Gunung Lumut
Transcript of Gunung Lumut
Gunung Lumut
Biodiversity Assessment 2005 The .naturalis contribution to the MOF / Tropenbos project in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest
Editor Jan van Tol
Contributions Eulàlia Gassó Miracle, Rienk de Jong, Erik J. van Nieukerken & Jan van Tol
February 2006 National Museum of Natural History | Naturalis | Leiden | The Netherlands Version 4
Gunung Lumut Biodiversity Assessment 2005
The Naturalis contribution to the MoF / Tropenbos project
in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest
Gunung Lumut Biodiversity Assessment 2005
Contents
Summary ................................................................................................ 4
Introduction ................................................................................................ 5
Acknowledgements.......................................................................................... 2
Impression of the area and results ....................................................................... 8
Methods ............................................................................................... 10
Results
Odonata (J. van Tol) ..................................................................... 12
Some impressions of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest
(E.J. van Nieukerken)..................................................................... 15
Butterflies (Lepidoptera) (R. de Jong)................................................. 15
Annex 1 Itinerary .................................................................................... 17
Annex 2 Positions of localities ..................................................................... 23
Photographs by Jan van Tol
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Summary
Four entomologists of the National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands,
joined an expedition for a biodiversity assessment of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest,
situated in the Pasir district of Kalimantan Timur (Indonesia).
The area was investigated from two camps in the protection forest and a subcamp on the slopes
of Gunung Lumut. Special attention was paid to Lepidoptera and Odonata, and to a lesser extent
to Coleoptera.
The area proved to be diverse in geological conditions, in vegetation, and in forest disturbance.
Water types in the area included a variety of streams, from small seepage areas to rivers of 20 to
30 m wide.
The results of the entomological studies were satisfactory, although dark weather greatly
reduced activity of butterflies and dragonflies on many days. The total number of butterfly
species observed is about 160, and the total number of dragonfly species about 45. An estimate
of the number of species of moths has to await study of the material by specialists.
A preliminary evaluation of the species lists reveals that the ecosystems in the study area are
relatively complete, although presumably influenced by previous logging activities. Species
composition is rather typical for lowland rain forest in Borneo, including most of the common and
widespread elements. The area yielded none or very few species with extremely small ranges
(endemics of SE Borneo), although data of the region above c. 800 m are scarce.
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Introduction
Four entomologists of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands, joined
the Gunung Lumut Biodiversity Assessment. Field work for the assessment was organised by the
Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia and the Indonesian office of Tropenbos International at
Balikpapan.
The Rapid Biodiversity Assessment was executed in the Gunung Lumut-Untir-Beratus extension
area in District Pasir, East Kalimantan. According to the proposal, the area of protection forest
covers almost 42,000 ha of relatively undisturbed dipterocarp lowland forest. The assessment
was carried out by a variety of organisations, such as the Primate Research Agency, local
community groups (PEMA Pasir) and Indonesian and Dutch institutes.
The main focus of the assessment was on the Telake and Kendilo watershed areas of District Pasir.
The objectives were to promote the management and conservation of Gunung Lumut Protection
Forest by increasing awareness among local people and wider public about the natural heritage.
This should be accomplished by
encouraging local stakeholders, particularly the local communities, to take active roles
in conserving and managing the area,
promoting partnerships between relevant stakeholders, contributing to the improvement
of the management plan for the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest,
support the establishment of this area as a Biosphere Reserve that reconciles economic
and social development and enviromenment protection.
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The assessment team included scientists from the Netherlands and Indonesia for vertebrates,
insects, plants and fungi. The scientists were assisted by a group of c. 20 students of the
Agricultural University IPB at Bogor, and local porters and guides.
The Naturalis studies focused on insects, with special attention for moths, Microlepidoptera
(Erik J. van Nieukerken), butterflies and larger moths, Macrolepidoptera (Rienk de Jong) and
dragonflies, Odonata (Jan van Tol), while Eulàlia Gassó Miracle was joining the team as observer,
replacing Kees van den Berg.
Acknowledgements
The Naturalis team gratefully acknowledges Tropenbos International, especially the team in
Balikpapan, for careful preparation and co-ordination of the Assessment. We are also grateful to
the IPB students for enthousiastically working with us, and to the local people from Mului and
Rantau Layung to guide us through their forest.
