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HappinessSeveral terms redirect here. For other uses, see Happiness (disambiguation), Happy (disambiguation), and Jolly(disambiguation).

The smiley face is a well-known symbol of happiness

Happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-beingcharacterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging fromcontentment to intense joy.[1] A variety of biological,psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches havestriven to define happiness and identify its sources. Variousresearch groups, including positive psychology, endeavor to applythe scientific method to answer questions about what "happiness"is, and how it might be attained.

It is of such fundamental importance to the human condition that"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" were deemed to beunalienable rights by the United States Declaration ofIndependence.

The United Nations declared 20 March the International Day ofHappiness to recognise the relevance of happiness and wellbeingas universal goals. In 2014 Happy (Pharrell Williams song) became the anthem and inspired clips from around theworld.

DefinitionPhilosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather thansimply as an emotion. Happiness in this sense was used to translate the Greek Eudaimonia, and is still used in virtueethics.Happiness is a fuzzy concept and can mean many different things to many people. Part of the challenge of a scienceof happiness is to identify different concepts of happiness, and where applicable, split them into their components.Related concepts are well-being, quality of life and flourishing. At least one author defines happiness ascontentment. Some commentators focus on the difference between the hedonistic tradition of seeking pleasant andavoiding unpleasant experiences, and the eudaimonic tradition of living life in a full and deeply satisfying way.The 2012 World Happiness Report stated that in subjective well-being measures, the primary distinction is betweencognitive life evaluations and emotional reports.[2] Happiness is used in both life evaluation, as in “How happy areyou with your life as a whole?”, and in emotional reports, as in “How happy are you now?,” and people seem able touse happiness as appropriate in these verbal contexts. Using these measures, the World Happiness Report identifiesthe countries with the highest levels of happiness.

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Research resultsSee also: Positive psychology

A smiling Rebecca L. Felton

Research has produced many different views on causes of happiness,and on factors that correlate with happiness, but no validated methodhas been found to substantially improve long-term happiness in ameaningful way for most people.Sonja Lyubomirsky concludes in her book The How of Happiness that50 percent of a given human's happiness level is geneticallydetermined (based on twin studies), 10 percent is affected by lifecircumstances and situation, and a remaining 40 percent of happiness issubject to self-control.

The results of the 75 year Grant study of Harvard undergraduates showa high correlation of loving relationship, especially with parents, withlater life wellbeing.In the 2nd Edition of the Handbook of Emotions (2000), evolutionarypsychologists Leda Cosmides and John Tooby say that happinesscomes from "encountering unexpected positive events". In the 3rd

Edition of the Handbook of Emotions (2008), Michael Lewis says "happiness can be elicited by seeing a significantother". According to Mark Leary, as reported in a November 1995 issue of Psychology Today, "we are happiestwhen basking in the acceptance and praise of others". Sara Algoe and Jonathan Haidt say that "happiness" may bethe label for a family of related emotional states, such as joy, amusement, satisfaction, gratification, euphoria, andtriumph.[3]

It has been argued that money cannot effectively "buy" much happiness unless it is used in certainways.[4]Wikipedia:Citing sources#What information to include "Beyond the point at which people have enough tocomfortably feed, clothe, and house themselves, having more money - even a lot more money - makes them only alittle bit happier."Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words A Harvard Business School study found that "spending money onothers actually makes us happier than spending it on ourselves".[5]

Meditation has been found to lead to high activity in the brain's left prefrontal cortex, which in turn has been foundto correlate with happiness.

A smiling 95-year-old man from Pichilemu,Chile.

Psychologist Martin Seligman asserts that happiness is not solelyderived from external, momentary pleasures,[6] and provides theacronym PERMA to summarize Positive Psychology's correlationalfindings: humans seem happiest when they have

1. Pleasure (tasty food, warm baths, etc.),2. Engagement (or flow, the absorption of an enjoyed yet challenging

activity),3. Relationships (social ties have turned out to be extremely reliable

indicator of happiness),4. Meaning (a perceived quest or belonging to something bigger), and5. Accomplishments (having realized tangible goals).There have also been some studies of how religion relates to happiness. Causal relationships remain unclear, butmore religion is seen in happier people. This correlation may be the result of community membership and notnecessarily belief in religion itself. Another component may have to do with ritual.[7]Wikipedia:Citing sources#Whatinformation to include

