons are diffi cult to diff eren ate. Channel-ing within Fox Hills evident at several horizons. Arrows indicate a par cularly well-expressed example.

DR-Figure 36. Scouring into underlying Fox Hills Forma on in East Ried Coulee (Hartman photo 2008e C33394) is locally common occurrence.


DR-F

igur

e 38

. Nor

thea

ster

ly m

ap v

iew

of t

he E

ast R

ied

Coul

ee a

nd F

lag

Bu e

uni

ts o

f Hel

l Cre

ek F

orm

a o

n st

rato

type

are

a be

twee

n Ea

st R

ied

Coul

ee a

nd a

trib

utar

y of

Ri

ed C

oule

e. A

rrow

s ind

icat

e a

few

of t

he p

rimar

y (n

oted

her

ein)

pho

togr

aphy

loca

ons

. Red

dot

way

poin

ts re

pres

ent g

eolo

gica

l obs

erva

ons

. Yel

low

line

s rep

rese

nt tr

an-

sect

of g

eolo

gic

sec

ons

. The

LeC

ain

et a

l. (t

his v

olum

e) p

aleo

mag

sec

on

follo

ws t

he e

aste

rly e

dge

of th

e Fl

ag B

u e

ridg

es to

war

d Ea

st R

ied

Coul

ee. (

Goog

le E

arth

imag

e;

see

DR-F

igs.

56,

57)

Not

e da

shed

yel

low

line

mar

king

trai

l fro

m S

ec o

n 11

9 to

Sec

ons

128

, 135

, and

140

at b

ase

of F

lag

Bu e

.


DR-Figures 39a, b. Fig. 39a (lower), Fig. 39b (upper). Flag Bu e sec on with sample collec on numbers (see Fig. 6 illustra ng Flag Bu e sec on in one view without sample numbers).


DR-Figures 39a, Fig. 39b (upper). Flag Bu e sec on with sample collec on numbers (see Fig. 6 illustra ng Flag Bu e sec on in one view without sample numbers).


DR-F

igur

e 4

0 . E

aste

rly p

anor

amic

vie

w th

at in

clud

es e

n re

are

a of

Hel

l Cre

ek F

orm

a o

n st

rato

type

, with

focu

s on

Fox

Hills

–Hel

l Cre

ek fo

rma

ona

l con

tact

in fo

regr

ound

and

Hel

l Cr

eek–

Fort

Uni

on fo

rma

ona

l con

tact

in b

ackg

roun

d ne

ar to

p of

Fla

g Bu

e. P

hoto

take

n fr

om W

aypo

int 1

14 (s

ee A

pp. A

-Fig

. 2).

The

fore

grou

nd m

eand

er b

end

of R

ied

Coul

ee in

-cl

udes

the

uppe

r tw

o-th

irds o

f the

Fox

Hill

s For

ma

on

(Sec

on

113)

, and

bas

al sa

ndst

one

of th

e He

ll Cr

eek

Form

a o

n (U

nit 1

; Sec

on

119,

see

DR-F

ig. 4

1) c

orre

late

d w

ith S

ec o

n 12

0 (a

s see

n in

Fig

. 6, A

pp. A

-Fig

. 2; D

R-Fi

gs. 3

5, 4

6). T

he lo

wer

par

t of t

he H

ell C

reek

For

ma

on

con

nue

s alo

ng S

ec o

n 12

8 (s

lope

of m

udst

ones

and

JenR

ex sa

ndst

one)

, and

the

uppe

r par

t of t

he fo

rma

on

occu

rs a

t Fla

g Bu

e. “

A” c

ircle

show

s Joh

n Sc

anel

la (M

useu

m o

f the

Roc

kies

) hol

ding

1.5

-m Ja

cob

staff

in

low

er p

art o

f Fox

Hill

s For

ma

on

in S

ec o

n 11

3 (H

artm

an p

hoto

200

8f C

3440

3 co

mpo

site)

.


DR-Figure 41. Northeasterly view of Fox Hills–Hell Creek forma onal contact demarcated by loglike channel sandstone concre ons that frequently occur as a pavement forming a bench between the two forma ons. Hartman photo observa on (2008f C34412) taken from Waypoint 116 (see App A, Fig. 2; DR-Fig. 35). Sec on 113 Samples 9 and 10, and Sec on 119 samples 1–3 taken from the basal sandstone (Unit 1). Paleocurrent trends on the sandstone channel concre ons are mostly northeast between Waypoint 118 and Waypoint 119: 1) N. 89 ̊ W., 2) N. 80̊ W, 3) N. 50̊ E., 4) N. 89 ̊ E., 5) N. 81 ̊ E., 6) N. 80 ̊ E., 7) N. 70 ̊ E., 8) N. 61 ̊ E., 9) N. 87 ̊ E., 10) N. 89̊ W., 11) N. 85̊ E., and 12) N. 87 ̊ W. (bearings taken by Karew Schumaker, University of North Dakota).

DR-Figure 42. Southwesterly view up Ried Coulee of concre onary ledge at Fox Hills–Hell Creek Forma- on contact concre on in Sec on 113. John Scanella

with 10-cm incremented Jacob staff standing on concre on 5 of those measured for average trend (note that not all concre ons are suitable for mea-surements as shi ing is inevitable (Hartman photo 2008f C33419).


DR-Figure 43. Northerly view from Waypoint 74 (see DR-Fig. 35) of Fox Hills and basal Hell Creek Forma on sec on on East Ried Coulee (see App A., Fig. 2 for map loca on). Ridge (to west) and bu e (to east) on horizon are easily recognized features in stratotype area. Sec on represents lowest part of LeCain et al. (this volume) paleomag sec on (ver cal bar is in same posi on in Figs. 44 and 45). “” locates the confl uence of East Ried tributary with Ried Coulee.

DR-Figure 44. Westerly view of a Fox Hills Forma on sec on (Waypoints 71, 72) on East Ried Coulee (see DR-Fig. 35 for aerial view and App. A-Fig. 2 for map loca on). Fox Hills sandstone overlain (above white dashed line) by basal Hell Creek Forma on sandstone (Hartman photo 2008e C33404 composite). LeCain et al. (this volume) paleomag sample loca ons shown as white dots.


DR-F

igur

e 45

. Eas

terly

vie

w o

f Eas

t Rie

d Co

ulee

sec

on

(Way

poin

t 73)

of t

he F

ox H

ills F

orm

a o

n an

d ov

erly

ing

Hell

Cree

k Fo

rma

on

(abo

ve y

ello

w li

ne a

t top

) (se

e DR

-Fig

. 44

for

dow

n co

ulee

vie

w o

f pal

eom

ag sa

mpl

e lo

ca o

ns (d

ots)

and

Hel

l Cre

ek F

orm

a o

n ou

tcro

ps.).

Das

hed

arro

w p

oint

s up

East

Rie

d Co

ulee

tow

ard

Flag

Bu

e (H

artm

an p

hoto

200

8e

C334

08 c

ompo

site)

and

pal

eom

ag se

c o

n (w

hite

dot

s are

sam

ple

sites

).

DR-F

igur

e 46

. Nor

thw

este

rly p

anor

amic

vie

w o

f bas

al H

ell C

reek

For

ma

on

expo

sure

s fro

m R

ied

Coul

ee S

ec o

n 11

9 to

Sec

on

120

and

the

begi

nnin

g of

exp

osur

es o

f the

JenR

ex

sand

ston

e (b

ase

indi

cate

d by

whi

te d

ashe

d lin

e). H

artm

an p

hoto

(200

9h C

3752

6 co

mpo

site)

take

n at

Way

poin

t 193

(App

. A-F

ig. 2

; DR-

Fig.

35)

. The

Fox

Hill

s–He

ll Cr

eek

form

a- o

nal c

onta

ct (t

o le

) is

indi

cate

d by

a y

ello

w d

ashe

d lin

e. R

ied

Coul

ee d

rain

s int

o He

ll Cr

eek

Valle

y, lo

cate

d ap

prox

imat

ely

5.6

km (3

.5 m

i) to

the

nort

hwes

t. Be

nt =

ben

toni

c

mud

ston

e be

ds.


