A PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION

ONON

COLLECTION OF PRIMARY COLLECTION OF PRIMARY

AND SECONDARY DATA AND SECONDARY DATA

By:By: Harikesh Maurya Harikesh MauryaDepartment of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacy

K.U. Nainital (UK)K.U. Nainital (UK)

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Data can be defined as the quantitative or qualitative

values of a variable (e.g. numbers, images, words,

figures, facts or ideas.).

It is the lowest unit of information from which other

measurements and analysis can be done.

Data is one of the most important and vital aspect of

any research study.

NEED OF DATA COLLECTIONNEED OF DATA COLLECTION

To get information for analysis

To get idea about real time situation

For comparison between two situations

SOURCES OF DATASOURCES OF DATASOURCES OF DATASOURCES OF DATA

Internal Internal SourcesSourcesInternal Internal SourcesSources

External External SourcesSourcesExternal External SourcesSources

Primary DataPrimary DataPrimary DataPrimary Data Secondary DataSecondary DataSecondary DataSecondary Data

PRIMARY DATAPRIMARY DATA

Data that has been collected from first-hand-

experience is known as primary data. It has more

reliable, authentic & not been published any where.

Primary data has not been changed or altered by

human beings, therefore its validity is greater than

secondary data.

METHODS FOR COLLECTION OF METHODS FOR COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATAPRIMARY DATA

A. Observation Method

B. Indirect Oral Interviews

C. Questionnaire Method

D. Survey Method

E. Experimentation

F. Case Study

STRUCTURED

UNSTRUCTURED

PARTICIPATIVE

NON-PARTICIPATIVE

Observation

A.DIRECT PERSONAL OBSERVATIONA.DIRECT PERSONAL OBSERVATION

B.INDIRECT ORAL INTERVIEWB.INDIRECT ORAL INTERVIEW

Standardized interviews

a. Structured

b. Unstructured

Non-standardized interviews

a. One to one Face to face Telephonic Internet

b. One to many (focus group)

C.QUESTIONNAIRE METHODC.QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

Questionnaire: A questionnaire is a research

instrument consisting of a series of question for the

purpose of gathering information from respondent.

Self administered

Interviewer-administered

Telephone

Computer Assisted

Postal or mail

D.SURVEY METHODD.SURVEY METHOD

SURVEY: A detailed study of geographical area to gather

data opinions, satisfaction level etc., by polling a section

of the population.

TYPES OF SURVEY

CENSUS SURVEY

REGULAR SURVEY

AD-HOC SURVEY

EXPERIMENTATION & CASE STUDYEXPERIMENTATION & CASE STUDY

Experimentation:

Examination of medicine

on rodents give accurate

and preside primary data

Case study: The best example of collecting primary

data through case study is…

Pharmacovigilance Pharmacovigilance

MERIT & DEMERIT OF PRIMARY DATAMERIT & DEMERIT OF PRIMARY DATAMERITS: The advantages of primary data are;

Targeted Issues are addressed

Data interpretation is better

High accuracy of Data

Addresses Specific Research Issues

Greater Control

DEMERITS: Elevated cost, Time consuming, More number

of resources is required, Inaccurate feed-backs and

Requires a lot of skill with labour.

Secondary data are those that have already been

exists and formerly collected by some persons,

organizations, institution etc.

It is usually refined of the raw materials which passed

through statistical process, may be available in

published form.

Any research starts with review of secondary data.

SECONDARY DATASECONDARY DATA

SOURCE OF SECONDADRY DATASOURCE OF SECONDADRY DATA• Published printed source

Books Journals/periodicals Magazines/Newspapers

• Published Electronic Sources e-journals General websites Weblogs

• Unpublished Personal Records Diaries Letters Cont….

SOURCE OF SECONDADRY DATASOURCE OF SECONDADRY DATA

• Government Records

Census Data/population statistics

Health records

Educational institutes records

• Public Sector Records

NGO's survey data

Other private companies records

MERIT & DEMERIT OF SECONDARY DATAMERIT & DEMERIT OF SECONDARY DATA MERITS:

Quick and cheap source of data

Wider geographical area

Longer orientation period

Leading to find primary data

DEMERITS:

Not fulfill our specific research need

Poor accuracy

Data are not up-to-date

Poor accessibility in some cases

Mission of Pharmaceutical CompaniesMission of Pharmaceutical Companies

To improve the quality of life for patients around the

world, through the manufacturing and distribution of

trusted and branded pharmaceuticals in all the

therapeutic segments. By developing high-quality of

Pharmaceuticals specially designed for the ailing

community in the countries considerably at an

affordable price.

I will recommend that Pharma company should prefer

to use data which is accurate, high quality, current

and advanced. Search for secondary data should be

as such which reduce need of primary research.

It is important for the Pharma company to identify,

reduce and manage the disadvantages that are

accompanied by use of secondary data.

RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSIONRECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION

Kothari CR, “Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques

”, New Age Publication

Bryman, A. and E. Bell: 2003, Business Research Methods

(Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York).

Dillman, Don A. Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total

Design Method. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

Galpin, T. The Use of Mail Questionnaires as a Method of Data

Collection. (Sept, 1987)

REFRENCESREFRENCES