GSAS INTERIORS · 2018. 11. 24. · GSAS Interiors Guidelines & Assessment 2018 Issue 10 PAGE 6...

2018

GSAS INTERIORS GUIDELINES & ASSESSMENT 2018

A globally recognised symbol of sustainable engineeringThe GSAS system awards one of six levels of certifications to projects, from one star to six stars, depending on their environmental and social impact. Assessment can be conducted to certify the project in the design, construction and operations phases.

Gulf Organisation for Research & DevelopmentT: +974 4404 9010, F: +974 4404 9002

Qatar Science & Technology Park (QSTP)Tech 1, Level 2, Suite 203

P.O. Box: 210162, Doha, Qatar

www.gord.qa

2018

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DR. YOUSEF MOHAMMED ALHORR, FOUNDING CHAIRMAN

GSAS INTERIORS: GUIDELINES & ASSESSMENT 2018

Issue - 1.0

DR. YOUSEF MOHAMMED ALHORR FOUNDING CHAIRMAN

PUBLICATIONS SERIESGSAS

COPYRIGHT © 2018

All rights reserved to Gulf Organisation for Research and Development. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form by any means.

Crafting a Green Legacy

GSAS Interiors: Guidelines & Assessment 2018 - Issue 1.0

GSAS Interiors: Guidelines & Assessment 2018 - Issue 1.0 PAGE 1

A MESSAGE FROM

DR. YOUSEF MOHAMMED ALHORR, FOUNDING CHAIRMAN

Founding Chairman

GORD has come a long way since pioneering the Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS), formerly known as (QSAS), the Middle East’s first integrated and performance-based green building assessment rating system in 2007. Our mission to encourage the development and implementation of sustainability principles and imperatives stems from the sustainable goals outlined in His Highness, The Emir Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al-Thani’s Qatar National Vision 2030, which aims to achieve sustainable economic development and environmental leadership. GSAS draws from top-tier global sustainability systems and adds new facets and dimensions to the current practices in assessing the sustainability of the built environment. Modelled on

best practices from the most established global rating schemes including, but not limited to, BREEAM (United Kingdom), LEED (United States), GREEN GLOBES(Canada), CEPAS (Hong Kong), CASBEE (Japan), and the International SBTOOL, GSAS has grown into a pan-regional system offering a comprehensive framework, and equally flexible to incorporate the specific needs of the local context of different regions. In Qatar, GSAS is currently the only rating scheme to be acknowledged by Qatar Construction Specifications.

Primary goals of GSAS include creating a better living environment, minimizing resource consumption and reducing environmental degradation due to the fast pace of urbanization taking place in this era. Such objectives, coupled with the increasing evidence of climate change effects on a global level, have contributed strongly to the unprecedented pace of adaptation to sustainability practices not only in the developed countries, but also in developing countries at a pace that is unexpected. GSAS has become one of the most comprehensive system, to date, that addresses the built environment from a macro level to a micro level targeting a wide range of building typologies and infrastructure.

GSAS manuals provide recommendations and guidelines for the effective implementation of the sustainability goals of each criterion as well as its assessment methodology . As more research is carried out on the rating system, the manuals will be further developed to keep users informed on updates within the constantly evolving GSAS rating schemes.

I would like to acknowledge the efforts and contributions from the State of Qatar, all our members, international partners and the associated consultants who helped establish the system and take it into new dimensions. Last but not least, the continuous support from Qatari Diar Real Estate Company (QD) and Supreme Committee For Legacy and Projects (SC) are highly appreciated, and without their support, GSAS would not be able to achieve what it has achieved in such a short time.


GUIDELINES & ASSESSMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LEADERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GSAS ..................................................................................................5

DISCLAIMER ..............................................................................................................................................................9

PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................. 10

INTRODUCTION TO GSAS .................................................................................................................................... 11

ABOUT THIS MANUAL ......................................................................................................................................... 12

APPLICATION AND ELIGIBILITY ......................................................................................................................... 13

ENERGY [E] ............................................................................................................................................................. 17

ENERGY DEMAND PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................................19

ENERGY DELIVERY PERFORMANCE ..........................................................................................................21

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES & EMISSIONS ...........................................................................................24

WATER [W] .............................................................................................................................................................. 29

WATER EFFICIENCY ........................................................................................................................................31

WATER MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................31

MATERIALS [M] ...................................................................................................................................................... 37

LOCALLY SOURCED MATERIALS ................................................................................................................38

MATERIALS ECO-LABELING .......................................................................................................................41

MATERIALS REUSE ........................................................................................................................................44

RECYCLED MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................47

RESPONSIBLE SOURCING OF MATERIALS ............................................................................................51

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT [IE] ............................................................................................................................... 57

THERMAL COMFORT ......................................................................................................................................58

VENTILATION ....................................................................................................................................................64

ACOUSTICS .......................................................................................................................................................70

ILLUMINATION..................................................................................................................................................76

DAYLIGHT ..........................................................................................................................................................81

LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS .........................................................................................................................87

VIEWS .................................................................................................................................................................91


MANAGEMENT & OPERATIONS [MO] .............................................................................................................. 97

COMMISSIONING PLAN .................................................................................................................................98

WASTE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................... 104

FACILITY MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 109

LEAK DETECTION SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................... 116

ENERGY & WATER SUB-METERING ........................................................................................................ 121

BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 125



LEADERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GSAS

Founder & Leader for GSAS Program

Dr. Yousef Mohammed Alhorr,Founding Chairman,Gulf Organisation for Research and Development,Qatar Science & Technology Park, State of Qatar

Development & Support

Technical & Administration Support Teams,Gulf Organisation for Research & Development,Qatar Science & Technology Park, State of Qatar

Principal Project Director

Dr. Ali MalkawiProfessor of Architecture and Chairman of the Graduate Group,University of Pennsylvania, USA

Technical Lead

Dr. Godfried Augenbroe,Chair of Building Technology, Doctoral Program, Professor, College of Architecture -Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Development Institutions

• University of Pennsylvania, USA

• Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT

• HE. Ghanim Bin Saad Al-Saad Chairman and Managing Director, Barwa Real Estate Group, State of Qatar

• Eng. Mohammed Alhedfa, GCEO, Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company, State of Qatar

• Dr. Mohammed Saif Alkuwari, Under Secretary of Ministry of Environment, State of Qatar

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - QATARI GOVERNMENT AND SEMI-GOVERNMENT ENTITIES

• Aspire Zone Foundation (ASPIRE)

• Barwa Real Estate Group (BARWA)

• Cultural Village Foundation (KATARA)

• Economic Zones Company (MANATEQ)

• Lusail Real Estate Development Company (LUSAIL)

• Ministry of Culture & Sports (MCS)

• Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs (AW QAF)

• Ministry of Interior – Internal Security Forces (ISF)

• Ministry of Municipality & Environment (MME)

• Private Engineering Office – Amiri Diwan (PEO)

• Public Works Authority (ASHGHAL)

• Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company (QD)

• Qatar General Electricity and Water (KAHRAMA)

• Qatar Museums Authority (QMA)

• Qatar Olympic Committee (QOC)

• Qatar Petroleum (QP)

• Qatar Science and Technology Park – Qatar Foundation (QSTP)

• Qatar University (QU)

• Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy (SC)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT- INTERNATIONAL EXPERT REVIEWERS AND CONSULTANTS

• Dick Van Dijk, PhD [Netherlands] Member of ISO TC163 Energy Standardization Committee, TNO, Institute of Applied Physics.

• Frank Matero, PhD [US] Professor of Architecture and Historic Preservation, University of Pennsylvania.

• Greg Foliente, PhD [Australia] Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) Sustainable Ecosystems.

• John Hogan, PE, AIA [US] City of Seattle Department of Planning and Development, Member of ASHRAE.

• Laurie Olin, RLA, ALSA [US] Partner, OLIN Studio.

• Mark Standen [UK] Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) Technical work.

• Matthew Bacon, PhD, RIBA, FRSA [UK] Professor, University Salford - Faculty Built Environment and Business Informatics; Chief Executive, Conclude Consultancy Limited; and Partner, Eleven Informatics LLP.

• Matt Dolf [Canada] Assistant Director, AISTS (International Academy of Sports Science and Technology).

• Matthew Janssen [Australia] Director of Construction and Infrastructure and Environmental Management Services Business Units (KMH Environmental); formerly the Sustainability Program Manager for Skanska.

• Muscoe Martin, AIA [US] Director, Sustainable Buildings Industries Council (SBIC), USGBC board member.

• Nils Larsson [Canada] Executive Director of the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE).

• Raymond Cole, PhD [Canada] Director, School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of British Columbia.

• Skip Graffam, PhD, RLA, ASLA [US] Partner, Director of Research, OLIN Studio.

• Sue Riddlestone [UK] Executive Director & Co-Founder of BioRegional, Co-Director of One Planet and M.D. of BioRegional MiniMills Ltd.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


DISCLAIMER

GSAS has been prepared with the assistance and participation of many individuals and representatives from various organizations. The final outcome represents a general consensus, but unanimous support from each and every organization and individual consulted is not implied. The GSAS documentation shall be revised on a regular basis and revised as frequently as necessary. GSAS Trust reserves the right to amend, update and change this manual from time to time without prior notice. Where changes in regulations necessitate changes to the assessment criteria, they will be issued to all parties involved in the assessment and will be announced in GORD’s website at www.gord.qa. An appropriate transition period shall be allowed for projects undergoing assessment process.

As a condition of use, users covenant not to sue, and agree to waive and release GSAS Trust and its members from any and all claims, demands and causes of actions for any injuries, losses and damages that users may now or hereafter have a right to assert against such parties as a result of the use of, or reliance of GSAS.



PREFACE

The primary objective of Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS) is to create a sustainable built environment that minimizes ecological impact while addressing the specific regional needs. The GSAS manuals and documents developed to date include the following:

• GSAS Building Typologies: Design Guidelines 2018

• GSAS Building Typologies: Design Assessment 2018

• GSAS Districts and Infrastructure: Design Guidelines 2018

• GSAS Districts and Infrastructure: Design Assessment 2018

• GSAS Health Care: Design Guidelines 2018

• GSAS Health Care: Design Assessment 2018

• GSAS Parks: Design Guidelines 2018

• GSAS Parks: Design Assessment 2018

• GSAS Railways: Design Guidelines 2018

• GSAS Railways: Design Assessment 2018

• GSAS Sports: Design Guidelines 2018

• GSAS Sports: Design Assessment 2018

• GSAS Interiors: Guidelines & Assessment 2018

• GSAS Renovations: Guidelines & Assessment 2018

• GSAS Construction Management: Guidelines and Assessment 2018

• GSAS Operations: Guidelines & Assessment 2018

• GSAS Training Manual 2018: Commercial & Residential – Part 1/2

• GSAS Training Manual 2018: Commercial & Residential – Part 2/2

• GSAS Technical Guide 2018

• GSAS Energy Application Manual

• GSAS Energy Development Manual

• GSAS RFP Preparation: All Typologies



INTRODUCTION TO GSAS

Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS) is the first performance-based system in MENA region, developed for sustainability rating of buildings and infrastructures. The primary objective of GSAS is to create a sustainable built environment, considering the specific needs and context of the region. The groundwork of GSAS began with the comprehensive review of best practice from established international and regional sustainability rating systems. The development of GSAS is based on a bottom up approach, that is followed to allow for the seamless integration of the country’s specific requirements with high level and multi-dimensional sustainability goals.

GSAS, established in 2007, offers different types of certifications to the construction industry which are used to assess the sustainability performance throughout the entirety of the project/development stages. These certification types include: Design & Build Certification; Construction Management Certification and, Operations Certification. Design & Build certification itself contains multiple schemes that are developed for different building typologies and construction purposes. More information on GSAS, the certification types and Design & Build assessment schemes is available in the GSAS Technical guide at www.gord.qa.

The latest in the series of Design & Build certification schemes is GSAS Interiors. GORD believes that although the Design & Build certification manages to assess the complete sustainability performance of all building types, it leads to partial assessment of the performance of buildings where interiors or fit-outs are introduced at a later date (e.g. by owners of retail/shops within a shopping mall). Fit-outs play a very significant role in deciding the overall final performance of the building. GSAS Interiors primarily considers the sustainability aspects of individual fit-outs and provides an assessment system to evaluate performance across the most relevant five categories and twenty-five criteria.

In conclusion, GSAS Interiors is introduced by GORD to ensure that GSAS has a full range of standards to assess sustainability performance of buildings in their entirety, irrespective of whether interiors are introduced simultaneously or after construction of the external envelope and utilities.



ABOUT THIS MANUAL

This manual, GSAS Interiors Guidelines & Assessment, provides the assessment and guidelines for the fit-out works of buildings.

"Fit-out" is a term used to describe the process of making interior spaces suitable for occupation. As defined by the UK Building Regulations “Fit-out refers to the work needed to complete the internal layout and servicing of the building shell to meet the specific needs of an incoming occupier. The building shell is the structural and non-structural envelope of a building provided as a primary stage (usually for a speculative developer) for a subsequent project to fit out with internal accommodation works".

GSAS Interiors scheme is unique in the way it assesses the building finishing works sustainability features. It optimizes environmental performance in terms of energy efficiency, water savings, indoor environmental quality, materials selection and sustainable management & operations.

This manual must be read in conjunction with GSAS Typologies Design Guidelines and GSAS Typologies Design Assessment manuals in addition to GSAS Technical Guide. This is required when further explanation is needed regarding the criterion assessment and evaluation protocols.

For the purpose of the scheme, the certification body, namely GSAS Trust shall conduct two Conformance to Design Audits (CDA) during construction and post commissioning. The purpose of the audits is to verify the validity of the information provided for the design against the construction and to ensure the sustainability performance objectives of the project are adequately met in accordance with the design assessment. The audits shall be coordinated in advance and facilitated by the project team.



APPLICATION AND ELIGIBILITY

GSAS Interiors scheme covers the fit-out and maintenance of all types of buildings. Buildings typologies which can be assessed include, but not limited to, the following:

• COMMERCIAL

• RESIDENTIAL

• OFFICES

• EDUCATION

• MOSQUES

• HOSPITALITY

• LIGHT INDUSTRY

• RAILWAYS

• HEALTHCARE

• WORKERS ACCOMMODATION

• SPORTS

The Guidelines section in this manual provides series of recommendations for designers/owners to improve building performance from sustainability perspective in different areas. In some categories, the recommendations provided are very comprehensive in nature as to allow for complex projects to adopt extensively, while small projects may elect to choose only limited set of relevant recommendations to implement.

The scheme assessment framework covers selected criteria from only (FIVE) categories; namely [E] Energy, [W] Water, [M] Materials, [IE] Indoor Environment and [MO] Management & Operation, whereas GSAS Renovations scheme assessment framework covers more selected criteria from (SIX) categories; adding the [S] Site which potentially can be part of the renovation works.