DR-F

igur

e 47

. Nor

thea

ster

ly p

anor

amic

vie

w o

f the

bas

al H

ell C

reek

For

ma

on

sand

ston

e in

are

a be

twee

n Se

c o

n 11

9 (o

f Rie

d Co

ulee

) and

Sec

on

120

(exp

osur

es a

t Fla

g Bu

e).

This

tran

sect

(fro

m W

aypo

int 1

26) r

epre

sent

s the

onl

y la

tera

l (lo

cal)

gap

in th

e st

rato

type

sec

on.

The

sequ

ence

of u

nits

on

both

side

s of t

he g

ap is

the

sam

e (H

artm

an p

hoto

20

08h

C346

14 c

ompo

site)

.

DR-F

igur

e 48

. Nor

th-

east

erly

pan

oram

ic

view

of S

ec o

n 12

0 sh

owin

g pa

rt o

f bas

al

Hell

Cree

k Fo

rma

on

sand

ston

e (U

nit 1

), ca

pped

by

a sa

ndy

silts

tone

bed

(Uni

t 2)

, and

ove

rlain

by

bent

oni

c an

d ca

rbo-

nace

ous m

udst

one

beds

(Uni

t 3).

Phot

o ta

ken

at W

aypo

int

127

(see

Fig

. 6, A

pp

A, F

ig. 2

, and

DR-

Fig.

35

) (Ha

rtm

an p

hoto

20

08h

C346

21 c

om-

posit

e).


DR-Figure 49. Northwesterly view of lower part of Sec on 120 (local panorama shot from Waypoint 120 area) on hot day with down-stream meander of Ried Coulee and exposures of Fox Hills–Hell Creek forma onal contact to the le . Basal Hell Creek sandstone (Unit 1) shown in foreground (Butler photo 2008f 0502-0503) with Karew Schumaker, Ma hew Weiler, Tanya Justham (right), and Eric Zimny (up and to right; UND graduate and recently graduated students).

DR-Figure 50. Northerly view of upper part of Sec on 120 of lower part of Hell Creek Forma on showing bentoni c and carbona-ceous mudstone beds and Toothpaste marker (Unit 5) overlying basal sandstone (Hartman photo 2008f C34446 composite). Red arrows with yellow numbers indicate sampling Sites 1 through 10 in Units 2 through 6.


DR-F

igur

e 51

. Eas

terly

(pan

oram

ic) v

iew

show

ing

late

ral o

f Too

thpa

ste

mar

ker a

nd Je

nRex

sand

ston

e (m

ajor

wes

t-tre

ndin

g ra

mpa

rts)

tow

ard

Sec

on

128

(see

Fig

. 6; A

pp. A

-Fig

. 2

for m

ap re

fere

nce;

DR-

Figs

. 35,

38)

(Har

tman

pho

to 2

008f

C34

475

com

posit

e fr

om W

aypo

int 1

23; p

erso

n in

circ

le to

righ

t for

scal

e). N

ote

Flag

Bu

e a

nd m

ajor

Sec

on

140

on

right

. A u

nion

oid

mol

lusk

-bea

ring

horiz

on o

ccur

s at t

he b

ase

of th

e Je

nRex

sand

ston

e (a

s not

ed in

this

view

and

on

east

-faci

ng e

xpos

ures

; see

Fig

. DR-

52).


DR-Figure 52. View to southeast from fl ats on lower part of Hell Creek Forma on mudstone sec on (including the upper part of the Toothpaste marker, Unit 5) and the JenRex sandstone (Unit 7) of Sec on 128 (see Fig. 6; App A, Fig. 2; DR-Fig. 38 for map reference). Freshwater mussels (as shown by the clam symbol) occur at the base of the JenRex sandstone on the west side of the divide and at one site on the east side of the divide (Hartman photo 2008f C34467 from Waypoint 121). JenRex sandstone thickness measure-ments and lithic samples taken on the south side of Sec on 128 (see DR-Fig. 53). Don McCollor (below Unit 6a) is holding a 16- (4.88-m] stadia rod. Mollusk locality L6954 (Waypoint 131) occurs mostly as shell rubble in cross-bedded strata (Unit W) at the base of the JenRex sandstone unit in Sec on 128. Other “isolated” unionoid occurrences of exfoliated shells also occur at the base of the JenRex sandstone (App. A-Fig. 2 – DR-Fig. 56, L6871, Waypoint 129; and DR-Fig. 57, L6939, Waypoint 130).

DR-Figure 53. Easterly view of composite images of Sec on 128 (Waypoint 128) including upper part of Toothpaste marker (Unit 5), overlain by fi ne clas c beds (Unit 6) and the JenRex sandstone (Unit 7) (Hartman photo 2008h C34720 composite). In this view, lithic samples were collected in dug pits and trenches at le er A (Unit 5) through le ers B–U (Unit 6). A freshwater mussel shell hash (L6954, Sample V) is found in erosional debris at base of cross-bedded JenRex sandstone channel (Sample W). Horizontal arrows as-sociated with Sec on 128 (ver cal dashed line) point toward samples (in general) and defi ne the lithic sampling interval in dug pits.


DR-Figure 53. Sec on 128 (part) at Waypoint 128 (see cap on, p. 38).


DR-Figure 54. Easterly view of top of Sec on 128 (see DR-Fig. 55) showing base and top of JenRex sandstone (Unit 7) (Fig. 6). Fresh-water mollusks are present at a number of loca ons at the base of the JenRex sandstone locally along this ridge (Hartman photo 2008h C34719 composite). Lithic samples were taken from Unit 6c). A freshwater mussel shell hash is found in cross-bedded erosion-al debris associated with the base of the JenRex sandstone channel. Lithic samples were also taken on south side of JenRex sand-stone bu e.


DR-Figure 55. Northerly view of JenRex sandstone exposure at top of Sec on 128 showing Unit 7 (V and W, and W1–W6) sampling horizons (Hartman composite photograph 2008h C40330 from Waypoint 130). Note the 16- (4.88-m) stadia on the ledge (Unit 7b) at base of the upper JenRex sandstone.

DR-F

igur

e 56

. Eas

terly

aer

ial o

bliq

ue v

iew

of m

ajor

tran

sect

s up

Flag

Bu

e. T

he L

eCai

n et

al.

(thi

s vol

ume)

pal

eom

ag tr

anse

ct ru

ns (i

n pa

rt) f

rom

Eas

t Rie

d Co

ulee

to

the

top

of F

lag

Bu e

. The

stra

toty

pe se

c o

n of

the

Hell

Cree

k Fo

rma

on

is co

rrel

ated

from

the

basa

l san

dsto

ne (S

ec o

n 11

9) a

nd th

e Je

nRex

sand

ston

e (in

Se

c o

ns 1

28 a

nd 1

35),

and

then

alo

ng a

trib

utar

y of

Rie

d Co

ulee

to th

e w

est s

ide

of F

lag

Bu e

(Sec

on

140)

. Not

all

way

poin

t lab

els a

re sh

own

in th

e pa

leom

ag

sec

on

(see

oth

er G

oogl

e Ea

rth

DR-F

igs.

38

and

57 a

nd im

age

DR-F

ig. 5

8).


DR-Figure 58. North-facing upper slopes of Flag Bu e showing the East Ried Coulee and Flag Bu e units (but not top) of the Hell Creek Forma on. Route shown is (in part) the paleomag sec on of LeCain et al. (this volume) (Hartman photo 2008e C33365 comp from Waypoint 67; see Fig. 4 and App. A-Fig. 2; DR-Fig. 56 for map reference). Razor Ridge (seen in Fig. 8 and DR-Fig. 64) features the Apex sandstone and several other thinner sandstones in the upper Hell Creek Forma on.

DR-Figure 57. Northerly aerial oblique view of two major transects up Flag Bu e. Similar to DR-Fig. 56, but diff erent perspec ve on measured sec ons with focus on Sec on 140 (see also map Fig. 4 and App. A., Fig. 2).


DR-Figure 59. Southeasterly view of top of the JenRex (Unit 7, Samples A1–A5) and overlying thin sandstone and mudstone beds of the East Ried Coulee unit of the Hell Creek Forma on (see DR-Figs. 54 and 55 for base of JenRex sandstone) (Hartman photo 2008h C34769 from Waypoint 140). Units 8 and 9 were sampled on the west-facing slope (as well as addi onal samples of Unit 7) as viewed in DR-Figure 61 and 63.

