Hardik Bharatbhai Patel v State of Guj

8/17/2019 Hardik Bharatbhai Patel v State of Guj

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MANU/GJ/0877/2015

Equivalent Citation: 2015(4)Crimes462(Guj.), 2016(1)RCR(Crimina)542IN THE HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD

!"e#ia Crimina A""i#a$i%n (&uas'in) N%. 60 %* 2015 an+ !"e#ia Crimina A""i#a$i%nN%s. 6, 626, 6264 an+ 6265 %* 2015

-e#i+e+ n 01.12.2015

A""ean$s Hardik Barat!ai "atel#$%

Res"%n+en$ &tate o' Gu(arat and Or$%Hon)!le Jud*e$+Cora,:

J.. ar+iaa, J.Coun$el$:

3%r A""ean$/e$i$i%ner/ain$i** .M. Manuia an+ ea A. raja"a$i, A+%#a$es3%r Res"%n+en$s/-e*en+an$ Mi$es' Amin, ui# r%se#u$%r

&u!(e-t: Cri,inalCat- .ord$

Mentioned IN

A-t$+Rule$+Order$:

C%+e %* Crimina r%#e+ure, 17 (CrC) !e#$i%n 9 C%ns$i$u$i%n * :n+ia Ar$i#e16, C%ns$i$u$i%n * :n+ia Ar$i#e 16(4), C%ns$i$u$i%n * :n+ia Ar$i#e 1, C%ns$i$u$i%n * :n+ia Ar$i#e 1(1) (a), C%ns$i$u$i%n * :n+ia Ar$i#e 1(1)(a), C%ns$i$u$i%n * :n+ia Ar$i#e 1(1)(), C%ns$i$u$i%n * :n+ia Ar$i#e 1(2), C%ns$i$u$i%n * :n+ia Ar$i#e2, C%ns$i$u$i%n * :n+ia Ar$i#e 40,C%ns$i$u$i%n * :n+ia Ar$i#e 469 Gujara$ %i#eA#$, 151 !e#$i%n 689 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 120()9 :n+ian enaC%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 1209 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 1219 :n+ianena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 121, 9 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n

122, 9 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 12, 9 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 124, 9 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 125, 9 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860,(:C) !e#$i%n 126, 9 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 121A, 9 :n+ian ena C%+e1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 121A9:n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 1229 :n+ian enaC%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 129 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 124A, 9 :n+ianena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 124A9 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n1259 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 1269 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 15A, 9 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 15A9 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860,(:C) !e#$i%n 159 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 1769 :n+ian ena C%+e1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 5059 :n+ian ena C%+e 1860, (:C) !e#$i%n 505(2)9 reen$i%n * ;err%rism A#$, 2002


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i'ar an+ rs. MANU/!C/008/155 9 R.M.-. C'amarauaa s. ;'e Uni%n %* :n+ia(U:) MANU/!C/0020/157 9 @m"er%r s. a Gana+'ar ;ia MANU/M/002/1169 @m"er%r s. 'asar aan$ '%"a$ar MANU/M/0064/106 9 ia A'me+ ?a%% s.!$a$e %* An+'ra ra+es' MANU/!C/0861/17 9 aan$ !in' an+ an%$'er s. !$a$e %* unja MANU/!C/044/15 9Aun a an+ rs. s. @m"er%r MANU/RA/0051/119 !$a$e (N.C.;. %* -e'i) s. Naj%$ !an+'u E A*san Guru MANU/!C/0465/2005 9 M+.

Jamiu++in Nasir s. !$a$e %* Bes$ enaMANU/!C/048/2014 9 M%'amme+ AjmaM%'amma+ Amir ?asa E Au Muja'i+ s. !$a$e %* Ma'aras'$ra MANU/!C/0681/20129 !.. J'aaa an+ rs. s. @m"er%r MANU/U/071/1 9Umaa$'an$aa$u u$'enee$i ?un'i ?a+ir s. @m"er%r MANU/;N/0287/121 9 !ai Ram s.@m"er%r MANU/U/0018/142

JUDGMENT

J%B% "ardi/ala0 J%

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ini$ia #%n$aine+ 81 #%mmuni$ies. !$a$e 'as *%rme+ C #%mmissi%n in14 un+er ar$i#e 40 %* $'e #%ns$i$u$i%n, an+ a$ "resen$ Gujara$ 'as 146#as$es in#u+e+ un+er C Fu%$a. ase+ %n sure an+ re#%mmen+a$i%n $'e #%mmissi%n $'e s$a$e %ernmen$ #an in#u+e an #%mmuni$ in$'e is$. a$e %r a$i+ar #as$e, *%rma re#%nise+ as a se"ara$e i+en$i$ in$'e 11 #ensus %* :n+ia an+ 'ain "rei%us een #assi*ie+ as ?ani, isn%$ in#u+e+ in $'e is$ %* Cs. N%ne %* $'e #%mmissi%ns, #%ns$i$u$e+ *%rsure an+ re#%mmen+a$i%n *%r in#u+in %* #%mmuni$ies in C is$, eerre#%mmen+e+ a$i+ar #as$e $% e in#u+e+ in $'e sai+ is$.. -es"i$e ein aare %* $'e *a#$ $'a$ in#u+in %* a$i+ar/a$e #as$e in$'e is$ %* Cs is n%$ ea an+ s%#i%%i#a im"%ssie, a r%u" %* "ers%ns, e+ %ne !'ri ar+i a$e, #%ns"ire+ $% ins$ia$e memers %* $'e a$i+ar/a$e C%mmuni$ $% ai$a$e *%r $'e same. As i e es$ais'e+ *a#$s s$a$e+ 'ereina*$er, $'is #%ns"ira# as "re"anne+ an+ eHe#u$e+*%r $'e "ur"%se %* rinin in$% 'a$re+ an+ #%n$em"$, an+ $% eH#i$e+isa**e#$i%n $%ar+s $'e G%ernmen$ %* Gujara$. ;'ese "ers%ns 'a++eiera$e an+ n%in %r+s, s"%en an+ ri$$en, a$$em"$e+ $%

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G%ernmen$ *%r#es. !u#' a#$s %* $'ese "ers%ns as% am%un$ $% %**en#es"unis'ae un+er se#$i%ns 121 an+ 121A :C, sin#e $'e %je#$ %* $'ea##use+ "ers%ns as, *%r#e an+ i%en#e, $% %er#%me $'e seran$s %* $'e G%ernmen$ an+ $'ere $% *%r#e G%ernmen$ %* Gujara$ $% $ae iea+e#isi%ns. !e#$i%n 121 an+ 121A :C are re"r%+u#e+ 'ereine% *%r rea+re*eren#e121. Bain, %r a$$em"$in $% ae ar, %r ae$$in ain %* ar,aains$ $'e G%ernmen$ %* :n+ia

B'%eer aes ar aains$ $'e G%ernmen$ %* :n+ia, %r a$$em"$s$% ae su#' ar, %r ae$s $'e ain %* su#' ar, s'a e"unis'e+ i$' +ea$', %r im"ris%nmen$ *%r i*e, an+ s'a as% eiae $% *ine.

121A. C%ns"ira# $% #%mmi$ %**en#es "unis'ae !e#$i%n 121B'%eer i$'in %r i$'%u$


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() #%mmi$s an a#$ 'i#' is "reju+i#ia $% $'e main$enan#e%* 'arm%n e$een +i**eren$ reii%us, ra#ia, anuae %rrei%na r%u"s %r #as$es %r #%mmuni$ies, an+ 'i#' +is$urs%r is ie $% +is$ur $'e "ui# $ranFuii$, %r

(#) %rani>es an eHer#ise, m%emen$, +ri %r %$'er simiar

a#$ii$ in$en+in $'a$ $'e "ar$i#i"an$s in su#' a#$ii$ s'ause %r e $raine+ $% use #rimina *%r#e %r i%en#e %r n%ini$ $% e ie $'a$ $'e "ar$i#i"an$s in su#' a#$ii$ i use %re $raine+ $% use #rimina *%r#e %r i%en#e, %r "ar$i#i"a$es insu#' a#$ii$ in$en+in $% use %r e $raine+ $% use #rimina*%r#e %r i%en#e %r n%in i$ $% e ie $'a$ $'e"ar$i#i"an$s in su#' a#$ii$ i use %r e $raine+ $% use#rimina *%r#e %r i%en#e, aains$ an reii%us, ra#ia,anuae %r rei%na r%u" %r #as$e %r #%mmuni$ an+ su#'a#$ii$ *%r an reas%n 'a$s%eer #auses %r is ie $%#ause *ear %r aarm %r a *eein %* inse#uri$ am%ns$

memers %* su#' reii%us, ra#ia, anuae %r rei%na r%u"%r #as$e %r #%mmuni$,

s'a e "unis'e+ i$' im"ris%nmen$ 'i#' ma eH$en+ $% $'reeears, %r i$' *ine, %r i$' %$'.

15. :m"u$a$i%ns, asser$i%ns "reju+i#ia $% na$i%na in$era$i%n

(1) B'%eer, %r+s ei$'er s"%en %r ri$$en %r sins %r isie re"resen$a$i%ns %r %$'erise,

(a) maes %r "uis'es an im"u$a$i%n $'a$ an #ass %*

"ers%ns #ann%$, reas%n %* $'eir ein memers %* anreii%us, ra#ia, anuae %r rei%na r%u" %r #as$e %r#%mmuni$, ear $rue *ai$' an+ aeian#e $% $'e C%ns$i$u$i%n%* :n+ia as a es$ais'e+ %r u"'%+ $'e s%erein$ an+in$eri$ %* :n+ia, %r

() asser$s, #%unses, a+ises, "r%"aa$es %r "uis'es $'a$an #ass %* "ers%ns reas%n %* $'eir ein memers %* anreii%us, ra#ia, anuae %r rei%na r%u" %r #as$e %r#%mmuni$ e +enie+, %r +e"rie+ %* $'eir ri'$s as #i$i>ens%* :n+ia, %r

(#) maes %r "uis'es an+ asser$i%n, #%unse, "ea %r a""ea#%n#ernin $'e %ia$i%n %* an #ass %* "ers%ns, reas%n%* $'eir ein memers %* an reii%us, ra#ia, anuae %rrei%na r%u" %r #as$e %r #%mmuni$, an+ su#' asser$i%n,#%unse, "ea %r a""ea #auses %r is ie $% #ause+is'arm%n %r *eeins %* enmi$ %r 'a$re+ %r ii e$eensu#' memers an+ %$'er "ers%ns, s'a e "unis'e+ i$'im"ris%nmen$ 'i#' ma eH$en+ $% $'ree ears, %r i$' *ine,


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%r i$' %$'.

(2) B'%eer #%mmi$s an %**en#e s"e#i*ie+ in suse#$i%n (1), in an"a#e %* %rs'i" %r in an assem enae+ in $'e "er*%rman#e %* reii%us %rs'i" %r reii%us #erem%nies, s'a e "unis'e+ i$'im"ris%nmen$ 'i#' ma eH$en+ $% *ie ears an+ s'a as% e

iae $% *ine.

A#$s %* #%mmissi%n an+ %missi%n ar+i a$e an+ %$'er a##use+"ers%ns, 'i#' am%un$s $% ari%us %**en#es un+er a%emen$i%ne+se#$i%ns, are enumera$e+ 'ereina*$er.

4. ar+i a$e an+ %$'er a##use+ "ers%ns *%rme+ an %ranisa$i%n, namea$i+ar Anama$ An+%an !ami$i, "ur"%r$e+ $% see $'er a#ar+ Casss$a$us *%r a$i+ar #%mmuni$ $% e$ resera$i%n in G%ernmen$ j%s an+e+u#a$i%n. -es"i$e ein aare %* $'e ea an+ s%#ia as"e#$s %* su#'+eman+, seera ai$a$i%ns/"ui# a$'erins an+ +em%ns$ra$i%ns ere"anne+ an+ eHe#u$e+ a$ ari%us "a#es a#r%ss Gujara$. :$ %u+ e%r$''ie s$a$in 'ere $'a$ s%me %* $'e sai+ ai$a$i%ns/"ui# a$'erinsan+ +em%ns$ra$i%ns (re*eren#e %* $'e main een$s 'i#' 'as een ma+e+a$eise 'ereinun+er in a $auar *%rm) ere 'e+ i$'%u$ $ainne#essar "ermissi%n *r%m $'e #%n#erne+ au$'%ri$ies.


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M%re $'an 00 %++ raies, ai$a$i%ns %r +em%ns$ra$i%ns ere #%n+u#$e+ $'e r%u"s a#r%ss $'e s$a$e. er an+ a%e '%+in $'e a*%resai+ai$a$i%ns/"ui# a$'erins/+em%ns$ra$i%ns, $'e a*%resai+ a##use+"ers%ns use+ s%#ia me+ia $% s"rea+ $'e "r%$es$ Fui# a#r%ss $'e !$a$ean+ su#' ai$a$i%ns/"ui# a$'erins/+em%ns$ra$i%ns ere %ranise+ an+eHe#u$e+ $'e a$i+ar Anama$ An+%an !ami$i. ;'e +em%ns$ra$i%n in!ura$ %n 17$' Auus$, 2015 +re es$ima$e+ a# "e%"e. ;'e +iam%n+an+ $eH$ie mare$s %* $'e #i$ remaine+#%se+. !eera s#'%%s an+#%ees ere as% #%se+.