The “fit-out” scope referred to in GSAS Interiors scheme goes beyond the “retrofitting” or “refurbishment” terminologies used in the construction industry as the first term refers to providing something with a component or feature not originally fitted, and the latter term refers to a process of improvement by cleaning, decorating, or re-equipping. However, the “fit-out” scope is limited in its provisions as it does not include the works usually considered as part of the “renovation” which refers to the process of improving or modernizing by more than 50% of an old, damaged or defective building.

GSAS Interiors does not assess any unauthorized or any unauthorized portions of any buildings, i.e. any buildings or building works not complying with the local authorities regulations. In case any noncompliance works or unauthorized portions in a building are reported, GSAS Trust reserves the right to deprive the awarded rating from the Applicant.



CATEGORIES & CRITERIAThe categories in GSAS Interiors are Energy [E], Water [W], Materials [M], Indoor Environmental [IE] and Management & Operations [MO]. Table below lists all categories of GSAS Interiors scheme and its associated criteria.

No CategoryScore

WeightMin Max

E ENERGY 24.00%

E.1 Energy Demand Performance -1 3 5.00%

E.2 Energy Delivery Performance -1 3 12.00%

E.3 Primary Energy Sources -1 3 3.00%

E.4 CO2 Emissions and Offset -1 3 2.00%

E.5 NOx, SOx & Particulate Matter -1 3 2.00%

W WATER 19.00%

W.1 Water Efficiency -1 3 12.00%

W.2 Water Management -1 3 7.00%

M MATERIALS 17.00%

M.1 Locally Sourced Materials -1 3 6.00%

M.2 Materials Eco-Labeling -1 3 7.00%

M.3 Materials Reuse -1 3 1.00%

M.4 Recycled Materials -1 3 3.00%

M.5 Responsible Sourcing of Materials* -1 3 1.00%

IE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 24.00%

IE.1 Thermal Comfort -1 3 6.00%

IE.2 Ventilation -1 3 5.00%

IE.3 Acoustics -1 3 2.00%

IE.4 Illumination -1 3 4.00%

IE.5 Daylight -1 3 3.00%

IE.6 Low Emitting Materials -1 3 2.00%

IE.7 ViewsPart (A) -1 3

2.00%Part (B) -1 3



No CategoryScore

WeightMin Max

MO MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS 15.00%

MO.1 Commissioning Plan 0 3 2.00%

MO.2 Waste Management 0 3 4.00%

MO.3 Facility Management 0 3 5.00%

MO.4 Leak Detection Systems 0 3 1.00%

MO.5 Energy & Water Sub-Metering 0 3 3.00%

MO.6 Building Management System 0 3 1.00%

* Incentive weight

The description of each category is given below.

Energy [E]

The Energy category considers the aspects related to energy demand of buildings and energy delivery performance.

Water [W]

The Water category considers the aspects associated with water consumption and its burden on municipal supply and treatment systems use.

Materials [M]

The Materials category consists of factors associated with material origin & sourcing, recycling & reuse, and eco labelling.

Indoor Environmental Quality [IE]

The Indoor Environmental Quality category considers the aspects associated with indoor environmental quality assessment such as thermal comfort, ventilation, illumination, daylight & views, acoustic quality and VOC content.

Management & Operations [MO]

The Management & Operations category considers the aspects associated with the a commissioning plan, waste and facility management, detection of major leaks, monitoring and managing energy and water use; and automated building management system.



E W M IE MO


ENERGY [E]

The Energy category consists of factors associated with energy demand of buildings, the efficiency of energy delivery, and the use of fossil energy sources that result in harmful emissions and pollution.

IMPACTS

Negative impacts resulting from energy use and unsustainable practices include:

• Climate Change

• Fossil Fuel Depletion

• Air Pollution

• Human Comfort & Health

MITIGATE IMPACT

Factors that could mitigate environmental impacts due to energy use include:

• Designing the building to lower its energy demand

• Selecting efficient building systems

• Lowering the demand on nonrenewable sources of energy, thereby reducing the depletion of fossil fuels

• Reducing harmful emissions

• Minimizing the amount of harmful substances produced by the energy delivery systems and the energy supply network

CRITERIA INCLUDED

No CriteriaScore

WeightsMin Max

E.1 Energy Demand Performance -1 3 5.00%

E.2 Energy Delivery Performance -1 3 12.00%

E.3 Primary Energy Sources -1 3 3.00%

E.4 CO2 Emissions and Offset -1 3 2.00%

E.5 NOx, SOx & Particulate Matter -1 3 2.00%


E W M IE MO


ENERGY [E]

PURPOSE

To minimize buildings’ energy consumption to reduce environmental and economic impacts associated with fossil fuel-based energy use.

GUIDELINES

Overview

More than 90 percent of our time is spent in buildings i.e. either in the office or at home. All of the building energy consumption occurs during the operational phase. As such, the operation of buildings contributes to 30-40% of total global energy use and associated CO2 emissions. Considering the building type and the local climate conditions, the major sources of energy consumption are cooling, heating, lighting, and the power consumed by the systems that support the building operation. The expected operational energy consumption is determined, mostly during the design phase, however, higher energy efficiency than the design value can still be achieved through specifications upgrade, efficient facility management and appropriate occupants behavior during the operations phase.

Energy efficiency for buildings can be achieved through various approaches for reducing energy consumption without affecting comfort of occupants. Key energy consumption centers that should be considered are the following:

• Building Envelope;

• Building Internal Loads;

• HVAC and Ventilation Systems;

• Heating System;

• Auxiliaries & Plug-in Loads;

Methods and measures listed below work best when they are implemented in the design stage.

However, during maintenance, renovations and retrofitting various improvements in energy performance can be planned depending on the intent of the upgrades and allocated budget.


ENERGY DEMAND PERFORMANCE

Methods & Measures

Building Envelope

• Ensure that envelope elements with low U-Values (high R-Values) to reduce both solar and conductive heat gains and losses. Baseline recommendations for selecting the U-Values of envelope elements can be found in ASHRAE 90.1 for different climatic zones.

• Specify all windows and skylights with low Solar Transmittance to control solar gain and reduce cooling load. Baseline recommendations for selecting the Shading Coefficient of windows and skylights can be found in ASHRAE 90.1 for different climatic zones.

• Adjust, where possible the amount of windows on the west, east, and south orientations.

• Allow a maximum amount of windows on the North orientation to benefit from indirect daylighting.

• Utilize passive solar design considerations.

• Increase roof surface reflectance and emittance through the use of reflective paints, materials or coatings.

• Avoid specifying louvers on the side of the building facing high wind pressure in order to reduce the chance of introducing uncontrolled and unconditioned outside air into the building.

• Specify all the joints around the windows, skylights, and doors, as well as junctions between walls and other structural elements, to be built airtight to minimize air leakage rates.

• Specify all the walls, floors, and chase penetrations with pipes and ducts to be filled with the proper material. Proper material specification will minimize the rate of air leakage occurring between the pipe/ duct exterior and the penetration opening.

• Specify vapor retardant on all the exterior structural elements to prevent humidity from entering or leaving the building.

• Use hybrid ventilation strategies, such as providing operable windows, where possible. If such strategies are used, pay particular attention to temperature and humidity control in the conditioned spaces.

• Provide effective measures to control the entry of uncontrolled outside air into the building to safeguard against inefficiencies and condensation. A thorough analysis shall be conducted before specifying operable or non-operable windows or other hybrid ventilation strategies, such as system controlled operable windows, or novel strategies to mix “non-pressurized” system ventilation with natural ventilation.

• Provide fly fans or roll-up doors at entrances to the building, such as loading docks, to prevent unconditioned, uncontrolled outside air from entering the building.

E W M IE MO

GUIDELINES & ASSESSMENT ENERGY DEMAND PERFORMANCE


• Insulate pipes, ducts, plenums, and cold or hot equipment with the proper insulation types and thickness. Insulating pipes beyond the critical ratio will actually increase the quantity of heat transfer from the pipe.

• Provide a vestibule for the main building entrance to prevent large amounts of unconditioned air from entering the building.

• Provide overhangs for facades on buildings facing south, and adjustable customized fins for windows facing west and east to decrease the amount of solar heat entering the space.

Building Internal Loads

• Design outside air quantity based on real occupancy of the building. Do not over-estimate the number of people in the building. For a comfortable and hygienic indoor environment, a minimum ventilation rate is needed when the building is occupied, typically 0.3 * V [m3/hr], where V is the ventilated volume, in m3 for residential buildings, and 30m3/hr/person for non-residential buildings during occupancy period

• Use daylighting provisions to decrease the minimum required energy intensity of lighting. This decreases the size of the equipment and their associated ballast. However, when daylighting is utilized to reduce lighting electricity, the solar heat gain through glazing should be controlled, and in addition, glare and contrast must be controlled to provide a comfortable indoor environment.

• Consider the use of skylights to introduce daylights especially in North-facing zones.

• Ensure that overhangs are positioned over the daylighting aperture and are sized with the light shelf to prevent direct sun from entering the space, especially during occupancy hours.

• Supply, for office buildings, lower furniture in open plan office areas as they increase the efficiency of both the daylighting and the electric lighting system by reducing absorption and unwanted shadows.

• Use task lighting and occupancy sensors to decrease the local lighting load.

• Consider the use of occupancy sensors with manual-on and automatic-off control in daylit spaces, such as classrooms, offices, mechanical rooms, and restrooms, saves lighting energy.

• Consider the use of local articulated task lights (desk lamps that can be adjusted in three planes) in daylit spaces increases occupants’ satisfaction.

• Specify more efficient interior lighting. The widespread availability of compact fluorescent lamps and LED (light-emitting-diode) lighting options should reduce lighting electricity consumption and heat gains.

• Try to apply methods of total light management, where external solar shading, internal shading, and electric lighting are controlled in a holistic manner.

• Specify more energy efficient appliances to reduce the electricity requirements of plug loads and reduce heat gains from the usage of appliances, office equipment, and other devices plugged into electrical outlets.

E W M IE MO



ENERGY DELIVERY PERFORMANCE

Methods & Measures

HVAC and Ventilation Systems

• Use an energy recovery system to recover the heating or cooling from the exhaust air before discharging it to the outdoors.

• Use variable air volume system to reduce the chance of over-cooling or over-heating a space when it is not at its peak load conditions. For particular applications, constant volume systems, such as fan coil units, can be used to provide better performance. Such systems are more efficient due to their smaller size, multiple units, and limited control requirements. Before selecting a system, a study must be conducted to specify which type of system is more appropriate for the specific application.

• Avoid using temperature sensors that can be readjusted locally.

• Serve the spaces, such as electrical rooms or data centers, separately from the rest of the building since they require continuous air conditioning. This will eliminate the inefficient use of equipment in serving small, specific spaces when there is no demand for the rest of the building.

• Use direct digital control systems to optimize start-up or shut-down of the systems.

• Ensure that HVAC systems for a building designates the appropriate amount of outside air ventilation to the building, to provide a comfortable environment for occupants. Since this factor defines a major part of the load, particular attention should be paid that design of HVAC system has provision for proper amount of outside air ventilation to the building. Excessive amount of outside air will result in a high level of energy consumption, while a deficiency of outside air will make the building unhealthy and undesirable for the occupants.

• Divide the floor plans into exterior and interior zones with HVAC systems serving each zone individually with its own temperature and humidity sensors, if applicable.

• Provide motorized dampers for stairs and elevator shafts to reduce the possibility of wasting conditioned air through these openings.

• Provide motorized dampers for all intake and relief/exhaust louvers and vents to protect the conditioned air from leaving the building and prevent unconditioned outdoor air from coming into the building.

• Use flow measuring stations at outdoor air intake to the air handling units to control the quantity of the outdoor air.

• Use, where possible, one or more of the following control strategies to improve the efficiency of the system: chilled and condenser water reset, fan cycling, demand limiting, duty cycling, and fan pressure optimization at part load operation.

E W M IE MO

GUIDELINES & ASSESSMENT ENERGY DELIVERY PERFORMANCE


E W M IE MO


• Use innovative on-site energy generation methods, such as photovoltaic cells, to decrease the consumption of energy from public utility sources.

• Provide dedicated controlled exhaust systems for copy rooms to exhaust air from the room only when the copiers are functioning.

• Prevent stratification of return air and outside air within the mixing box to improve the air handling unit efficiency

Heating System

• Ensure most appropriate and efficient form of heating for a building depending on the use to which the building is to be put.

• Use radiant heating for buildings which are used intermittently, or which have large air volumes (such as industrial units) as radiant heating may be an effective form of heating for such buildings.

• Use conventional central hot water systems for buildings which are used more regularly and with smaller air volumes, as these systems will be more effective.

• Install time controls, and set them to correctly reflect the hours of hot water requirement.

• Set sanitary hot water thermostats to the appropriate temperature; e.g. no more than 60°C for normal requirements (but ensure the water does not drop below 56°C).

• Switch off electric heating elements (immersion heaters) when hot water from the boiler is available;

• Replace any damaged or missing insulation from entire hot water pipe work and cylinders through periodic maintenance schedule.

• Use solar water heating which offers the most significant reduction in primary energy use.


E W M IE MO


Auxiliaries & Plug-in Loads

• Select more energy efficient appliances to reduce the electricity requirements of plug loads and reduce heat gains from the usage of appliances, office equipment, and other devices plugged into electrical outlets.

• Use switching off or enabling power down mode to reduce the energy consumption and heat produced by equipment, which in turn lowers cooling costs;

• Upgrade existing equipment with energy-efficient appliances which will generate savings over the lifetime of the equipment;

• Procure equipment with energy labelling schemes. Some of the well-known energy labelling schemes are Energy Star and European Ecolabel Scheme. Saving features of Energy Star equipment include the following:

• Computers use up to 70 percent less electricity than computers without enabled power management;

• Monitors use up to 60 percent less electricity than standard models;

• Printers use at least 60 percent less electricity and must automatically enter a lower power setting after a period of inactivity;

• Refrigerators are at least 15 percent more efficient than standard models;

• TVs consume 3 watts or less when switched off, compared to a standard TV, which consumes almost 6 watts on average;

• Light bulbs (CFLs) use approximately two-thirds less energy than a standard incandescent bulb and must meet additional operating and reliability guidelines;

• Furnaces are around 15 percent more efficient than the standard models.


PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES & EMISSIONS

Methods & Measures

Primary Energy Factor

After calculating the consumed energy at the building site, one should use the primary energy factor (PEF) to account for the efficiency of producing and delivering different types of energy to the site. In Qatar, natural gas is used as the main source of electricity generation, which is delivered to the doorstep of a building. The PEF would then be calculated as follows:

Assume a 15% loss for extracting gas from the ground, a 55% loss for converting gas to electricity, and a 10% loss for delivering the electricity to the building site. These numbers are completely based on how the infrastructure is designed in different countries, and for Qatar, a detailed study will have to be performed to determine usable numbers. For example, the PEF would then be calculated as (1-0.15)*(1-0.55)*(1-0.1) =34.4%. Another example for the calculation for purchased chilled water depends on both chiller coefficient of performance (COP) and electricity resource utilization factor. Therefore, for a chiller with COP of 4 and 30% electrical resource utilization factor, the purchased chilled water resource utilization factor will be (4)*(0.30) = 120%.