DR-Figure 60. Jarosite nod-ules and fl utes in JenRex sandstone adjacent to Way-point 140 near the base of Sec on 140 (Hartman 2008h C34766).


DR-Figure 61. Northerly view of East Ried Coulee unit part of Hell Creek Forma on including top of JenRex

sandstone and overlying fi ne-grained Units 8 and 9 (sample horizons and Loca ons A4, A5, B, C, D, and E (see Fig. 63; Hartman photo 2008h C34784 from

Waypoint 139).

DR-Figure 62. Easterly view of well-lithifi ed F silty sandstone (Unit 11, Sample F1) in Sec on 140, shot from about Waypoint 142 (Hartman photo 2008h C34795). Unit 12 (Samples F2 and G) forms part of a steep slope composed of a sequence of hard, variegated, fi ne clas cs. As in other fi gures, white bars (horizons) separate units, while yellow lines (horizons) separate sample lithologies. The staff is 1.5 m in length.


DR-F

igur

e 63

. Eas

terly

vie

w o

f Eas

t Rie

d Co

ulee

(mid

dle)

and

Fla

g Bu

e (u

pper

) uni

ts o

f Hel

l Cre

ek F

orm

a o

n at

Fla

g Bu

e (s

ee D

R-Fi

g. 5

9, 6

1; H

artm

an p

hoto

200

8h

C348

20 c

ompo

site

from

Way

poin

t 139

). DR

-Fig

. 61

show

s spe

cifi c

uni

ts a

nd sa

mpl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

uppe

r Jen

Rex

sand

ston

e (U

nit 7

b) a

nd o

verly

ing

mud

ston

e se

c- o

n (U

nits

8 a

nd 9

) (se

e DR

-Fig

. 39a

).


DR-F

igur

e 64

. Eas

terly

vie

w o

f Eas

t Rie

d Co

ulee

(mid

dle)

and

Fla

g Bu

e (u

pper

) uni

ts o

f Hel

l Cre

ek F

orm

a o

n (T

ullo

ck M

embe

r of t

he F

ort U

nion

at t

op).

View

pan

s fro

m R

azor

Ri

dge

on le

(no

rth)

to F

lag

Bu e

in c

ente

r (Tu

llock

Mem

ber)

, and

Sec

on

140

on ri

ght (

sout

h). (

Butle

r pho

to 2

009h

, 106

0–10

61, 1

063

com

posit

e). L

ater

al re

la o

nshi

ps o

f san

d-st

ones

and

mud

ston

es u

nits

from

Raz

or R

idge

to F

lag

Bu e

are

visi

ble.

F, P,

J–K,

and

E–F

sand

ston

e un

its th

in to

the

right

and

app

ear t

o m

erge

into

mud

ston

es.


DR-Figure 65. Southeasterly view of steep slope and ver cal face of part of Sec on 140, including the F sandstone (Unit 11), Unit 12 (Samples G–L), and Unit 13 (Sample M). Evidence tags are visible in most sample pits. The thin P and thicker Apex (V) sandstones occur near the top. Photo taken from Waypoint 142 (Hartman photo 2008h C34808). A triangle and bar in a given image represent the same loca on and/or horizons in others (Fig. 11). This view illustrates two thin sandstone units (F and P sandstones) interbedded with thick, East Ried Coulee unit mudstone sec on between JenRex and base of Apex sandstones.

DR-Figure 66. Easterly view toward south end of shallow saddle at Flag Bu e ridge con nu-ing up sec on toward Apex sandstone. View includes steep slope of thin, cross-bedded P

sandstone (Unit 16, Sample P), Unit 17 (Sam-ple Q), Unit 18 (Sample R), and thicker Apex sandstone (Unit 19, V samples) (see Fig. 11; App. A-Figs. 2, DR-Fig. 39b; (Hartman photo

2008h C34909 from Waypoint 144).


DR-Figure 68. Southeasterly view of cliff -forming upper part of Hell Creek Forma on and also Tullock Member of Fort Union Forma on at top of Flag Bu e. Photo obser-va on taken near Waypoint 145 (Hartman photo 2008h C34924). The top of Unit 18 (Samples R–U) may have a local ferruginous concre on layer near the base of Apex (V) sandstone. Samples V0–V2 were collected from coarser beds at the base of the Apex sandstone, while samples V3–V5 were collected from fi ning-upward beds near the top. The Apex exhibits many of the classic features of lateral accre on channel sandstone bodies, with abundant large-scale cross strata and inclined heterolithic (mud) drapes. The Apex sandstone is overlain by highly weath-ered, dis nc ve bentoni c mudstone unit that forms local benches. The top of the Apex sandstone (Unit 20 in DR-Fig. 69) is just below Waypoint 146.

DR-Figure 67. Easterly view toward south end of shallow saddle at Flag Bu e ridge con nuing up sec on toward Apex sandstone. Image is similar to DR-Fig. 66, with ad-di onal detail of Units 17–20. View includes steep slope of thin, cross-bedded P sandstone (Unit 16, Sample P), Unit 17 (Sample Q), Unit 18 (Sample R), and thicker Apex sandstone (Unit 19, V samples) (see DR-Figs. 68, 69). Photo observa on from Waypoint 144 (Hartman photo 2008h C34909). Note tree at le top of ridge is an easily observed loca on reference point (for now). Ferruginous concre onary interval occurs in upper part of Unit 18 (see DR-Fig. 68).


DR-Figure 69. Southerly view of ver- cal face of top of Apex sandstone

(V bed) (Samples A and B). This horizon represents the beginning of a new sequence of sample le ers. Photo observa on near Waypoint 146 (Hartman photo 2008h C34985; staff = 1.5 m). Apex sandstone is overlain by bentoni c mudstone bed (Unit 21, Sample C) that forms local benches.

DR-Figure 70. Easterly view of upper part of Hell Creek Forma on within bench-forming bento-ni c mudstone bed (at Waypoint 146) grading to rela vely steeper slopes of variegated upper mudstone layers (of Unit 21, Samples C–H), to a dis nc ve correlatable ferruginous Horizon I (Unit 22), and J–K sandstone (Unit 23, Samples J and K) (Hartman photo 2008h C34991 from near Waypoint 146; staff = 1.5 m). The J–K sandstone is overlain by another conspicuous bench-forming bentoni c mudstone (Unit 24).

DR-Figure 71. Sec on 147, Easterly view of upper part of Hell Creek Forma on showing Sec on 147 cor-related from Sec.140 along Horizon I (Unit 22) (see DR-Figs. 39b and 70). Samples started at A (= Horizon I, Unit 22). Unit 22 is overlain by Unit 23 (Samples B and C), Unit 24 (Sample D), followed by the E–F sandstone (Unit 25). Photo observa- on from Waypoint 147 (Hartman

photo 2008h C35077; staff = 1.5 m).


DR-Figure 72. Top of Sec on 140 (local Sec on 147), correlated north to Sec on 194. Image is a close-up view of uppermost Hell Creek Forma on and cross-bedded E–F sandstone (Unit 25, Samples E and F) (DR-Fig. 39b). Photo taken near Waypoint 147 (Hartman photo 2008h C35089; staff = 1.5 m). Sage-covered slope at top of Hell Creek Forma on visible in background.

DR-Figure 73. Northeasterly view of uppermost part of Hell Creek Forma on below south end of saddle leading to Flag Bu e. Sec on laterally correlated on E–F sandstone (Unit 25) con nues up-sec on to be er exposures. Unit 25 also includes Samples G–I, which record the upward-fi ning transi on from cross-bedded E–F sandstone, to siltstone, and eventually clay-stones and mudstones of Samples J–K and siltstones of Sample L. Unit M is a 10-cm-thick lignite recognized as the lowest lig-nite in this sec on, and hence represents the contact between the Hell Creek and Fort Union Forma ons. At the top of sam-ple interval L (Unit 26) there is a 2-cm-thick iridium abundance layer (clay) iden fi ed by Moore et al. (this volume) (Unit 27). Samples J–O and Unit 27 (P plus others) are also seen in Figure 13 (see App. A-Fig. 4 for close-up and DR-Fig. 39b). Photo observa on was taken near Waypoint 194 at Waypoint 147 of Sec on 194 (Hartman photo 2009h C37545).