Photo by Jan van Tol
Entrance of the Mului base camp
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Topographical map of central part of Gunung Lumut Protection Forest
Gunung Lumut Biodiversity Assessment 2005
Impression of the area and results
The area proved to be diverse in geological conditions, with both granite and limestone present.
The forest was selectively logged up to 600 m altitude about 30 years ago. Although the open
structure of pristine rain forest is lost at lower elevations, both flora and fauna seem to have
recovered to a reasonable extent. Vegetation above c. 600 m is largely undisturbed.
The following collecting methods were used during the assessment: butterflies and dragonflies
with insect nets, several families of microlepidoptera by searching mining larvae, dragonfly
larvae with aquatic net, moths and various other groups of insects by setting up light traps.
Lepidoptera were sampled in open and dense vegetation at various elevations, up to the top of
Gunung Lumut at 1200 m. Dragonflies were sampled between 150 and 450 m in all kind of aquatic
habitats, from seepage areas to the larger forest streams. The dark or even rainy weather on
various days negatively influenced the results of the study of butterflies and dragonflies.
The results proved to be satisfactory. The number of butterfly species encountered is more than
160. The knowledge of leave-mining moth-families, such as the Nepticulidae, in Southeast Asia is
still poorly developed, and significant new observations were made. Dragonfly diversity was less
than expected, both the number of species and the number of specimens was lower than usually
encountered in other parts of Borneo. It is unknown whether this has to be attributed to a
seasonal effect, to remaining effects of logging, or to the geological history of the area.
We suggest to carry out a short assessment for the same insect groups immediately after the
rainy season to reveal seasonal variations in species composition of the entomofauna.
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Habitats
The outlet of the Nango stream in
the Prayan river. The Nango stream
runs over limestone rocks, while the
Prayan river cuts through alluvial
soils and granitic rock.
Anaksungai Sepu
Roadside vegetation near the Mului
base camp
Photos by Jan van Tol
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Methods
The area was studied for selected groups of insects from 11 November until 3 December 2005.
We used the following methods to obtain our data
walking along forest trails and roads, while collecting butterflies using insect nets of c. 30
cm diameter,
walking along and through forest streams, and along standing waters, while hand collecting
of dragonflies using insect nets of c. 30 cm diameter,
searching for leaf-mines of Nepticulidae and other leaf-ming Lepidoptera, and rearing the
caterpillars,
aquatic insect larvae, such as Odonata, were collected using an aquatic net (Davis net),
setting up during the evenings white sheets with 160 Watt mixed light, or 16 Watt blacklight,
for collecting moths and other insects.
The insects were mostly preserved dry using silicagel, but tenerals, very small species, and DNA
samples of selected species were kept on 70 or 98% ethylalcohol.
Lepidoptera and other insects were collected around the basecamps of Prayan (Rantau Layung)
and Mului, the 'flying camp' on the slope of Gunung Lumut, near old Mului village, and also along
trails between Mului camp, the flycamp and the top of Gunung Lumut. Odonata were collected in
the vicinity of the basecamps. A full list of the localities with altitude and longitude/latitude is
presented in Annex 2, while Annex 1 presents the itinerary of the participants.
Specimens were preliminarily identified in the field, using names obtained from the literature
(partly available in the camps), or from knowledge of the scientists. Identifications of the
material should be confirmed in the Leiden museum by direct comparison with preserved
specimens.
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Collecting Odonata. Local helper
Pudel (left) and IPB student Santun
Moh. Pamunkas (right) assisted in
the study of dragonflies of the area.
Insects at light. Aldults of
dobsonflies Corydalus (Megaloptera)
came to light, while larvae were
found in currents of the streams in
the area.
Insects at light. Examples of moths
Lepidoptera were set immediately
after they were collected. Most
specimens, however, were kept in
plastic boxes with chlorocresol.
Photos by Jan van Tol
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Results
¶ Odonata by Jan van Tol
The area proved to be rather diverse in aquatic habitats. We encountered (a) larger, open
streams, (b) half-shaded forest streams, (c) smaller, fully shaded streams, (d) trickles and
seepage areas (shaded), and (e) standing waters. As already explained above, the Protection
Forest was selectively logged below 600 m about thirty years ago. Larger trees are, however, still
present near the streams, since no logging was allowed on the banks of streams.
A preliminary list of the species encountered per habitat is presented in Table xx.
