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LIJITHA TSOCIAL SCIENCE

HARAPPANCIVILIZATION

The civilization was named the Harappan Civilization according to the usual practice of archaeology . When an ancient culture is studied ,it is usual to name it after its ‘type site’, that is the place where the evidence of that civilization was obtained first . Harappan civilization is also known as the Indus valley civilization since it was spread over the banks of the Indus and its tributaries .

THE LOGIC OF THE NAME:

The Harappan civilization is a greatculture Which came in to being about 3000B.C . The Harappan Civilization rose in a vast geographical area in which there were big cities , small towns and numerous villages Which were related to another

The evidence of this civilization was obtained From archaeological excavations conducted at Harappa and MohenjoDaro. Excavations were started in 1921 in these Places .

site The person whodiscovered

year

Harappa Daya Ram sahni

1921

MohenjoDaro R.D Banerjee 1922

Amri Oral Staine 1927

Chanhudaro N.G Majumdar 1931

Rupar Y.D. Sharma 1955-56

Kalibangan A.Ghosh 1953

Lothal S.R.Rao 1957

Benvali R.S. Bisht 1973

Dholavia J.P.Joshy 1960’s

MAP OF HARAPPA

Indus valley civilizations –Estimated time scale

5500 -3500 B.C - The Neolithic Age

3500 -2600 B.C - Pre-harappan

2600 – 1800 B.C - Mature Harappan culture

1800 B.C onwards - Late Harappan culture

The city of Harappa is divided into two parts ,with a citadel on ground raised by filling it with mud and down below , the houses of the common people .

cities

CitadelLower Part Of

The City

Public Buildings

Houses of The common

people

The houses were of different sizes varying from a palatial building to one with two small rooms .

The houses had a well , a bathroom and coverd drain in the street .

The houses were furnished with paved floors and were provided with doors and windows .

The roofs were made of mud , reed and wood .

Houses

HOUSES

A large granary found in Harappa gives evidence of the control of resources exercisedd by that society .

These rectangular buildings stood close to the river ,so that grain could be transported easily and cheepily .

Granaries

Mohenjo Daro is situated in the Larkana district of sind .

This city on the banks of the Indus river is the biggest city in the Harappan Culture .

A special features of this city is the great bath .

It had six entrances .

The Great Bath

The Great Bath

The remains of a wharf found in lothal in Gujarat given indisputable evidence of the foreign trade conducted by the people of this culture.

For the import of precious stones,different metals and other articals they had established connections with southern india,eastern india and kashmir.

TRADE AND COMMERCE

COINS

The drainage system of the indus valley civilizaation was very advanced.

The drains were covered with slabs. House drains which ran under the main

streets and below many lanes. The indus valley people knew well that such

drains were not be left open.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

A regular system of weights and measures was used for trade and other transactions .

Numerous articles used for weights such as chert , lime stone , steatite etc . have been found .

These give information about this civilization.Pictures and a script are seen on the seals.

WEIGHT AND MEASURES

VASSELS

WEAPONS

The most interesting part of the discovery relates to the seals-more than 2000 in number made of soap stone,terracotta and copper.

Their engravings of various animals on the numerous seals are very remarkable .

The treatment of animals like the buffalo,the bison,the rhinocerous,the tiger,the deer and especially the humped bull is superb and full of realism.

HARAPPAN SEALS

HARAPPAN SEALS

The harappan people developed their on script or art of writing

This script continues to be a puzzle to historians and thus the riches of the civilization remain unrevealed until this script is interpreted.

HARAPPAN SCRIPT

SCRIPT

Many statues and fugurines, both of animals and men, that have been found at various sites in the indus valley,clearly prove that these people had made great progress in the art of sculpture.

A statue of a yogi,droped in a shawl wom over the left shoulder and under the right arm shows the best model of their sculpture.

ART AND ARCHITECTURE

ART AND ARCHITECTURE

A Harappan Priest

There are many theories about the end of the harappon civilization among historians.

Some of them are given below : Heavy floods and earthquakes. River which changed their course and the

drying up of the Ghaggar-Hakra riiver. External invasion. Changes in the environment Collapse of trade and commerce.

THE END OF THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

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