DR-Figure 74. Southeasterly view of top of Hell Creek Forma- on and a foreshortened view of the Fort Union Forma on.

This part of sec on is correlated on the base of E–F sandstone (Unit 25) (Hartman photo 2009h C37572 from Waypoint 194;

staff = 1.5 m). The fi ning-upward E–F sandstone grades to a mudstone sec on (Unit 26) See text and App. A-Fig. 4 for

more on iridium and IrZ lignite beds (Units 27 and 28, respec- vely) (DR-Fig. 39b).

DR-Figure 75. Southerly view of lowermost part of Tullock Mem-ber (Fort Union Forma on, comprised of carbonaceous shale beds (Samples P and Q in this view) (Hartman photo 2009h C37613 from between Waypoint 194 and 197) (see DR-Fig. 39b). The upper Z lignite bed occurs just above foreground sages forming a bench.


DR-Figure 76. Northeasterly view of the lower part of the Tullock Member bench-forming upper Z lignite bed in transi on to resis-tant variegated fi ne clas c beds. Carbonaceous shale beds of Unit 30 (Sample R) and overlying Z lignite bed (Sample S = 1 of Unit 31) form a well- to moderately developed bench encircling Flag Bu e (DR-Fig. 39b). Photo observa ons are from about Waypoint 197 to Waypoint 224 (Sec on 224) (Hartman photo 2009h C37554). The E–F sandstone, exposed in saddle (to le ), exhibits many inclined heterolithic drapes (mud), a common feature associated with laterally accre ng (point bar) fl uvial channels. Note horizon of IrZ bed in saddle at le .

DR-Figure 77. South-erly view of top of Flag Bu e showing upper Z lignite beds and beds in lower part of Tullock Mem-ber. A marked color change (Unit 32) is generally self-evident above the upper Z lignite bed, with strata composed of variegated beds of fi ne clas c sediments (Samples 2–6) capped by sandstones (Unit 34) (see also Fig. 13). Sec on 224 includes 15 sampled horizons. The right-poin ng triangle (on upper Z lignite) is referenced in other fi gures. Photo observa on is near the south end of saddle (Hartman photo 2009h C37632; staff = 1.5 m).






Manaige Spring Hill–Hell Creek Valley

The following sec on uses the main text and fi gure cap ons for explana on and covers exposures primarily in the Manaige Springs Hill overlook area, which has expan-

sive views of Hell Creek Valley. This area is easily acces-sible (except for private land) and the annotated images presented can be compared to the lectostratotype. The inclusive images are DR-Figs. 78 through 86.

DR-Figure 78. Southeasterly view up Manaige Spring Hill (used here) along Hell Creek State Park road showing Manaige Spring Hill sec on (Hartman photo 2000k C06899 from Waypoint 2000k-F062). In part, this is Lerbekmo’s (2009; see DR-Fig. 82) Hell Creek road sec on, although the basal sandstone was interpreted as the Colgate Member, which we interpret as basal Hell Creek Forma on.


DR-Figure 79. Southerly view up Manaige Spring Hill along Hell Creek State Park road showing Manaige Spring Hill sec on (Hartman photo 2008f C34194). This is the “Colgate” Member measured by Lerbekmo (2009; see DR-Fig. 82) in his Hell Creek road sec on. Presumably its whi sh surfi cial appearance here caused confusion. This white coa ng (alkaline deposits) is not present laterally (yellowish gray Hell Creek sandstone beds) in this area or as robust in outcrops down valley. Typically, the basal Hell Creek sandstone unit is rilled and fl uted (as seen here) and contains abundant jarosi c concre ons. Note carbonaceous and ligni c beds overlying the basal sandstone. The lower mudstone sequence and JenRex sandstone are also present. The greater context of this sec on is shown on DR-Figure 78. The measured sec ons (yellow transects) were part of a class project that was presented at GSA (Schumaker et al., 2009).

DR-Figure 80. View south of Manaige Spring Hill sec on “lower mudstone sequence” (Hartman photo 2008f C34337) along Hell Creek State Park road. The dots in the lower part of the sequence represent sec on

sampling in progress. These sites were dug and fl agged. This sec on is placed into stra graphic context in DR-Figures 78 and 79. Please note private land restric ons.

DR-Figure 81. Easterly view up the lowermost Manaige Spring Hill sec on on Hell Creek State Park road (Hart-man photo 2000f C34191). This view includes the Fox Hills–Hell Creek forma onal contact and the Hell Creek

Forma on basal sandstone unit. View the context of this sec on in DR-Figures 78 and 79.


DR-Figure 82. The Hell Creek Park road sec on of Lerbek-mo (2008, fi g. 3, redrawn) purports to contain the Col-gate Member (see DR-Figs. 78, 79, 81). In iden fying this unit, along with the paleo-magne c signature, an exact correla on is made with the Whitemud Forma on in the Cypress Hills of southwestern Saskatchewan (see Fig. 3). As explained in the “Seven Blackfoot” discussion, the basal Hell Creek sandstone unit is present at Manaige Hill sec on, not the Colgate Member, and correlated to the basal sandstone unit at sec on 119 along Ried Coulee. In any case, the “Colgate” of Lerbekmo (2009) at Manaige Spring Hill (Hell Creek Park road sec on) is interpreted here as basal Hell Creek Forma on and at the polarity shi between 30r and 30n.Yellow = sandstone and B = Bearpaw Shale.

DR-F

igur

e 83

. Vie

w n

orth

east

dow

n va

lley

of H

ell C

reek

–Man

aige

Spr

ing

Hill

sec

on

from

slop

e op

posit

e He

ll Cr

eek

Stat

e Pa

rk ro

ad (H

artm

an p

hoto

200

0k C

0690

4). T

he

easil

y co

rrel

ated

, lat

eral

ly p

ersis

tent

bas

al sa

ndst

one

Hell

Cree

k Fo

rma

on

is sh

own

in a

clo

se-u

p vi

ew in

DR-

Figu

re 8

4 (m

arke

d by

arr

ow p

oin

ng

unde

r the

pyr

amid

“^”

).


DR-Figure 84. Stra graphy of Hell Creek valley from Manaige Spring “overlook” (see Maloney Hill Quadrangle) (Hartman photo 2002d C11310d). The geologic sec on viewed includes the mostly covered Bearpaw Forma on, two-tone Fox Hills Forma on, and cliff form-ing basal sandstone of the Hell Creek Forma on. Hell Creek drains to the Missouri River and the Fort Peck Reservoir and Hell Creek Road leads to the Hell Creek State Park (see App. A-Fig. 1).

DR-Figure 85. Closer view of stra graphy of Fox Hills and Hell Creek Forma ons on west side of road (seen in DR-Fig. 84) represent-ing a prominent exposure on the drive to Hell Creek State Park. The lower Fox Hills and Bearpaw typically form the grassed slopes of the valley leading to Hell Creek. The lower steeper slope-forming Fox Hills sandstone beds are interpreted to be delta fringe deposits (1) coarsening upwards to shoreface sandstone beds of the upper Fox Hills Forma on (2). The basal Hell Creek sandstone bed (3) is overlain by carbonaceous mudstone beds (4), which in turn are overlain by two cycles of a massive sandstone unit (5), most likely the JenRex sandstone (Butler photo 2002d 1085).


DR-Figure 86. Example of common type of Fox Hills and Hell Creek for-ma onal contact. Sec on located on the east side of Hell Creek near Locality L6699 (Hartman photo 2002i C09546d from Waypoint 2002i w49). Fox Hills sandstone beds form an irregular planar paleosurface that the Hell Creek Forma on basal sandstone rests upon. Bedform sandstone concre- ons are part of this layer and are

more evident in the background exposures on a nearby north-west-directed ridge. Basal Hell Creek sandstone unit forms a cliff here, capped by fi ner clas cs and bentoni c mudstone.