Densities were generally low. Usually, temporary territoria of dragonflies and damselflies are
taken within minutes after a holder of a territorium is collected. We have seen several examples
where the territorium was not taken for many days after collecting a specimen.
Species of the genus Vestalis were common along all streams. Remarkably, all specimens were
males and no single female was seen during the full period of field work. For several groups with
many representatives in Borneo, such as Drepanosticta and Coeliccia, only one species was found,
which is very unusual.
Photo by Jan van Tol
Neurobasis longipes, female.
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Table 1
List of Odonata species per aquatic habitat (preliminary results)
Sequence of species following Lieftinck (1954)
Larg
er s
trea
ms
mos
tly
unsh
aded
)
Fore
st s
trea
ms
(par
tly
shad
d)
Shad
ed f
ores
t st
ream
s
Tric
kles
, se
epag
e ar
eas
Stan
ding
wat
ers
Amphipterygidae
Devadatta podolestoides
Chlorocyphidae
Libellago semiopaca
Libellago stictica
Rhinocypha aurofulgens
Rhinocypha humeralis
Heliocypha biseriata
Euphaeidae
Euphaea impar
Euphaea subcostalis
Dysphaea dimidiata
Calopterygidae
Vestalis spp.
Neurobasis longipes
Megapodagrionidae
Rhinagrion sp.
Platystictidae
Drepanosticta rufostigma
Protoneuridae
Elattoneura sp
Prodasineura sp.
Platycnemididae
Coeliccia cf. nigrohamata
Coenagrionidae
Pseudagrion perfuscatum
Argiocnemis rubescens
Gomphidae
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Heliogomphus sp.
Aeshnidae
Indaeschna grubaueri
Anax guttatus / panybeus
Cordulegastridae
Chlorogomphus sp. ?
Corduliidae
Macromia corycia
Libellulidae
Lyriothemis biappendiculata
Cratilla lineata
Orthetrum glaucum
Orthetrum pruinosum
Orthetrum sabina
Orthetrum testaceum
Diplacodes trivialis
Neurothemis fluctuans
Neurothemis ramburii
Trithemis aurora
Trithemis festiva
Onychothemis coccinea
Zygonyx sp.
Zyxomma obtusum
Pantala flavescens
Rhyothemis sp.
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¶ Some impressions of Gunung Lumut Protection Forest by Erik J. van Nieukerken
The moth fauna is quite rich, but detailed information is only possible after preparation and
identification of the material. Blacklight collecting gave sometimes better results, especially for
Microlepidoptera. The number of different sites for light collecting was probably somewhat
limited. Setting up automatic light traps in several places in the forest would be a good option
for a future expedition of this kind.
The fauna on Gunung Lumut at 650 m was quite different from the other camps, while also the
fauna of Mului and Prayan basecamps showed many differences. The two nights collecting in the
forest yielded probably the best results, and species composition was certainly very different
from the other sites.
The leafmining fauna of Indonesia is vertually unknown, so that comparisons are not possible. For
Nepticulidae and Heliozelidae several new hostplants, including new hostplant families, were
noted. The families Tischeriidae and Heliozelidae are probably recorded for the first time from
Indonesia.
¶ Butterflies (Lepidoptera) by Rienk de Jong
Observations were made from the camps located near Rantau Layung at the junction of the
Sungai Prayan and the Sungai Seranum, and along the road to Mului. The first location was visited
for nine full days (13-21 November 2005), the second location for ten (23 November to 2
December). The two locations differ in altitude.
The camp in the vicinity of Rantau Layung was located at an altitude of 160 m, and field work
was executed between 150 and 230 m. The altitudinal range at the second location was much
greater, from the Mului River at 255 m to the top of Gunung Lumut at 1215 m. However, few
observations were made above 670 m (flying camp of Mului) due to time constraints and
unfavourable weather conditions. Apart from the difference in altitude, it appeared that in the
Mului area disturbance of the forest was less than in the Rantau Layung area.
At both locations the available time was insufficient to get a reliable estimate of the total
butterfly diversity. Four to six new species were added to the list every day, and the increase did
not slow down during the visit, indicating that there were many more species around that were
not yet observed. Nevertheless, the difference in butterfly composition was more considerable
than could be expected by chance only. Below a list is given of the number of species per family.
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The numbers are approximate, since many identifications are preliminary only, and must be
checked by examination of the genitalia in the museum.
Table 2
Number of species per family for Borneo as a whole, for the two locations separately, and the the
two locations in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest together.
