On

SESSION : 2015-2016

Submitted By : Harman ToorClass – XII - FCBSE ROLL NO. 2615346

Submitted To:Mrs. Meenu Bahl and Mrs Deepti

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my teachers Mrs. Meenu Bahl and Mrs. Deepti who have given

me enrichment in preparing the project on “Rheumatoid Arthritis”. I also take

this opportunity to thank our principal Mr. Anil Kumar, Vice Principal Mrs.

Vibha Singh and the rest of school and lab staff.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that my student HARMAN TOOR of Class XII – F

has successfully completed this project on "Rheumatoid Arthritis"

under my guidance. She 'has shown keen interest to execute this project

& gained substantial amount of knowledge on this topic.

Signature

INDEX

Introduction

Causes

Effects

Diagnosis

Treatment

Case study

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long lasting autoimmune disorder that primarily

affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and

stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly the wrist and hands are

involved with typically the same joints involved on both sides of the body. The

disease may also affect other parts of the body. This may result in a low red

blood cell count, inflammation around the lungs, and inflammation around the

heart. Fever and low energy may also be present.[1] Often symptoms come on

gradually over weeks to months.

CAUSES

RA is a chronic autoimmune disorder the causes of which are not completely

understood. It is a systemic (whole body) disorder principally affecting synovial

tissues. There is no evidence that physical and emotional effects or stress could

be a trigger for the disease. The many negative findings suggest that either the

trigger varies, or that it might in fact be a chance event inherent with the

immune response. Half of the risk for RA is believed to be genetic.[3] It is

strongly associated with the inherited tissue type major his to compatibility

complex. Smoking is the most significant non-genetic risk [3] with RA being up

to three times more common in smokers than non-smokers, particularly in men,

heavy smokers, and those who are rheumatoid factor positive. Vitamin D

deficiency is more common in people with rheumatoid arthritis than in the

general population.[36][37] However, whether vitamin D deficiency is a cause

or a consequence of the disease remains unclear.

EFFECTS

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease affecting various parts of the body

and shows non joint features including fibrosis of lungs, increased risk of

myocardial infection, anemia and peripheral neuropathy.

Arthritis of joints involves inflammation of the synovial membrane. Joints

become swollen, tender and warm, and stiffness limits their movement. With

time, multiple joints are affected (it is a polyarthritis).

DIAGNOSIS

X-rays: X-rays of the hands and feet are generally performed in people with a

many joints affected. Blood test: When RA is clinically suspected, testing for

the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF, a non-specific antibody) is done. Several

other blood tests like the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive

protein, full blood count, kidney function, liver enzymes and other

immunological tests are also done.

TREATMENT

There is no cure for RA, but treatments can improve symptoms and slow the

progress of the disease. The goals of treatment are to minimize symptoms such

as pain and swelling, to prevent bone deformity (for example, bone erosions

visible in X-rays), and to maintain day-to-day functioning.[64] This can often

be achieved using two main classes of medications: analgesics such as NSAIDs.

Regular exercise is recommended as both safe and useful to maintain muscles

strength and overall physical function.

CASE STUDY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis#

http://www.medicinenet.com/rheumatoid_arthritis/