Seven Blackfoot Creek

Seven Blackfoot Creek was one of the western-most tributaries of the Missouri River examined by Bar-num Brown. This area is discussed in the main text and fi gures here and briefl y covers the excellent exposures along deep cuts of this drainage. The inclusive images are DR-Figs. 87 and 88.


DR-F

igur

e 87

. Nor

thea

ster

ly v

iew

of e

xpos

ures

of t

op o

f ble

ache

d ap

pear

ing

Colg

ate

sand

ston

e be

ds a

nd o

verly

ing

Hell

Cree

k Fo

rma

on

in tr

ibut

ary

of S

even

Bla

ckfo

ot C

oule

e (H

artm

an p

hoto

200

9h C

3813

6 co

mp

at W

aypo

int 2

51).

Krist

yn V

oege

le is

on

the

le ,

the

dash

ed li

ne is

at t

he c

onta

ct o

f the

Col

gate

Mem

ber–

Hell

Cree

k Fo

rma

on,

and

the

staff

of l

e -c

ente

r is 1

.5 m

in le

ngth

.

DR-F

igur

e 88

. Nor

thea

ster

ly v

iew

of e

xpos

ures

alo

ng th

e tr

ibut

arie

s and

val

ley

of S

even

Bla

ckfo

ot C

oule

e. T

he H

ell C

reek

For

ma

on

(Khc

) and

Col

gate

San

dsto

ne (K

fc) i

s wel

l ex

pose

d in

the

very

stee

p se

c o

ns th

roug

hout

this

glor

ious

are

a of

the

Miss

ouri

Brea

ks. T

he n

umbe

rs a

re u

sed

to sh

ow te

nta

ve

corr

ela

ons

of s

imila

r lith

olog

ic p

acka

ges

thro

ugho

ut th

e ar

ea (e

.g.,

Uni

t 5 is

sim

ilar t

o Je

nRex

sand

ston

e), w

ith v

er c

al c

olum

ns to

indi

cate

Hel

l Cre

ek F

orm

a o

n se

dim

ents

(Har

tman

pho

to 2

009h

C38

025

com

p


Preliminary Lectostratotype correla on and the Glendive sec on

This sec on presents preliminary results of re-search conducted into lithostra graphic correla on of the lectostratotype eastward toward the Western Interior Sea-way. The main text and fi gures here (DR-Figs. 89 through 96) provide the basis for further discussion.

DR-Figure 89. Interpreta on of wireline logs from Butler (unpublished studies) correlated to outcrops at Glendive in Makoshika bad-lands (Hartman and Butler, 2009).


DR-Figure 90. Example of “Marmarth” sandstone lithofacies exposed in badlands at Glendive near the intersec on of Marsh Road and Pederson Drive (Butler photo 0050).

DR-Figure 91. Example of “Marmarth,” “Bacon Creek,” and “Huff ” lithofacies exposed in Makoshika State Park badlands at Glendive (see DR-Fig. 89). Photo taken on Pederson Drive toward Dawson Community College (Butler photo 054). This is an excellent view of the major lithofacies of Marmarth sandstone, Bacon Creek mudstone beds (and thin sandstone beds), and Huff sandstone “mem-bers.” It closely resembles the major lithofacies exposed at Razor Ridge consis ng of JenRex sandstone, East Ried Coulee unit mud-stone (with thin sandstones) sequence, and Apex sandstone and upper mudstone sequence, respec vely.


Hell Creek Forma on correla on in the Williston Basin—Historical context

Thom and Dobbin (1924) provided a summary table of thickness of the Hell Creek Forma on and other sub- and superjacent strata (DR-Table 6), followed by the USGS publishing a series of coalfi eld reports, each summarizing the geology of various areas under inves ga on (DR-Fig. 25). In most cases, there is no con nuous or complete sec on of the Hell Creek Forma on. However, both inter-preta on of the chronostra graphy and best es mates of thickness were frequently given, based on available sourc-es at the me. One such example is the Marmarth, North Dakota, coalfi eld studied by C. J. Hares (1928) and others in 1911 and 1912 (Hares, 1928) (DR-Fig. 25, Coalfi eld 11). This rela vely large fi eld, mostly in the corner of southwestern North Dakota, is not a simple report on coal beds, their correla on, or resource assessment. Hares’ work formed the basis of more contemporary addi onal stra graphic nomenclature for the state of North Dakota (e.g., Slope Forma on, Clayton et al., 1977) and was used to correlate strata regionally (Warwick et al., 1997). However, Hares’ summary statements make one set of asser ons about coal extent (e.g., T Cross bed, see Hartman, 1989), al-though his published maps and township data appear to document a diff erent set of observa ons. The study, how-ever, is useful for understanding how today’s stra graphic nomenclature was a ained. Like many such USGS studies, fi eld notes and plane table sheets are available for recon-struc on of the stra graphic and fossil data (USGS Field Record Collec on). Hares (1928, fi g. 1; DR-Fig. 97, in part) diagrammat-ically illustrated the geologic column for the Marmarth coalfi eld sec on which is a good representa on of bedrock geology in southwest North Dakota. Hares recognized the Hell Creek Forma on much as we map it today. Hares did not discuss contacts at any length in his overview of the Hell Creek “member.” Although he reported that lower contact between the Colgate Member and basal sand-stone of the Hell Creek Forma on was conformable: “So far as was observed in this fi eld, no notable break occurs between the Lance forma on and the underlying Fox Hills sandstone. Exposures along this contact are very poor.” Hares (1928, p. 18) noted that when underlain by the Col-gate Member, with subangular grains of loosely cemented sand, the “Fox Hills is dis nct from the overlying Lance, but there is no abrupt break between them. At one place [however] the Colgate grades laterally into a sandy carbo-naceous shale such as is characteris c of the Lance, and the base of this brown carbonaceous layer is, in places, sharp and irregular to the extent of 30 feet [9.1 m], as in the northern part of T. 131 N., R. 106 W. [M14371, sec. 10 of township, Kid Creek Quadrangle]. There the lower,

brown, ferruginous sandstone of the Fox Hills is overlain by brown shale, gray shale, and sandstone of characteris c Lance [Hell Creek Forma on] appearance.” The upper contact of the Hell Creek Forma on was delimited diagramma cally by a thin sec on of unde-scribed beds overlain (locally) by the Cannonball Creek lignite bed along Cannonball Creek, a tributary of the Li le Missouri River found on Pre y Bu e and Badland Draw Quadrangles (Hares, 1928, fi g. 1, p. 48). “The lignite bed in the valley of Cannonball River [sic; Creek] is the lowest valuable bed in the Ludlow lignite member of the Lance. For a few miles east of the Montana line it is less than 2 feet [0.61 m] thick, but two exposures in Montana show 4 feet [1.22 m] each, and in the east side of T. 135 N., R. 106 W., it is 3 to 6 feet [0.91–1.83 m] thick.” Sec on M1301 is given as a reference to the Cannonball Creek lignite bed (Hares, 1928, pl. 11, Loca on 531), which is 6.25 thick (1.91 m) at 46.48283089 ̊ N 103.92974177 ̊ W (NE¼ NE¼ sec. 25, T. 135 N., R. 106 W.), Pre y Bu e Quadrangle, Slope County, North Dakota. Hares (1928, pl. 11) reported 13 Cannonball Creek lignite sec ons from the north side of Cannonball Creek. A cluster of the thickest, nonparted coal sec ons (M1301–M1303, M1313) probably represents a “best pick” for a type area. Hares (1928, p. 73) noted that these thicker coals are “exposed in a small coulee in the SE¼ sec. 24, where the bed is about 5 feet [1.5 m] thick.” Hares (1928, p. 73) reported that this bed thins to the west up Cannonball Creek. The name received li le use a er its publica on by Hares (1928). Leonard (1925) referred to this coal as the A coal bed. Belt et al. (1984) and Moore (1976) did not use a name for lignite beds in this area for their measured sec ons in Slope County. Their sec ons refer to this lignite bed as the basal or boundary coal. Whether it is worth recognizing as a named bed is another ques on. As noted, the Cannonball lignite bed occurs very near the base of the Ludlow Member (à la Hares, 1928, fi g. 1; DR-Fig. 97), and thus eff ec vely represents the Hell Creek–Fort Union forma onal contact in this area. The bed also approximates the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (Beaver et al., 1991; Hartman data). Johnson (1992, table 2) reported the K/Pg boundary to be 0.65 m (± 0.15 m) below the Cannonball lignite on the basis of the palyno-logical analysis of D.J. Nichols. T.J. Kroeger (1989, 2011, wri en communica ons) also palynologically sampled the Cannonball Creek–Cannonball Creek lignite sec on (M1960). Cretaceous palynomorphs were recovered from strata immediately below the Cannonball Creek lignite. Sec on M1960 is located just downstream from the con-fl uence of Co onwood Creek and Cannonball Creek and the crossing of the West River Road with Cannonball Creek (46.46625190̊ N, 103.98745509̊ W). Hares (1928, Fig. 1; DR-Fig. 97) reported a Hell Creek Forma on thickness of 575 (175.3 m). A U.S. Depart-