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Abraham Harold Maslow, an American professor of psychology, founded humanistic psychology in the 1930s. Avisual aid he created to explain his theory, which he called the hierarchy of needs, is a pyramid depicting the levelsof human needs, psychological, and physical. When a human being ascends the steps of the pyramid, he reachesself-actualization. Beyond the routine of needs fulfillment, Maslow envisioned moments of extraordinary experience,known as peak experiences, profound moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture, during which a personfeels more whole, alive, self-sufficient, and yet a part of the world. This is similar to the flow concept of MihályCsíkszentmihályi.Self-determination theory relates intrinsic motivation to three needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

Religious perspectivesSee also: Religion and happiness

Tibetan Buddhist Monk

Buddhism

Happiness forms a central theme of Buddhistteachings.Wikipedia:Disputed statement For ultimate freedom fromsuffering, the Noble Eightfold Path leads its practitioner to Nirvana, astate of everlasting peace. Ultimate happiness is only achieved byovercoming craving in all forms. More mundane forms of happiness,such as acquiring wealth and maintaining good friendships, are alsorecognized as worthy goals for lay people (see sukha). Buddhism alsoencourages the generation of loving kindness and compassion, thedesire for the happiness and welfare of allbeings.Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources

Catholicism

The primary meaning of "happiness" in various European languagesinvolves good fortune, chance or happening. The meaning in Greekphilosophy, however, refers primarily to ethics. In Catholicism, theultimate end of human existence consists in felicity, Latin equivalent tothe Greek eudaimonia, or "blessed happiness", described by the13th-century philosopher-theologian Thomas Aquinas as a Beatific Vision of God's essence in the next life. Humancomplexities, like reason and cognition, can produce well-being or happiness, but such form is limited and transitory.In temporal life, the contemplation of God, the infinitely Beautiful, is the supreme delight of the will. Beatitudo, orperfect happiness, as complete well-being, is to be attained not in this life, but the next.[8]

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Philosophical views

The Love Letter

Main article: Philosophy of happinessThe Chinese Confucian thinker Mencius, who 2300 years ago soughtto give advice to the ruthless political leaders of the warring statesperiod, was convinced that the mind played a mediating role betweenthe "lesser self" (the physiological self) and the "greater self" (themoral self) and that getting the priorities right between these twowould lead to sage-hood. He argued that if we did not feel satisfactionor pleasure in nourishing one's "vital force" with "righteous deeds",that force would shrivel up (Mencius,6A:15 2A:2). More specifically,he mentions the experience of intoxicating joy if one celebrates thepractice of the great virtues, especially through music.

Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) the Muslim Sufi thinker wrote the Alchemyof Happiness, a manual of spiritual instruction throughout the Muslimworld and widely practiced today.

The Hindu thinker Patanjali, author of the Yoga Sutras, wrote quiteexhaustively on the psychological and ontological roots of bliss.

In the Nicomachean Ethics, written in 350 BCE, Aristotle stated thathappiness (also being well and doing well) is the only thing that humans desire for its own sake, unlike riches, honor,health or friendship. He observed that men sought riches, or honor, or health not only for their own sake but also inorder to be happy. Note that eudaimonia, the term we translate as "happiness", is for Aristotle an activity rather thanan emotion or a state.[9] Thus understood, the happy life is the good life, that is, a life in which a person fulfillshuman nature in an excellent way. Specifically, Aristotle argues that the good life is the life of excellent rationalactivity. He arrives at this claim with the Function Argument. Basically, if it's right, every living thing has a function,that which it uniquely does. For humans, Aristotle contends, our function is to reason, since it is that alone that weuniquely do. And performing one's function well, or excellently, is one's good. Thus, the life of excellent rationalactivity is the happy life. Aristotle does not leave it that, however. For he argues that there is a second best life forthose incapable of excellent rational activity. This second best life is the life of moral virtue.