These numbers only provide ballpark figures. Specific PEFs for energy carriers of electricity and thermal energy for Qatar have to be calculated using local data.

Emission Coefficient

CO2, NO

x, and SO

x emission coefficients are used to estimate the impact of emissions from the

energy delivered to a building. Emission coefficients are factors to measure emissions resulting from the primary resource inputs during fuel combustion at power plants. They vary depending on the type of resources used for electricity generation and the type of delivered energy as secondary energy from power plants. Emission coefficients represent the combination of conversion inefficiencies, and the transmission and distribution losses from the generation sources to the point of use. The conversion inefficiencies include the effects of pre-combustions, which are associated with extracting, processing, and delivering the primary resources to the point of conversions in the power plant or directly in the building. The EPC

CO2, EPC

NOx-SOx values can be improved to have less

emitting power supplies (which have less emission coefficient values) as an example introduced in the EPC

p improvement.

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GUIDELINES & ASSESSMENT Primary Energy Sources & Emissions


ASSESSMENT

Assessment Principle

ENERGY DEMAND PERFORMANCE

All projects will calculate EPCnd

based on envelope and internal loads data for the building using Energy Performance Calculator.

ENERGY DELIVERY PERFORMANCE

All projects will calculate EPCdel

based on HVAC systems and plug-in loads for the building using Energy Performance Calculator.

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES & EMISSIONS

All projects will calculate EPCP based on supplied energy and its associated emissions for the

building using Energy Performance Calculator.

Evaluation

GSAS introduces the Energy Performance Coefficient or EPC. It is a quantified measure for understanding how well a building performs in terms of energy use compared to a design performance (baseline).

EPCs have been introduced at three levels of design: the building, its systems, and its supply network.

This leads to the definition of EPCnd

(energy demand performance coefficient), EPCdel

(delivered energy performance coefficient) and EPC

p (primary energy performance).

EPCnd

is a measure for comparing the effectiveness of the major building and envelope elements in removing internal loads and shielding against the outside environment, while maintaining the required indoor comfort.

EPCdel

is a measure for comparing the effectiveness of the as-built installed building systems in meeting the energy needs of the building.

EPCp is a measure for comparing different energy delivery systems on and to the site taking the

supply network into account.

All EPC measures are based on normative, standardized calculations of outcomes (energy use as-designed), divided by a reference value for a given building type. As such, in the GSAS scoring method, the lower the energy performance (the lower the EPC value), the higher the resulting GSAS score.

All projects will complete the energy Performance Calculator to determine the EPCnd

, EPCdel

and EPC

p values based on building data and systems specifications.

For more information, refer to GSAS Building Typologies Assessment manual and GSAS Training manual.

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Submittals

Submit the Energy Performance Calculator and the following supporting documents:

• Building layout and design drawings

• Relevant mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) drawings

• Supporting documents for installed building materials and systems (datasheets, manuals, etc…)

• Any other evidences that demonstrate the compliance for the data provided.

SCORE

Score EPC Demand EPC DeliveryEPC Primary

Energy Sources

EPC CO2 Emissions &

Offset

EPC NOx, SOx & Particulate

Matter

-1 EPC > 1.0 EPC > 1.0 EPC > 1.0 EPC > 1.0 EPC > 1.0

0 0.8 < EPC ≤ 1.0 0.8 < EPC ≤ 1.0 0.8 < EPC ≤ 1.0 0.8 < EPC ≤ 1.0 0.8 < EPC ≤ 1.0



3 EPC ≤ 0.6 EPC ≤ 0.6 EPC ≤ 0.6 EPC ≤ 0.6 EPC ≤ 0.6

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FURTHER RESOURCES

Publications:

1. Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. ASHRAE Standard

90.1-2004. Washington: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, 2004. Print.

2. Complainville, C. and J. O.-Martins (1994), “NOx/SOx Emissions and Carbon Abatement”, OECD

Economics Department Working Papers, No. 151. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD). OECD Publishing, 1994. Print.

3. Deru, M., & Torcellini, P. Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings (No.

NREL/TP-550-38617). Golden: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2007. Print.

4. Dijk, D. v., & Spiekman, M. CEN Standards for the EPBD - Calculation of Energy Needs for

Heating and Cooling. EPBD Buildings Platform, 2007. Print.

5. “Heating systems in buildings – Methods for calculation of system energy requirements and

system efficiencies, Part 3-1: Domestic hot water systems, characterization of needs (tapping

requirement).” EN 15316-3-1. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Print.

6. “Heating systems in buildings – Methods for calculation of system energy requirements and

system efficiencies, Part 4-6: Heating generation systems, photovoltaic systems.” EN 15316-

4-6 Brussels: European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Print.

7. “Energy performance of buildings - Overall energy use and definition of energy.” EN 15603.

Brussels: European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Print.

8. “Energy performance of buildings - Calculation of energy use for space heating and heating.”

EN-ISO 13790. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and International

Organization for Standardization (ISO). Print.

9. District Heating - Heating More with Less. Brussels: Euroheat & Power, 2005. Print.

10. Energy Performance of Non-Residential Buildings. Determination Method. NEN 2916:1998.

Delft: Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut, 1998. Print.

11. “Energy performance of buildings - Energy requirements for lighting.” PrEN 15193. Brussels:

European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Print.

12. “Energy performance of buildings - Methods for expressing energy performance and for energy

certification of buildings.” PrEN 15217. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization

(CEN). Print.


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13. “Energy performance of buildings Impact of building automation, controls and building

management.” PrEN 15232. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Print.

14. “Ventilation for buildings - Calculation methods for energy losses due to ventilation and

infiltration in commercial buildings.” PrEN 15241. Brussels: European Committee for

Standardization (CEN). Print.

15. “Ventilation for buildings - Calculation methods for the determination of air flow rates in

buildings including infiltration.” PrEN 15242. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization

(CEN). Print.

16. “Indoor Environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance

of buildings addressing indoor air quality thermal environment, lighting and acoustics.” PrEN

15251. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Print.

17. “Explanation of the general relationship between various European standards and the Energy

Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) - Umbrella document.” TR 15615. Brussels:

European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Print.

18. Buildings and Climate Change: Status, Challenges and Opportunities. Paris: United Nations

Environment Program, 2007. Print.


WATER [W]

The Water category considers the aspects associated with water consumption and its burden on municipal supply and treatment systems use.

IMPACTS

Negative impacts resulting from water use and unsustainable practices include:

• Water Depletion


MITIGATE IMPACT

Factors that could mitigate environmental impact and lower demand on water include:

• Specifying efficient plumbing fixtures

• Designing a landscaping plan that minimizes the need for irrigation

• Creating a system for the collection and storage of rainwater

• On-site treatment of water for later reuse

CRITERIA INCLUDED

No CriteriaScore

WeightsMin Max

W.1 Water Efficiency -1 3 12.00%

W.2 Water Management -1 3 7.00%

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WATER [W]

PURPOSE

To minimize domestic water consumption to reduce environmental and economic impacts.

GUIDELINES

Overview

The natural water cycle is a system in which water resources are continuously exchanged between the atmosphere, soil water, surface water, ground water, and plants. This cycle treats and recharges freshwater supplies. Human consumption of fresh water outpaces the natural cycle and under these circumstances, water cannot be considered as a renewable resource.

Water use has increased globally by a factor of six over the past 100 years and continues to grow steadily at a rate of about 1% per year. Recent evidence shows that groundwater supplies are diminishing, with an estimated 20% of the world’s aquifers being over-exploited.

According to statistics on the public domain, the municipal and domestic water demand for Middle East and North Africa is expected to increase by around 85 billion cubic meters of water in 2030, compared to 2005; that is 85% of total water demand increase. In 2015, This sector includes a variety of facility types, such as hotels, restaurants, office buildings, schools, hospitals, laboratories, and government and military institutions. Each facility type has different water use patterns depending upon its function and use. It is estimated that more than 80% of used water worldwide – and up to 90% in developing countries – is neither collected nor treated, threatening human and environmental health.

Water conservation is becoming a viable alternative and complement to developing new water supplies. It involves a combination of retrofits, upgrade of water related equipment and fixtures, maintenance of infrastructure, and a collective water conservation ethic focused on resource use, allocation, and protection. There are ample opportunities in all commercial and institutional buildings to achieve significant water savings, indoors and outdoors, by making improvements in several operational areas.

Water saving in buildings can be achieved through various approaches while maintaining the level of comfort of occupants. Parameters that should be addressed include the following:

• Water fixtures and equipment;

• Outdoor water Use;

• On-site alternative water sources;

Methods and measures listed below works best when considerations are implemented in the design stage. However, during maintenance, renovations or retrofitting various aspects of improvements can be pursued depending on the intent of the upgrades and allocated budget.

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WATER EFFICIENCY

Methods & Measures

• Consider specifying water efficient equipment such as low flush toilets, vacuum toilet flush systems, dual flush toilets, flow-controllers and regulators, water-saving valves and fixtures on faucets and showerheads, low flush urinals, low-water dishwashers, and occupant sensors.

• Specify automatic shut-offs, electronic sensors, and low-flow or lever taps on faucets.

• Consider selecting dry fixtures such as composting toilets and waterless urinals to reduce water demand.

• Specify low-flow plumbing fixtures and appliances instead of conventional fixtures and appliances to reduce occupant water consumption.

• Install leak detection systems should to quickly and efficiently identify and locate water leakage points.

• Install water meters on the main water supply to each building in the proposed project.

• Ensure that water meters can be easily accessible and convenient for facilities operators.

• Provide sub-metering of water uses for high water-usage operations, such as boilers and cooling towers, to ensure proper management and minimize water consumption.

• Provide means for monitoring irrigation systems to control over-watering and to detect the build-up of nutrients such as nitrogen, calcium, potassium, and sodium.

• Consider connecting the water meter to the building monitoring system using a pulsed output to ensure detection of inefficiencies in water use and consumption.

WATER MANAGEMENT

Methods & Measures

• Use types of plants and irrigation components can significantly lower the volume of water needed to sustain the landscape. Refer to GSAS D&B manual for plant types and irrigation methods that could meet the water budget based on the local climate.

• Shade the site where possible to minimize water loss due to evaporation.

• Minimize the use of potable water for irrigation using harvested/recycled rainwater and greywater where feasible.

• Group plants with similar water needs for the most efficient use of water and develop and implement appropriate watering schedules.

• Consider efficient, low-water irrigation systems such as drip feed subsurface systems and utilize weather-based irrigation strategies such as rain shut-offs, moisture sensors, and evapotranspiration/smart irrigation controllers.

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GUIDELINES & ASSESSMENTWATER EFFICIENCY

WATER MANAGEMENT


• Consider the use of irrigation techniques for greywater including drip feed subsurface systems, traditional evapotranspiration systems, and shallow trench systems that allow for subsurface irrigation of plant roots.

• Merge, if feasible, the greywater reuse system with the irrigation system in order to reduce the need to treat greywater on-site as well as to reduce the need for potable water for irrigation use.

• Specify a subsurface irrigation system when using greywater to avoid possible risks to human health. Avoid the activation of irrigation systems during the day and utilize mulch and/or gravel to prevent water evaporation from the soil.

• Capture rainfall for use in non- potable applications instead of discharging it directly to the storm drainage system. Rainwater run offs from rooftops and building surfaces are typically of good quality for recycling, making it suitable for wide variety of applications. It is used to supplement or replace irrigation water with minimal treatment or filtering requirements.

• Use treated grey water as an onsite alternative water source with a careful and site specific analysis. Grey water is wastewater from lavatories, laundries, and bathing, which can be treated and reused for specific onsite applications. However, health and safety standards and regulations must be fully complied with.

• Use the blowdown cooling water since its water quality could still be sufficient for used with other onsite applications such as irrigation water.

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ASSESSMENT


WATER EFFICIENCY

All projects will demonstrate conservation in the use of water using Water Calculator.

WATER MANAGEMENT

All projects will determine, if applicable, recycling, treatment and reuse of water using Water Calculator

Evaluation

WATER EFFICIENCY

All projects will complete the Water Calculator to determine the cumulative water consumption for all occupancy types within a single building. Cumulative water consumption is determined by several input parameters including:

• Specifications for plumbing fixtures.

• Landscaping and irrigation plan, if applicable

WATER MANAGEMENT

All projects will complete the Water Calculator to determine the cumulative water consumption for all occupancy types within a single building. Cumulative water consumption and reuse is determined by the factors used for water efficiency in addition to:

• Rainwater and stormwater collection and reuse plan.

• Greywater and blackwater treatment and reuse plan.

• Cooling Tower.

• HVAC Systems.

• Condensate Water Collection.

For more information, refer to GSAS Building Typologies Assessment manual and GSAS Training Manual.


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Submittals

Submit the Water Performance Calculator and the following supporting documents, where applicable:

• Building layout and design drawings

• Specifications for plumbing fixtures.

• Landscaping and irrigation plan.

• Rainwater and stormwater collection and reuse plan.

• Greywater and blackwater treatment and reuse plan.

• Cooling Tower Specifications and Plans.

• HVAC Systems Specifications.

• Condensate Water Collection Plans and Specifications.

• Supporting documents for installed building materials and systems (datasheets, manuals, etc…)

• Any other evidences that demonstrate the compliance for the data provided.

SCORE

Score WPC – Water Efficiency WPC – Water Management

-1 WPC > 1.00 WPC > 1.00

0 0.90 < WPC ≤ 1.00 0.85 < WPC ≤ 1.00

1 0.85 < WPC ≤ 0.90 0.75 < WPC ≤ 0.85

2 0.80 < WPC ≤ 0.85 0.65 < WPC ≤ 0.75

3 WPC ≤ 0.8 WPC ≤ 0.65


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association. American Rainwater Catchment

Systems Association. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.arcsa.org/index.html>.

2. United Kingdom. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Department for

Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Web. 30 June 2010. <http://www.defra.gov.uk/

environment/quality/water/conserve/index.htm>.

3. International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association. International Rainwater Catchment

Systems Association. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/ircsa/>.

4. The Irrigation Association. Irrigation Association, 2010. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.

irrigation.org>.

5. The UK Rainwater Harvesting Association. The UK Rainwater Harvesting Association. Web. 3

June 2010. <http://www.ukrha.org/>.

6. Rainharvesting Systems. Rainharvesting Systems. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.

rainharvesting.co.uk/>.

7. Water-Efficient Landscaping. University of Missouri Extension, 1993. Web. 04 June 2010.

<http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/agguides/hort/g06912.htm>.