DR-Figure 92a, b. Easterly view of “Marmarth” sandstone (similar to JenRex) near base of Hell Creek Forma on in stratotype area of Colgate Member of Fox Hills Forma on on east side of Pederson Road (see text for discussion). Flu ng of sandstone is sim-ilar to that noted by Brown (1907) (Hartman photos C10678d and 2002n C10681d [right]) (see photo loca on arrow 1 on map DR-Fig. 90.

A

B


DR-Figure 93. Paleoenvironmental map of a 6-m thick layer (Interval II) within the “Bacon Creek” lithofacies, Makoshika State Park, Dawson County, Montana (enhanced from Butler, 1980, pl. 6). Meander channel belt confi gura on of lower third (Interval II) of Bacon Creek lithofacies is shown in yellow and fl oodbasins in blue. Paleofl ow direc ons are indicated by red arrows. Grid of sec ons is approximately 1 mile square (2.6 km2).


DR-Figure 94. Paleoenvironmental map of a 6-m thick layer (Interval V) within the “Bacon Creek” lithofacies, Makoshika State Park, Dawson County, Montana (enhanced from Butler, 1980, pl. 9). Meander channel belt confi gura on of upper third (Interval V) of Bacon Creek lithofacies is shown in yellow and fl oodbasins in blue. Paleofl ow direc ons are indicated by red arrows. Grid of sec- ons is approximately 1 mile square (2.6 km2). Channel belt sizes are variable and posi ons shi through me during deposi on of

the Bacon Creek, yielding anastomose pa erns of distributary occupa on/abandonment in lower delta plain.


DR-Figure 95. Paleoenvironmental map of a 6-m thick layer (Interval VII) within the “Huff ” lithofacies, Makoshika State Park, Dawson County, Montana (enhanced from Butler, 1980, pl. 17). Meander channel belt confi gura on (uppermost part of Huff lithofacies) is shown in yellow, and fl oodbasin areas in blue. Paleofl ow direc ons are indicated by red arrows. Grid of sec ons is approximately 1 mile square (2.6 km2). Note broad zone of coalesced belts, as well as narrower individual belts. Broad belts contribute to appearance of Huff as a thick, widespread sandstone in the “Huff ” lithofacies.


DR-Figure 96. Paleoenvironmental map of a 6-m thick layer (Interval VIII) within the “Huff –Pre y Bu e” lithofacies, Makoshika State Park, Dawson County, Montana (enhanced from Butler, 1980, pl. 18). Paleofl ow direc ons are indicated by red arrows. Grid of sec ons is approximately 1 mile square (2.6 km2). Individual channel beds show an anastomose pa ern of distributary occupa- on/abandonment at the end of Hell Creek Forma on deposi on. Channel belts represent lateral limits of variously sized mean-

dering channel plains, not single fl uvial channels.


ment of Energy (DOE)– EERC (Hartman) project in 1990 drilled a test hole near the “type sec on” of the Slope Forma on (Clayton et al., 1977) in sec. 10, T. 135 N., R.105 W., Slope County, North Dakota. The test hole log (M2187) and adjacent surface sec ons (e.g., M2253) are from sec. 9 (the drill rig could not get any closer). The upper part of the drillhole sec on here is correlated with a number of surface sec ons measured on an adjacent bluff . A Hell Creek Forma on thickness of 425 (129.5 m; Hartman un-

published data) was measured using geophysical logs, well cu ngs, and palynomorph analyses (T. J. Kroeger, 1990, wri en communica on). It is 150 (45.7 m) less than Hares’ thickness, who may have overes mated regional dip to the northeast. Addi onally, his surface sec ons represent composited sec ons. No other measurement of thickness of the Hell Creek Forma on in two approaches this value (see DR-Table 6). The nomenclature used by Hares (1928) followed USGS prac ce of the me. Hares (1928) recognized lower Hell Creek and upper Ludlow ligni c Members of the Lance Forma on. This nomenclatural division refl ected a lower dinosaur- and upper non-dinosaur-bearing sequence. Total thickness of the Lance Forma on was reported as 825 (251.5 m). Hares’ (1928) study area included parts of the

DR-Figure 97. Generalized geologic sec on of the Marmarth coal fi eld, southwestern North Dakota (Hares, 1928, fi g. 1; modifi ed). Hares’ (column on right) illustrated the principal coal beds, stra graphic nomenclature, and unit thickness interpreta- ons of the day. The given thicknesses of forma ons are: Pierre

shale, incomplete at 400 (121.9 m); the Fox Hills sandstone, 80± (24.4 m); Lance forma on, 825 (251.5 m), and Fort Union forma on, 600 (182.9 m); member thicknesses are: Hell Creek, 575 (175.3 m); Ludlow ligni c, 250+ (76.2 m); and Tongue River, 600 (182.9 m). Revised stra graphy (col-umn on le , capitalized nomenclature) places the Hell Creek–Fort Union forma onal contact near the lowermost lignite. The contact between the Ludlow and Tongue River Members is placed at the H lignite bed. The interval above the T Cross lignite bed to the top of the Ludlow Member was included by Clayton et al. (1977) in the Slope Forma on. The coal bed correla ons of Hares (1928) in this interval (ver cal bar A) are suspect and useful only for local stra graphy (Hartman, 1989), and designa on of a Slope Forma on seems unnecessary. As stated by Stanton (1920), the Ludlow and Cannonball are in -mately related as westward con nental and eastward marine facies, respec vely. Isola ng one or more individual prograda- on units seems unnecessary given the short outcrop distances

involved and the limited ability to map the unit in central North Dakota. Two easily recognized tongues –Three V (upper) and Boyce (lower) – are defi ned by clams above the level of the T Cross and D lignite beds (Hartman, 1993).


geologic sec on relevant to the discussion of the use of the Lance Forma on and inclusion of the Ludlow in the Cretaceous. The Ludlow Ligni c Member of Hares, now represented by the Ludlow and Slope Forma ons, is used by the NDGS today. The Ludlow Member of the Fort Union Forma on that the USGS uses today contains tongues of the Cannonball Forma on represen ng mul ple westward incursions of the Cannonball Sea from the lower to the upper Paleocene (see DR-Fig. 97, Hares’, 1928, fi g. 1). Hares (1928) mapped many occurrences of brack-ish-water shells represen ng two of the tongues of the Cannonball Sea (Boyce and Three V Tongues (Hartman, 1993; Kroeger and Hartman, 1997; Hartman et al., in prep.). These tongues had been noted before (see R.W. Brown, 1948; Hartman, 1993; Belt et al., 1984, 2004, 2005), and Hares (1928, p. 24) reported that “[t]he typical Cannonball member is of marine origin, and it is stra -graphically equivalent to the Ludlow ligni c member, brackish-water beds present in the Ludlow on the Li le Missouri represen ng the marginal phase of Cannonball marine deposi on.” However, this was not illustrated in his composite geologic column (Hares, 1928, fi g. 1; see modifi ed DR-Fig. 97). On the basis of molluscan faunal evidence he noted that Li le Missouri River brackish beds are separated to the east from Cannonball marine beds by only 30 miles (48.3 km) (6 mi [9.7 km] west of Haley) (see DR-Fig. 98). A review of known brackish molluscan local-i es indicates a distance of 67.6 km (42.0 mi) (between the Haley locality and L1127 in sec. 13, T. 135 N., R105 W.) (Hartman observa ons). The relevance of the Cannonball Sea and its deposits in the Cannonball Member are important in understanding the somewhat tortuous history of stra graphic nomen-clature above the Hell Creek Forma on, and some mes the sec on below, including Fox Hills marine, brackish, and near con nental strata. Stanton (1920, p. 3) tersely summarized the condi ons about the Cannonball beds when he said: “It is in mately associated with some of the con nental deposits which lie near the boundary between Cretaceous and Ter ary and concerning whose exact age there has been and s ll is diff erence of opinion.” One minor aspect that confused interpreta ons of environment and age was the inclusion of freshwater taxa within the Cannonball’s marine fauna. This aff ected the 1) drawing of geologic maps and 2) interpre ng the thickness of the geologic sec on. For example, map DR-Figure 98 shows the Cannonball Member extending up the Missouri River to Fort Clark, which was done on the basis of “Corbula mactriformis (Meek and Hayden).” This taxon has been used repeatedly to suggest marine or brackish water when its presence is o en in mately associated with freshwater snails and mussels. Its has since been reassigned to Pachy-don, a recognized corbulid freshwater taxon, invalida ng Stanton and others’ paleoecological interpreta on (Hart-