Many ethicists make arguments for how humans should behave, either individually or collectively, based on theresulting happiness of such behavior. Utilitarians, such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, advocated thegreatest happiness principle as a guide for ethical behavior.Also according to St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, man's last end is happiness: "all men agree in desiring the lastend, which is happiness." However, where utilitarians focused on reasoning about consequences as the primary toolfor reaching happiness, Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that happiness cannot be reached solely through reasoningabout consequences of acts, but also requires a pursuit of good causes for acts, such as habits according to virtue. Inturn, which habits and acts that normally lead to happiness is according to Aquinas caused by laws: natural law anddivine law. These laws, in turn, were according to Aquinas caused by a first cause, or God.According to Aquinas, happiness consists in an "operation of the speculative intellect": "Consequently happinessconsists principally in such an operation, viz. in the contemplation of Divine things." And, "the last end cannotconsist in the active life, which pertains to the practical intellect." So: "Therefore the last and perfect happiness,which we await in the life to come, consists entirely in contemplation. But imperfect happiness, such as can be hadhere, consists first and principally in contemplation, but secondarily, in an operation of the practical intellectdirecting human actions and passions."

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Economic views

Newly commissioned officers celebrate their new positions by throwingtheir midshipmen covers into the air as part of the U.S. Naval Academy class

of 2011 graduation and commissioning ceremony.

Main article: Happiness economicsCommon market health measures such as GDPand GNP have been used as a measure ofsuccessful policy. On average richer nations tendto be happier than poorer nations, but this effectseems to diminish with wealth. This has beenexplained by the fact that the dependency is notlinear but logarithmic, i.e., the same percentualincrease in the GNP produces the same increasein happiness for wealthy countries as for poorcountries.[10]

Libertarian think tank Cato Institute claims thateconomic freedom correlates strongly withhappiness[11] preferably within the context of awestern mixed economy, with free press and ademocracy. According to certain standards, East European countries (ruled by Communist parties) were less happythan Western ones, even less happy than other equally poor countries.[12]

It has been argued that happiness measures could be used not as a replacement for more traditional measures, but asa supplement. According to professor Edward Glaeser, people constantly make choices that decrease their happiness,because they have also more important aims. Therefore, the government should not decrease the alternativesavailable for the citizen by patronizing them but let the citizen keep a maximal freedom of choice.[13]

It has been argued that happiness at work is one of the driving forces behind positive outcomes at work, rather thanjust being a resultant product.

MeasuresSeveral scales have been used to measure happiness:• The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) is a four-item scale, measuring global subjective happiness. The scale

requires participants to use absolute ratings to characterize themselves as happy or unhappy individuals, as well asit asks to what extent they identify themselves with descriptions of happy and unhappy individuals.[14][15]

• The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is used to detect the relation between personality traits andpositive or negative affects at this moment, today, the past few days, the past week, the past few weeks, the pastyear, and generally (on average). PANAS is a 20-item questionnaire, which uses a five-point Likert scale (1 =very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely).[16][17] A longer version with additional affect scales is available in amanual.[18]

• The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a global cognitive assessment of life satisfaction. The SWLS requiresa person to use a seven-item scale to state their agreement or disagreement (1 = strongly disagree, 4 = neitheragree nor disagree, 7 = strongly agree) with five statements about their life.[19][20]

The UK began to measure national well being in 2012, following Bhutan which already measured gross nationalhappiness.Wikipedia:Citation needed

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Health

Happy St. Patrick's Day from Boston

Richard Davidson's 2012 bestseller The Emotional Life of Your Brainargues that positive emotion and happiness benefit your long-termhealth. From a study conducted in 2005 by Andrew Steptow andMichael Marmot, findings have found that happiness is clearly relatedto biological markers that play an important role in health.

At University College London, Steptow and Marmot collected healthand well-being data from 116 men and 100 women. All 216participants were middle-aged, British civil servants between the agesof 45 and 59. The researchers aimed to analyze whether there was anyassociation between well-being and three biological markers: heartrate, cortisol levels, and plasma fibrinogen levels. Interestingly, theparticipants who rated themselves the least happy had cortisol levelsthat were 48% higher than those who rated themselves as the mosthappy. The least happy subjects also had a large plasma fibrinogenresponse to two stress-inducing tasks: the Stroop test, and tracing a starseen in a mirror image.In Happy People Live Longer,[21] Frey reports that happy people live14% longer, increasing longevity 7.5 to 10 years.

Steptow and Marmot furthered their studies by using their participants three years later to repeat the physiologicalmeasurements. They found that participants who scored high in positive emotion continued to have lower levels ofcortisol and fibrinogen, as well as a lower heart rate.