8. Savewater. Savewater, 2005. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.savewater.com.au/>.

9. Hong Kong. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s

Republic of China. Water Supplies Department . Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.wsd.gov.hk>.

10. Australia. National Program for Sustainable Irrigation. National Program for Sustainable

Irrigation. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.npsi.gov.au/>.

11. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Department for Environment, Food and

Rural Affairs. Web. 30 June 2010. <http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/

conserve/index. htm>.

12. Water Supplies Department . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

of the People’s Republic of China. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.wsd.gov.hk>.

13. National Program for Sustainable Irrigation. National Program for Sustainable Irrigation.

Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.npsi.gov.au/>.


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Publications:

1. United Kingdom. Environment Agency. Conserving Water in Buildings – A Practical Guide.

United Kingdom: Environment Agency, 2007. Print.

2. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems

Manual. Washington: EPA , 2002. Print.

3. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Reclaimed Water Systems: Information

about Installing, Modifying or Maintaining Water-Efficient Landscaping: Preventing Pollution

& Using Resources Wisely. Washington: EPA, 2002. Print.

4. Rainwater and Greywater Use in Buildings, Best Practice Guidance. Construction Industry

Research and Information Association, 2001. Print.

5. Reclaimed Water Systems: Information about Installing, Modifying or Maintaining Reclaimed

Water Systems 9-02-04. Water Regulations Advisory Scheme, 1999. Print.

6. Conservation of Water, 9-02-03. Water Regulations Advisory Scheme, 2005. Print.

7. United Kingdom. Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations. Department for Environment,

Food and Rural Affairs, 1999. Print.

8. Brown, Reginald and Anu Palmer. Water Reclamation Guidance: Design and Construction

of Systems Using Grey Water, TN 6/2002. United Kingdom: Building Services Research and

Information Association, 2002. Print.

9. Brown, Reginald and Anu Palmer. Water Reclamation Standard: Laboratory Testing of Systems

Using Grey Water, TN 7/2002. United Kingdom: Building Services Research and Information

Association, 2002. Print.

10. Pidou, Marc, et al. “Greywater Recycling: A Review of Treatment Options and Applications,” ICE

Proceedings: Engineering Sustainability. 160. United Kingdom: Institution of Civil Engineers,

2007. 119-131. Print.

11. Smith, Stephen. Landscape Irrigation: Design and Management. New York: John Wiley and

Sons, 1996. Print.

12. Villacampa Esteve, Y., C.A Brebbia, and D. Prats Rico, Eds. “Sustainable Irrigation Management,

Technologies and Policies.” WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. United

Kingdom: WIT Press, 2008. Print.

13. United States. City of Seattle. Seattle Public Utilities: Resource Conservation Section. Hotel

Water Conservation: A Seattle Demonstration. Seattle: Seattle Public Utilities, 2002. Print.


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MATERIALS [M]

The Materials category consists of factors associated with material extraction, processing, manufacturing, distribution, use/ reuse, recycling and disposal.

IMPACTS

Environmental impacts resulting from material use and unsustainable practices include:

• Materials Depletion• Climate Change• Fossil Fuel Depletion• Air Pollution• Human Comfort & Health

MITIGATE IMPACTS

Factors that could mitigate environmental impact due to material use include:

• Using local materials to reduce transportation needs.

• Using material with lower environmental impacts.

• Recycling and reusing materials, on- and off-site.

• Using materials with high recycled contents.

• Using responsibly sourced materials.

CRITERIA INCLUDED

No CriteriaScore

WeightsMin Max

M.1 Locally Sourced Materials -1 3 6.00%

M.2 Materials Eco-Labeling -1 3 7.00%

M.3 Materials Reuse -1 3 1.00%

M.4 Recycled Materials -1 3 3.00%

M.5 Responsible Sourcing of Materials* -1 3 1.00%

* Incentive weight


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LOCALLY SOURCED MATERIALS

Purpose

Encourage the use of locally manufactured and assembled materials and products to support the local economy and reduce impacts on the environment resulting from transportation.

GUIDELINES

Overview

The concept of circular economy in the built environment creates a more sustainable, efficient, and resilient economy. Procuring goods and services originating from local market helps fuel economic growth and provides opportunities for employment. Construction industry contributes significantly to the national economy as it encompasses the utilization of versatile supply chain elements including materials procurement, workmanship provisions, manpower supply and resources usage.

To be considered locally sourced, materials and products must be assembled as a finished product within the country borders.

Methods & Measures

• Investigate the availability of locally produced products and develop a plan to utilize and employ local companies and firms where possible.

• Source locally, where available, primary building elements such as aggregate, concrete, masonry, sand, and steel since heavier materials require more energy to transport, hence they have greater impact on the environment if sourced from outside the country.

• Develop materials logistic plan to identify manufacturers and professional services providers in the local market and coordinate procurement program to ensure availability of materials and services according to the project timeline.


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ASSESSMENT


All projects will maximize the percentage of fit-out expenditure benefitting the national economy.

Evaluation

All projects will complete the Locally Sourced Materials Calculator to determine the amount of fit-out expenditures benefitting the national economy, as a percentage of the total fit-out costs. fit-out expenditures include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Construction Materials

• Electromechanical supply and fixtures

• Finishing materials

• Construction Tools/Equipment

• Temporary Facilities/Rental Spaces

• Furnishing materials if applicable

Submittal

• Bill of Quantities.

• List of materials.

• Specifications listing manufacturers and locations.

• Cost estimates.

• Evidence of materials procurement.

SCORE

Score % of Fit-outs Expenditure of Locally Sourced Materials (x)

-1 x < 5%

0 5% ≤ x < 10%

1 10% ≤ x < 15%

2 15% ≤ x < 20%

3 x ≥ 20%


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. Construction; Tools and Guidance. Waste and Resources Action Programme, 2010. Web. 17

August 2010. <http://www.wrap.org.uk/construction/tools_and_guidance/index.html>.

2. Sustainable Design Requirements Section 01 81 13. United States Environmental

Protection Agency. May 2013. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/

documents/018113_0.pdf


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MATERIALS ECO-LABELING

Purpose

Encourage the use of materials and products which have a lower environmental impact and embodied energy.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Eco-labelling has become a useful tool for societies in encouraging sound environmental practices. The objectives for establishing and pursuing such labelling include the following:

• Protecting the environment;

• Encouraging environmentally sound innovation and leadership; and

• Building consumer awareness of environmental issues.

In a typical eco-labelling program, an independent organization determines the product categories and eco-labelling criteria. There are three main types of eco labeling programs. Different eco-labels serve different purposes and speak to different audiences.

Single-Attribute Labels

A single-attribute label points out an individual environmental characteristic associated with the product. An example of single attribute label is the representation of recycled content or the energy efficiency performance of the product.

Multi-Attribute Labels

In contrast to single attribute labels, multi-attribute labels/standards represent collective characteristics of the product with an aim to set criteria for the range of environmental impacts that the product category should tend to minimize or avoid. This is typically done by focusing on life cycle environmental impacts of the product categories e.g. energy saving, carbon foot print reduction, recycle or reuse of material and impact on ecosystem and public health. These labels are good indicators of the “greenness” of the product category, and are awarded when all the criteria of the standard are met by the product category.

Environmental Product Declarations

Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) labels are awarded to a product for declaring the environmental impacts over its lifecycle. The award of label requires a thorough life cycle assessment study, which helps the comparison of the product with other products in the same category in terms of their life cycle environmental footprints. EPD label helps users to compare the relevant data among products and make an informed decision.


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ASSESSMENT


All projects will procure materials with eco-label based on GGM standards.

Evaluation

All projects will complete the Materials Eco-Labelling calculator to determine the percent, by cost, of materials.

Submittal

Submit the Eco-Labelling of Materials Calculator and the following supporting documents:



• Cost estimates.


• Documentation demonstrating total percent by cost of materials with GGM certificates.

SCORE

(a) Materials by Cost

Score % Cost of Major Construction Materials with Eco-Labeling (X)

0 X < 1%

1 1% ≤ X < 3%

2 3% ≤ X < 5%

3 X ≥ 5%

(b) Availability of Materials

Score Availability Fraction of Eco-Labeled Materials (Y)

0 Y < 0.25

1 0.25 ≤ Y < 0.5

2 0.5 ≤ Y < 0.75

3 Y ≥ 0.75


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. What is ecolabelling? Global Ecolabelling Network, 2018. Web 15 July 2018. <https://

globalecolabelling.net/>

2. GLOBAL ECOLABELLING NETWORK. <http://www.gen.gr.jp>

3. UNOPS. <http://www.unops.org>

4. Sustainable United Nations. <http://www.unep.fr/scp/sun/>

Publications:

1. General Programme Instructions For The International EPD® System. The International EPD®

System, EPD Handbook. 18 September 2013. Print.

2. GSAS Environmental Product Declaration. Gulf Organisation for Research and Development

(GORD). Qatar. Volume 3, 2014. Print.

3. Sinreich, Ellen (2010). “Making Sense of Multi-Attribute “Green” Certifications”. The Green

Edge Research Report. Herrmann, William (Ed.). New York: Green Edge LLC. 2010. Print.

4. INTRODUCTION TO ECOLABELLING. GLOBAL ECOLABELLING NETWORK (GEN). July 2004. Print

5. A GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS – for Procurement Practitioners of the United Nations

System. UNOPS. 2009. Print.

6. PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES. CPC Class 3744 – CEMENT. PCR 2010:09. Version1.0. The

International EPD® System. 15 September 2010. Print.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL LABELLING – An Overview. Sustainable Business Associates. Print.

8. Licence Holders Guide to Using the Environmental Choice New Zealand Label and Making

Environmental Claims. Environmental Choice New Zealand. The New Zealand Ecolabelling

Trust Page. May 2011. Print.


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MATERIALS REUSE

Purpose

Encourage the reuse of building elements and materials in order to reduce the need for virgin materials.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Salvage, refurbish, or reuse building materials and products originating from on- or off-site in order to divert material from the waste stream and reduce the environmental impacts associated with producing new materials and products. Salvaged materials are those materials taken from existing buildings and reused in new buildings and developments. Salvaged materials include structural beams and posts, flooring, paneling, windows, doors and frames, cabinetry, furniture, and masonry. They can be purchased from suppliers or recovered and relocated directly from an existing building.

Methods and Measures

• Organize a successful salvage plan to maximize reuse opportunities and minimize environmental impact.

• Identify the salvaged building materials and products that are available and their respective suppliers or locations.

• Ensure that the re-used materials are of adequate quality and durability for the use in the project.

• Prioritize health, safety and resource efficiency, while informing yourself about potential reuse hazards.

• Learn what items are best suited for reuse and recycling. Find out where to get more information on safe and resource efficient salvage and reuse materials.

• Choose materials that can easily be reused or recycled into a new product.


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ASSESSMENT


All projects will calculate the amount of building materials that are salvaged, reused, or refurbished from on- or off-site sources.

Evaluation

All projects will complete the Materials Reuse Calculator to determine the percent, by cost, of materials reused based on the following measures: the quantity of reused materials, the reused material cost, and the total cost of project materials.

Submittal

Submit the Materials Reuse Calculator and the following supporting documents:


• Cost estimates.

• Description of the material.

• Description of how the material has been reused.


SCORE

Score % (by cost) of Materials Reuse (X)

-1 X < 1%

0 1% ≤ X < 3%

1 3% ≤ X < 7%

2 7% ≤ X < 10%

3 X ≥ 10%


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Publications:

1. FSC-STD-40-007 V1-0 EN: Sourcing reclaimed materials for Use in FSC Product Groups or

FSC-certified Projects. Forest Stewardship Council, 2007. Web. 30 January 2011. <http://

www.fsc.org/fileadmin/web-data/public/document_center/international_FSC_policies/

standards/FSC_STD_40_007_V1_0_EN_Sourcing_reclaimed_materials.pdf>.

2. The Reclaimed and Recycled Construction Materials Handbook, C513. United Kingdom:

Construction Industry Research and Information Association, 1999. Print.

3. Ohio. Environmental Protection Agency. Pollution Prevention by Building Green, No 86.

Columbus: Office of Compliance Assistance and Pollution Prevention, 2004. Print.


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RECYCLED MATERIALS

Purpose

Encourage the use of building elements and materials made from recycled content in order to reduce the need for virgin materials.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Use materials with recycled content to reduce the environmental impact of extracting and processing nonrenewable and virgin materials. Materials, products, and furnishings made with recycled content can contain post- or pre-consumer content. Post-consumer waste is content that is recycled after the product has been used by a consumer. It may include construction or demolition debris such as recycled aggregate, steel and aluminum building elements, materials sorted for recycling purposes such as aluminum cans and glass bottles, and landscaping waste such as branches and leaves. Pre-consumer waste is raw material that has never been used by a consumer such as wood chips and sawdust. Pre-consumer materials are often by-products of manufacturing processes that can be recycled and reused.


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Methods & Measures

• Identify the recycled materials that are available and their respective suppliers.

• Ensure that the recycled materials selected for the project are of a high quality, have no detrimental environmental impacts, and will not hinder construction in any way.

• Determine which of these materials can be used and purchased, and then run budget calculations to set a target for the specific project.

• Verify and document the post- and pre-consumer content of each selected recycled material through manufacturer or supplier specifications.

• Vinyl Composite Tiles (VCT) are often used for floors in education buildings. An alternative is tile made from recycled rubber. When using tile from recycled rubber, check to make sure it is not a strong volatile organic compound (VOC) emitter.

• Specify the minimum amount of adhesive necessary to have proper performance and insure proper ventilation during installation.

• Explore the use of recycled rubber which is considered a good material for running tracks and playgrounds.

• Maximize, where possible, the use of insulation, acoustic wall panels, and ceiling tiles made from recycled materials.

• Procure gypsum board which have a minimum of 10% recycled content and 100% recycled content paper facing.

• Avoid, when possible, during installation using VOC-containing materials after acoustic panels and tiles are installed since unpainted gypsum board and acoustic ceiling tiles easily absorb VOCs.


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ASSESSMENT


All projects will use building materials that are manufactured from recycled content. Evaluation

All projects will complete the Recycled Materials Calculator to determine the percent by cost of the recycled content.

Submittal

Submit the Recycled Materials Calculator and the following supporting documents:


• Cost estimates.


• Manufacturers’ documentation demonstrating percent of recycled content.

• Report outlining the use of recycled materials including the following information:

• Itemized list of recycled materials.

• Description of the material.

• Recycled content percentage of materials.

SCORE

Score % (by cost) of Recycled Materials (X)

-1 x < 10%

0 10% ≤ x < 15%

1 15% ≤ x < 20%

2 20% ≤ x < 25%

3 x ≥ 25%


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. Wastes - Resource Conservation - Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines. United States

Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Web. 30 June 2010. <http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/

conserve/tools/cpg/index.htm>.