5. -ee$eri%us e**e#$ %* $'ese ai$a$i%ns s$ar$e+ s'%in in $'e s%#ie$,

'ere $'e #as$es, 'i#' are area+ "ar$ %* C is$, s$ar$e++em%ns$ra$in aains$ $'e +eman+ %* a$i+ar #%mmuni$ $% e in#u+e+ in$'e is$. ;'%usan+s %* $'er a#ar+ Cass #%mmuni$ies memers 'e+ ara %n 2r+ Auus$ in A'me+aa+ $% #%un$er $'e ai$a$i%n %* $'e a$e#%mmuni$. Raies ere 'e+ Cs a$ ari%us %$'er "a#es in Gujara$ $%%""%se $'e +eman+ %* a$i+ars $% e in#u+e+ in C is$. ress #u$$ins"er$ainin $% $'ese raies are aaiae an+ i e "r%+u#e+. !imiar,$'%se #%mmuni$ies 'i#' +% n%$ e$ ene*i$ %* resera$i%n, su#' asra'mins, ania, e$#., s$ar$e+ ai$a$in an+ %ranisin raies aains$resera$i%n ss$em +e$ais %* 'i#' are as% aaiae. -iisi%n in ari%us#%mmuni$ies %* $'e s%#ie$ as an eH"e#$e+ *a%u$ %* $'e ai$a$i%n e+

!'ri ar+i a$e an+ %$'er a##use+ "ers%ns. -iisie s$a$emen$s ma+e s$a$e aains$ %$'er #%mmuni$ies an+ #as$e r%u"s a++e+ *ue $% *ire. ;'esea##use+ "ers%ns #%ns"ire+ an+ "anne+ $% ins$ia$e $'e s#'ism an+i%en#e e$een ari%us #%mmuni$ies.

6. G%ernmen$ %* Gujara$ ma+e a $'e a$$em"$s $% i+e "ui#ise $'e#%rre#$ *a#$s isis $'e *aa#ies ein s"rea+ $'e a##use+ "ers%nsari%us a+er$isemen$s an+ "ui# s$a$emen$s ere issue+ $'eG%ernmen$ %* Gujara$ $% +issua+e $'e memers %* a$i+ar #%mmuni$


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*r%m ein mise+. ;'ese a+er$isemen$s an+ "ui# s$a$emen$s areaaiae. :n *a$ $'e G%ernmen$ %* Gujara$ en$ %u$ %* i$s a $%"ersua+e ar+i a$e an+ %$'er a##use+ "ers%ns nea$e+ a su#' e**%r$s%* G%ernmen$ %* Gujara$ ei$'er n%$ "ar$i#i"a$in in $'e ne%$ia$i%n"r%#ess ini$ia$e+ $'e G%ernmen$ %r main s$a$emen$s ie s%me"ar$ies sa %u +% n%$ n% a%u$ !u"reme C%ur$ ui+eines (50 "er #en$#a" %n resera$i%n), $'is #ann%$ 'a""en. :* !u"reme C%ur$ #an %"en a$.0 in $'e m%rnin *%r a $err%ris$, $'en ' n%$ *%r $'e %u$', $'e *u$ure%* $'is na$i%n

8. As #an e in*erre+ *r%m $'e "re#e+in "arara"'s, a e**%r$s %* $'e!$a$e G%ernmen$ *%r $'e "ur"%se %* ini$ia$in a "r%#ess %* +ia%ue i$'ar+i a$e an+ in ie %* s"ee#'es ma+e ar+i a$e ea+in $% $'e25$' Auus$, 2015 ra a$ A'me+aa+, a +e#isi%n as $aen $% m%ni$%r$'e a#$ii$ies %* ar+i a$e an+ 'is r%u" *%r $'e "ur"%se %* as#er$ainin$'e rea m%$ie e'in+ $'ese ai$a$i%ns. A##%r+in %n $'e r%un+s %* main$ainin a an+ "ui# %r+er, sureian#e as +%ne an+ "'%ne

numers %* s%me memers %* $'e r%u" i>. a$i+ar Anama$ An+%an!ami$i (AA!) ere e"$ un+er $e#'ni#a sureian#e a*$er e$$inreFuisi$e a""r%a *r%m $'e %**i#e %* $'e A++i$i%na C'ie* !e#re$ar(%me).ase+ %n $'e +a$a #%e#$e+ *r%m su#' $e#'ni#a sureian#e, anin*eren#e as easi +ran rear+in a ne*ari%us +esin an+ "re"anne+#%ns"ira# %n $'e "ar$ %* ar+i a$e an+ %$'er memers %* $'e AA!.;'e #%nersa$i%ns ma+e s%me memers %* $'e #%re #%mmi$$ee %* AA!an+ $'e ai$a$%rs #ear s'% $'a$ $'e 'a+ een ins$ia$e+ an+ ae$$e+ $'e memers %* AA!. ;'e #as ere ma+e $'e AA! memers $%$'e ai$a$%rs #ear s'% $'a$ $'e 'a+ een ins$ia$e+ an+ ae$$e+ $'e memers %* AA!. ;'e #as ere ma+e $'e AA! memers $% $'eai$a$%rs ins$ia$in $'em an+ asin $'em $% a$$a# an+ urn "ui#"r%"er$ an+ "%i#e an+ as% asin $'em $% ae ar $% %er$'r% $'e+u ee#$e+ G%ernmen$ %* Gujara$.

10. :ni$ia i$ as "anne+ an+ ann%un#e+ $'a$ a*$er $'e #%m"e$i%n %* $'esa'a, a ra i e $aen %u$ $% $'e C%e#$%r **i#e, A'me+aa+ Ci$ $%'an+%er $'e mem%ran+um $% C%e#$%r K -is$ri#$ Mais$ra$e, A'me+aa+Ci$. Bi$' an in$en$i%n $% "reen$ an un$%ar+ in#i+en$ +urin $'e ra"r%#essi%n, A'me+aa+ C%e#$%r K -is$ri#$ Mais$ra$e 'a+ %un$ari%**ere+ $% #%me u" "ers%na $% $'e G.M.-.C. r%un+ $% a##e"$ $'emem%ran+um *%r in#usi%n %* a$i+ar #%mmuni$ in C is$. %eer,ar+i a$e re*use+ $'e same, an+ insis$e+ $'a$ %ne C'ie* Minis$er %*

Gujara$ 'erse* #ame $% e r%un+ $% a##e"$ $'e mem%ran+um. Anann%un#emen$ $% $'e same e**e#$ as ma+e "ui# ar+i a$e.;'erea*$er, ar+i a$e an+ %$'er memers %* AA! e+ a ra "r%#essi%n$% $'e C%e#$%r **i#e, 'erein a $'r%u'%u$ $'e r%u$e $'e erea++ressin an+ in#i$in $'e ai$a$%rs %n $'e r%a+. A*$er sumi$$in $'emem%ran+um $% $'e C%e#$%r, A'me+aa+, ar+i a$e an+ %$'ermemers %* AA! #ame a# $% GM-C r%un+ an+ sa$ %n in+e*ini$e *as$.;'eir +eman+ as $'a$ %ne C'ie* Minis$er in "ers%n s'%u+ #%me $% $'e


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r%un+ an+ a##e"$ $'e sai+ mem%ran+um. ar+i a$e aain an+ aainann%un#e+ an+ reFues$e+ m%re an+ m%re ai$a$%rs $% j%in 'im inin+e*ini$e *as$ a$ GM-C r%un+. :n $'is #%nne#$i%n, i$ is s$a$e+ $'a$ $'e"ermissi%n *%r sa'a an+ ra "r%#essi%n as %n $i 6 "m %n 25$'Auus$, 2015. %eer, ar+i a$e an+ %$'er memers %* AA!#%n$inue+ $% si$ %n s$ae an+ ere j%ine+ a%u$ 1000 %$'er ai$a$%rs.;'e "%i#e %**i#ers an+ "ers%nne +e"%e+ %n GM-C r%un+ in*%rme+$'ese ai$a$%rs $'a$ sin#e $'ere is n% "ermissi%n $% si$ %n *as$ an+ $'e"ermi$$e+ $ime *%r $'e ra 'as a"se+, $'e s'%u+ a#a$e $'e "remises.As%, reFues$ as ma+e $% sus"en+ $'e *as$ in ie %* $'e area+ *raiea K %r+er si$ua$i%n in A'me+aa+ Ci$ an+ %$'er areas. :$ i ea""r%"ria$e $% men$i%n $'a$ +ue $% in#i$emen$ ma+e +urin $'e ra an+sa'a, #%n*r%n$a$i%n %n #as$e ines 'a""ene+ a$ Juna Ba+aj area, 'ere%i#e 'a+ $% res%r$ $% a$'i#'are $% +is"erse $'e m%. !imiar re"%r$s %* #%n*r%n$a$i%n an+ i%en#e e$een a$i+ars an+ %$'er #%mmuni$ies ere#%min *r%m +i**eren$ "ar$s %* $'e #i$. -es"i$e #%n$inu%us reFues$ %* "%i#e %**i#ers $% a#a$e $'e r%un+. ar+i a$e an+ %$'er a##use+

"ers%ns #%n$inue+ $'e *as$, an+ ins$ea+ s$ar$e+ $'rea$enin $'e "%i#e%**i#ers an+ "ers%nne %* +ire #%nseFuen#es. -er%a$%r #%mmen$s %n#as$e %* $'e "%i#e %**i#ers an+ "ers%nne ere ein ma+e $'eai$a$%rs "resen$ in $'e r%un+ rea+in $'e name "a$es %n $'euni*%rm. ar+i a$e as% in#i$e+ $'e ai$a$%rs "resen$ in $'e GM-Cr%un+ ann%un#in $'a$ $'e "%i#e an$ $% arres$ 'im an+ rem%e 'im*%r#i *r%m $'e r%un+. ;'ese s$a$emen$s, as as% $'e %$'er #%mmen$s ar+i a$e an+ %$'er a##use+ "ers%ns, ma+e $'e #r%+ i%en$.Ai$a$%rs s$ar$e+ $'r%in #'airs a$ "%i#e, resu$in in$% injuries $% "%i#e"ers%nne, in#u+in %i#e C%ns$ae Aja M !%ani %* -'ari %i#e !$a$i%n'i#' resu$e+ in a *ra#$ure %* 'is e*$ arm. ;'is *%r#e+ "%i#e $% res%r$ $%

a$'i#'are. ;% +is"erse $'e m% $'e "%i#e %**i#ers ere #%ns$raine+ $%+e$ain ar+i a$e an+ %$'er memers %* AA! un+er se#$i%n 68 %* Gujara$ %i#e A#$. ;'is +e$en$i%n as +%ne $% ensure $'e sa*e$ %* $'ese"ers%ns, as in $'e ensuin meee, $'e m% res%r$e+ $% s$%ne "e$in an++amain "ui# "r%"er$.12. ;'e s"a$e %* i%en#e an+ +es$ru#$i%n +%ne $'e ai$a$%rs a#r%ss $'es$a$e s'%e+ a #ear an+ e "anne+ #%ns"ira#.

a. Raia ines a#r%ss $'e s$a$e ere $are$e+ $'e m% 'erein%**en#es ere reis$ere+ a$ !aarma$i Raia %i#e !$a$i%n,iramam Raia %i#e !$a$i%n an+ ?a"a+anj ;%n %i#e !$a$i%nrea$in $% u"r%%$in %* raia ines. ;'e rie* *a#$s %* $'e $'ree

%**en#es are as ien e%

i. ?a"a+anj ;%n %i#e !$a$i%n : CR N%. 8/2015 'ereraia ines %* 26 me$ers ere rem%e+ an+ sina as+amae+ una*u assem %* 25 "ers%ns

ii. !aarma$i Raia %i#e !$a$i%n : CR N%. 25/2015 'ereraia #r%ssins, a$eman #ain, an+ %$'er #ri$i#a raia

http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/ba/disp.asp','34195','1');http://fnopenglobalpopup%28%27/ba/disp.asp','34195','1');


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"r%"er$ as +amae+ a m% %* 5,000 "ers%ns

iii. iramam Raia %i#e !$a$i%n : CR N%. 0/2015 'erein ?a+i Raia !$a$i%n #ri$i#a raia in*ras$ru#$ure as+amae+ an iea m% %* 700800 "ers%n

. ;'e resi+en#e an+ %**i#es %* $'e ee#$e+ re"resen$a$ies, MDAs,Ms an+ %ernmen$ %**i#es %#a$e+ a#r%ss $'e s$a$e ere $are$e+ $'e m%. A $%$a %* 14 %**en#es ere reis$ere+ a#r%ss $'e s$a$e'erein resi+en#e an+ %**i#es %* Minis$ers an+ MDAs an+ Ms erea$$a#e+. ;'e %ernmen$ res$ '%use a$ ?a+i, *%res$ +e"ar$men$e'i#e a$ :+ar, %**i#ia e'i#e %* $'e D+. A++. !essi%ns Ju+e, a$anas a$$a#e+ an+ se$ aa>e $'e m%. rie* in*%rma$i%n %* s%me%* $'e %**en#es are enumera$e+ 'erein e%

i. Me'sana -iisi%n ! : CR N%. 166/2015 'ere %**i#e %* Minis$er %* !$a$e *%r %me, Gujara$ as se$ aa>e

ii. a$an Ci$ -iisi%n, : CR N%. 104/2015 'ere %**i#iae'i#e %* D+. A++i$i%na !essi%ns Ju+e, a$an as se$aa>e.

iii. Unj'a ! : CR N%. 155/2015 'ere !aes ;aH **i#e an+;aua an#'aa$ %**i#e a$ Unj'a ere se$ %n *ire, a%ni$'s$%ne "e$in %er "%i#e "ers%nne.