man and Anderson, 2002; Anderson et al., 2006). Stanton’s (1920) stra graphic context of the Cannon-ball Member is largely based on Lloyd and Hares (1915), but includes some personal observa ons. DR-Table 7 sum-marizes stra graphic terminology of that me and stra -graphic thicknesses. The Cannonball Member was included in the Lance Forma on by USGS policy, but assigned to the Ter ary(?). Stanton interpreted the oysters discovered by Leonard in the Li le Missouri River sec on, as well as oth-er North Dakota (Paleocene) marine fossils (see Hartman, 2002), as all from Cretaceous age strata: “The overlying rocks referred to the Lance forma on are now classifi ed . . . as of Ter ary (?) age, but it is my opinion that they are Cretaceous” (Stanton, 1920, p. 6). In the area near Solen, Grant County, North Dakota, Stanton (1920, p. 9) stated that “the erosion of the sand-stone and shale of the lower part of the Lance [Hell Creek] is bordered on the north by a high, nearly level plateau which is capped by the lower fossiliferous sandstone of the Cannonball member.” He notes “here, as elsewhere, no sharp line of demarka on can be drawn.” Stanton quotes Lloyd and Hares (1915, p. 183, 184): “It has been shown that the Lance forma on in a large region immediately west of Missouri River consists of two parts, the upper of which, the Cannonball member, is marine and contains a fauna similar to but not iden cal with that of the Fox Hills sandstone. . . [and a lower part] with the presence of numerous lignite beds in the upper part of the Ludlow ligni c member of the Lance [which] is in strong contrast to the undiff eren ated lower part of the forma on, and the absence of marine fossils in this member is in contrast to the Cannonball marine member. The Ludlow ligni c and the Cannonball marine members are considered to be contemporaneous in age.” In general, there is li le to disagree with concerning the above statements. The Ludlow and Cannonball Mem-bers are for the most part coeval; the Cannonball thins to the west, and intercalates with the Ludlow Member. Whether the Ludlow contains brackish-water environ-ments or not is rela vely moot, because without micro- or macrofossils in sec ons along the Li le Missouri valley, in-terpre ng the various Cannonball tongues lithically is near-ly impossible (although in some cases we do know where to look; Hartman, 1993; Hartman et al., 2009; observa- ons). Some of the problem with Stanton’s (1920) work re-

sult, in part, with his interpreta on of the 1) diff erence of the lower and upper Ludlow Member, 2) correla on of the T Cross lignite into Montana is not a given, and 3) similarity between the two faunas (taken as whole assemblages) was not suffi cient to assign a Cretaceous age (e.g., Silfer, 1990). In regard to stra graphy of the Ludlow Member, Stanton (1920) considered the T Cross lignite bed as the key horizon, separa ng signifi cant coal-forming environ-ments above from oyster-occurring beds below. Lithically,


DR-Figure 98. Stanton (1920, fi g. 1, enhanced and with addi ons) provided the fi rst detailed faunal analysis of the Cannonball Mem-ber of the Fort Union Forma on. The above map represents the distribu on of Cannonball Member as compiled and/or mapped by E. R. Lloyd, C. J. Hares, E. T. Hancock, and T. W. Stanton. Mapping is based on faunal evidence (mapped Cannonball to Fort Clark along the Missouri River), and specifi c observa ons of the Cannonball Member in Slope County outcrops found in dissected badlands along the Li le Missouri River. Locality L1127 is one such example and represents the closest occurrences of brackish and marine outcrops known to the authors (Hares reports a closer, but undocumented loca on). The Cannonball Member, as mapped by Lloyd and Hares (1915; above), directly overlies the Hell Creek Forma on here, with no Ludlow Member recognized.

DR-Figure 99. Average thickness of the Hell Creek Forma on by county (Butler unpublished data). Dashed lines roughly indicate the 100 m, 90 m, 80 m, and 70 m contours from southwest to the northeast (see DR-Table 8 for plot data).


Table 6, Lithostratigraphic thickness measurements, continued.


the Ludlow Member in North Dakota can be subdivided into lower and upper parts (Moore, 1976), with the T Cross of Moore (Hares’ C’ bed) as the demarca on (Hartman, 1989; Hartman et al., in prep.). However, on the basis of lithology and fossils, both lignite beds and brackish-water fossils are known in the lower part of the Ludlow Member (Brown, R., 1948; Hartman, 1993). In terms of molluscan fauna, Stanton (1920, p. 11) quo ng Meek and Hayden (1857), basically answered his own hypothesis by sta ng clearly that “[m]any of the species approximate so closely to Ter ary forms that did we not fi nd them everywhere associated with Ammonites, Scaphites, and other genera which are known not to have existed later than the Cretaceous epoch, we should at once pronounce the forma on in which they occur Ter- ary.” Faunal elements similar to the Fox Hills and new

“modifi ed” mollusks described by Stanton survived apart

from these Cretaceous fossil and are part of the Paleocene molluscan biota. Some subsurface thickness data is also displayed and summarized (e.g., North Dakota, DR-Fig. 99 and DR-Table 6; this project and Butler, unpublished). A thickness map of the Hell Creek Forma on was constructed on the basis of wireline data (e.g., DR-Fig. 89), using 342 subsurface logs in North Dakota (summary represented in DR-Fig. 99). Ad-di onal drill record interpreta ons in North Dakota were available (through study) for 46 drillholes (geophysical) from work mostly by Carlson (e.g., 1973, 1979). These data were not used in construc ng the thickness contour map due to inconsistencies in wireline interpreta ons. Complete surface sec ons of the Hell Creek Forma- on (represen ng both lower and upper contacts) without

some minor lateral transfer correla ons are rare. A com-pila on of available sec ons in the Williston Basin was


DR-Figure 100a. Western Interior loca on map (inset) and abbrevia ons. States and provinces follow postal codes; PRB and BHB re-fer to the Powder River and Bighorn Basins, respec vely; BH, CCA, MCA, SA refer to the Black Hills, Cedar Creek An cline, Miles City Arch, and Sioux Arch, respec vely. DR-Figure 100b. A Lancian NALMA restora on of the Hell Creek Forma on landscape and temporally equivalent environments. The restora on is based on Western Interior Seaway coastlines interpreted from the me of the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Forma on. The Linton Member, the uppermost and youngest unit of the Fox Hills, is approximately equivalent to the mid to late part of the late Maastrich an interpreted to be about 66.5 to 67 Ma. Several major delta lobes of Hell Creek sediments are indicated. Is-lands are emergent remnant Fox Hills Forma on features. The Linton Member is mostly at sea level or just above with higher ground along the center of the Sioux Arch and toward the Cedar Creek An cline (inset map). The Black Hills had infl uence on sedimenta on pa erns to some extent as another high ground (at least on the western side). Several large estuaries are shown. The Linton Member landscape reconstruc on is modifi ed in Montana to represent a coastline that includes eff ec vely all con nental fossils in the Gar-fi eld and McCone County area. Drainage pa erns developed by Lillegraven and Ostresh (1988) for the Lancian in Wyoming have also been added to this preliminary model. Red dots are con nental and brackish molluscan locali es, while the green “” is the loca on of the Flag Bu e lectostratotype (see p. 78). DR-Figure 100b, con nued. (Special base map courtesy of R. Blakey, derived from land-scape models proposed by J. Mark Erickson, see Erickson 1999, with slight modifi ca ons by the authors. Anna Crowell georeferenced the landscape map for plo ng locality data.)