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RESPONSIBLE SOURCING OF MATERIALS*

Purpose

Encourage the use of responsibly sourced materials for primary building elements in order to minimize the depletion of nonrenewable materials.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Use responsibly sourced materials for key building elements to conserve natural resources and to reduce the environmental impact of extracting and processing nonrenewable materials. Materials that have achieved certification by their supplier or manufacturer as being responsibly sourced are qualified for consideration in this criterion.

The project’s key building elements, including the structural frame, ground floor, upper floors, roof, external/internal walls, foundation/substructure and staircases, should be comprised of responsibly sourced materials. Materials to be responsibly sourced include the following:

Brick, clay tiles, and other ceramics; resin-based composites and materials including GRP and polymeric render; concrete; mortars; cementitious renders; glass; plastics and rubbers (including EPDM, TPO, PVC, and VET roofing membranes); metals; building stone; timber and wood panel (MDF, chipboard, and particleboard); plasterboard and plaster; bituminous materials (roofing membranes and asphalt; other mineral-based materials (including fiber cement and calcium silicate); thermal insulation materials; and materials and products with recycled content.

Methods & Measures

• Consider specifying rapidly renewable materials in the project such as bamboo, wool, cotton insulation, soy-based solvents and insulation, agri-fiber, linoleum, wheatboard, strawboard, and cork. Rapidly renewable materials have harvest cycles of less than ten years and are less likely to become depleted from overharvesting. However, it is prudent to research the durability and longevity of such materials prior to selecting them for the project.

• Identify the responsibly sourced materials and suppliers that are available to the project. Determine which of these materials can be used and purchased, and then run budget calculations to set a target for the specific project. These considerations should take place early in the design process to assess which responsibly sourced materials will be most appropriate and feasible in terms of the project design and budget.

• Ensure that the selection of socially and environmentally conscious materials employ responsible practices throughout the supply chain, as such all imported materials must comply with the following third-party standards, where applicable.


• Ensure that selected materials follow the local Responsible Sourcing of construction products scheme (BS6001) or equivalent.

• Take initial steps to research the environmental and social legislation in countries from which goods are imported to assess risks.

• Ensure compliance of suppliers with national laws and regulations, including labor and environmental laws, through contracts or industrywide supplier codes of conduct.

• Encourage suppliers to develop their own responsible practices by emphasizing the benefits of responsible business practices on quality, productivity, contract renewals, and lowering employee turnover.

• Give preference to companies that provide training programs for management an employee that cover supervisory skills, environmental management, and health and safety awareness.

• Ensure that all timber and wood products originate from sustainably managed forests as over-harvesting of forests has led to the extinction of many tree species and the depletion of wood as a natural resource.

• Ensure that all timber must be supplied by companies that hold Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Chain of Custody Certification.

• Ensure that products originate from forest management companies that comply with national legislation, demonstrate long–term land tenure and use rights, recognize the rights of indigenous people, maintain the ecology and biodiversity of the forest, enhance economic viability, and conduct adequate management, planning and monitoring of operations.

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ASSESSMENT


All projects will use materials that are responsibly sourced.

Evaluation

All projects will complete the Responsible Sourcing of Materials Calculator to determine the percent, by cost, of materials that can be traced through the supply chain. Applicable materials include all primary building elements.

All projects will only consider materials permanently installed in the project. Exclude mechanical, electrical, and plumbing assemblies, as well as specialty items and equipment.

To ensure the selection of socially and environmentally conscious materials that employ responsible practices throughout the supply chain, all materials must comply with the following standards, where applicable, and should be accounted for in the calculator to qualify as responsibly sourced:

Construction Products

All materials should comply withe the Certification Body approved scheme for Responsible Sourcing of Materials guided by regionally or internationally recognized standards, such as BS8902:2009 or equivalent.

Timber

All timber and wood products should originate from sustainably managed forests. All timber must be supplied by companies that hold Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Chain of Custody Certification.

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Submittal

Submit the Responsible Sourcing of Materials Calculator and the following supporting documents:

• Intended list of materials.

• Documentation outlining the intended manufacturers and sourcing policies including the following informations.


• Specifications listing manufacturers and locations.

• Cost estimates.

• Report providing distances of manufacturers.

SCORE

Score % (by cost) of Responsibly Sourced Materials

-1 x < 1%

0 1% ≤ x < 3%

1 3% ≤ x < 7%

2 7% ≤ x < 10%

3 x ≥ 10%

* Incentive weight

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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. Green Building Materials. California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery. Web. 14 June 2010 <http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/materials/>.

2. The Global Conservation Organization. World Wildlife Federation. Web. 30 June 2010. <http://www.panda.org>.

3. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Web. 30 June 2010. <http://www.cites.org/>.

4. ICC guidance on supply chain responsibility. International Chamber of Commerce. Web. 30 January 2011. <http://www.iccwbo.org/uploadedFiles/ICC/policy/business_in_society/Statements/141-75%20int%20rev6%20FINAL.pdf>.

5. ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up. International Labour Organization. Web. 30 January 2011. < http://www.ilo.org/declaration/thedeclaration/textdeclaration/lang--en/index.htm>.

6. Tripartite declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy (MNE Declaration) - 4th Edition. International Labour Organization. Web. 30 January 2011. <http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---multi/documents/publication/wcms_094386.pdff>.

7. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. United Nations. Web. 30 January 2011. <http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml>.

Publications:

1. Environmental Impact of Building and Construction Materials, SP116. United Kingdom:

Construction Industry Research and Information Association, 1995. Print.

2. Guidance on social responsibility. ISO 26000:2010. International Organization for

Standardization, 2010. Web. 30 January 2011. <http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm>.

3. Quality management systems -- Requirements. ISO 9001:2008. International Organization for

Standardization, 2008. Web. 30 January 2011. <http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm>.

4. Environmental management systems -- Requirements with guidance for use. ISO 14001:2004. International Organization for Standardization, 2004. Web. 30 January 2011. <http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm>.

5. FSC Standard for Chain of Custody Certification. FSC-STD-40-004 (Version 2-0) EN. Forest

Stewardship Council, 2004. Web. 30 January 2011. <http://www.fsc.org/fsccertification.html>.

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INDOOR ENVIRONMENT [IE]

The Indoor Environment category consists of factors associated with indoor environmental quality such as thermal comfort, air quality, acoustic quality, and light quality.

IMPACTSImpacts resulting from ineffective control and design of the indoor environment include:

• Climate Change• Fossil Fuel Depletion• Air Pollution


MITIGATE IMPACT

Factors that could improve indoor environmental quality include:

• Monitoring air temperature and quality and adjusting or calibrating as appropriate.• Maximizing the time period that the building can utilize natural ventilation.• Designing an adequate mechanical ventilation system.• Ensuring adequate illuminance levels for visual performance and comfort.• Maximizing the use of natural lighting in interior spaces.• Maximizing views to the exterior for all occupants.• Controlling the amount of noise produced by or transferred from the building interior and

exterior.• Specifying materials with low VOC levels.

CRITERIA INCLUDED

No CriteriaScore

WeightsMin Max

IE.1 Thermal Comfort -1 3 6.00%

IE.2 Ventilation -1 3 5.00%

IE.3 Acoustics -1 3 2.00%

IE.4 Illumination -1 3 4.00%

IE.5 Daylight -1 3 3.00%

IE.6 Low Emitting Materials -1 3 2.00%

IE.7 ViewsPart (A) -1 3

2.00% Part (B) -1 3

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THERMAL COMFORT

PURPOSE

To provide and consistently maintain an internal building environment that ensures appropriate conditions for thermal comfort and sound health of building occupants.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Thermal comfort can be defined as “that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment” (CEN, 2005).

Accumulated research studies on the relationship between temperature and performance of workers indicate that there is a reduction in performance due to a warmer temperature of 30°C and a cooler temperature of 15°C, as compared to that at a human comfort temperature range of 21°C to 23°C, leaving little doubt about the impact that thermal comfort has on office occupants. Similarly, work-related fatigue is higher at higher relative humidity (e.g. 70% RH) as compared to a lower relative humidity (30-40% RH). It is evident that the work space of occupants needs to be thermally comfortable in order for them to produce to their full capability. However, thermal comfort is based on thermal adaptation of individual occupant which is correlated to factors such as geographic location and climate, time of year, gender, race, and age. Research shows that people basically have the same thermal preferences, regardless of where they live on earth as the human body tries to maintain a temperature of around 37°C. Temperature is maintained due to heat exchange between the body and the environment through convection, radiation, and evaporation.

Thermal comfort of building occupants is dependent upon both environmental conditions and personal factors.

Environmental conditions include:

• Ambient temperature (air temperature)

• Radiant temperature (the temperature of the surfaces around the occupants such as walls, ceiling, floor and windows)

• Relative humidity (indicative of amount of water vapor in the air -vapour mixture)

• Air velocity (the rate at which air moves around and touches skin)

Personal factors include:

• Metabolic rate (The activity of a person in terms of amount of energy ex¬pended)

• Clothing insulation (How much and what type of clothes a person is wearing to retain or dissipate body heat)


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Thermal discomfort occurs when the thermal environment does not meet the requirements of the human mind or body. In warm environments perspiration will start, possibly leading to hyperthermia in extreme cases. On the other hand, in cold environments: occupants feel cold, especially the temperature of their hands and feet drop substantially; they get goose bumps and even start to shiver, in extreme cases resulting in hypothermia. All of these responses are reactions to uncomfortable environments.

Provision of means to control parameters of thermal comfort is a key factor. Where occupants are able to adapt to their thermal environment by adjusting clothing, varying air speed across their bodies or adjusting blinds, then wider variations in space temperature can be tolerated.

Thermal comfort can be attained and maintained using one of the following methods: active conditioning (mechanical HVAC systems), passive conditioning (natural ventilation), or a combination of both active and passive conditioning (hybrid system). A hybrid system may be more suitable and effective for projects in a hot and dry climate. In addition, encouraging office workers to dress comfortably and casually is considered to be self-adaptive strategy for comfort.

Methods & Measures

• Ensure acceptable and uniform distribution of temperature of the air surrounding the occupants.

• Ensure uniform mean radiant temperature for an occupant in spaces exposed to external climate conditions. Mean radiant temperature is considered to be the spatial average of the temperature of surfaces surrounding the occupant such as windows, doors and skylights.

• Ensure acceptable speed of air to which the body is exposed. Careful attention should be paid to split units air-conditioning systems, whether wall-mounted or free-standing types, since direction and speed of air may cause high level of thermal discomfort.

• Ensure adequate level of humidity at all times through proper operation of active cooling system and ventilation system and use of humidifiers/dehumidifiers.

• Ensure that local discomfort is avoided through proper furniture layout and people seating arrangements in relation to widows and AC diffusers and grills. Special considerations should be given to people with health problems such as sinuses, asthma and allergies.

• Provide appropriate control devices to set Best Practice thermal conditions within the building. In multi-occupant spaces where people gather for shared activities, such as classrooms and conference rooms, at least one control shall be provided for each space, regardless of size.

• Ensure that the HVAC system is flexible and can respond to part-load demands to provide Best Practice thermal conditions while minimizing energy use.

• Fix leaky doors/windows by replacing the gasket and/or pane or the whole door/window if needed.

• Provide blinds and shutters to block solar radiation and thus to reduce the amount of heat entering a room. Overheating can be efficiently reduced, and even eliminated by the use of proper solar shading.


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• Consider cooling by natural ventilation i.e. opening windows, as is a very direct and fast method of influencing the thermal environment during specific times of the year. An open window will cause increased air motion, and if the temperature of outdoor is lower than that of indoors, the temperature will fall. Even when the outdoor air temperature is slightly higher than the indoor, the elevated air speed due to increased airflow will increase the cooling of the body and reduce the thermal sensation.

• Retrofit building systems including HVAC equipment, control systems and thermal envelope in order to enable them to meet all combinations of conditions that are expected to occur during occupancy, except for extreme conditions.

• Select HVAC system capacity for a zone satisfying the peak cooling load so that the thermal comfort of occupants in a zone can be guaranteed for the hottest hour of the year.

• Install an automatic control system for thermal comfort including those dynamic elements that have an influence on the thermal environment such as electric window openers, external shading and/or internal blinds. The most reliable solution is sensor-based control.

• Consider, for spaces which are subject to direct exposure to external climate, factors that impact the mean radiant temperature such as exterior construction materials and the presence of shading devices.

• Conduct building simulations, for inner spaces that are not exposed directly to external perimeters, to verify the zoning layout and control levels necessary to achieve desired thermal comfort levels over the entire year and with variable occupancy/vacancy schedules.


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ASSESSMENT


All projects will calculate either the PMV or ADPI values for the hottest hour of the year for the worst case for all applicable occupied spaces.

Evaluation

All projects will evaluate all critical spaces and perform a thermal comfort assessment for the hottest hour of the year. Calculate ADPI values of different positions in critical spaces such as different positions relative to window and diffuser locations and select the worst ADPI value for assessment.

The following table outlines the measurement type and typical spaces used in the calculation according to the appropriate typology:

TYPOLOGY MEASUREMENT TYPE TYPICAL SPACES

OFFICE ADPI Office, Reception Areas

COMMERCIAL ADPIPer Tenant Type Classrooms, Offices,

EDUCATION ADPISpecial Functional Spaces (E.G. Auditorium)

MOSQUES ADPI Prayer Halls

HOTELS ADPI Guestrooms

LIGHT INDUSTRY ADPI Office, Operational Areas

Submittals

Submit the Thermal Comfort Calculator and the following supporting documents:

• System operation specifications.

• Building plans with specifications for typical occupied spaces.


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SCORE

Score ADPI (X)

-1 X < 80

0 80 ≤ X < 85

1 85 ≤ X < 90

2 90 ≤ X < 95

3 X ≥ 95


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. The Usable Buildings Trust. Useable Buildings Trust. Web. 30 June 2010. <www.usablebuildings.co.uk/>.

Publications:

1. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. ENERGY STAR® Building Manual: 12. Facility Type: Hotels and Motels. Washington: EPA, 2007. Print.

2. Building Energy and Environmental Modeling, AM11. United Kingdom: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineerings, 1998. Print.

3. Environmental Design, Guide A. 7th ed. Issue 2. United Kingdom: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineerings, 2007. Print.

4. Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data, Guide J. United Kingdom: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineerings, 2002.

5. Trust Heating Control Technology Guide, CTG002. London: The Carbon Trust, 2006. Print.

6. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers, 2004. Print.

7. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, ASHRAE Standard 55-2004. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers, 2004. Print.

8. Boed, Victor. Controls and Automation for Facilities Managers: Applications Engineering. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1998. Print.

9. Bauman, Fred. Giving Occupants What They Want: Guidelines for Implementing Personal Environmental Control in Your Building. Berkeley: Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley, 1999. Print.