#. ase+ %n $'e misre"resen$e+ nes rear+in ar+i a$esarres$, $'e ai$a$%rs a#r%ss $'e s$a$e $are$e+ %i#e %**i#ers an+"ers%nne. Bi+es"rea+ +amae as ma+e $% "%i#e s$a$i%ns,#'%is an+ "%i#e e'i#es an+ "%i#emen ere a$$a#e+ a#r%ss $'es$a$e. 55 %**en#es ere reis$ere+ in $'e s$a$e %* 'i#' 24 %**en#esere re"%r$e+ in A'me+aa+, 14 in Me'sana, 6 %**en#es in Raj%$,4 in !aaran$'a, ea#' in a$an an+ anasan$'a, an+ %ne in?'e+a.

i. a"unaar ! : CR N%. 172/15 'ere a m% a$$a#e+ $'e-iam%n+ %i#e C'%i an+ se$ i$ aa>e.

ii. Ram% ! : CR N%. 175/15 ere an unru #r%+ ai+ siee%n $'e as$ra %i#e C'%i, sei>e+ ea"%ns *r%m $'e "%i#e"ar$ an+ %"ene+ *ire %n $'em.

iii. ?a+i ! : CR N%. 157/15 'ere a m% $are$e+ $'eGan+'i C'% %i#e C'%i an+ $'e "%i#e ine an+ $rie+ $%se$ i$ aa>e.

i. Ga+ ! : CR N%. 58/15 'ere a m% a$$a#e+ $'e "%i#es$a$i%n i$' s%r+s an+ "e$r% %ms an+ $%r#'e+ $'e "%i#ee'i#es an+ $rie+ $% $ae aa $'e ea"%n %* $'e "%i#e


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"ers%nne.

+. ;'e ai$a$e+ m% as% $are$e+ "ui# an+ "ria$e "r%"er$iesa#r%ss $'e s$a$e, ui# m%+es %* $rans"%r$ ie AM;!, G!R;C an+R;! uses a#r%ss Gujara$ ere $are$e+. 2 %**en#es erereis$ere+ in $'is #%nne#$i%n 'erein %**en#es ere in

A'me+aa+, 7 in Me'sana, 6 in a$an, 5 in !aaran$'a an+ 4%**en#es in Raj%$ an+ %ne in asa+.

i. !%a ! : CR N%. 11/15 'ere $'e m% +amae+ AM;!,R;! an+ G!R;C uses an+ *ire ria+e e'i#es.

ii. G'a$%+ia ! : CR N%. 127/15 'ere $'e m% a$$a#e+ $'e"%i#e #'%i, urn$ R;! an+ AM;! uses.

iii. Gan+'iram ! : CR N%. 20/15 'ere an ira$e m%$%r#'e+ $'e R;! us s$%".

e. ;'e in#i$emen$ +%ne a##use+ "ers%ns 'a+ #ause+ s#'ism in$'e s%#ie$ %n #as$e ines, 'i#' resu$e+ in #as$e #as'es a$ ari%us"a#es. **en#es ere reis$ere+ a$ ari%us "a#e, in#u+in a$ a+aj%i#e !$a$i%n %* A'me+aa+ Ci$ i+e : CR N%. 15/2015 'ere#as'es e$een a$i+ar #%mmuni$ an+ %$'er C #%mmuni$ $%%"a#e.

;'e en$ire +e$aie+ re"%r$ s'%in $'e %**en#es reis$ere+ a#r%ss $'e s$a$eas "ar$ %* $'is s"a$e %* i%en#e is aaiae.

15. ;'e s"a$e %* i%en$ a#$s $'a$ ensue+ in A'me+aa+ #i$ sin#e 25$'Auus$, 2015 #ear reea a "a$$ern an+ +esin e$$in i$s #%rr%%ra$i%n

*r%m $'e earier s"ee#'es ma+e ar+i a$e an+ as% *r%m $'e$rans#ri"$s %* $'e #%nersa$i%ns %* $'e %$'er a##use+ "ers%ns men$i%ne+'ereine*%re. 3ur$'er a#$s an+ %missi%ns %n $'e "ar$ %* ar+i a$e an+%$'er a##use+ "ers%ns e%nin $% AA! "rima *a#ie es$ais' $'a$ $'een$ire ai$a$i%n %* seein resera$i%n *%r $'e a$i+ar C%mmuni$ asneer $'e in$en+e+ "ur"%se %* $'e AA!. :n *a#$, a#$s an+ %missi%n %n $'e"ar$ %* a##use+ "ers%n #ear es$ais'es a sinis$er +esin $% rin in$%'a$re+ an+ #%n$em"$ in %r+er $% eH#i$e +isa**e#$i%n $%ar+s $'e +uee#$e+ %ernmen$ an+ i$s *un#$i%naries. C%er$ #as $% a$$a#%ernmen$ in *ase an+ a+ i'$ in$en$i%na s"rea+inmisin*%rma$i%n i$' +is$%r$e+ *a#$s are a "ar$s %* $'is #%ns"ira#. ;'e

#%ns"ira# 'a$#'e+ ar+i a$e an+ $'e %$'er a##use+ "ers%ns $%+es$aiise a +u ee#$e+ +em%#ra$i# G%ernmen$ un+er $'e ar %* Resera$i%n Ai$a$i%n *%r $'e a$i+ar C%mmuni$, a #%mmuni$ %$'eriseseen an+ "er#eie+ as a "ea#e%in an+ aai+in #%mmuni$. ar+ia$e an+ %$'er a##use+ "ers%ns, in$en$i%na in#i$e+ $'e sen$imen$s %* $'e #%mmuni$ memers an+ as% +ee%"e+ a *eein %* 'a$re+, #%n$em"$an+ +isa**e#$i%n am%ns$ $'e memers %* $'e a$i+ar C%mmuni$ $%ar+s$'e G%ernmen$ an+ as% %$'er #%mmuni$ies, $'ere #rea$in si$ua$i%ns


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"reju+i#ia $% na$i%na in$era$i%n. ;'e a##use+ "ers%ns un+er $'eea+ers'i" %* ar+i 'ara$'ai a$e a$$em"$e+ $% ae ar aains$ $'e%ernmen$ an+ as% #%ns"ire+ $% %erae $'e a*u ee#$e+%ernmen$ %* Gujara$, means %* #rimina *%r#e an+ as% s'% %* #rimina *%r#e. ;'e #%mmi$$e+ ari%us a#$s %* %missi%ns an+ #%mmissi%ns"unis'ae u/s. 121, 121A, 124A, 15A, 15 rea+ i$' rea+ i$' 120() %* $'e :n+ian ena C%+e an+ 'en#e : *ie $'is #%m"ain$ aains$ ar+i'ara$'ai a$e, -ines' 'aaana' am'ania, C'ira 'ara$'aia$e, ?e$an Dai$'ai a$e, A"es' Gans'am'ai ?a$'aria, Amres'umar-. a$e an+ %$'ers as i e +is#%se+ in $'e #%urse %* ines$ia$i%n.

5. ?ee"in in min+ $'e a%e, i$ is $'e #ase %* $'e "r%se#u$i%n $'a$ $'e a""i#an$s 'erein'ae #%mmi$$e+ $'e %**en#es %* se+i$i%n "unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 124A %* $'e :C,ain %* ar "unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 121 %* $'e :C, 'a$#'in #%ns"ira# $% #%mmi$%**en#e "unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 121A %* $'e :C, an+ "r%m%$in enmi$ e$een+i**eren$ r%u"s %n r%un+s %* reii%n, e$#. "unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 15A %* $'e :C.O !UM:!!:N N @AD3 3 ;@ AD:CAN;!

6. Mr. .M. Manuia, $'e earne+ #%unse a""earin *%r $'e a""i#an$s e'emen$sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e 3irs$ :n*%rma$i%n Re"%r$ %+e+ aains$ 'is #ien$s is n%$'in, u$ ana#$ %* maa *i+e %n $'e "ar$ %* $'e !$a$e G%ernmen$. Mr. Manuia sumi$$e+ $'a$ neere*%re in 'is "r%*essi%na #areer, 'e 'as seen $'e 3.:.R. %* $'e "resen$ na$ure. esumi$$e+ $'a$ a "ar$ %* i$ is in erna#uar an+ $'e sus$an$ia in @nis'. e sumi$$e+$'a$ a "ers%n, '% %+es $'e 3.:.R., #ann%$ e as% $'e "ers%n '% $aes +%n $'e 3.:.R.an+ reis$ers $'e same in a##%r+an#e i$' a.7. Mr. Manuia sumi$$e+ $'a$ in $'e #ase in 'an+, $'e 3.:.R. 'as een %+e+ $'e-e"u$ %i#e C%mmissi%ner, I%ne in 'is %n name, an+ $'e same is as% s'%n $%'ae een reis$ere+ 'im.8. Mr. Manuia sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e aea$i%ns eee+ in $'e 3.:.R. are m%re in $'ena$ure %* an %"ini%n eH"resse+ $'e -e"u$ %i#e C%mmissi%ner.

. Mr. Manuia sumi$$e+ $'a$ een i* $'e en$ire #ase %* $'e "r%se#u$i%n is a##e"$e+ as$rue, in#u+in $'e s$a$emen$s aee+ $% 'ae een ma+e $'e a""i#an$s 'erein, %u+n%$ #%ns$i$u$e an %**en#e %* se+i$i%n "unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 124A %* $'e :C. esumi$$e+ $'a$ n%ne %* $'e inre+ien$s $% #%ns$i$u$e $'e %**en#e "unis'ae un+er!e#$i%n 124A are s"e$ %u$ %n $'e "ain rea+in %* $'e 3.:.R. e sumi$$e+ $'a$ in a+em%#ra$i# #%un$r, ie :n+ia, an #i$i>en #an raise 'is %i#e aains$ an G%ernmen$, i* $'e G%ernmen$ is n%$ *%un+ $% e a#$in in $'e in$eres$ %* a "ar$i#uar #%mmuni$. esumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e ai$a$i%n *%r $'e resera$i%n #%u+ n%$ e sai+ $% e, in an manner,una*u.10. Mr. Manuia, $'e earne+ #%unse a""earin *%r $'e a""i#an$s sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'ereis n%$ a 'is"er %* an aea$i%n $'a$ $'e a""i#an$s 'erein, $'eir "reju+i#ia a#$ii$ies,"r%m%$e+ enmi$ e$een +i**eren$ r%u"s %n r%un+s %* reii%n, e$#. e sumi$$e+ $'a$

$'is as"e#$ 'as een $aen #are %* $'is C%ur$ in $'e ju+men$ an+ %r+er +a$e+27.10.2015 +eiere+ in $'e #ase %* ar+i 'ara$'ai a$e . !$a$e %* Gujara$ (CriminaMis#eane%us A""i#a$i%n N%. 1858 %* 2015).11. e sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e :nes$ia$in **i#er 'as %ne $% $'e eH$en$ %* a##usin $'ea""i#an$s %* 'ain #%mmi$$e+ $'e %**en#e "unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 121 %* $'e :C i.e.ain %* ar aains$ $'e G%ernmen$. e sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e eH"ressi%n ain armeans an+ #an %n mean ain ar in $'e manner usua in ar.12. Mr. Manuia sumi$$e+ $'a$ mere i%en$ a#$ii$ies, ie $%r#'in "ui# $rans"%r$uses, "%i#e s$a$i%ns, e$#. i$se*, %u+ n%$ am%un$ $% ain ar aains$ $'e

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G%ernmen$. Mr. Manuia sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e eH"ressi%n ain ar s'%u+ n%$ es$re$#'e+ $%% *ar $% '%+ $'a$ a $'e a#$s %* +isru"$in "ui# %r+er an+ "ea#e irres"e#$ie%* $'eir mani$u+e an+ re"er#ussi%ns #%u+ e re#%ne+ as a#$s %* ain ar aains$$'e G%ernmen$. Mr. Manuia sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e %**en#e %* ain ar as inser$e+ in$'e :n+ian ena C%+e 'en $'e Na$i%n as *i'$in *%r an in+e"en+en#e aains$ $'eri$is'ers. A##%r+in $% Mr. Manuia, $'e eH"ressi%n ain ar %##urrin in

!e#$i%n 121 %* $'e :C s'%u+ e iee+ i$' $'e ees %* $'e "e%"e %* *ree :n+ia. esumi$$e+ $'a$ a*$er in+e"en+en#e, $'ese 'ae #'ane+ +ras$i#a. ;'e "e%"e %* $'is#%un$r are %erne+ $'e C%ns$i$u$i%n 'i#' "r%i+es *%r *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+eH"ressi%n, as em%+ie+ un+er Ar$i#e 1(1)() %* $'e C%ns$i$u$i%n.1. Mr. Manuia sumi$$e+ $'a$ e*%re a "ers%n is a##use+ %* 'ain #%mmi$$e+ an%**en#e %* ain ar, $'e in$en$i%n %r "ur"%se e'in+ $'e +e*ian#e %r raisin $'eG%ernmen$ s'%u+ as% e %%e+ in$%. e sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e ai$a$i%n is *%r resera$i%n.;'e %je#$ an+ "ur"%se %* $'e ai$a$i%n is n%$ $% s$rie a$ $'e s%erein au$'%ri$ies %* $'eRuers %r $'e G%ernmen$.14. :n su#' #ir#ums$an#es re*erre+ $% a%e, Mr. Manuia sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'ere einmeri$ in a $'e ri$ a""i#a$i%ns, $'e same e a%e+ an+ $'e 3.:.R. e Fuas'e+.15. :n su""%r$ %* 'is sumissi%ns, Mr. Manuia "a#e+ reian#e %n a +e#isi%n %* $'e