Borneo Rantau Layung Mului Total GLPF
Hesperiidae 214 11 15 23
Papilionidae 45 10 10 14
Pieridae 42 18 11 19
Lycaenidae 377 17 25 34
Riodinidae 16 1 5 6
Nymphalidae 238 37 50 69
Totals 932 94 116 165
The table clearly shows that (a) the Mului area was richer in species, even if we keep in mind
that the locality was visited for one day more, (b) there are large differences between the
families in the number of species observed relative to the total number of species known from
Borneo. Particularly the Lycaenidae, with less than 10% observed, are underrepresented. This
may at least partly be due to their incospicuous appearance, partly also to their being more
restricted to particular habitats, and partly to chance as well, since particular attention was paid
to the Lycaenidae. It is unclear to what extent the time of the year may have influenced the
numbers.
Less obvious, but also visible from the table, is the difference in composition between the two
locations. In the Rantau Layung area 49 species (165 – 116, 50.2%) were observed that were not
observed in the Mului area. Reversely, the Mului area yielded 71 species (165 – 94, 61.2%) that
were not observed in the Rantau Layung area.
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Annex 1
Itinerary
All dates 2005
Abbreviations: EG (Eulàlia Gassó Miracle), RdJ (Rienk de Jong), EJvN (Erik van Nieukerken), JvT
(Jan van Tol); Bpn (Balikpapan), Jkt (Jakarta), GLPF (Gunung Lumut Protection Forest).
6 Nov EJvN,JvT Leaving for Singapore, with National Herbarium colleagues Peter
Hovenkamp, Niels Raes and Ferry Slik
7 Nov EJvN Arrival Singapore, continues to Balikpapan, meeting with
Tropenbos staff, stay Hotel Mitra Amanah
JvT Arrival Singapore, continues to Jakarta, and to Bogor
8 Nov EJvN Meeting in Tropenbos office, shopping for equipment, sightseeing
Balikpapan
JvT Stay in Bogor
9 Nov EJvN One-day trip with NHN staff to forest remnant Wartonokadri
(Samboja) and educational bear centre north of Balikpapan
JvT Bogor to Jkt, meeting Hans de Iongh. Together to LIPI office to
collected letters for police, and SOSPOL. To MARBES police, and
SOSPOL
10 Nov EJvN Organisation for departure to field, shopping, meeting RdJ at
airport
RdJ Singapore to Balikpapan
JvT SOSPOL permit not ready. Hotel, Jkt airport, Bpn airport, hotel
Mitra Amanah to meet EJvN, RdJ, botanists and Indonesian
counterparts
11 Nov EJvN, RdJ Meeting Tropenbos office, leaving for GLPF Mului basecamp
JvT Attending meeting in Tropenbos ofice, fetching EG from airport;
JvT and EG to Benakutai hotel
EJvN, RdJ Collecting at light Mului basecamp
12 Nov JvT, EG Shopping in Bpn; dinner with Hans de Iongh
EJvN Field work near Mului basecamp
Collecting at light (poor results due to moon)
RdJ From Mului to Prayan camp
13 Nov JvT, EG To Mului base camp by Kijang bus; JvT continuing to kampung
Rantau Layung; collecting of some dragonflies in river near village
EJvN As 12 November
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RdJ Collecting butterflies along Prayan river; setting up bait traps in
forest around Prayan camp
14 Nov EJvN, EG Setting up Malaise traps, field work near Mului basecamp
No collecting at light due to rain
JvT From kampung Rantau Layung to Prayan basecamp; collecting Mului
and Seranum river
RdJ Collecting butterflies along Prayan river
RdJ, JvT Collecting at light near Prayan basecamp
15 Nov EJvN, EG Field work near Mului basecamp
Collecting at light near Mului basecamp
JvT Odonata from Sungai Lepapo, a right-bank tributary of Prayan
river.
RdJ Collecting butterflies along Prayan and Seranum rivers
RdJ, JvT Collecting at light near Prayan basecamp
16 Nov EJvN, EG Tidying up material, packing, checking traps, some collecting
daytime
No collecting at light
JvT Odonata from Prayan river
RdJ Collecting butterflies in forest at higher altitude near Prayan camp
RdJ, JvT Collecting at light near Prayan bascamp
17 Nov EJvN, EG From basecamp to Mului river by car, climb to Gunung Lumut flying
camp at 650 m
Collecting at blacklight flying camp
JvT Odonata from Sungai Nango, a left bank tributary with limestone
cascades; also some Odonata from Sungai Prayan.