10. Brundett, G.W., L. Harriman, and R. Kittler. Humidity Control Design Guide for Commercial and Institutional Buildings. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers, 2002. Print.

11. Brennan, Terry, James B. Cummings and Joseph W. Lstiburek. “Unplanned Airflows & Moisture Problems.” ASHRAE Journal. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers, 2002. Print.

12. Harriman, Lewis and Joseph W. Lstiburek. The ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot and Humid Climates, Second Edition. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers, 2009. Print.

13. ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Washington: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2009. Print.


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VENTILATION

Purpose

To provide an effective and proper ventilation to ensure the comfort and health of the building occupants.

GUIDELINES

Overview

There are two indoor air quality requirements that the room or space must maintain for its occupants. The first requirement is the air in the space’s breathing zone should conform to the local health standards tolerance for health risk. The second requirement is the supply air and recirculated air in the space as perceived by its occupants must be fresh and pleasant rather than stale, stuffy and irritating.

With prolonged exposure, there are indoor air pollutants that could pose certain health risks to human beings. The health risks associated may comprise of distinct, acute, or long-term adverse effects.

It is important to have an efficient and properly functioning air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation system in the building to maintain the desired indoor air quality control. The quality of the indoor air systems can greatly impact the incidence of respiratory diseases, the symptoms of allergies and asthma, the transmission of infectious diseases, chemical sensitivity and workers’ productivity. High-efficiency particulate air filters can significantly reduce the risk of airborne pollutants, thus, reducing the infection rates of a wide range of other aerosolized pathogens.

Higher indoor CO2 concentration level due to inadequate ventilation rate is associated with buildings’

occupants experiencing a tendency to be less satisfied with indoor air quality as they report more acute health symptoms (e.g., headache, mucosal irritation). It is argued that higher levels of various indoor-generated pollutants that directly cause the adverse effects are correlated where higher indoor CO

2 concentrations occur at lower outdoor air ventilation rates.

Indoor air quality in a building is not constant. It is influenced by changes in building operation, occupant activity and outdoor climate. Pollutant sources include building materials, furniture, office equipment, human metabolism and outdoor air. Among different pollutants, a number of substances are of special concern for human health including carbon monoxide, radon, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxide (SOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matters (PM2.5), Ozon (O3), metabolic gases and micro-organisms.


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Indoor air quality may be controlled by a combination of source control and ventilation.

Humans produce carbon dioxide (CO2) proportional to their metabolic rate. At the low concentrations

typically occurring indoors CO2 is harmless and it is not perceived by humans. Still, it is a good

indicator of the concentration of other human bio effluents being perceived as a nuisance. In addition, other pollution sources or hazardous air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, radon, NOx, PM2.5, SOx, O3 and VOCs must be considered while assessing the indoor air quality.

ASHRAE 62.1_2016 has defined the acceptable indoor air quality as the air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by local regulations and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.

Methods and measures listed below work best when they are implemented in the design stage. However, during maintenance, renovations and retrofitting various improvements in energy performance can be planned depending on the intent of the upgrades and allocated budget.


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Methods & Measures

• Provide effective filtration systems including particle filters or air-cleaning devices to clean the air prior to introduction to occupied spaces, especially if the outdoor air is judged to be unacceptable or exceeding the limits identified by the regulatory authority for particulate matters, ozone and other outdoor contaminants.

• Ensure a high-efficiency air filtration system is utilized to remove particles from outdoor air before being distributed throughout the building.

• Ensure that fresh air intakes are positioned away from exhaust vents to minimize short cycling.

• Protect outdoor air intake openings from rainwater, animals and debris with screens and bird guards, and specify a ventilation lining that will not release contaminants into the air path.

• Locate outdoor air intakes away from contaminant sources including building exhaust air louvers, exhaust outlets from adjacent buildings, cooling towers, loading docks, air exhaust from waste facilities, parking garages, transportation stops, smoke discharge openings and dedicated exhausts from toilets and kitchens.

• Ensure that all airstream surfaces in equipment and ducts in the ventilation system have adequate resistance to mold growth.

• Minimize risk of contamination by encapsulating or removing exposed insulation inside ducts, air-handling units and variable-air-volume boxes.

• Provide building occupants/users with the ability to individually control ventilation rates to ensure thermal comfort and health.

• Ensure that the ventilation equipment can be easily accessed for inspection and routine maintenance, including filter replacement and fan belt adjustment and replacement.

• Ensure that the air distribution system including access doors, panels, or other means are provided in ductworks and plenums are located and sized to allow convenient and unobstructed access for inspection, cleaning, and routine maintenance.

• Ensure, where applicable, provision of appropriate control devices for the mechanical ventilation system to provide minimum ventilation as per the standard only for spaces and not for occupants during off hours to minimize excessive energy use.

• Positive building pressurization can be used in hot climates to prevent warm and humid air from seeping into the building.

• Consider the balance between fresh air supply and energy efficiency. Carbon dioxide sensors can be used in air-conditioned buildings to ensure appropriate ventilation in response to varying occupancy levels and uses.

• Use, wherever possible a CO₂ based demand control ventilation (DCV) system to ensure optimum air quality while minimizing excessive energy use.


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ASSESSMENT


All projects will ensure that mechanical ventilation in all primary occupancy areas meets the minimum requirements of ASHRAE 62.1 or EN-ISO 15243 standards and the system requirements in ASHRAE 90.1 or equivalent and maintain adequate CO

2 levels.

Evaluation

The mechanical system must meet the minimum requirements of ASHRAE 62.1, ASHRAE 90.1 or equivalent. These requirements include, but are not limited to:

• Mechanical equipment must meet minimum efficiency standards and be properly verified and labeled.

• Mechanical systems must have proper control systems, including the use of zoning, proper dead bands, off-hour controls and automatic shut-offs.

Note: In the calculation of the required fresh air supply, both EN-ISO and ASHRAE Standards should be used, and the larger of the two standards should be considered in the verification of over ventilation.

All projects will perform an air quality assessment and maintain an acceptable CO2 concentration

levels within occupied spaces. The final score in this criterion depends on the Percent Dissatisfied (PD) calculated from the maintained CO

2 levels. If the project does not provide means for CO

2

monitoring/control but meets the minimum ventilation requirement, the project will earn a score of 0 for this criterion.

Submittals

Submit the following supporting documents to demonstrate compliance with ASHRAE 62.1 and ASHRAE 90.1 or equivalent:

• Calculation of fresh outdoor air delivery by air handling units.

• Calculation of minimum required outside air for each zone based on ASHRAE 62.1 recommendations.

• Results of calculations showing building provides enough outdoor air based on the ASHRAE 62.1 requirement.

• Report showing equipment efficiency compared to ASHRAE 90.1.


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SCORE

Score Percent Dissatisfied (PD)

-1Outdoor air or existence of equipment with efficiency less than specified in the standards

0 PD > 25% OR Project meets the applicable ventilation standards

1 22.5% < PD ≤ 25%

2 20% < PD ≤ 22.5%

3 PD ≤ 20%


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Publications:

1. Minimizing Pollution at Air Intakes, CIBSE TM 21. United Kingdom: Chartered Institution of Building Engineers,1999. Print.

2. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers, EPA 402-F-91-102. Washington: EPA, 1991. Print.

3. Trost, Frederick, and J. Trost. Efficient Building Design Series, Volume 2: Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1998. Print.

4. Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Guide B. United Kingdom: Chartered Institution of Building Engineers, 2005. Print.

5. Environmental Design, Guide A. United Kingdom: Chartered Institution of Building Engineers, 1999. Print.

6. HVAC Applications Handbook, Chapter 44: Building air intake and exhaust design. Washington: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2003. Print.

7. Best Practice in the Specification of Offices, BCO Guide 2005; British Council for Offices, 2005. Print.

8. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004. Washington: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2004. Print.

9. Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004. Washington: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2004. Print.

10. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, ASHRAE Standard 55-2004. Washington: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2004. Print.

11. Standard Guideline for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations to Valuate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation, ASTM D 6245-1998. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1998. Print.

12. Harriman, Lewis G., and Joseph W. Lstiburek. The ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot and Humid Climates, Second Edition. Washington: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2009. Print.

13. United Kingdom: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Approved Document F: Ventilation. London: United Kingdom Building Regulations, 2006. Web. 06 June 2010. <http://www.gravesham.gov.uk/media/pdf/i/f/ApprovedDocumentF.pdf>.

14. Energy performance of buildings - Calculation of energy use for space heating and heating, EN-ISO 13790. Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2008. Print.


ACOUSTICS

Purpose

To meet minimum requirements for acoustic quality within the building.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Acoustics is essential to the functioning of almost every type of building typologies, from open offices to worship centers. Some workplaces can even become very noisy and unsafe for the occupants. To successfully address these issues, acoustics must be considered in the design as well as in the operation phases. Determine the specific requirements for each space, including privacy levels, sound isolation needs, and acceptable background noise levels. Design for the appropriate acoustic performance levels within each area of the building.

For offices, the attenuation of sound between neighboring work stations in an open-plan is typically much less than that potentially available between closed offices. Nevertheless, a degree of acoustical privacy can be achieved if component selection and interaction are understood. To ensure good acoustic performance in an open plan office, careful coordination of several components should be sought including ceiling, wall treatments, furniture and furnishings, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system, and masking sound system.

Noise within buildings is received from two sources:

1. Intrusion from external surroundings.

2. Building services.

Typical external noise intrusion sources include traffic noise (road, rail and/or aircraft sources); mechanical plant and equipment associated with adjacent buildings and industrial activities and local activities such as markets, maintenance, sport and leisure.

Building services noise includes noise sources such as fans, air-conditioning, motors and pumps etc. The noise can be transferred to internal useable spaces by two mechanisms namely; air-borne noise transmission and structure-borne noise transmission. Both mechanisms of transmission must be considered in buildings by the provision of appropriate sound insulation and structural isolation.

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Methods & Measures

• Mitigate the effects of external noise sources by using vegetation, earth berms, or other noise barriers on the site as a means of muffling off-site noise before it reaches the building.

• Ensure building components with appropriate sound transmission class rating, such as exterior walls, windows, and doors, to protect interior spaces from harmful noise sources.

• Ensure that office layout is designed to avoid obvious noise intrusion possibilities. Individual work stations can be positioned relative to columns, walls, and each other to avoid uninterrupted sound paths between contiguous work stations. Occupant orientation is also important, because there is a significant difference between the sound level when a talker faces a listener versus the talker facing away from the listener.

• Locate problematic noise generation sources- computers, business machines, copiers, typewriters, and other noise generating devices in isolated (enclosed) rooms or areas to minimize their noise intrusion into the work station. Where this is impractical, care should be exercised in eliminating or minimizing the noise generation aspects. Telephones and "speaker phones" are a frequent problem. The former should be equipped with flashing lights, rather than ringers (audible annunciators).

• Select appropriate ceiling elements, such as return air grilles or fixtures, to avoid leakage of sound from the masking system or surface reflections of incident sounds.

• Manage the sound generated within the work station and potentially intruding into adjacent work spaces through one of the following two ways: (1) using barriers that are properly absorptive and appropriately impervious to sound penetration; and (2) reducing the tendency of sound to "flank" or diffract around the perimeters of such barriers.

• Treat vertical surfaces which are possible sound reflectors if not specifically treated. Hard, flat, smooth surfaces represent the worst condition. To reduce or eliminate these reflections, such surfaces should be highly absorptive to the sound of the frequency range that is of concern.

• Control flanking transition by proper consideration of the height and length of the barrier, the horizontal distance between adjacent barriers, and the sound absorptive characteristics of the adjacent barriers. The most practical method of reducing flanking is to employ vertical barriers that are as high and as long, if possible. This may conflict with the desire for "openness" or clear view through the office space.

• Ensure, if applicable, that the barrier height is more than 1.5m. Below this height barrier is considered not effective in performing as acoustical barriers in open plan offices. As a general rule, barrier heights greater than 2m provide diminishing returns. "Tradeoff" decisions in the determination of the required height against the original motive for considering the aesthetic factors associated with such systems are required.

• Consider using acoustical ceiling tiles and wall panels or spray-on acoustical treatments in spaces where additional sound absorption is necessary.

• Provide sufficient noise insulation to mitigate impacts from interior noise sources such as those generated by plumbing systems, mechanical ventilation systems, and air conditioning equipment.

• Minimize excessive vibration from services and equipment as per the ISO 2631-2 standard in order to mitigate acoustic problems in the building interior.

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• Consider the use of soft, sound absorbent materials for interior finishes including walls, floors, and ceilings in order to reduce noise levels. A higher sound absorption rate will attenuate noise transferred from the exterior or generated within the building and will increase the acoustic performance within the building.

• Consider the floor impact sound level and the performance of sound insulation as related to impact noises both heavy and light. An example of light floor impact noise is a chair being dragged on a concrete floor, whereas a heavy floor impact noise might be the sound of children jumping.

• Ensure the use of materials with appropriate Impact insulation Class (IIC) (a measure of the impact of sound insulation of a floor/ceiling) to provide the proper acoustic performance levels for interior spaces.

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ASSESSMENT


All projects will develop a plan to meet minimum requirements for acoustic quality to protect occupants from outdoor noise and control noise levels created in the building.

Evaluation

All projects will complete the Acoustic Quality Calculator to determine if the project meets the minimum requirements for background noise and reverberation time.

All projects will develop a plan to meet minimum requirements for acoustic quality.

Background Noise: The indoor noise level must meet the recommended noise level for speech intelligibility as described in BS 8233:1999 or equivalent for the typical occupied spaces listed in the following table:

Typical Occupied SpaceDesign Range LAeq,T

db

Good Reasonable

Private Office 40 50

Open-Plan Office 45 50

Living Rooms ≤ 40

Bedrooms ≤ 30

Classroom 30 40

Prayer Halls 30 35

Guestrooms 30 35

Submittals

Submit the Acoustic Quality Calculator and the following supporting documents:

• Floor plan and HVAC plan drawings.

• Building material specifications.

• Noise source sound power levels (e.g., manufacturer’s catalogs).

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SCORE

Score Requirement

-1Project does not meet minimum requirements for acoustic quality.

3Project meets minimum requirements for acoustic quality.

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FURTHER RESOURCES

Publications:

1. Sound Insulation and Noise Reduction for Buildings- Code of Practice, BS8233. British Standards Institution, 1999. Print.

2. United Kingdom. Acoustics- Measurement of Sound Insulation in Buildings and of Building Elements, BS EN ISO 140-4. British Standards Institution, 1998. Print.

3. United Kingdom. Acoustics- Rating of Insulation in Buildings and of Building Elements, Part 1 and 2, BS EN ISO 717-1, 717-2. British Standards Institution, 1997. Print.

4. United Kingdom. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Resistance to the Passage of Sound, Building Regulations Approved Document E. London: United Kingdom Building Regulations, 2003. Print.