!u"reme C%ur$ in $'e #ase %* Na>ir ?'an an+ %$'ers . !$a$e %* -e'ie+ s%#ie$ is +is$ure+ei$'er a#$ua *%r#e %r a$ eas$ $'e s'% an+ $'rea$ %* i$.17. Mr. Amin sumi$$e+ $'a$ !e#$i%n 121 %* $'e :C n%$ %n $as a%u$ ain %* ar,u$ as% an a$$em"$ $% ae ar %r ae$$in $'e ain %* su#' ar. :n $'e same manner,Mr. Amin +re a *ine #assi*i#a$i%n %* !e#$i%n 121A in$% $% "ar$s. A##%r+in $% Mr. Amin,$'e *irs$ "ar$ s"eas a%u$ #%ns"ira# $% #%mmi$ an %* $'e %**en#es "unis'ae un+er

!e#$i%n 121 an+ $'e se#%n+ "ar$ s"eas %* #%ns"ira# $% %erae, means %* #rimina*%r#e %r $'e s'% %* #rimina *%r#e. Mr. Amin sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e %r+s #%ns"ires $%%erae, means %* #rimina *%r#e %r $'e s'% %* #rimina *%r#e #ear emra#e n%$mere a #%ns"ira# $% raise a enera insurre#$i%n, u$ as% a #%ns"ira# $% %erae $'eG%ernmen$ $'e %rani>a$i%n %* a seri%us ri%$ %r a are an+ $umu$u%us una*uassem. e sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e %r+ %erae #ear im"%r$s m%re $'an $'e #rea$i%n%* an a""re'ensi%n %r aarm %r een "er'a"s *ears.18. Mr. Amin sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e ines$ia$i%n is s$i in "r%ress. e sumi$$e+ $'a$ i$ is a$a er +ei#a$e s$ae. e sumi$$e+ $'a$ $'e ma$eria is ein #%e#$e+ an+ 'a$eer

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ma$eria 'as een #%e#$e+ s% *ar %u+ % $% s'% $'a$ m%re $'an a "rima *a#ie #ase isma+e %u$ aains$ $'e a""i#an$s. e sumi$$e+ $'a$ in su#' #ir#ums$an#es, $'e C%ur$ man%$ Fuas' $'e 3.:.R. a$ $'is s$ae.1. :n su#' #ir#ums$an#es re*erre+ $% a%e, Mr. Amin "ras $'a$ $'ere ein n% meri$ inan %* $'e ri$ a""i#a$i%ns, $'e ma e reje#$e+.20. Mr. Amin, in su""%r$ %* 'is sumissi%ns, "a#e+ reian#e %n a +e#isi%n %* $'e a$na

i' C%ur$ in $'e #ase %* Jua Maa' an+ %rs . @m"er%r


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insurre#$i%n an+ reei%n. !e+i$i%n 'as een +es#rie+ as +is%a$ ina#$i%n, an+ $'e a #%nsi+ers as se+i$i%n a $'%se "ra#$i#es 'i#' 'ae *%r$'eir %je#$ $% eH#i$e +is#%n$en$ %r +issa$is*a#$i%n, $% #rea$e "ui#+is$uran#e, %r $% ea+ $% #ii ar9 $% rin in$% 'a$re+ %r #%n$em"$ $'e!%erein %r $'e G%ernmen$, $'e as %r #%ns$i$u$i%ns %* $'e ream, an+enera a en+ea%urs $% "r%m%$e "ui# +is%r+er. ir ?'an an+%$'ers . !$a$e %* -e'i, 200 Cri. D.J. 5021(1)=.8. :$ is $'e *un+amen$a ri'$ %* eer #i$i>en $% 'ae 'is %n "%i$i#a$'e%ries an+ i+eas an+ $% "r%"aa$e $'em an+ %r *%r $'eir es$ais'men$s% %n as 'e +%es n%$ see $% +% s% *%r#e an+ i%en#e %r #%n$raenean "r%isi%n %* a. ;'e +eman+ *%r resera$i%n *%r $'e memers %* $'ea$i+ar a$e #%mmuni$ i$se* is n%$ an %**en#e. :$ is %"en $% $'ememers %* $'e a$i+ar a$e #%mmuni$ $% see resera$i%n, i* aaiae ina %r $'e !$a$e G%ernmen$, a %* a "%i# +e#isi%n, +eems *i$ $%"r%i+e. :$ is as% %"en $% +eman+ *%r resera$i%n "ea#e*u means,#easeess *i'$in "ui# %"ini%n $'a$ mi'$ e aains$ $'em an+%""%sin $'%se '% +esire+ $'e #%n$inuan#e %* $'e eHis$in %r+er %* $'e

s%#ie$ an+ $'e G%ernmen$. B'a$ is n%$ "ermissie in %r+er $% a$$ainsu#' %je#$ is an a#$ 'i#' 'ae $'e e**e#$ %* rinin %r 'i#' a$$em"$$% rin in$% 'a$re+ness %r #%n$em"$ %r eH#i$es %r a$$em"$s $% eH#i$e+isa**e#$i%n $%ar+s $'e G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a. As %sere+ $'e !u"reme C%ur$ in ?e+ar Na$' !in' (su"ra) $'a$ $'e G%ernmen$es$ais'e+ a is $'e isie sm% %* $'e !$a$e. ;'e er eHis$en#e %* $'e !$a$e i e in je%"ar+ i* $'e G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a issuer$e+. ;'e #%n$inue+ eHis$en#e %* $'e G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ ais an essen$ia #%n+i$i%n %* $'e s$aii$ %* $'e !$a$e. ;'a$ is ' se+i$i%n,as $'e %**en#e in !e#$i%n 124A, 'as een #'ara#$eri>e+, #%mes $% C'a"$er: rea$in $% %**en#es aains$ $'e !$a$e. ;'e Fues$i%n 'i#' arises *%r

#%nsi+era$i%n is 'e$'er $'e s$a$emen$ ma+e %r $'e %r+s s"%en %r $'ea+i#e ien $'e a""i#an$ $% %ne !'ri -esai in $'e "resen#e %* man %* "e%"e an+ me+ia #an e sai+ $% e se+i$i%us, $'a$ is $% sa %* su#' ana$ure $'a$ $'e same %u+ e "unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 124A %* $'e:n+ian ena C%+e. ;'e +e$ermina$i%n %* $'is Fues$i%n +e"en+s %n $'e $rues#%"e an+ ami$ %* !e#$i%n 124A 'i#' +e*ines $'e en%n %**en#e %* se+i$i%n i$' 'i#' man in $'is #%un$r ere %n $%% *amiiar +urin $'e+as %* ri$is' rue. ;'e %**en#e %* se+i$i%n is $'e resu$an$ %* $'eaan#in %* $% #%n$en+in *%r#es name, *ree+%m an+ se#uri$.3ree+%m an+ se#uri$ in $'eir "ure *%rm are an$a%nis$i# "%es %ne "%ere"resen$s $'e in$eres$ %* $'e in+ii+ua in ein a**%r+e+ $'e maHimumri'$ %* se*asser$i%n *ree *r%m G%ernmen$a an+ %$'er in$er*eren#e 'ie

$'e %$'er re"resen$s $'e in$eres$ %* $'e "%i$i#a %rani>e+ s%#ie$ in i$sse*"resera$i%n. :$ is im"%ssie $% eH$en+ $% ei$'er %* $'em as%u$e"r%$e#$i%n *%r as %sere+ Mr. Jus$i#e 3ran*ur$er, as%u$e rues %u+inei$a ea+ $% as%u$e eH#e"$i%ns an+ su#' eH#e"$i%ns %u+een$ua #%rr%+e $'e rues. :$ is n% a enera a##e"$e+ "%s$ua$e $'a$*ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n 'i#' in#u+es i$'in i$s *%+ *ree+%m %* "r%"aa$i%n %* i+eas ies a$ $'e *%un+a$i%n %* a +em%#ra$i# %rani>a$i%ns,*%r i$'%u$ *ree "%i$i#a +is#ussi%n, n% "ui# e+u#a$i%n s% essen$ia *%r $'e

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"r%"er *un#$i%nin %* $'e "r%#esses %* "%"uar G%ernmen$ is "%ssie. :$is $'e ma$riH, $'e in+is"ensae #%n+i$i%n, %* near eer %$'er *%rm %* *ree+%m an+ e#ause i$ 'as $'e #a"a#i$ %* un*%+in $'e $ru$', i$ isin+is"ensae $% $'e +em%#ra$i# "r%#ess. N% *ree+%m %* su#' am"i$u+emi'$ in%e riss %* ause u$ as "%in$e+ %u$ a$anjai !'as$ri, J., inR%mes' ;'a""er . !$a$e %* Ma+ras, MANU/!C/0006/150 A:R 150 !C124 $'e *ramers %* $'e C%ns$i$u$i%n ma e 'ae re*e#$e+, i$' Ma+is%n'% as $'e ea+in s"iri$ in $'e "re"ara$i%n %* $'e *irs$ Amen+men$ %* $'e 3e+era C%ns$i$u$i%n $'a$ i$ is e$$er $% eae a *e %* i$s n%Hi%usran#'es $% $'eir uHurian$ r%$', $'an, "runin $'em aa, $% injure$'e i%ur %* $'%se ie+in $'e "r%"er *rui$s9 (Fu%$e+ in Near .Minnes%$$a, (10) 28 U! 67. B'ie #%n#e+in $'e im"era$ie ne#essi$%* *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n in i$s *u i+$' an+ am"i$u+e, i$ isne#essar a$ $'e same $ime $% rememer $'a$ $'e *irs$ an+ m%s$*un+amen$a +u$ %* eer G%ernmen$ is $'e "resera$i%n %* %r+er, sin#e%r+er is a #%n+i$i%n "re#e+en$ $% a #iii>a$i%n an+ $'e a+an#e %* 'uman'a""iness. ;'e se#uri$ %* $'e !$a$e an+ %rani>e+ G%ernmen$ are $'e

er *%un+a$i%n %* *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n 'i#' main$ains $'e%""%r$uni$ *%r *ree "%i$i#a +is#ussi%n $% $'e en+ $'a$ G%ernmen$ mae res"%nsie $% $'e i %* $'e "e%"e an+ i$ is, $'ere*%re, essen$ia $'a$$'e en+ s'%u+ n%$ e %s$ si'$ %* in an %erem"'asis %* $'e means. ;'e"r%$e#$i%n %* *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n s'%u+ n%$ e #arrie+ $% aneH$en$ 'ere i$ ma e "ermi$$e+ $% +is$ur a an+ %r+er %r #rea$e "ui#+is%r+er i$' a ie $% suer$in G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a. :$ is,$'ere*%re, ne#essar $% s$rie a "r%"er aan#e e$een $'e #%m"e$in#aims %* *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n %n $'e %ne 'an+ an+ "ui#%r+er an+ se#uri$ %* $'e !$a$e %n $'e %$'er. ;'is aan#e 'as een *%un+ $'e Deisa$ure in $'e ena#$men$ %* !e#$i%n 124A 'i#' +e*ines $'e

%**en#e %* se+i$i%n *%r %ur #%un$r.

#'are $% $'e jur ae a er i+e in$er"re$a$i%n $% $'e %r++isa**e#$i%n. e in$er"re$e+ i$ $% mean #%n$rar $% a**e#$i%n an+%sere+ $'a$ i$ %u+ e su**i#ien$ *%r $'e "ur"%ses %* $'e !e#$i%n $'a$$'e %r+s use+ are #a#ua$e+ $% eH#i$e *eeins %* ii aains$ $'eG%ernmen$, !$ra#'e, J. ae a *ur$'er eH"ansi%n $% $'is meanin in&ueen @m"ress . a Gana+'ar ;ia, (188) :DR 22 %m 112, 'en 'esai+ : aree i$' !ir C%mer e$'eram in $'e an%asi #ase $'a$+isa**e#$i%n means sim" $'e asen#e %* a**e#$i%n 'i#' 'e eH"aine+

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sain :$ means 'a$re+, enmi$, +isie, '%s$ii$, #%n$em"$ an+ eer*%rm %* ii $% $'e G%$. -is%a$ is "er'a"s $'e es$ enera $erm,#%m"re'en+in eer "%ssie *%rm %* a+ *eein $% $'e G%ernmen$. e"r%#ee+e+ $% %sere, in$er"re$in $'e !e#$i%n ;'e %**en#e #%nsis$ ineH#i$in %r a$$em"$in $% eH#i$e in %$'ers #er$ain a+ *eeins $%ar+s $'eG%ernmen$. :$ is n%$ $'e eH#i$in %r a$$em"$in $% eH#i$e mu$in %rreei%n, %r an s%r$ %* a#$ua +is$uran#e, rea$ %r sma... een i* 'e($'a$ is $'e a##use+) nei$'er eH#i$e+ n%r in$en+e+ $% eH#i$e an reei%n%r %u$rea %* *%r#ie resis$an#e $% $'e au$'%ri$ %* $'e G%ernmen$, s$ii* 'e $rie+ $% eH#i$e *eeins %* enmi$ $% $'e G%ernmen$, $'a$ is su**i#ien$$% mae 'im ui$ un+er $'e se#$i%n. ;'is #'are $% $'e jur aseH"ress a""r%e+ $'e Ju+i#ia C%mmi$$ee %* $'e ri C%un#i 'ie+ismissin $'e a""i#a$i%n "re*erre+ a Gana+'ar ;ia *%r s"e#iaeae $% a""ea aains$ 'is #%ni#$i%n $'e %ma i' C%ur$. ;'isin$er"re$a$i%n ae a er i+e see" $% !e#$i%n 124A an+ ma+e i$ a*%rmi+ae !e#$i%n. :$ as %i%us an in$er"re$a$i%n #a#ua$e+ $% resere"%er in $'e ri$is' G%ernmen$ $% "r%se#u$e $'eir "%i$i#a %""%nen$s an+

s$i*e %""%si$i%n $% $'e ri$is' rue. :$ re*e#$e+ $'e anHie$ %* $'e ri$is' $%re$ain $'eir s$rane'%+ %n $'is #%un$r an+ #%n$inue $'eir eH"%i$a$i%n #rus'in a *%rms %* %""%si$i%n main i$ "ena een $% eH#i$e *eeins%* ii aains$ $'e G%ernmen$, as i* "unis'in %r+s %r +ee+s#a#ua$e+ $% "r%+u#e ii, $'e #%u+ #%mman+ %%+i *r%m a suje#$"e%"e.