Banjir in S. Prayan in late afternoon.
RdJ Collecting butterflies along more remote part of Prayan river
18 Nov EJvN, EG Field work between GL flying camp at 650 m and pre-summit at
1200 m
Collecting at blacklight flying camp
JvT Sungai Seranum (Prayan too high to wade)
RdJ As 17 November
RdJ, JvT Collecting at light near Prayan basecamp
19 Nov EG Working near flying GL flying camp
EJvN Climbing to 1050 m, staying overnight in tent
Collecting at light at 1050 m site (rain)
RdJ As 17 November, continued to illegal logging camp
JvT Sungai Lepapo (Odonata); morning hours sunny.
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Rain in evening, no collecting at light.
20 Nov EG Fieldwork near GL flying camp; packing of specimens with EJvN
EJvN From 1050 m site to flying camp; preparing and packing of
specimens
No collecting at light
RdJ Collecting butterflies in forest around Prayan camp and along
Prayan river
JvT Sungai Seranum (Odonata); rivers still high after rain of yesterday
evening. Also small tributary (Odonata).
JvT Collecting at light near Prayan basecamp.
21 Nov EJvN, EG From GL flying camp to Mului river, and from Mului river to Mului
basecamp
Collecting at ML light, Mului basecamp with good results
JvT Sungai Prayan (Odonata), and Sungai Lepapo (Odonata). Sun very
late, rain from 14.00 h.
RdJ Collecting butterflies around illegal logging camp (see 19
November)
RdJ, JvT Collecting at light near Prayan basecamp
22 Nov EJvN, EG Preparing large number of specimens collected previous night;
packing Malaise traps and material.
JvT, RdJ From Prayan basecamp to Kampung Rantau Layung, and further to
Mului basecamp.
EG, RdJ, EJvN, JvT Collecting at ML light near Mului basecamp (stopped early because
of heavy rain)
23 Nov EJvN Packing, tidying up
EG Field work near Mului basecamp
RdJ Collecting butterflies along road near Mului camp
JvT Anaksungai Sepu (Odonata)
Collecting at light near camp, but moved to camp after start of
rain.
24 Nov EJvN, EG From Mului basecamp via Rantau Layung village to Prayan
basecamp
Collecting at ML light at Prayan camp
RdJ Collecting butterflies along Mului river from old Mului village
upstream
JvT Sungai Mului (Odonata) from old Mului village downstream.
Rain from 13.30-16.00 h.
No collecting at light.
25 Nov EJvN, EG Field work near Prayan camp
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Collecting at ML light near Prayan camp.
JvT Anaksungai Sepu, with Metro television crew, overcast so very few
Odonata up to 11.30 h.
Collecting at light near Mului basecamp; flysheet erected near
crossing of Anaksungai Sepu and road (all collecting at this site
from 25 Nov – 2 Dec).
RdJ Collecting butterflies around Mului camp in forest and along forest
stream
RdJ, JvT Collecting at light near Mului basecamp
26 Nov EJvN, EG Field work on ridge with good forest SSW of Prayan camp
Collecting at ML light near Prayan camp.
JvT Pool along road near Mului basecamp (Odonata), after rain up to
10.00 h.
RdJ As 23 November
27 Nov EJvN, EG Field work along Prayan river, stopped by heavy rain,
Collecting on limestone rocks near camp
Collecting at ML and blacklight near Prayan camp
JvT Anaksungai Sepu (Odonata), little activity due to dark weather
from 10.00 h.
Small tributary of Anaksungai Sepu, near road (Odonata).
Pool along road (Odonata, 14.30-16.00 h).
RdJ As 23 November
RdJ JvT Collecting at light near Mului basecamp.
28 Nov EJvN, EG Preparing and sorting / tidying material (breedings) in Prayan camp
Collecting at ML light near Prayan camp
JvT Sungai Sepu (Odonata); rather cold and mostly overcast (morning).
Small tributary of Anaksungai Sepu, near road (Odonata)
(afternoon).
Mului village (Odonata) (c. 17.15-18.15 h)
RdJ From Mului camp to Flying camp; collecting on the way and around
flying camp
29 Nov EG Collecting near Prayan camp
Collecting at ML light in Prayan camp
EJvN Walking to ridge in forest 1 km S of Prayan camp, staying overnight
in tent
Collecing at blacklight near campsite.