5. Mechanical vibration and shock -- Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration - Part 2: Vibration in buildings (1 Hz to 80 Hz), ISO 2631-2-1989. Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 1989. Print.

6. Procedure for Estimating Occupied Space Sound Levels in the Application of Air Terminals and Air Outlets, ARI Standard 885-1998. USA: Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 1998.

7. Switzerland. Football Stadiums: Technical Recommendations and Requirements. Switzerland: Federation Internationale de Football Association, 2004. Web. 10 October 2010. <http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/football_stadiums_technical_recommendations_and_requirements_en_8211.pdf>.

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ILLUMINATION

Purpose

To provide adequate illumination levels and light quality for visual comfort and well-being of building occupants.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Lighting is critical to the wellbeing and security of everybody utilizing the building environment. Poor lighting cannot just influence the health of people causing side effects like eye fatigue, headache and migraines, however it is likewise connected to Sick Building Syndrome in new and renovated buildings. Side effects of this incorporate cerebral pains, laziness, crabbiness and poor focus. Poor lighting at work place can have negative impacts on productivity and efficiency and can result in increased absenteeism.

The other misguided judgment is that office lighting is required to provide a uniform lighting level over the entire space. What is required is uniform lighting across each task area, which typically comprises of generally distributed small areas for similar types of activities. The lighting in the wider workplace may differ fairly to make visual interest. It is argued that prolonged exposure to high-intensity lighting has been associated with losing a major stimulus for maintaining normal 24-hour functioning. Thus, it is important to recognize the effects of the amount and timing of light on different user groups.

Criteria that would normally be considered for ensuring high quality of visual performance include level of illumination; uniformity and ratios of illuminance; glare; colour and room reflectance; energy efficiency; and other special considerations.

The illuminance values recommended by established standard such as EN 12464-1:2011 are valid for normal visual conditions and take into account the following factors: psycho-physiological aspects such as visual comfort and well-being requirements for visual tasks; visual ergonomics; practical experience; contribution to functional safety; and, economic impact.

The illuminance should be maintained at higher levels when: visual work is critical; errors are costly to rectify; accuracy, higher productivity or increased concentration is of great importance; task details are of unusually small size or low contrast; the task is undertaken for an unusually long time; and, the visual capacity of the worker is below normal.

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Methods & Measures

• Ensure that the lighting system meets relevant standards in terms of minimum illuminance levels, light uniformity and glare control

• Ensure that the lighting controls system meets relevant building users operational requirements (based on building use, anticipated lighting system usage patterns, automation and daylight integration requirements, etc.)

• Provide lighting controllability to occupants in terms of the amount of control for an individual to turn lights on and off, brightness adjustment, and changing the positioning of fixtures.

• Use energy efficient lighting lamp technology, such as solid-state LED type of lamps or other energy saving fixtures.

• Use lamps having adequate color correlated temperature (CCT) for the given application (e.g. offices neutral to cold, residential, neutral to warm etc.)

• Implement adequate lighting and lighting controls system maintenance plan (regular inspection and testing, re-lamping and luminaires cleaning etc.)

• Implement, where applicable adequate maintenance plan for any blinds system, (regular cleaning, replacement of damaged slats/vanes, inspection and functional testing of actuators, if automated etc.

• Utilize, where applicable, daylighting to reduce the energy needed for electrical lighting, being mindful that introducing daylight into building interiors may also increase solar heat gain and cooling loads.

• Ensure, when daylighting is utilized for performing specific tasks that factors impacting the quality and quantity of daylighting within the building such as window placement and sizes, glazing transmittance, room geometry, interior surface finishes, and shadows cast from nearby buildings are taken into consideration.

• Determine the appropriate light levels for each of the different task-related spaces in the proposed building and provide the lighting system to meet these requirements.

• Avoid over-illumination of entire rooms or spaces by providing individual task or accent lighting where higher illumination levels are needed.

• Ensure that the extent and type of lighting controls relate to the function of each space, the number of occupants, the frequency of use, and the level of daylighting within each space.

• Coordinate light fixture layouts in conjunction with furniture layouts to maximize lighting efficiency.

• Minimize illumination intensity and lighting power through the specification and selection of energy-efficient fixtures that use efficacious sources.

• Use high frequency fittings to minimize discomfort due to the flicker caused by luminaires that have a low frequency, such as conventional fluorescent luminaries.

• Ensure that the color, texture, and reflectance of surface materials in a room help to improve lighting conditions and minimize lighting needs.

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ASSESSMENT


All projects will provide light levels no less than those recommended by the IESNA Lighting Handbook, or equivalent, for all typical spaces.

Evaluation

All projects will complete the Illumination Levels Calculator to demonstrate that the design will provide illuminance and uniformity levels no less than those recommended by the IESNA Lighting Handbook, or other applicable standards related to a specific environment or task. For each typical space, measure all spaces with variations in design such as form, orientation, layout, and fixture types.

For each type of typical space, the project will perform lighting simulations to demonstrate the illumination and uniformity levels for each space.

The results of the simulation are entered into the Illumination Levels Calculator, which includes two components - the first determines minimum recommended illuminance and uniformity levels, while the second determines whether the project significantly exceeds the recommended levels.

Component One:

• All projects will perform lighting simulations to demonstrate that all relevant areas within the project meet the minimum recommended average illuminance levels and the minimum light uniformity as recommended in the IESNA Lighting Handbook, or equivalent.

Component Two:

• All projects will calculate the average lighting level of the typical areas within the project site to ensure they meet the recommended illuminance levels and calculate the percentage of total area where illumination level exceeds the recommended levels by more than 20%.

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Submittals

Submit the following:

• Illumination Levels Calculator.

• Floor plan, section, and lighting layout for the spaces being measured.

• Results of the lighting simulations including the location of relevant calculation surfaces, data of average maintained lux levels and uniformity for each area being assessed.

• Lighting manufacturers’ photometric data for all light fixtures used.

SCORE

Score (X)% - percentage of total area which is over-lit by more than 20%

-1Any of the typical areas fails to meet IESNA or equivalent minimum illuminance level or uniformity requirement

0IESNA minimum recommended illuminance and uniformity requirements are met for all typical spaces and X>30%

1IESNA minimum recommended illuminance and uniformity requirements are met for all typical spaces and 20%<X≤30%

2IESNA minimum recommended illuminance and uniformity requirements are met for all typical spaces and 10%<X≤20%

3IESNA minimum recommended illuminance and uniformity requirements are met for all typical spaces and X≤10%

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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. Radiance WWW Server. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Web. 28 June 2010. <http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/>.

2. Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. Web. 28 June 2010. <http://www.wbdg.org/design/index.php>.

Publications:

1. Recommended Practice of Daylighting, RP-5-99. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1999. Print.

2. Rea, Mark S., ed. The IESNA Lighting Handbook. 9th ed. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2000. Print.

3. American National Standard Practice for Office Lighting, RP-1-04. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society, 2004. Print.

4. Code for Lighting: Part 2. United Kingdom: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2004. Print.

5. Office Lighting, Lighting Guide 7. United Kingdom: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2005. Print.

6. Boed, Viktor. Controls and Automation for Facilities Managers: Applications Engineering. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1998. Print.

7. Steffy, Gary. Architectural Lighting, Second Edition. New York: Jon Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002. Print.

8. Guzowski, Mary. Daylighting for Sustainable Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. Print.

9. Ander, Gregg D. Daylighting Performance and Design, Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2003. Print.

10. Daylighting and Window Design, Lighting Guide 10. United Kingdom: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 1999. Print.

11. United Kingdom. Lighting for Buildings: Code of Practice for Daylighting, BS 8206-2. London: British Standards Institution, 2008. Print.


13. Switzerland. Football Stadiums: Technical Recommendations and Requirements. Switzerland: Federation Internationale de Football Association, 2004. Web. 10 October 2010. <http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/football_stadiums_technical_recommendations_and_requirements_en_8211.pdf>.

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DAYLIGHT

Purpose

To optimize the exposure of daylight in order to improve comfort and wellbeing for building occupants.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Based on research studies among occupant, daylight has been associated with reduced stress, improved performance and reduced errors, reduced absenteeism, increased positive attitudes, improved mood, reduced depression, reduced fatigue, reduced eyestrain, improved job satisfaction, reduced desires to resign and improved general wellbeing. In addition, daylight provides contact with the outside living environment and improves circadian rhythms by affecting melatonin production and regulation. Also, windows provide information to the people in a building about their surroundings. Weather and the time of day can be inferred from the changing light.

Conceptually, daylighting can be distributed to interior space through openings from the side, from the top, or a combination of the two. The provision of effective daylight in buildings can be assessed using average daylight factors and by ensuring that occupants have a view of the sky.

The average daylight factor will be influenced by building form, the size and area of windows in relation to the room, the light transmittance of the glass, how bright internal surfaces and finishes are, the depth of reveals and the presence of overhangs and other external obstructions which may restrict the amount of daylight entering the room.

Building geometry and interior space planning should promote, rather than preclude, the distribution of daylight. Based on the building form, side-lighting is considered the primary way of introducing daylight into buildings. Besides supplying light, side lighting through windows can provide view, create orientation, allow connectivity to the outdoors and allow ventilation during less harsh times of the year. The size and proportion of windows should depend on the amount of daylight required, type of view, the size of the internal space, and the position and mobility of occupants. When windows are confined to one wall only, it is recommended that the total width of the windows range between 25-50% of the length of the wall to offer optimum viewing opportunity. Additionally, window glass selection, reflectance of interior finishes and the interior layout play a role in enhancing the illuminance of the work place.


Top lighting is when daylight penetrates a building from above the ceiling plane or is concentrated in the roof. Top lighting can provide greater freedom of source placement to achieve more uniform illumination and takes advantage of high wall surfaces and other architectural elements to distribute light where required. Common top lighting strategies include: skylights, courtyards, lightwells and atria.

Sunlight should be admitted unless it is likely to cause thermal or visual discomfort to the users, or deterioration of materials. Generally, sunlight should not fall on visual tasks or directly on people at work. It should, on the other hand, be used to enhance the overall brightness of interiors with patches of high illuminance. Interiors in which the occupants have a reasonable expectation of direct sunlight should receive at least 25% of probable sunlight hours. It is the duration of sunlight in an interior, rather than the intensity or the size of the sunny patch, which correlates best with the occupants’ satisfaction. However, adequate measures should be taken for controlling glare while designing to maximize daylight in buildings.

Distraction, a poor luminance balance between task and background, and discomfort glare can all occur if the visual task is viewed directly against the bright sky. Although a view outside should be provided, it is usually improved if the glazing is at the side of occupants, rather than directly facing them. Glare from the sun, viewed directly or reflected, can be unacceptable in a working environment. Low transmittance glazing is unlikely to attenuate the beam sufficiently to eliminate glare; diffusing glazing materials, in scattering the beam, may cause the window or rooflight itself to become an unacceptably bright source of light.

Methods & Measures

• Integrate daylighting into the overall lighting design of the building to provide a balance between natural and artificial lighting. Determine the lighting needs in the spaces throughout the development and take measures to maximize the daylighting potential of the building.

• Consider design elements, such as atria, courtyards, skylights, and shading devices, to harvest and control natural light.

• Incorporate appropriate window openings in areas of maximum daylight exposure.

• Minimize the depth of rooms and building floor plates to increase the amount of natural light entering the space.

• Increase the quantity of natural light by promoting design elements such as light shelves, light ducts, and other apparatus to capture light.

• Design the project to balance and control factors such as heat gain and loss, glare, visual quality, and variations in daylight availability.

• Specify low reflective interior colour schemes and materials to balance visual quality and quantity.

• Consider the use of sun shades, louvers, operable blinds and drapes and exterior light shelves to control and reduce glare.

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• Design frit patterns for glazing surfaces and specify glass which has the ability to reduce solar heat gain while allowing natural light into the space.

• Locate the maximum number of spaces near daylight through efficient interior space planning and configuration.

• Integrate building systems, including artificial lighting with daylighting through control systems.

• Reflect daylight within a space to increase room brightness. A light shelf, if properly designed, has the potential to increase room brightness and decrease window brightness.

• Slope ceilings to direct more light into a space. Sloping the ceiling away from the fenestration area will help increase the surface brightness of the ceiling further into a space.

• Avoid direct beam daylight on critical visual tasks. Poor visibility and discomfort will result if excessive brightness differences occur in the vicinity of critical visual tasks.

• Filter daylight. The harshness of direct light can be filtered with vegetation, curtains, louvers, or similar and will help distribute light.

• Ensure that daylight-responsive electric lighting controls are fully operational during regular building operations and maintenance program.

• Ensure that all windows and daylight redirection devices are cleaned and maintained to ensure the Best Practice performance of the reflecting surfaces.

• Where possible, ensure that site obstruction objects are cleared and daylight flows seamlessly to the spaces where possible inside the building.

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ASSESSMENT


All projects will optimize the area of interior spaces exposed to daylight.

Evaluation

All projects will perform simulations to measure daylight level within the proposed building and input results into the Daylight Calculators. For each typical space, measure all spaces with variations in design such as form, orientation and layout. Exclude all circulation areas from this calculation. The project will identify the illuminance category for the typical occupancy areas and determine the required light levels as found in the IESNA Lighting Handbook, or equivalent.

To perform a daylight simulation for spaces that are greater than 21 meters in length or width, subdivide each space into a 7 meters x 7 meters grid to locate the measuring points. To create a grid, start from the center of the space and draw a virtual line. Next, draw a perpendicular virtual line from the midpoint of the initial virtual line. Finally, offset these lines by 7 meters until the lines reach the boundaries of the space creating a 7 meters x 7 meters grid. The measuring points are located at each intersection of the grid lines at a height of 1.2 meters. Any measuring point located less than 3.5 meters from the boundaries of the space should not be considered for calculations. For spaces with both length and width dimensions less than 21 meters, determine the center of each space at a height of 1.2 meters as a measuring point.

The measurements should be taken on December 21st at 12:00 hrs (PM) with an overcast CIE sky condition. All artificial lighting must be turned off.

Submittals

Submit the following:

• Daylight Input Calculator for each type of typical space with multiple measuring points.

• Daylight Scoring Calculator.

• Boundary conditions for daylight simulation.

• Plot of the simulation results.

• Drawings including elevations, plans, and diagrams identifying the measuring point locations.

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SCORE

Score Average % Below Required Light Level, Weighted by Area (X)

-1 X > 40%

0 30% < X ≤ 40%

1 20% < X ≤ 30%

2 10% < X ≤ 20%

3 X ≤ 10%


FURTHER RESOURCES

Publications:

1. Baker, Nick and Koen Steemers. Daylight Design of Buildings. London: James & James, 2002. Print.

2. Phillips, Derek. Daylighting: Natural Light in Architecture. Oxford: Elsevier, 2004. Print.


4. Rutes, Walter A. Hotel Design: Planning and Development. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. Print.

5. High Performance Schools Best Practices Manual, Volume 2, Design. San Francisco: The Collaborative for High Performance Schools, 2006. Web. 06 July 2010. <http://www.chps.net/dev/Drupal/node/288>.