%* $'e !e#$i%n in$er"re$in i$ a##%r+in $% $'e eH$erna s$an+ar+a""ie+ Ju+es in @nan+. e re#%nise+ $'e rea$ #'ane $'a$ 'a+$aen "a#e in $'e #%n#e"$ %* G%ernmen$ sin#e $'e +as %* ena#$men$ %* $'e !e#$i%n an+ sin#e i$s in$er"re$a$i%n in a Gana+'ar ;ias#ase (188) :DR 22 %m 112. e Fu%$e+ i$' a""r%a $'e *%%in"assae *r%m $'e s"ee#' %* D%r+ !ummer in %man . !e#uar !%#ie$D$+., (117) AC 406 ;'e %r+s as e as $'e a#$s 'i#' $en+ $%en+aner s%#ie$ +i**er *r%m $ime $% $ime in "r%"%r$i%n as s%#ie$ is s$ae%r inse#ure in *a#$, %r is eiee+ i$s reas%nae memers $% e %"en $%assau$. :n $'e "resen$ +a mee$ins %r "r%#essi%ns are 'e+ a*u 'i#'a 'un+re+ an+ *i*$ ears a% %u+ 'ae een +eeme+ se+i$i%us, an+ $'isis n%$ e#ause $'e a is eaer %r 'as #'ane+, u$ e#ause, $'e $imes

'ain #'ane+, s%#ie$ is s$r%ner $'an e*%re an+ "%in$e+ %u$ $'a$man ju+i#ia +e#isi%ns in "ar$i#uar #ases 'i#' ere n% +%u$ #%rre#$ a$$'e $ime 'en $'e ere ien ma e e ina""i#ae $% $'e#ir#ums$an#es %* $%+a. e *e$ $'a$ in $'e #'ane+ #ir#ums$an#es %* $'e#%un$r a+ *eein %r ii $%ar+s $'e G%ernmen$ #%u+ n%$ erear+e+ as $'e asis %* se+i$i%n. e "%in$e+ %u$ $'a$ $'e anuae %* !e#$i%n 124A mus$ e in$er"re$e+ in $'e i'$ %* $'e r%a+ "rin#i"esun+erin $'e #%n#e"$ %* se+i$i%n as *%rmua$e+ in @nis' a an+

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re*errin $% $'e #assi# s$a$emen$ %* $'ese enera "rin#i"es in Mr. Jus$i#e3i$>era+s #'are $% $'e jur in ReH . !uiam (1868) 11 C%H. C.C. 54.'e #%n#u+e+ sain $'a$ $'e %**en#e %* se+i$i%n is $'e anser %* $'e!$a$e $% $'%se '%, *%r $'e "ur"%se %* a$$a#in %r suer$in i$,see........................ $% +is$ur i$s $ranFuii$, $% #rea$e "ui#+is$uran#e an+ $% "r%m%$e +is%r+er, %r '% in#i$e %$'ers $% +% s%. B%r+s,+ee+s %r ri$ins #%ns$i$u$e se+i$i%n, i* $'e 'ae $'is in$en$i%n %r $'is$en+en# an+ i$ is eas $% see ' $'e ma as% #%ns$i$u$e se+i$i%n, i* $'e see, as $'e "'rase is, $% rin G%ernmen$ in$% #%n$em"$. ;'is isn%$ ma+e an %**en#e in %r+er $% minis$er $% $'e %un+e+ ani$ %* G%ernmen$s, u$ e#ause 'ere G%ernmen$ an+ $'e a #ease $% e%ee+ an+ n% res"e#$ is *e$ an %ner *%r $'em, %n anar#' #an *%%.ui# +is%r+er, %r $'e reas%nae an$i#i"a$i%n %r iei'%%+ %* "ui#+is%r+er, is $'us $'e is$ %* $'e %**en#e. ;'e a#$s %r %r+s #%m"aine+ %* mus$ ei$'er in#i$e $% +is%r+er %r mus$ e su#' as $% sa$is* reas%nae men$'a$ $'a$ is $'eir in$en$i%n %r $en+en#. ;'e 3e+era C%ur$ $'usem"'asi>e+ $'e nee+ *%r +nami# in$er"re$a$i%n %* $'e se#$i%n a""r%"ria$e

$% $'e m%+ern #%n#e"$ %* G%ernmen$ an+ a##e"$e+ a narr%erin$er"re$a$i%n $'an $'e %ne ien in $'e earier #ases ain +%n $'a$uness $'e a#$s %r %r+s 'ae a $en+en# $% #rea$e "ui# +is%r+er, $'e#ann%$ e #%nsi+ere+ se+i$i%us, as se+i$i%n is essen$ia an %**en#eaains$ "ui# %r+er.

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in$er"re$a$i%n "a#e+ $'e ri C%un#i ere $'e #%rre#$ in$er"re$a$i%n.!e#$i%n 124A %u+ e #ear u$ra ires as %**en+in Ar$i#e 1(1)(a) sin#e%n su#' in$er"re$a$i%n i$ %u+ e %u$si+e $'e "ermissie imi$s %* eisa$ie res$ri#$i%ns 'i#' ma e im"%se+ %n $'e *un+amen$a ri'$ %* *ree s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n un+er Ar$i#e 1(2). :$ %u+ n%$ e "%ssie $%sa %n su#' in$er"re$a$i%n $'a$ $'e !e#$i%n 'as een ena#$e+ in $'ein$eres$ %* "ui# %r+er $'e res$ri#$i%ns, im"%se+ $'e se#$i%n %u+ %*ar e%n+ 'a$ is reFuire+ in $'e in$eres$ %* "ui# %r+er. ;'ein$er"re$a$i%n a""r%e+ $'e 3e+era C%ur$ %u+ %n $'e %$'er 'an+,mae $'e se#$i%n ai+, *%r %n $'a$ in$er"re$a$i%n $'ere %u+ e +ire#$neHus e$een $'e res$ri#$i%ns im"%se+ $'e !e#$i%n an+ in$eres$ %* "ui# %r+er an+ $'e !e#$i%n %u+ e sae+ Ar$i#e 1(2). ;'e !u"remeC%ur$, a*$er an eH'aus$ie reie %* $'e #ase a %n $'e suje#$ a##e"$e+$'e in$er"re$a$i%n "a#e+ $'e 3e+era C%ur$ an+ 'e+ !e#$i%n 124A $% eai+. !in'a C.J. s"eain %n e'a* %* $'e !u"reme C%ur$ ae $'e*%%in reas%ns *%r "re*errin $'e in$er"re$a$i%n a##e"$e+ $'e 3e+eraC%ur$

......... :* e a##e"$ $'e in$er"re$a$i%n %* $'e 3e+era C%ur$ as $% $'e is$ %* #riminai$ in an aee+ #rime %* se+i$i%n, name, in#i$emen$ $% +is%r+er %r$en+en# %r iei'%%+ %* "ui# +is%r+er %* reas%nae a""re'ensi%n $'ere%*, $'ese#$i%n ma ie i$'in $'e ami$ %* "ermissie eisa$ie res$ri#$i%ns %n $'e*un+amen$a ri'$ %* *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n. ;'ere #an e n% +%u$ $'a$a"ar$ *r%m $'e "r%isi%ns %* #ause (2) %* Ar$i#e 1. !e#$i%ns124A an+ 505 are#ear i%a$ie %* Ar$i#e 1(1)(a) %* $'e C%ns$i$u$i%n. u$ $'en e 'ae $% see '%*ar $'e sain #auses, name. Cause (2) %* Ar$i#e 1 "r%$e#$s $'e se#$i%nsa*%resai+. N% as area+ "%in$e+ %u$, in $erms %* $'e amen+e+ Cause (2), Fu%$e+a%e, $'e eH"ressi%n in $'e in$eres$ %*......... "ui# %r+er are %r+s %* rea$am"i$u+e an+ are mu#' m%re #%m"re'ensie $'an $'e eH"ressi%n *%r $'e

main$enan#e %* as %sere+ $'is C%ur$ in $'e #ase %* iren+ra . !$a$e %* unja, MANU/!C/002/157 158 !CR 08 a$ ". 17 (A:R 157 !C 86 a$ ".8). An a 'i#' is ena#$e+ in $'e in$eres$ %* "ui# %r+er ma e sae+ *r%m$'e i#e %* C%ns$i$u$i%na inai+i$. :*, %n $'e %$'er 'an+, e ere $% '%+ $'a$ eeni$'%u$ an $en+en# $% +is%r+er %r in$en$i%n $% #rea$e +is$uran#e %* a an+%r+er, $'e use %* %r+s ri$$en %r s"%en 'i#' mere #rea$e +isa**e#$i%n %r*eeins %* enmi$ aains$ $'e G%ernmen$, $'e %**en#e %* se+i$i%n is #%m"e$e, $'ensu#' an in$er"re$a$i%n %* $'e se#$i%ns %u+ mae $'em un#%ns$i$u$i%na in ie %* Ar$i#e 1(1)(a) rea+ i$' Cause (2). :$ is ese$$e+ $'a$ i* #er$ain "r%isi%ns %* a #%ns$rue+ in %ne a %u+ mae $'em #%nsis$en$ i$' $'e C%ns$i$u$i%n, an+an%$'er in$er"re$a$i%n %u+ ren+er $'em un#%ns$i$u$i%na, $'e C%ur$ %u+ ean in*a%ur %* $'e *%rmer #%ns$ru#$i%n. ;'e "r%isi%ns %* $'e se#$i%ns rea+ as a '%e,

a%n i$' $'e eH"ana$i%ns mae i$ reas%na #ear $'a$ $'e se#$i%ns aim a$ren+erin "ena %n su#' a#$ii$ies as %u+ e in$en+e+ %r 'ae a $en+en#, $%#rea$e +is%r+er %r +is$uran#e %* "ui# "ea#e res%r$ $% i%en#e. As area+"%in$e+ %u$, $'e eH"ana$i%ns a""en+e+ $% $'e main %+ %* $'e se#$i%n mae i$#ear $'a$ #ri$i#ism %* "ui# measures %r #%mmen$ %n G%ernmen$ a#$i%n, '%eers$r%n %r+e+, %u+ e i$'in reas%nae imi$s an+ %u+ e #%nsis$en$ i$'$'e *un+amen$a ri'$ %* *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n. :$ is %n 'en $'e%r+s, ri$$en %r s"%en, e$#. 'i#' 'ae $'e "erni#i%us $en+en# %r in$en$i%n %*

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#rea$in "ui# +is%r+er %r +is$uran#e %* a an+ %r+er $'a$ $'e a s$e"s in $%"reen$ su#' a#$ii$ies in $'e in$eres$ %* "ui# %r+er. !% #%ns$rue+, $'e se#$i%n, in%ur %"ini%n, s$ries $'e #%rre#$ aan#e e$een in+ii+ua *un+amen$a ri'$s an+$'e in$eres$ %* "ui# %r+er. :$ is as% e se$$e+ $'a$ in in$er"re$in an ena#$men$$'e C%ur$ s'%u+ 'ae rear+ n%$ mere $% $'e i$era meanin %*, $'e %r+s use+,u$ as% $ae in$% #%nsi+era$i%n $'e an$e#e+en$ 'is$%r %* $'e eisa$i%n, i$s "ur"%sean+ $'e mis#'ie* i$ sees $% su""ress i+e (1) ena :mmuni$ C%. D$+. . !$a$e %* i'ar. MANU/!C/008/155 1552 !CR 60 A:R 15 !C 661 an+ (2) R.M.-.C'amarauaa . Uni%n %* :n+ia, MANU/!C/0020/157 157 !CR 0 A:R157 !C 628. iee+ in $'a$ i'$, e 'ae n% 'esi$a$i%n in s% #%ns$ruin $'e"r%isi%ns %* $'e se#$i%ns im"une+ in $'ese #ases as $% imi$ $'eir a""i#a$i%n $%a#$s in%in in$en$i%n %r $en+en# $% #rea$e +is%r+er, %r +is$uran#e %* a an+%r+er, %r in#i$emen$ $% i%en#e.