completed and used to produce a contour map (in prep.) (DR-Table 6; DR-Table 2). As noted in the main text, the paleolandscape (DR-Fig. 100) of the northern Great Plains was reconstructed, focused on the Williston Basin. The paleolandscape recon-struc on and general drainage system suggested in DR-Fig-ure 100 integrates lithosomes, drainage pa erns, and fossil loca ons (a.k.a. biocenosis), essen ally forming a paleo-biogeographic map. The major channel pa erns shown diff er from those of Fastovsky (1986), but are otherwise consistent with unpublished subsurface studies (Butler and Hartman). The base map for this preliminary paleo-landscape reconstruc on (DR-Fig. 100) was dra ed by Ron Blakey (2011 edi on) through discussions with Hartman and the use of other data (Lillegraven and Ostresh 1988), followed by some coastal modifi ca on based on fossils.


Frye’s Hell Creek “type” section in Montana

Although Frye’s (1967, 1969) section descrip-tions and reference information for sections in Montana present some dif iculties for straightforward inter-pretation, regional correlations seem plausible at the member level (see Hartman and Kirtland, 2002; Butler, 1980). Frye’s “type” section in Montana (M8916, DR-Fig. 101; Jordan Coulee?) the resembles Flag Butte section in terms of basic thicknesses of sandstone and mudstone sequences and position of those sequences in the overall Hell Creek Formation section. However, the member names he assigned there are arguable. One notable difference occurs between Jordan Coulee(?) and the Flag Butte section in which Frye’s lower bentonitic muds (his Units 2–8) are reportedly thinner (34 ft vs. 63 ft [10.4–19.2 m). However, Frye’s 25-ft (7.6-m)-thick basal sand resembles the 19-ft (5.8-m)-thick basal sandstone (Ried Coulee unit) at Flag Butte, and the 41.5-ft (12.6-m)-thick

sandstone (his Units 9–13) that overlies the Ried Coulee unit mudstone section is similar to the 39-ft (11.9-m)-thick JenRex sandstone of the East Ried Coulee unit, albeit positioned slightly lower in the section relative to the basal sandstone at Flag Butte. In context of stra-tigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation elsewhere in the Fort Peck area, this difference is not unusual. His 67-ft (20.4-m)-thick upper mudstone sequence is similar to our 83-ft (25.3-m)-thick Flag Butte mudstone section (above the JenRex sandstone). Frye’s uppermost 111-ft (33.8-m)-thick section of sandstone and mudstone beds (his Units 24–33) also resembles the upper 72 ft (22.0 m) of sandstone and mudstone beds at Flag Butte (Apex sandstone and above). The carbonaceous shale and lignite in the lower Tullock Member at both sites can be correlated. We note that the traverse of Frye’s “type” section appears to cover a considerable distance just to include the base of the Hell Creek Formation through (especially) the lower part of the Tullock Member.


DR-Figure 101. A section in the type area of the Hell Creek Formation after Frye (1967, in dissertation; 1969, p. 47, in publica-tion). Frye’s section (M8916) was reported from “[s]ec. 26, T. 21 N., R. 37 E., East Hell Creek” possibly measured along Jordan Coulee. His dissertation and ield notes (C. I. Frye, written communication) provide no additional information. Frye’s mollus-can fossil locality is recorded as L0182 (UND Acc. A808) from the same location. The total thickness of the Hell Creek Forma-tion measured was 316 ft (96.3 m). The diagram was drawn from Frye’s (1969) section description.


REFERENCES CITED

“*” Stratal thickness measurements for marked referenc-es are included in DR-Table 6 of the Data Repository. Abbrevia ons used are Fn = Foot-note and Ref = Reference. An example is: “Rogers *, G. S. and Lee, W., 1923, Geology . . . (Fn 7, Ref 68; Map Fn 22).” For this reference, informa on is available in DR-Ta-ble 6 under “Footnote 7, Reference 68” and on DR-Figure 25 under Map Footnote 22. “†” The symbol “†” is used for references in fi gures. “§” The symbol “§” is used for references in tables.

Anderson, L. C., Hartman, J. H., and Wesselingh, F., 2006, When invasion and radia on do not coincide: Freshwa-ter corbulid bivalves, Neogene of western Amazonia and Paleogene of North Dakota, in Hoorn, C., and Vonhof, H., guest eds., Special Issue on Neogene Amazonia, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 21, no. 1–2, p. 28–48.

Andrews §, D. A., 1939, Geology and coal resources of the Minot region, North Dakota: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulle- n 906-B, p. 43–84, pls. 11–15.

Andrews, D. A., Lambert, G. S. and Stose, G. W., 1944, Geo-logic map of Montana: U. S. Geological Survey, Oil and Gas Inves ga ons Map OM-25, scale 1:500000.

Baker *, A. A., 1929, The northward extension of the Sher-idan coal fi eld, Big Horn and Rosebud Coun es, Montana: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulle n 806-B, p. 15–67, pls. 6–29. (Map Fn 28)

Bass *, N. W., 1932, The Ashland coal fi eld, Rosebud, Pow-der River, and Custer Coun es, Montana: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulle n 831-B, p. 19–105, pls. 3–37. (Map Fn 29)

Bauer *, C. M., and Herald, F. A., 1921, Lignite in the west-ern part of the Fort Berthold Indian Reserva on south of the Missouri River, North Dakota: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulle n 726-D, p. 109–172, pls. XIII–XXIX. (Map Fn 7)

Bauer *, C. M., 1914, Lignite in the vicinity of Plentywood and Scobey, Sheridan County, Montana: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulle n 541-H, p. 293–315. (Fn 15, Ref 02; Map Fn 12)

Bauer *, C. M., 1924, The Ekalaka lignite fi eld, southeast-ern Montana: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulle n 751-F, p. 231–267, pls. XXX–XXIV (cited by Thom and Dobbin, 1924, as in prep.). (Fn 19, Ref 01; Map Fn 18)

Bauer *, C. M. and Herald, F. A., 1921, Lignite in the west-

ern part of the Fort Berthold Indian Reserva on south of the Missouri River, North Dakota: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulle n 726-D, p. 109–172, pls. XIII–XXIX. (Map Fn 7)

Beaver §, F. W., Groenewold, G. H., and Schmit, C. R., with data from Hartman, J. H., 1991, North Dakota coal resource evalua on: Energy & Environmental Research Center, 1991 Annual Report, July 1, 1990, through June 30, 1991, p. 292–294.

Beekly *, A. L., 1912, The Culbertson lignite fi eld, Valley County, Montana: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulle n 471-D, p. 319–358. (Fn 14, Ref 03; Map Fn 11)

Behringer, D. N., 2008, The geometry, genesis, and stra -graphic framework of the Colgate Sandstone Member of the Fox Hills Forma on, northeastern Montana [Master’s Thesis]: Bozeman, Montana State University, 149 p.

Bell §, R. E., 1965, Geology and stra graphy of the Fort Peck Fossil Field northwest McCone County, Montana [Master’s thesis]: Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 166 p., 8 pls.

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MAPS CITED *

Montana Badland Draw, 1997, 20- [6.1-m] CI; Jordan NW, 1964, 10- [3.0-m] CI; Kester School, 1984, 20- [6.1-m] CI; Kid Creek, 1973, 20- [6.1-m] CI; Maloney Hill, 1984, Montana, 40- [12.2-m] CI; Spring Creek Bay, 1984, 20- [6.1-m] CI: and Trumbo Ranch, 1987, 20- [6.1-m] CI.North Dakota Pre y Bu e, 1980 (1997), 20- [6.1-m] CI. * All U. S. Geological Survey Montana quadrangles, 7.5-minute topographic maps, at 1:24,000, NAD27 Conus, CI = contour interval.

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