At workMain article: Happiness at workDespite a large body of positive psychological research into the relationship between happiness andproductivity,[22][23][24] happiness at work has traditionally been seen as a potential by-product of positive outcomesat work, rather than a pathway to success in business. However a growing number of scholars, including Boehm andLyubomirsky, argue that it should be viewed as one of the major sources of positive outcomes in theworkplace.[25][26]

References[1] Wordnet 3.0 (http:/ / www. wolframalpha. com/ input/ ?i=happiness& a=*C. happiness-_*Word-) (accessed 2011-Feb-24 via Wolfram

Alpha)[2] http:/ / www. earth. columbia. edu/ sitefiles/ file/ Sachs%20Writing/ 2012/ World%20Happiness%20Report. pdf[3] The Journal of Positive Psychology, March 2009[4][4] Boston.com, August 23, 2009[5] Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 319, 1687-1688..[6] Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Can Happiness be Taught?. Daedalus journal, Spring 2004.[7][7] 2009 article in Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience[8] [New Advent|http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ cathen/ 07131b. htm][9][9] Eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία) is a classical Greek word commonly translated as 'happiness' or, better yet, 'flourishing'. Etymologically, it

consists of the word "eu" ("good" or "well being") and "daimōn" ("spirit" or "minor deity", used by extension to mean one's lot or fortune).[10] Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox (http:/ / bpp. wharton. upenn. edu/ betseys/ papers/

Happiness. pdf)[11] In Pursuit of Happiness Research. Is It Reliable? What Does It Imply for Policy? (http:/ / www. cato. org/ pub_display. php?pub_id=8179)

The Cato institute. April 11, 2007[12] The Scientist's Pursuit of Happiness (http:/ / www. cis. org. au/ Policy/ spring05/ polspr05-2. htm), Policy, Spring 2005.

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[13] Coercive regulation and the balance of freedom (http:/ / www. cato-unbound. org/ 2007/ 05/ 11/ edward-glaeser/coercive-regulation-and-the-balance-of-freedom/ ), Edward Glaeser, Cato Unbound 11.5.2007

[14] http:/ / www. ppc. sas. upenn. edu/ subjectivehappinessscale. pdf[15] Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators

Research, 46, 137-155.[16] http:/ / www. camden. rutgers. edu/ ~bwhitlow/ Courses/ Experimental/ SURVEY04/ sld010. htm[17] Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS

scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.[18] http:/ / www. psychology. uiowa. edu/ faculty/ clark/ panas-x. pdf[19] http:/ / www. tbims. org/ combi/ swls/ swlsrat. html[20] Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.[21][21] Happy People Live Longer, Bruno S. Frey, Science 4 February 2011: 542-543[22][22] Carr, A.: "Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness and Human Strengths" Hove, Brunner-Routledge 2004[23][23] Isen, A.; Positive Affect and Decision-making. In M. Lewis and J. Haviland Jones (eds), "Handbook of Emotions" (2nd edition), pp.

417-436. New York, Guilford Press 2000[24][24] Buss, D. The Evolution of Happiness, "American Psychologist" Vol. 55 (2000) pp. 15-23[25] Boehm, J K. & S. Lyubomirsky, Journal of Career Assessment. Vol 16(1), Feb 2008, 101-116[26] http:/ / www. apa. org/ pubs/ journals/ releases/ bul-1316803. pdf

Further reading• Sara Ahmed, "The Promise of Happiness", 2010•• Michael Argyle "The psychology of happiness", 1987• Boehm, J K. & S. Lyubomirsky, Journal of Career Assessment. Vol 16(1), Feb 2008, 101–116.•• Norman M. Bradburn "The structure of psychological well-being", 1969• C. Robert Cloninger, Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being, Oxford, 2004.•• Jimmy DeMesa, M.D. "BeHappy!: Your Guide to the Happiest Possible Life", 2006• Gregg Easterbrook "The progress paradox – how life gets better while people feel worse", 2003• Michael W. Eysenck "Happiness – facts and myths", 1990• Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness, Knopf, 2006.•• Carol Graham "Happiness Around the World: The Paradox of Happy Peasants and Miserable Millionaires", OUP

Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-954905-4•• W. Doyle Gentry "Happiness for dummies", 2008• James Hadley, Happiness: A New Perspective, 2013, ISBN 978-1493545261• Joop Hartog & Hessel Oosterbeek "Health, wealth and happiness", 1997• Hills P., Argyle M. (2002). "The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of

psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences". Psychological Wellbeing 33: 1073–1082.•• Robert Holden "Happiness now!", 1998• Barbara Ann Kipfer, 14,000 Things to Be Happy About, Workman, 1990/2007, ISBN 978-0-7611-4721-3.•• Neil Kaufman "Happiness is a choice", 1991• Stefan Klein, The Science of Happiness, Marlowe, 2006, ISBN 1-56924-328-X.• Koenig HG, McCullough M, & Larson DB. Handbook of religion and health: a century of research reviewed (see

article). New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.• McMahon, Darrin M., Happiness: A History, Atlantic Monthly Press, November 28, 2005. ISBN 0-87113-886-7• McMahon, Darrin M., The History of Happiness: 400 B.C. – A.D. 1780, Daedalus journal, Spring 2004.• Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons From A New Science, Penguin, 2005, ISBN 978-0-14-101690-0.•• Luskin, Frederic, Kenneth R. Pelletier, Dr. Andrew Weil (Foreword). "Stress Free for Good: 10 Scientifically

Proven Life Skills for Health and Happiness." 2005•• Sonja Lyubomirsky "The how of happiness", 2007•• James Mackaye "Economy of happiness", 1906•• Lynne McFall "Happiness", 1989

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• Desmond Morris "The nature of happiness", 2004• David G. Myers, Ph. D., The Pursuit of Happiness: Who is Happy—and Why, William Morrow and Co., 1992,

ISBN 0-688-10550-5.•• Niek Persoon "Happiness doesn't just happen", 2006•• Ben Renshaw "The secrets of happiness", 2003•• Fiona Robards, "What makes you happy?" Exisle Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-1-921966-31-6• Bertrand Russell "The conquest of happiness", orig. 1930 (many reprints)* Martin E.P. Seligman, Authentic

Happiness, Free Press, 2002, ISBN 0-7432-2298-9.• Alexandra Stoddard "Choosing happiness – keys to a joyful life", 2002• Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Analysis of Happiness, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1976•• Elizabeth Telfer "Happiness : an examination of a hedonistic and a eudaemonistic concept of happiness and of the

relations between them...", 1980• Ruut Veenhoven "Bibliography of happiness – world database of happiness : 2472 studies on subjective

appreciation of life", 1993•• Ruut Veenhoven "Conditions of happiness", 1984• Eric G. Wilson "Against Happiness", 2008• Journal of happiness studies: an interdisciplinary forum on subjective well-being, International Society for

Quality-of-Life Studies (ISQOLS), quarterly since 2000, also online

External links• History of Happiness (http:/ / pursuit-of-happiness. org/ pursuit-of-happiness/ history-of-happiness) – concise

survey of influential theories• The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry "Pleasure" (http:/ / plato. stanford. edu/ entries/ pleasure/ ) –

ancient and modern philosophers' and neuroscientists' approaches to happiness• The World Happiness Forum (http:/ / www. worldhappinessforum. org/ ) promotes dialogue on tools and

techniques for human happiness and wellbeing.• Action For Happiness (http:/ / www. actionforhappiness. org) is a UK movement committed to building a happier

society• Improving happiness through humanistic leadership (https:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=S7HVfxq4l-8)-

University of Bath, U.K.• The World Database of Happiness (http:/ / worlddatabaseofhappiness. eur. nl/ ) – a register of scientific research

on the subjective appreciation of life.• Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (http:/ / www. meaningandhappiness. com/ oxford-happiness-questionnaire/

214/ ) – Online psychological test to measure your happiness.• Dr. Srikumar Rao: Plug into your hard-wired happiness (http:/ / www. ted. com/ talks/

srikumar_rao_plug_into_your_hard_wired_happiness. html) – Video of a short lecture by Srikumar Rao on howto be happy

• Dan Gilbert: Why are we happy? (http:/ / www. ted. com/ talks/ dan_gilbert_asks_why_are_we_happy. html) –Video of a short lecture by Dan Gilbert our how our "psychological immune system" lets us feel truly happy evenwhen things don’t go as planned.

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsHappiness  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619865151  Contributors: 10metreh, 12ticeb, 1BIGDICK, 2nd Piston Honda, 4twenty42o, 981y24957987248, A. B., A. Parrot, ABF, AGToth, Abrech, Absinf, Academic Challenger, Ace of Spades, Acroterion, Adashiel, Addshore, Addy2210, AdjustShift, Adrian J. 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