:$ mus$ $'ere*%re, e n% $aen as ese$$e+ $'a$ %r+s, +ee+s %rri$ins #%ns$i$u$e se+i$i%n "unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 124A %n i* $'ein#i$e i%en#e %r +is$ur a an+ %r+er %r #rea$e "ui# +is%r+er %r 'ae

$'e in$en$i%n %r $en+en# $% +% s%. :$ is in $'e i'$ %* $'is in$er"re$a$i%n %* !e#. 124A $'a$ : 'ae $% +e$ermine 'e$'er $'e a+i#e %r $'e %r+su$$ere+ #%ns$i$u$e se+i$i%us ma$$er "unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 124A.1. A$'%u' : 'ae Fu%$e+ a "assae *r%m $'e ju+men$ in $'e #ase %* ?e+ar Na$' !in' (su"ra), as re*erre+ $% a%e, : +eem i$ ne#essar $%Fu%$e $'e en$ire "arara"'s 24, 25 an+ 26 as un+er 24. :n $'is #ase, eare +ire#$ #%n#erne+ i$' $'e Fues$i%n '% *ar $'e %**en#e as +e*ine+ in!. 124A %* $'e :n+ian ena C%+e is #%nsis$en$ i$' $'e *un+amen$a ri'$uaran$ee+ Ar$. 1(1)(a) %* $'e C%ns$i$u$i%n, 'i#' is in $'ese $erms 1. (1) A #i$i>ens s'a 'ae $'e ri'$

(a) $% *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n...........

;'is uaran$ee+ ri'$ is suje#$ $% $'e ri'$ %* $'e eisa$ure $% im"%sereas%nae res$ri#$i%ns, $'e ami$ %* 'i#' is in+i#a$e+ #. (2) 'i#', ini$s amen+e+ *%rm rea+s as *%%s

(2) N%$'in in su#ause (a) %* #ause (1) s'a a**e#$ $'e %"era$i%n %* an eHis$ina, %r "reen$ $'e !$a$e *r%m main an a, in s% *ar as su#' a im"%sesreas%nae res$ri#$i%ns %n $'e eHer#ise %* $'e ri'$ #%n*erre+ $'e sai+ su#ausein $'e in$eres$s %* $'e se#uri$ %* $'e !$a$e, *rien+ rea$i%ns i$' *%rein !$a$e,"ui# %r+er, +e#en# %r m%rai$, %r in rea$i%n $% #%n$em"$ %* #%ur$, +e*ama$i%n %rin#i$emen$ $% an %**en#e.

:$ 'is n%$ een Fues$i%ne+ e*%re us $'a$ $'e *un+amen$a ri'$uaran$ee+ Ar$. 1(1)(a) %* $'e *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n is n%$an as%u$e ri'$. :$ is #%mm%n r%un+ $'a$ $'e ri'$ is suje#$ $% su#'reas%nae res$ri#$i%ns as %u+ #%me i$'in $'e "urie %* #. (2), 'i#'#%m"rises (a) se#uri$ %* $'e !$a$e, () *rien+ rea$i%ns i$' *%rein!$a$es, (#) "ui# %r+er, (+) +e#en# %r m%rai$, e$#. Bi$' re*eren#e $% $'e#%ns$i$u$i%nai$ %* !. 124A %r !. 505 %* $'e :n+ian ena C%+e, as $% '%*ar $'e are #%nsis$en$ i$' $'e reFuiremen$s %* #. (2) %* Ar$. 1 i$'

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"ar$i#uar re*eren#e $% se#uri$ %* $'e !$a$e an+ "ui# %r+er, $'e se#$i%n, i$mus$ e n%$e+, "enaises an s"%en %r ri$$en %r+s %r sins %r isiere"resen$a$i%ns, e$#., 'i#' 'ae $'e e**e#$ %* rinin, %r 'i#' a$$em"$$% rin in$% 'a$re+ %r #%n$em"$ %r eH#i$es %r a$$em"$s $% eH#i$e+isa**e#$i%n $%ar+s $'e G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a. N%, $'eeH"ressi%n $'e G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a 'as $% e +is$inuis'e+*r%m $'e "ers%ns *%r $'e $ime ein enae+ in #arrin %n $'ea+minis$ra$i%n. G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a is $'e isie sm% %* $'e !$a$e. ;'e er eHis$en#e %* $'e !$a$e i e in je%"ar+ i* $'eG%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a is suer$e+. en#e $'e #%n$inue+eHis$en#e %* $'e G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a is an essen$ia #%n+i$i%n %* $'e s$aii$ %* $'e !$a$e. ;'a$ is ' se+i$i%n, as $'e %**en#e in!. 124A 'as een #'ara#$erise+, #%mes, un+er C'a"$er : rea$in $%%**en#es aains$ $'e !$a$e. en#e an a#$s i$'in $'e meanin i* !. 124A 'i#' 'ae $'e e**e#$ %* suer$in $'e G%ernmen$ %* rinin$'a$ G%ernmen$ in$% #%n$em"$ %r 'a$re+, %r #rea$in +isa**e#$i%n aains$i$, %u+ e i$'in $'e "ena s$a$u$e e#ause $'e *ein %* +is%a$ $% $'e

G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a %r enmi$ $% i$ im"%r$s $'e i+ea %* $en+en# $% "ui# +is%r+er $'e use %* a#$ua i%en#e %r in#i$emen$ $%i%en#e. :n %$'er %r+s, an ri$$en %r s"%en %r+s, e$#., 'i#' 'aeim"i#i$ in $'em $'e i+ea %* suer$in G%ernmen$ i%en$ means,'i#' are #%m"en+i%us in#u+e+ in $'e $erm re%u$i%n, 'ae eenma+e "ena $'e se#$i%n in Fues$i%n. u$ $'e se#$i%n 'as $aen #are $%in+i#a$e #ear $'a$ s$r%n %r+s use+ $% eH"ress +isa""r%a$i%n %* $'emeasures %* G%ernmen$ i$' a ie $% $'eir im"r%emen$ %r a$era$i%n a*u means %u+ n%$ #%me i$'in $'e se#$i%n. !imiar, #%mmen$s,'%eer s$r%n %r+e+, eH"ressin +isa""r%a$i%n %* a#$i%ns %* $'eG%ernmen$, i$'%u$ eH#i$in $'%se *eein 'i#' enera$e $'e in#ina$i%n

$% #ause "ui# +is%r+er a#$s %* i%en#e, %u+ n%$ e "ena. :n %$'er%r+s, +is%a$ $% G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a is n%$ $'e same $'inas #%mmen$in in s$r%n $erms u"%n $'e measures %r a#$s %* G%ernmen$,%r i$s aen#ies, s% as $% amei%ra$e $'e #%n+i$i%n %* $'e "e%"e %r $% se#ure$'e #an#ea$i%n %r a$era$i%n %* $'%se a#$s %r measures a*u means,$'a$ is $% sa, i$'%u$ eH#i$in $'%se *eeins %* enmi$ an+ +is%a$'i#' im" eH#i$emen$ $% "ui# +is%r+er %r $'e use %* i%en#e..25. :$ 'as n%$ een #%n$en+e+ e*%re us $'a$ i* a s"ee#' %r a ri$ineH#i$es "e%"e $% i%en#e %r 'ae $'e $en+en# $% #rea$e "ui# +is%r+er, i$%u+ n%$ #%me i$'in $'e +e*ini$i%n %* se+i$i%n. B'a$ 'as een#%n$en+e+ is $'a$ a "ers%n '% maes a er s$r%n s"ee#' %r uses eri%r%us %r+s in a ri$in +ire#$e+ $% a er s$r%n #ri$i#ism %* measures

%* G%ernmen$ %r a#$s %* "ui# %**i#ias, mi'$ as% #%me i$'in $'e ami$%* $'e "ena se#$i%n. u$ in %ur %"ini%n, su#' %r+s ri$$en %r s"%en%u+ e %u$si+e $'e s#%"e %* $'e se#$i%n. :n $'is #%nne#$i%n, i$ is"er$inen$ $% %sere $'a$ $'e se#uri$ %* $'e !$a$e, 'i#' +e"en+s u"%n$'e main$enan#e %* a an+ %r+er is $'e er asi# #%nsi+era$i%n u"%n'i#' eisa$i%n, i$' a ie $% "unis'in %**en#es aains$ $'e !$a$e, isun+er$aen. !u#' a eisa$i%n 'as, %n $'e %ne 'an+ *u $% "r%$e#$ an+uaran$ee $'e *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n, 'i#' is $'e sine Fua

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n%n %* a +em%#ra$i# *%rm %* G%ernmen$ $'a$ %ur C%ns$i$u$i%n 'ases$ais'e+. ;'is C%ur$, as $'e #us$%+ian an+ uaran$%r %* $'e *un+amen$ari'$s %* $'e #i$i>ens, 'as $'e +u$ #as$ u"%n i$ %* s$riin +%n an a'i#' un+u res$ri#$s $'e *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n i$' 'i#'e are #%n#erne+ in $'is #ase. u$ $'e *ree+%m 'as $% e uar+e+ aains$e#%min a i#en#e *%r ii*i#a$i%n an+ #%n+emna$i%n %* $'e G%ernmen$es$ais'e+ a, in %r+s 'i#' in#i$e i%en#e %r 'ae $'e $en+en# $%#rea$e "ui# +is%r+er. A #i$i en 'as a ri'$ $% sa %r ri$e 'a$eer 'eies a%u$ $'e G%ernmen$, %r i$s measures, a %* #ri$i#ism %r#%mmen$, s% %n as 'e +%es n%$ in#i$e "e%"e $% i%en#e aains$ $'eG%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a %r i$' $'e in$en$i%n %* #rea$in "ui#+is%r+er. ;'e C%ur$ 'as, $'ere*%re, $'e +u$ #as$ u"%n i$ %* +rain a #earine %* +emar#a$i%n e$een $'e ami$ %* a #i$i>ens *un+amen$a ri'$uaran$ee+ un+er Ar$. 1(1) (a) %* $'e C%ns$i$u$i%n an+ $'e "%er %* $'eeisa$ure $% im"%se reas%nae res$ri#$i%ns %n $'a$ uaran$ee+ ri'$ in$'e in$eres$ %*, in$er aia, se#uri$ %* $'e !$a$e an+ "ui# %r+er. Be 'ae,$'ere*%re, $% +e$ermine '% *ar $'e !s. 124A an+ 505 %* $'e :n+ian ena

C%+e #%u+ e sai+ $% e i$'in $'e jus$i*iae imi$s %* eisa$i%n. :* i$ is'e+, in #%ns%nan#e i$' $'e ies eH"resse+ $'e 3e+era C%ur$ in $'e#ase %* 142 3CR 8 (A:R 142 3C 22), $'a$ $'e is$ %* $'e %**en#e %* se+i$i%n is in#i$emen$ $% i%en#e %r $'e $en+en# %r $'e in$en$i%n $%#rea$e "ui# +is%r+er %r+s s"%en %r ri$$en, 'i#' 'ae $'e$en+en# %r $'e e**e#$ %* rinin $'e G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a in$%'a$re+ %r #%n$em"$ %r #rea$in +isa**e#$i%n in $'e sense %* +is%a$ $% $'e!$a$e, in %$'er %r+s rinin $'e a in$% ine i$' $'e a %* se+i$i%n in@nan+, as as $'e in$en$i%n %* $'e eisa$%rs 'en $'e in$r%+u#e+!. 124A in$% $'e :n+ian ena C%+e in 1870 as a*%resai+, $'e a i ei$'in $'e "ermissie imi$s ai+ +%n in #. (2) %* Ar$. 1 %* $'e

C%ns$i$u$i%n. :* %n $'e %$'er 'an+ e ie a i$era meanin $% $'e %r+s %* $'e se#$i%n, +i%r#e+ *r%m a $'e an$e#e+en$ a#r%un+ in 'i#' $'e a%* se+i$i%n 'as r%n, as ai+ +%n in $'e seera +e#isi%ns %* $'e Ju+i#iaC%mmi$$ee %* $'e ri C%un#i, i$ i e $rue $% sa $'a$ $'e se#$i%n is n%$%n i$'in u$ as% er mu#' e%n+ $'e imi$s ai+ +%n in #. (2)a*%resai+.26. :n ie %* $'e #%n*i#$in +e#isi%ns %* $'e 3e+era C%ur$ an+ %* $'eri C%un#i, re*erre+ $% a%e, e 'ae $% +e$ermine 'e$'er an+ '%*ar $'e "r%isi%ns %* !s. 124A an+ 505 %* $'e :n+ian ena C%+e 'ae $% es$ru# +%n as un#%ns$i$u$i%na. :* e a##e"$, $'e in$er"re$a$i%n %* $'e3e+era C%ur$ as $% $'e is$ %* #riminai$ in an aee+ #rime %* se+i$i%n,name, in#i$emen$ $% +is%r+er %r $en+en# %r iei'%%+ %* "ui# +is%r+er

