Hardware Basics
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Transcript of Hardware Basics
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Hardware Basics
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Electricity
• Electricity is the flow of electrons• Atoms contain
– In the nucleus (center)• Protons with a positive charge• Neutrons with no charge (no consequence here)
– “Orbiting” around the nucleus• Electrons with a negative charge
-
+
+++
-
--
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Charged Atoms• Atoms with more protons that electrons
– Positively charged– Try to acquire additional electrons to get back in balance
• Atoms with more electrons than protons– Negatively charged– Want to give up electrons to get back in balance
• If you set up an imbalance, electrons will try to jump (flow) between atoms to correct this– This flow is electricity
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Conductors and Insulators• Materials that allow electrons to flow easily are
conductors– Most metals are good conductors
• Materials that don’t allow electrons to flow easily are insulators– E.g., plastic, rubber, glass
• Some materials can be influenced to change from conducting to insulating (a very useful property)Semiconductors
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Basic Law of Charges
• Like charges repel each other• Opposite charges attract each other
• Exert a force – Can do work: e.g., move something
+ -+ + - -
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Charge
• Charge is measured in Coulombs ( C )– (A unit we won’t use much)– Measure of how many more protons than
electrons in a substance– 1 Coulomb = 2.15 x 1018 excess protons
2.15 x 1018
extra electrons=
-1 C
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Electromotive Force(Voltage)
• Charge has the ability to do work – A “potential” to e.g. move something in one
direction or another• Difference in potential (in charge) provides a
force: Electromotive Force (EMF): Voltage
Extra
electronsEMF (voltage)
+
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Flow of electrons
• If this is a conductor then ½ the excess electrons will very rapidly flow to the other end to balance the charge
Conductor Extra
electronsEMF (voltage)
+
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Flow of electrons
• If this is a conductor then ½ the excess electrons will very rapidly flow to the other end to balance the charge
Conductor
0 voltage
½ the extra electrons
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Flow of electrons
• If this is a conductor then ½ the excess electrons will very rapidly flow to the other end to balance the charge
• And then things are not very interesting
Conductor
0 voltage
½ the extra electrons
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Flow of electrons
• If this is a conductor then ½ the excess electrons will very rapidly flow to the other end to balance the charge
• And then things are not very interesting– Hence we set up circuits
(cycles, loops) to keep this going
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Flow of Electrons
• “Current” is the flow of electrons• Measured in Amperes (Amp, or A)
– 1A is 1 Coulomb of charge flowing past a point per second
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Current vs. Voltage
• Water analogy– Useful, but only goes so far
• Coulombs analogous to quantity (gallons)• Amps analogous to flow rate (gallons / sec)• Voltage analogous to pressure (lbs/ft2)
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Resistance
• Can have a lot of flow at low pressure or a lot of pressure but low volume– Depends on the size of the pipe
• Resistance is analogous to the size of the pipe
• Resistance is the opposition to current flow• Measured in Ohms ( Ω )
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Ohm’s Law
• Relates current, voltage, and resistance
• Current normally denoted by variable I• Voltage normally denoted by variable V• Resistance normally denoted by variable R
V = I * R
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Ohm’s Law
• V = IR• R = V / I• I = V / R V
I R
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Ohm’s Law
• In the electronics we will do, we tend to (try to) hold the voltage constant (or zero)– Typically 5v
• starting to use 3.3v, but 5v still most common
• I = V / R I = 5 / R– Raise the resistance, current drops– Lower the resistance, current rises
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Ohm’s Law
• I = V / R I = 5 / R– Raise the resistance, current drops– Lower the resistance, current rises
• What happens if we lower the resistance towards zeros?
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Ohm’s Law• I = V / R I = 5 / R
– Raise the resistance, current drops– Lower the resistance, current rises
• What happens if we lower the resistance towards zeros?– Current goes towards infinity– Power = V * I (related to heat)
• Boom! (or Poof!)
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Current Limiting • Important
– This is how you (literally) fry hardware if you don’t pay attention (trust me, I know)
• Always think carefully (and check!) that the path from 5v source– From power supply, or from output pin of a chip
to ground (0v location) has appropriate resistance– Not a “short circuit” ~0Ω– Current limiting resistor at value needed to stay within
current limits of the device
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Aside: Units• Volts, Amps, Ohms• Normally use metric system unit prefixes
mega M million 1,000,000 106
kilo k thousand 1,000103
one 1 100
milli m thousandth 0.00110-3
micro μ millionth 0.000 001 10-6
nano n billionth 10-9
pico p trillionth 10-12
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Examples5V with 10Ω 5/10 A = 0.5A = 500mA
• For typical chips you will use = Poof!
5V with 100Ω 5/100 A = 50mA• Still Poof!
5V with 250Ω 5/250 A = 20mA• OK for PIC processors, not for lots of other digital electronics
5V with 10kΩ 5/10000 A = 0.5mA• Good for most digital electronics
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Schematic Diagrams xx• Wire, connection, cross, hop-over• Resistor, variable resistor (pot, rheostat) • Battery, switch• Capacitor, electrolytic capacitor• Diode, LED• Transistor (PNP, NPN)• Inductor, transformer• Integrated circuit
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Schematic Diagrams
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AC vs. DC
• DC – Direct Current– Current flows steadily in one direction– Most of what we will do is DC
• AC – Alternating Current– Current flows in one direction then another– Wall current does this
• Alternating 60 times per sec• 60 Hz
V
V
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Capacitance• Capacitor
– Device with two conducting plates separated by insulating material (called dielectric)
– Stores electric charge in the dielectric
– Water metaphor• Consider a pipe with a rubber balloon blocking it• DC current bulges out the balloon (charges the capacitor)
– But then stops flowing– Release the pressure the charge drains back out over time
• AC current can go back and forth continuouslyCapacitor blocks DC but allows AC to pass
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Capacitance
• Capacitance is measured in Farads ( F ) and denoted by variable C– Amount of charge divided by voltage across
plates• Charge (in Coulombs) denoted by Q
• C = Q / V
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Series and Parallel Circuits
• Series circuit
• Parallel circuit
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Series and Parallel Circuits
• Combining resistors
• Rtotal-series = R1 + R2
• Rtotal-par = (R1 * R2) / (R1 + R2)
R1 R2
R1
R2
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Series and Parallel Circuits
Combining capacitors
• Ctotal-series = (C1 * C2) / (C1 + C2)
• Ctotal-par = C1 + C2
C1 C2
C1
C2
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Digital Electronics
• Computer circuits treat signals as digital values– Consider signals to only have two states: 1 or 0– +5v is considered to be “1”– 0v is considered to be “0”
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Digital Electronics
• But need to leave some room for error or fluctuation– Between VHMin and +5v considered 1
– Between 0v and VLmax considered 0
– Between VLmax and VHMin is undefined (and unpredictable)
• Can pass through this but you don’t want to stay there long
+5v
0v
VHMin
VLmax
1
0
??
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