JvT Tributary of Mului river (Odonata), and Sungai Mului (Odonata)
RdJ Collecting butterflies from Flying camp to Summit of Gunung Lumut
(clouds, wind, rain), return to Flying camp
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30 Nov EJvN, EG Packing Malaise traps and material
Collecting at light near Prayan basecamp (prepared during night)
JvT Sungai Sepu, near Mului basecamp (Odonata), pool along road
(Odonata).
Collecting at light near Mului basecamp.
RdJ Back from Flying camp to old Mului village; collecting along path
through old village
JvT Collecting at light near Mului basecamp.
1 Dec EJvN, EG From Prayan camp to Rantau Layung (late departure due to rain);
from Rantau Layung to Mului basecamp in afternoon
JvT Anaksungai Sepu (Odonata). Overcast until 13.00 h.
RdJ As 23 November
EG, RdJ, EJvN, JvT At light Mului basecamp.
2 Dec EJvN, EG Field work near Mului basecamp; packing and sorting for return to
Balikpapan
JvT Sungai Serari, tributary of Sungai Mului upstream of old Mului
village (OdDeconata); Sungai Mului (Odonata)
RdJ Collecting butterflies along path through old Mului village
3 Dec EG, RdJ, EJvN, JvT From Mului basecamp to Balikpapan (Hotel Benakutai); sorting of
specimens
4 Dec EG, RdJ, EJvN Balikpapan, rest, checking material, data entry, discussion on
export of specimens
4 Dec JvT Morning: shopping Balikpapan, e-mails
15.00 h: leaving for Tanah Grogot
5 Dec EG, RdJ With botanists to Tenggarong
EJvN as 4 Dec
JvT Meeting with Vice-Bupati and Forestry officers to report on results
of biodiversity assessment; return to Balikpapan
6 Dec JvT Preparation of presentation for workshop; preparation of
specimens for shipping to Bogor
EG, EJvN With botanists to Wanariset herbarium at Samboja, to forest
remnant Bukit Bangkirai with canopy bridge
7 Dec EG, RdJ, EJvN Tropenbos workshop; packing
JvT Workshop Balikpapan (Hotel Benakutai), presentation of the
preliminary results of the zoological component of the biodiversity
assessment of the Lumut area
8 Dec RdJ, EJvN Balikpapan to Singapore, sightseeing Singapore
EG Balikpapan to Jakarta, from Jakarta to Singapore
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EG, RdJ, EJvN Singapore – Amsterdam
JvT Balikpapan to Jakarta. Fetching boxes with specimens from Bogor
herbarium. Meeting with Dr. Peggie at Zoological Museum at
Cibinong. Stay in Bogor.
9 Dec EG, RdJ, EJvN Arrival Amsterdam
9 Dec JvT Meeting with Mulyati (director) and Peggie to arrange loan of
insects; sorting and pre-identification with staff of museum
(Microlepidoptera by Harry Sutrisno, Odonata by Pudji); butterflies
had to remain in Cibinong for identification.
10 Dec JvT Morning: Kebun Raya. Afternoon to airport.
11 Dec JvT Arrival Amsterdam.
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Annex 2
Positions of localities
Locality Latitude Longitude Elevation
Villages, camps
Rantau Layung (kampung).....................................01°27'12"S 116°00'00"E 150 m
GLPF Prayan basecamp ........................................01°36'35"S 115°58'45"E 160 m
GLPF Mului basecamp..........................................01°27'04"S 115°59'54"E 383 m
GLPF Mului Flying camp .......................................01°24'S 115°58'E 500-670 m
Collecting sites
Sungai Nango, junction Sg Prayan ...........................01°36'24"S 115°58'18"E 170 m
Sungai Lepapo, junction S Prayan ...........................01°36'37"S 115°58'29"E 170 m
Sg Mului ..........................................................01°25'49"S 115°57'40"S 267 m
Anaksungai Sepu ................................................01°26'37"S 115°59'56"E 401 m
also ...............................................................01°26'44"S 115°59'57"E 402 m
Sungai Sepu .....................................................01°27'18"S 116°00'11E 398 m
Serari river (junction Sg Mului)...............................01°25'55"S 115°57'43"E 247 m
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. naturalis
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