%r reas%nae a""re'ensi%n $'ere%*, $'e se#$i%n ma ie i$'in $'e ami$%* "ermissie eisa$ie res$ri#$i%ns %n $'e *un+amen$a ri'$ %* *ree+%m%* s"ee#' an+ eH"ressi%n. ;'ere #an e n% +%u$ $'a$ a"ar$ *r%m $'e"r%isi%ns %* #. (2) %* Ar$. 1, !s. 124A an+ 505 are #ear i%a$ie %* Ar$. 1(1) (a) %* $'e C%ns$i$u$i%n. u$ $'en e 'ae $% see '% *ar $'esain #ause, name, #. 2. %* Ar$. 1 "r%$e#$s $'e se#$i%ns a*%resai+.N%, as area+ "%in$e+ %u$, in $erms %* $'e amen+e+ #. (2), Fu%$e+a%e, $'e eH"ressi%n in $'e in$eres$ %*..... "ui# %r+er are %r+s %*

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rea$ am"i$u+e an+ are mu#' m%re #%m"re'ensie an $'e eH"ressi%n *%r$'e main$enan#e %*,, as %sere+ $'is C%ur$ in $'e #ase %* iren+ra .!$a$e %* unja, MANU/!C/002/157 158 !CR 08 a$ ". 17 ((!) A:R157 !C 86 a$ ". 8). An a 'i#' is ena#$e+ in $'e in$eres$ %* "ui#%r+er ma e sae+ *r%m $'e i#e %* #%ns$i$u$i%na inai+i$. :*, %n $'e%$'er 'an+, e ere $% '%+ $'a$ een i$'%u$ an $en+en# $% +is%r+er %rin$en$i%n $% #rea$e +is$uran#e %* a an+ %r+er, $'e use %* %r+sri$$en %r s"%en 'i#' mere #rea$e +isa**e#$i%n %r *eeins %* enmi$aains$ $'e G%ernmen$, $'e %**en#e %* se+i$i%n is #%m"e$e, $'en su#' anin$er"re$a$i%n %* $'e se#$i%ns %u+ mae $'em un#%ns$i$u$i%na in ie %* Ar$. 1(1)(a) rea+ i$' #. (2). :$ is e se$$e+ $'a$ i* #er$ain "r%isi%ns %* a #%ns$rue+ in %ne a %u+ mae $'em #%nsis$en$ i$' $'eC%ns$i$u$i%n, an+ an%$'er in$er"re$a$i%n %u+ ren+er $'emun#%ns$i$u$i%na, $'e C%ur$ %u+ ean in *a%ur %* $'e *%rmer #%ns$ru#$i%n.;'e "r%isi%ns %* $'e se#$i%ns rea+ as a '%e a%n i$' $'e eH"ana$i%ns,mae i$ reas%na #ear $'a$ $'e se#$i%ns aim a$ ren+erin "ena %nsu#' a#$ii$ies as %u+ e in$en+e+, %r 'ae a $en+en#, $% #rea$e

+is%r+er %r +is$uran#e %* "ui# "ea#e res%r$ $% i%en#e. As area+"%in$e+ %u$, $'e eH"ana$i%ns a""en+e+ $% $'e main %+ %* $'e se#$i%nmae i$ #ear $'a$ #ri$i#ism %* "ui# measures %r #%mmen$ %n G%ernmen$a#$i%n, '%eer s$r%n %r+e+, %u+ e i$'in reas%nae imi$s an+%u+ e #%nsis$en$ i$' $'e *un+amen$a ri'$ %* *ree+%m %* s"ee#' an+eH"ressi%n. :$ is %n 'en $'e %r+s, ri$$en %r s"%en, e$#. 'i#' 'ae$'e "erni#i%us $en+en# %r in$en$i%n %* #rea$in "ui# +is%r+er %r+is$uran#e %* a an %r+er $'a$ $'e a s$e"s in $% "reen$ su#' a#$ii$iesin $'e in$eres$ %* "ui# %r+er, s% #%ns$rue+, $'e se#$i%n, in %ur %"ini%n,s$ries $'e #%rre#$ aan#e e$een in+ii+ua *un+amen$a ri'$s an+ $'ein$eres$ %* "ui# %r+er. :$ is as% e se$$e+ $'a$ in in$er"re$in an

ena#$men$ $'e C%ur$ s'%u+ 'ae rear+ n%$ mere $% $'e i$era meanin%* $'e %r+s use+, u$ as% $ae in$% #%nsi+era$i%n $'e an$e#e+en$ 'is$%r%* $'e eisa$i%n i$s "ur"%se an+ $'e mis#'ie* i$ sees $% su""ress i+e (1)ena :mmuni$ C%. D$+. !$a$e %* i'ar, MANU/!C/008/155 1552!CR 60 ((!) A:R 155 !C 661) an+ (2) R. M.-. C'amarauaa .Uni%n %* :n+ia, MANU/!C/0020/157 157 !CR 0 ((!) A:R 157 !C628). iee+ in $'a$ i'$, e 'ae n% 'esi$a$i%n in s% #%ns$ruin $'e"r%isi%ns %* $'e se#$i%ns im"une+ in $'ese #ases as $% imi$ $'eira""i#a$i%n $% a#$s in%in in$en$i%n %r $en+en# $% #rea$e +is%r+er, %r+is$uran#e %* a an+ %r+er, %r in#i$emen$ $% i%en#e.14. : s'%u+ e min+*u %* $'e *a#$ $'a$ $'e #ase in 'an+ is %ne 'erein $'ea##use+ is "rain *%r Fuas'in %* $'e 3.:.R. a$ a s$ae 'en $'e

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ess %je#$i%nae $'en a+isin $'a$ "ers%n $% #%mmi$ i%en#e 'imse* *%r$'a$ "ur"%se. :n ei$'er #ase, $'e a+i#e is $% "ursue a #%urse %* a#$i%n, i$is #a#ua$e+ $% +is$ur $'e $ranFuii$ %* $'e !$a$e. :$ is a re#%mmen+a$i%n$% %""%se $'e es$ais'e+ G%ernmen$ *%r#e.16. BA; M@AN:NG !UD- @ A;;AC@- ; ;@ @R@!!:N;@ G@RNM@N; @!;AD:!@- P DAB

16.1 ;'e !u"reme C%ur$ in ?e+ar Na$' !in' (su"ra) %sere+ $'a$$'e eH"ressi%n $'e G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a s'%u+ e+is$inuis'e+ *r%m $'e "ers%ns *%r $'e $ime ein enae+ in#arrin %n $'e a+minis$ra$i%n.

16.1 ;'is eH"ressi%n means G%ernmen$ rue an+ i$sre"resen$a$ies as su#', $'e eHis$in "%i$i#a ss$em as+is$inuis'e+ *r%m an "ar$i#uar se$ %* a+minis$ra$%rs. ;'ees$ais'e+ au$'%ri$ 'i#' %erns $'e #%un$r an+ a+minis$ra$%rsi$s "ui# a**airs in#u+es $'e re"resen$a$ies $% '%m $'e $as %*

%ernmen$ is en$rus$e+. :$ +en%$es $'e "ers%n %r "ers%nsau$'%ri>e+ a $% a+minis$er @He#u$ie G%ernmen$ in an "ar$%* :n+ia...$'e *eeins, 'i#' i$ is $'e %je#$ %* se#$i%n 124A $%"r%'ii$, ma e eH#i$e+ $%ar+s $'e G%ernmen$ in a arie$ %* as, K i$ is "%ssie $% eH#i$e su#' *eeins $%ar+s $'eG%ernmen$ an un*air #%n+emna$i%n %* an %* i$s seri#es.B'e$'er in a "ar$i#uar #ase $'e #%n+emna$i%n %* an seri#e issu**i#ien$ $% eH#i$e an *eein %* 'a$re+ %r #%n$em"$ %r +isa**e#$i%n$%ar+s G%ernmen$ a es$ais'e+ in :n+ia, mus$ +e"en+ u"%n$'e na$ure %* $'e #ri$i#ism, $'e "%si$i%n %* $'e seri#e in $'ea+minis$ra$i%n an+ a $'e %$'er #ir#ums$an#es %* $'e #ase. :$ %u+e a Fues$i%n %* *a#$ $% e +e$ermine+ in ea#' #ase i$' re*eren#e

$% i$s #ir#ums$an#es. :n $'is sense $'e G%ernmen$ in#u+es n%$%n $'e G%ernmen$ %* :n+ia u$ as% D%#a G%ernmen$.G%ernmen$ +%es n%$ mean $'e "ers%n %r "ers%ns in #'are %* a+minis$ra$i%n *%r $'e $ime ein. :$ means $'e "ers%n %r "ers%ns#%e#$ie, in su##essi%n, '% are au$'%ri>e+ $% a+minis$erG%ernmen$ *%r $'e $ime ein. ne "ar$i#uar se$ %* "ers%ns mae %"en $% %je#$i%n, an+ $% assai $'em an+ $% a$$a# $'em an+eH#i$e 'a$re+ aains$ $'em is n%$ ne#essari eH#i$in 'a$re+ aains$$'e G%ernmen$ e#ause $'e are %n in+ii+uas, an+ are n%$re"resen$a$ies %* $'a$ as$ra#$ #%n#e"$i%n 'i#' is #ae+G%ernmen$. ;'ere is a #ear +is$in#$i%n e$een $'e G%ernmen$

an+ $'e in+ii+ua %**i#ers em"%e+ un+er $'e G%ernmen$. B%r+srinin $'e *%rmer in$% 'a$re+ %r #%n$em"$ #%ns$i$u$e se+i$i%n, u$simiar %r+s +ire#$e+ aains$ $'e a$$er #an %n in*rine $'e a %* ie. ;'ere ma e ins$an#es %* #ri$i#ism %* su%r+ina$e %**i#ias$'a$ %u+ n%$ %**en+ $'e rue $% rin in$% 'a$re+ %r #%n$em"$ %reH#i$e +isa**e#$i%n $%ar+s G%ernmen$ an+ i$ is as% eas $% imaeins$an#es $'a$ %u+. N% enera rue #an e ai+ +%n. N%sus$an$ia +is$in#$i%n #an e +ran e$een $'e G%ernmen$

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es$ais'e+ a in :n+ia an+ $'e @He#u$ie G%ernmen$.

1. !un+ar a (11) 42 A 2 (3)9 ?s'i$ees'#'an+ra RaC'au+'uri (12) 5 Ca 117.

2. !ee a G ;ia MANU/M/002/116 A:R 116 %m 18 Cri DJ 567, 6059 -'iren+ra Na$' !en (18) 2 Ca 672.. esan$ (116) Ma+ 1085 (!)9 ?s'i$ees'#'an+ra RaC'au+'uri (12) 5 Ca 117.

4. er a$$ J, :n 'asar aan$'%"a$ar MANU/M/0064/106 (106) 8 %m DR 421,48 4 Cri DJ 1 0 %m 421.5. Raj a (122) Da' 405 (!)

6. !a$ aras' A:R 141 Da' 165 42 Cri DJ 682.

7. !ee Ana+aa>ar a$ria (12) 60 Ca 408 (!)9?s'i$ees'#'an+ra Ra C'au+'uri (12) 5 Ca 117.

17. ;'e G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a a#$s $'r%u' 'uman aen#an+ a+mi$$e+, $'e "%i#e seri#e %r *%r#e is i$se* a "rin#i"a aen#*%r $'e a+minis$ra$i%n an+ main$enan#e %* $'e a an+ %r+er in $'e!$a$e. B'en a "ers%n maes a s$a$emen$ %r ies an a+i#e $%res%r$ $% i%en#e iin 4 $% 5 "%i#e %**i#ers, 'e #%u+ e sai+ $%'ae #ri$i#i>e+ $'e "%i#e *%r#e %r $'e seri#e en %#. :n su#'#ir#ums$an#es, 'e$'er %ne #%u+ e sai+ $% 'ae eH#i$e++isa**e#$i%n aains$ $'e G%ernmen$ %r n%$ %u+ e a "ureFues$i%n %* *a#$ an+ su#' Fues$i%n #an e +e$ermine+ %n a*$er $'een$ire "i#$ure is #ear i.e. a*$er $'e ines$ia$i%n is %er an+ $'e#'ares'ee$ is *ie+.

18. :n $'e a*%resai+ #%n$eH$, : ma use*u re*er $% an+ re u"%n$'e +e#isi%n %* $'e %ma i' C%ur$. A -iisi%n en#' %* $'e%ma i' C%ur$ in $'e #ase %* a Gana+'ar ;ia . @m"er%r


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anser $% $'e #'are. 3%r $'e %ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a a#$s$'r%u' 'uman aen#, an+ a+mi$$e+ $'e Cii !eri#e is i$s"rin#i"a aen# *%r $'e a+minis$ra$i%n %* $'e #%un$r in $imes %* "ea#e. ;'ere*%re 'ere, as 'ere, %u #ri$i#ise $'e Cii !eri#e en%#, $'e Fues$i%n 'e$'er %u eH#i$e +isa**e#$i%n aains$ $'eG%ernmen$ %r n%$ seems $% me a "ure Fues$i%n %* *a#$. P%u +% s%i* $'e na$ura e**e#$ %* %ur %r+s, in*usin 'a$re+ %* $'e Cii!eri#e, is as% $% in*use 'a$re+ %r #%n$em"$ %* $'e es$ais'e+G%ernmen$ '%se a##re+i$e+ aains$ $'e Cii !eri#e is. P%u a%i++%in s% i*, "re*errin a""r%"ria$e anuae %* m%+era$i%n, %u use%r+s 'i#' +% n%$ na$ura eH#i$e su#' 'a$re+ %* G%ernmen$. :$is, : $'in, a mere Fues$i%n %* *a#$.assin n% $% $'e s"ee#'es $'emsees mus$ e rea+ as a '%e.A *air #%ns$ru#$i%n mus$ e "u$ u"%n $'em, s$rainin n%$'in ei$'er*%r $'e Cr%n %r *%r $'e a""i#an$, an+ "ain m%re a$$en$i%n $% $'e'%e enera e**e#$ $'an $% an is%a$e+ %r+s %r "assaes. ;'eFues$i%n is 'e$'er u"%n su#' *air #%ns$ru#$i%n $'ese s"ee#'es

%**en+ un+er !. 124A %r n%$. N%, *irs$, as $% $'e enera aim %* $'es"eaer i$ is, : $'in, reas%na #ear $'a$ in #%n$en+in *%r 'a$'e +es#ries as saraja 'is %je#$ is $% %$ain *%r :n+ians anin#rease+ an+ ra+ua in#reasin s'are %* "%i$i#a au$'%ri$ an+ $%suje#$ $'e a+minis$ra$i%n %* $'e #%un$r $% $'e #%n$r% %* $'e"e%"e %r "e%"es %* :n+ia. : am %* %"ini%n $'a$ $'e a+%#a# %* su#' an %je#$ is n%$ "er se a in*rinemen$ %* $'e a, n%r 'as $'eearne+ A+%#a$e Genera #%n$en+e+ %$'erise.:$ %u+ e a Fues$i%n %* *a#$ $% e +e$ermine+ in ea#' #ase i$'re*eren#e $% i$s #ir#ums$an#es. u$ as a ma$$er %* a i$ #ann%$ esai+ $'a$ $'e #%n+emna$i%n %* a "ar$i#uar seri#e un+er $'e

G%ernmen$ a es$ais'e+ in ri$is' :n+ia #an neer esu**i#ien$ $% eH#i$e an %* $'e *eeins "r%'ii$e+ !. 124A.;%ar+s su#' G%ernmen$. : n% #%me $% $'e Fues$i%n as $%'e$'er $'e "ui#a$i%n %* $'e ma$$er #%n$aine+ in $'ese s"ee#'esis "unis'ae un+er !. 124A. :$ is Fui$e #ear $'a$ $'e s"eaer mus$n%$ rin %r a$$em"$ $% rin in$% 'a$re+ %r #%n$em"$, %r eH#i$e %ra$$em"$ $% eH#i$e +isa**e#$i%n $%ar+s, is Majes$ %r $'eG%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a in ri$is' :n+ia9 an+ i$ is as% #ear$'a$ een in $'e #ase %* #%mmen$s *ain un+er @H"n. 2 %r %* $'ese#$i%n, $'is essen$ia #%n+i$i%n mus$ e %sere+. :n $'e "resen$#ase Mr. Jinna' 'as ai+ rea$ em"'asis %n $'e *a#$ $'a$ $'r%u'%u$$'e s"ee#'es, $'e s"eaer 'as eH"resse+ 'is %a$ $% is Majes$.

u$ $'is #ann%$ aai 'im. e is n%$ #'are+ i$' eH#i$in+isa**e#$i%n $%ar+s is Majes$. ;'e Cr%n #ase is $'a$ 'e 'asa$$em"$e+ $% rin in$% 'a$re+ %r #%n$em"$ %r $% eH#i$e +isa**e#$i%n$%ar+s $'e G%ernmen$ es$ais'e+ a in ri$is' :n+ia9 an+ i$is n% anser $% $'is #'are $% sa $'a$ 'e 'as eH"resse+ 'is %a$$% is Majes$.

2. :n ie %* $'e a%e, : 'ae n% 'esi$a$i%n in #%min $% $'e #%n#usi%n $'a$ m%re $'an

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a "rima *a#ie #ase is ma+e %u$ s% *ar as $'e %**en#e %* se+i$i%n "unis'ae un+er!e#$i%n 124A %* $'e :C is #%n#erne+.24. : 'ae as% +ea$ i$' a$ en$' $'e issue 'e$'er an #ase %* "r%m%$in enmi$e$een +i**eren$ r%u"s %n r%un+s %* reii%n, e$#, #%u+ e sai+ $% 'ae een ma+e%u$. : 'ae +is#usse+ $'is issue a$ en$' in m a%e re*erre+ ju+men$. : ma Fu%$e $'ereean$ %sera$i%ns as un+er

25. De$ me %% in$% $'e a""i#aii$ %* !e#$i%ns 15A an+ 505(2) %* $'e:n+ian ena C%+e is #%n#erne+.26. !e#$i%n 15A as amen+e+ $'e Crimina an+ @e#$i%n Das(Amen+men$) A#$ 16 A#$ N%. %* 16. :$ #%nsis$s %* $'ree#auses %* 'i#' #auses (a) an+ () a%ne are ma$eria n%. $'e sameamen+in A#$ suse#$i%n (2) as a++e+ $% !e#$i%n 505 %* $'e :n+ian enaC%+e. Causes (a) an+ () %* !e#$i%n 15Aan+ !e#$i%n 505(2) are eH$ra#$e+e% 15A. r%m%$in enmi$ e$een +i**eren$ r%u"s %n r%un+s %* reii%n, ra#e, "a#e %* ir$', resi+en#e, anuae, e$#., an+ +%ina#$s "reju+i#ia $% main$enan#e %* 'arm%n.

(1) B'%eer

(a) %r+s, ei$'er s"%en %r ri$$en, %r sins %r isie re"resen$a$i%ns %r %$'erise, "r%m%$es %r a$$em"$s $%"r%m%$e, %n r%un+s %* reii%n, ra#e, "a#e %* ir$',resi+en#e, anuae, #as$e %r #%mmuni$ %r an %$'err%un+ 'a$s%eer, +is'arm%n %r *eeins %* enmi$, 'a$re+%r ii e$een +i**eren$ reii%us, ra#ia, anuae %rrei%na r%u"s %r #as$es %r #%mmuni$ies, %r () #%mmi$san a#$ 'i#' is "reju+i#ia $% $'e main$enan#e %* 'arm%ne$een +i**eren$ reii%us, ra#ia, anuae %r rei%na

r%u"s %r #as$es %r #%mmuni$ies, an+ 'i#' +is$urs %r isie $% +is$ur $'e "ui# $ranFuii$, %r

....................................

s'a e "unis'e+ i$' im"ris%nmen$ 'i#' ma eH$en+ $%$'ree ears, %r i$' *ine, %r i$' %$'.

505(2) !$a$emen$s #rea$in %r "r%m%$in enmi$, 'a$re+ %r iie$een #asses.B'%eer maes, "uis'es %r #ir#ua$es ans$a$emen$ %r re"%r$ #%n$ainin rum%ur %r aarmin nes i$' in$en$$% #rea$e %r "r%m%$e, %r 'i#' is ie $% #rea$e %r "r%m%$e, %n

r%un+s %* reii%n, ra#e, "a#e %* ir$', resi+en#e, anuae, #as$e%r #%mmuni$ %r an %$'er r%un+ 'a$s%eer, *eeins %* enmi$,'a$re+ %r ii e$een +i**eren$ reii%us, ra#ia, anuae %rrei%na r%u"s %r #as$es %r #%mmuni$ies, s'a e "unis'e+ i$'im"ris%nmen$ 'i#' ma eH$en+ $% $'ree ears, %r i$' *ine, %r i$'%$'.

;'e #%mm%n inre+ien$ in %$' $'e %**en#es is "r%m%$in *eein %* enmi$, 'a$re+ %r ii e$een +i**eren$ reii%us %r ra#ia %r inuis$i# %r

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rei%na r%u"s %r #as$es %r #%mmuni$ies. !e#$i%n 15A #%ers a #ase'ere a "ers%n %r+s, ei$'er s"%en %r ri$$en, %r sins %r isie re"resen$a$i%ns "r%m%$es %r a$$em"$s $% "r%m%$e su#' *eein.Un+er !e#$i%n 505(2), "r%m%$i%n %* su#' *eeins s'%u+ 'ae een +%ne main an+ "uis'in %r #ir#ua$in an s$a$emen$ %r re"%r$ #%n$aininrum%ur %r aarmin nes.

"uis'es %r #ir#ua$es use+ in $'e se$$in %* !e#$i%n 505(2) #ann%$ ein$er"re$e+ +isjun#$ie u$ %n as su""emen$ar $% ea#' %$'er. :* i$ is#%ns$rue+ +isjun#$ie, an %ne '% maes a s$a$emen$ *ain i$'in $'emeanin %* !e#$i%n 505 %u+, i$'%u$ "ui#a$i%n %r #ir#ua$i%n, e iae$% #%ni#$i%n. u$ $'e same is $'e e**e#$ i$' !e#$i%n 15A as% an+ $'en$'a$ !e#$i%n %u+ 'ae een a+ *%r re+un+an#. ;'e in$en$i%n %* $'eeisa$ure in "r%i+in $% +i**eren$ se#$i%ns %n $'e same suje#$ %u+'ae een $% #%er $% +i**eren$ *ie+s %* simiar #%%ur. ;'e *a#$ $'a$ %$'se#$i%ns ere in#u+e+ as a "a#ae in $'e same amen+in ena#$men$en+s *ur$'er su""%r$ $% $'e sai+ #%ns$ru#$i%n.

0. :n ie %* $'e a%e an+ 'ain rear+ $% $'e #ase %* $'e "r%se#u$i%n,: am %* $'e ie $'a$ a$'%u' i$ #%u+ e sai+ $'a$ $'e memers %* $'ea$i+ar a$e #%mmuni$ 'ae een "r%%e+, u$ su#' "r%%#a$i%n 'asn%$'in $% +% i$' an %$'er reii%n, ra#e %r inuis$i# %r rei%na r%u" %r

#%mmuni$. ;'e "%i#e *%r#e %* $'e !$a$e #ann%$ e r%u'$ i$'in $'e"urie %* $'e $erm #%mmuni$.

25. ;'us, s% *ar as !e#$i%ns 15A an+ 15 are #%n#erne+, : am %* $'e ie $'a$ $'esame is n%$ a$$ra#$e+ in $'e #ase in 'an+. ;% $'a$ eH$en$, $'e 3.:.R. +eseres $% eFuas'e+.26. : s'a n% +ea i$' $'e m%s$ seri%us "ar$ %* $'e aea$i%n i.e. ain %* ar"unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 121 %* $'e :C, an+ #%ns"ira# $% #%mmi$ an %**en#e "unis'aeun+er !e#$i%n 121, 'i#' is an %**en#e "unis'ae un+er !e#$i%n 121A %* $'e :C.

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27. BAG:NG BAR (!@C;:N 121 3 ;@ :C)

121. Bain, %r a$$em"$in $% ae ar, %r ae$$in ain %* ar,aains$ $'e G%ernmen$ %* :n+ia

B'%eer aes ar aains$ $'e G%ernmen$ %* :n+ia, %r a$$em"$s $% aesu#' ar, %r ae$s $'e ain %* su#' ar, s'a e "unis'e+ i$' +ea$', %r

im"ris%nmen$ *%r i*e, an+ s'a as% e iae $% *ine.

:us$ra$i%n

A j%ins an insurre#$i%n aains$ G%ernmen$ %* :n+ia. A 'as #%mmi$$e+ $'e%**en#e +e*ine+ in $'is se#$i%n.

28. ;'e !u"reme C%ur$ in $'e #ase %* Na>ir ?'an (su"ra) 'as eH"aine+ in +e$ais $'eeH"ressi%n ain ar. : ma Fu%$e $'e %sera$i%ns ma+e $'e !u"reme C%ur$ in"aras 27, 28, 2 an+ 0 as un+er

27. :$ is $'e *un+amen$a ri'$ %* eer #i$i>en $% 'ae 'is %n "%i$i#a$'e%ries an+ i+eas an+ $% "r%"aa$e $'em an+ %r *%r $'eir es$ais'men$

s% %n as 'e +%es n%$ see $% +% s% *%r#e an+ i%en#e %r #%n$raenean "r%isi%n %* a. ;'us, 'ere $'e "e+e %* a !%#ie$ am%un$e+ %n$% an un+er$ain $% "r%"aa$e $'e "%i$i#a *ai$' $'a$ #a"i$aism an+"ria$e %ners'i" are +aner%us $% $'e a+an#emen$ %* s%#ie$ an+ %r$% rin a%u$ $'e en+ %* #a"i$aism an+ "ria$e %ners'i" an+ $'ees$ais'men$ %* a s%#iais$ !$a$e *%r 'i#' %$'ers are area+ %rinun+er $'e ea+ %* $'e %rin #asses, i$ as 'e+ $'a$ i$ as %"en $% $'ememers %* $'e !%#ie$ $% a#'iee $'ese %je#$s a "ea#e*u means,#easeess *i'$in "ui# %"ini%n $'a$ mi'$ e aains$ $'em an+%""%sin $'%se '% +esire+ $'e #%n$inuan#e %* $'e eHis$in %r+er %* s%#ie$ an+ $'e "resen$ G%ernmen$9 $'a$ i$ %u+ as% e ei$ima$e $%

"resume $'a$ $'e +esire+ a #'ane in $'e eHis$in G%ernmen$ s% $'a$$'e #%u+ #arr %u$ $'eir "r%ramme an+ "%i#9 $'a$ $'e mere use %* $'e%r+s *i'$ an+ ar in $'eir "e+e +i+ n%$ ne#essari mean $'a$ $'e!%#ie$ "anne+ $% a#'iee i$s %je#$ *%r#e a

Hardik Bharatbhai Patel v State of Guj

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Transcript of Hardik Bharatbhai Patel v State of Guj