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LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS

Purpose

Meet minimum emissions targets for indoor materials and finishes to ensure the comfort and health of occupants.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Indoor air contaminants are harmful to the environment and to the health and comfort of building occupants. Minimize the health risks associated with indoor air contaminants by selecting indoor materials that have zero or minimal rates of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Unites States, VOCs cause eye, nose and throat irritation, frequent headaches, nausea, and can also damage the liver, kidney and central nervous system. Some organics can cause cancer in animals; some are suspected or known to cause cancer in humans. In addition, VOC's in the air react with oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight to form ozone which is considered a difficult pollutant to control, as it is not emitted into the air, but actually formed in the atmosphere through a photochemical process.

Indoor materials to be considered are the following: paints, coatings, primers, finishes, stains, sealants, caulking, adhesives, carpets, and composite wood products. Any material that can affect the indoor air quality through its emissions should be selected carefully taking into account its potential for harmful emissions.

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Methods & Measures

• Avoid composite wood and agrifiber products that contain urea-formaldehyde resins.

• Avoid using wood composite materials (particle board, medium density fiberboard, etc.) which often use high VOC adhesives. Many alternatives are available including recycled plastic, salvaged wood, oriented strand board (OSB), and certified wood.

• Specify materials used for any indoor surfaces, such as flooring, walls, and ceilings and those used within wall cavities, above suspended ceilings, and below finished floors, with low VOC emissions.

• Avoid materials used for indoor furnishings, mechanical system components, and any other systems or components within the building that may emit harmful contaminants into the indoor environment.

• Use water-based paint usually which has a lower rate of VOCs than solvent based paint, since most of the VOC emissions are from evaporating solvents. Low VOC paint is generally considered to be paint with a VOC content of less than 100 mg/L.

• Use lighter color paints as they tend to have a lower VOC content.

• Ensure that paint is applied and dries before soft materials (carpet, etc.) that easily absorb VOC content are present.

• Assess the potential health risks associated with certain materials by examining the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) provided by the product manufacturers. However, the MSDSs are not completely comprehensive in terms of impacts on indoor air quality, but include information on relevant factors such as: hazardous components, chemical identification, chemical characteristics, reactivity data, health hazard data, fire/explosion hazard data, etc.

• Acquire, where possible, the emissions test data from manufacturers for each indoor material and finish. Reports should include information on material origin, test methods and results, and VOC emission rates.

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ASSESSMENT


All projects will assess the VOC levels in the materials and finishes used for fit-outs.

Evaluation

All projects will complete the Low-Emitting Materials Calculator to evaluate the measured VOC contents of specified indoor materials. All projects will develop a plan to specify materials with low VOC emission rates as found in the calculator.

Submittal

Submit the Low-Emitting Materials Calculator and the following supporting documents:



• Cost estimates.

• Material Safety Data Sheets or other documentation listing the VOC content for all indoor materials and finishes.

SCORE

Score VOC_emi_total (X)

-1 X > 100% OR any VOC_emi_i > 100%

0 85% < X ≤ 100%

1 70% < X ≤ 85%

2 60% < X ≤ 70%

3 X ≤ 60%


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. Commercial Adhesives (GS-36). Washington: Green Seal Standards and Certification,

2000. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.greenseal.org/certification/standards/commercial_

adhesives_GS_36.cfm>.

2. Carpet and Rug Institute. Carpet and Rug Institute. Web. 3 June 2010. <www.carpet-rug.org>.

Publications:

1. An Update on Formaldehyde. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Web. 3 June 2010.

<http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCpub/pubs/725.html>.

2. Green Seal Environmental Standard for Paints and Coatings (GS-11). 2nd ed. Washington:

Green Seal, Inc., 2008. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.greenseal.org/certification/standards/

commercial_adhesives_GS_36.cfm>.

3. High Performance Schools Best Practices Manual, Volume 2, Design, CHPS [The Collaborative

for High Performance Schools], 2006

4. Rule #1168: Adhesive and Sealant Application. Diamond Bar, CA: South Coast Air Quality

Management District, 2005. Web. 3 June 2010. <http://www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg11/

r1168.pdf>.


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VIEWS

Purpose

To optimize the exposure to views in order to improve comfort and wellbeing for building occupants.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Access to outdoor views should be provided irrespective of its quality unless an activity requires the exclusion of daylight. Most people prefer a view of a natural scene: trees, grass, plants and open space. All occupants of a building should have the opportunity for the refreshment and relaxation afforded by a change of scene and focus. Even a limited view to the outside can be valuable. If an external view cannot be provided, occupants should have an internal view possessing some of the qualities of a view outdoors, for example, into an atrium.

For interior zones where no direct daylight is provided the indoor nature exposure (INE) that replicates nature including plant-based features, organic textures, fish tanks, live or artificial plants, nature photography or art and sounds and aromas can be considered potential means of improving health and creating health-promoting environments. In particular, studies have shown that plants offer a guarantee of enhancing perception and contributing to wellbeing and that people perceive buildings with interior planting to be more welcoming and more relaxed.


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Methods & Measures

• Integrate exposure to outdoor views into the overall design approach of the building and take measures to maximize the outdoor views potential of the building.

• Consider design elements, such as atria, courtyards, skylights, and shading devices, to harvest and control natural light.

• Incorporate appropriate window openings in areas of maximum outdoor exposure.

• Consider the use of sun shades, louvers, operable blinds and drapes and exterior light shelves to control and reduce glare while providing opportunities for exposure to outdoor views.

• Locate the maximum number of spaces near windows through efficient interior space planning and configuration.

• Integrate building systems, including artificial lighting with daylighting through control systems to provide comfort to occupants.

• Where possible, ensure that site obstruction objects are cleared and access to views inside or outside the building are made available to occupants.

• Provide sufficient indoor planting in enclosed spaces lacking in natural views. Ensure proper housekeeping to control any presence of insects which might result in a negative impact on occupants.

• Provide indoor objects to enclosed spaces in the form of organic textures, fish tanks, nature photography or art as an alternative to natural views and ensure adequate distribution and locations.

• Create an indoor atrium, where feasible, in high traffic zone and provide planting and water features to create place of attraction in the workplace.

• Provide an outdoor courtyard, where feasible, with greenery and landscape that can be used by occupants for relaxation and break time.


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ASSESSMENT


All projects will design the space to maximize view opportunities by creating access to outside views for regularly occupied areas.

Evaluation

Part (A): Zones Exposed to Outdoor Views

All projects will complete the Views Calculators to determine the floor area and window area factors for all typical layouts of regularly occupied spaces. The floor area factor is the percentage of the total occupiable area that is within 7 meters of a perimeter wall. Interior courtyards or atria can be considered as views to the outside.

The window area factor is the percentage of the total area of the perimeter wall of occupants space in reference to the total area of visible openings or windows. The area of windows and visible openings must be at least 20 percent of the total interior wall area and must not be obstructed by permanent architectural devices.

All projects will select all typical floors in the project that have variations in floor layout and window areas to include in the calculations. All projects will complete the Views Input Calculator for each typical floor type to determine the floor area factor and window area factor for all typical layouts of regularly occupied spaces, and use the Views Scoring Calculator to determine the final score based on the area-weighted average of the floor area and window area factors.

Part (B): Zones have No Access to Outdoor Views

All projects will provide evidences for integration of planting and indoor objects alternatives to natural views in applicable areas.

Submittals

Submit the following supporting documents:

• Views Calculator.

• Typical Floor Plan showing required features.

• Building elevations showing windows areas.

• Section through typical floor showing potential obstructions that block the view.

• Illustration aids for features alternative to natural views incorporated into building layout.


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SCORE

Part (A): Zones Exposed to Outdoor Views

Score Requirement (X = Occupiable Area, Y = Window Area)

-1 X < 60% OR Y < 20%

0 60% ≤ X < 70%

1 70% ≤ X < 80%

2 80% ≤ X < 90%

3 X ≥ 90%

Part (B): Zones have No Access to Outdoor Views

Score Requirement

0Provisions for views are provided for reception and public spaces

1Provisions for views are provided for more than 25% of interior spaces

2Outdoor courtyard with adequate landscape is accessible for occupants

3Provisions for views are provided for more than 50% of interior spaces


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Publications:

1. Bickford, E. Lawrence, O.D. “Computers and Eyestrain.” The EyeCare Reports. Santa Barbara: Larry Bickford,1996. Web. 04 August 2010. <http://www.eyecarecontacts.com/abstracts_and_reports_home.html>.

2. Daylighting and Window Design, Lighting Guide 10; CIBSE: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. United Kingdom: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 1999. Print.


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MANAGEMENT & OPERATIONS [MO]

The Management and Operations category consists of factors associated with building design management and operations.

IMPACTS

Environmental impacts resulting from ineffective building management and operations include:

• Climate Change• Fossil Fuel Depletion• Water Depletion• Materials Depletion• Land Use and Contamination• Water Pollution• Air Pollution• Human Comfort & Health

MITIGATE IMPACTFactors that could mitigate environmental impact include:

• Creating a commissioning plan to meet all the sustainable goals of the project.• Providing facilities for the collection, storage, and proper removal of organic waste.• Providing facilities for the collection, storage, and proper removal of recyclables.• Providing leak detection systems for water & HVAC.• Providing energy and water use sub-metering systems.

• Providing an automated building control system to optimize building performance.

CRITERIA INCLUDED

No CriteriaScore

WeightsMin Max

MO.1 Commissioning Plan 0 3 2.00%

MO.2 Waste Management 0 3 4.00%

MO.3 Facility Management 0 3 5.00%

MO.4 Leak Detection Systems 0 3 1.00%

MO.5 Energy & Water Sub-Metering 0 3 3.00%

MO.6 Building Management System 0 3 1.00%


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COMMISSIONING PLAN

Purpose

Encourage commissioning planning within the design process

GUIDELINES

Overview

Implementing a commissioning plan for the project helps to ensure efficient design, construction, calibration, and performance of all building systems as required by code and local building regulations. A successful commissioning process is dependent upon many factors including proper planning, thorough documentation, effective coordination and communication, and strategic implementation.

Methods & Measures

• Appoint a qualified commissioning party to be responsible for leading the commissioning process, coordinating with the project team and at times reviewing documentation to ensure proper implementation.

• Ensure that the qualified commissioning party consults with the project owner to identify the systems to be covered through commissioning and to establish project goals for each of the building systems. Requirements and goals should be quantifiable and measurable in order to easily verify whether the project objectives have been achieved.

• Ensure the commissioning plan covers all the critical building systems such as the following:

• Life safety systems.

• HVAC systems.

• Lighting systems and controls.

• Electrical systems.

• Building envelope.

• Water-use systems.

• Renewable energy systems.

• Electronic card-reader security systems.

• Equipment associated with the industrial process.

• Large-scale broadcast and media systems.

• Competition venues and related equipment.

• Large-scale food service equipment.


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• Ensure that the commissioning plan addresses optimum performance of all relevant building systems under projected occupancy loads and conditions.

• Develop a plan to address the coordination between team members of all phases, including design, installation, and operation. Coordination between phases is necessary to maintain the performance of the building’s systems at the maximum efficiency throughout the life of the building.

• Ensure that the commissioning process addresses the performance criteria for each system. The appointed party will review the necessary documents, such as design documents, submittals, and field testing reports, to verify that the building systems are properly designed and installed to perform efficiently.

• Ensure that the commissioning party verifies that the commissioning requirements have been included within the construction documents and project specifications.

• Ensure that the commissioning party reviews, verifies, and compiles the performance results of the building systems and complete a summary commissioning report to document the results of the commissioning process.


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ASSESSMENT


All projects will engage a qualified commissioning party to develop a Commissioning Plan for all phases of the fit-out process.

Evaluation

All projects will use a qualified commissioning party to develop a comprehensive Commissioning Plan for all phases of the fit-out process to ensure the proper design, construction, calibration, and performance of all critical building systems. The commissioning party will be responsible for overseeing and coordinating the following issues during the commissioning process:

• Development of a plan that outlines the owner’s commissioning goals and objectives.

• Development of a plan by the design team that delineates standards and descriptions for all commissioned systems.

• Inclusion of commissioning requirements within the construction documents.

• Review and verification of performance results of commissioned building systems, and completion of a summary commissioning report.

The following are acceptable employees or subcontractors that may serve as the commissioning party:

• A third-party, independent certified representative contracted by the owner.

• A project team such as subcontractor or employee of the architect, design engineer, test and balance contractor, or other trade contractor.

Submittals

Submit the following supporting documents:

• Owner’s project requirements and design intent.

• Documents that identify essential elements of the commissioning plan that have been met.

• Documents that outline steps necessary for continued building commissioning during the construction and operations phases.


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SCORE

Score Requirement

0Commissioning Plan does not demonstrate compliance.

1Commissioning Plan demonstrates partial compliance* and delivered by Project Team

2Commissioning Plan demonstrates partial compliance* and delivered by independent certified party

3 Commissioning Plan demonstrates full compliance.

* Commissioning Plan focuses on main building systems only.


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. Cx Assistant Commissioning Tool. Energy Design Resources, 2005. Web. 30 June 2010. <http://www.ctg-net.com/edr2002/cx/>.

Publications:

1. Armstrong, J., and G. T. Machin. Boilers: CIBSE Commissioning Code B. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2002. Print.

2. Guideline 0-2005 - The Commissioning Process. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2007. Print.

3. Guideline 1-1996 -The HVAC Commissioning Process. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1996. Print.

4. HVAC & R Technical Requirements for the Commissioning Process. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1996. Print.

5. Measurement, Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Building HVAC Systems. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2008. Print.

6. Burkhead, Carl E. Guidance for the Preparation of Operations Plans. Topeka: Department, 1993. Print.

7. Butcher, Ken. Commissioning Code M: Commissioning Management. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2003. Print.

8. Commissioning Code L: Lighting. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2003. Print.

9. Commissioning Code W: Water Distribution Systems. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2003. Print.

10. Marcus, Dicks. Commissioning Management: How to Achieve a Totally Functioning Building. Berkshire, UK: Building Services Research and Information Association, 2002. Print.

11. Heinz, John A., and Richard B. Casault. The Building Commissioning Handbook. 2nd ed. Alexandria: Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers, 2004. Print.

12. Installation and Commissioning of Refrigeration Systems, GPG 347. London: The Carbon Trust, 2003. Print.

13. Parsloe, C., and A. W. Spencer. Commissioning of Pipework Systems: Design Considerations. Berkshire, UK: Building Services Research and Information Association, 1996. Print.

14. Parsloe, C. Commissioning of HVAC Systems, Technical Memoranda 1/88.1. Berkshire, UK: Building Services Research and Information Association, 2002. Print.


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15. Commissioning of VAV Systems in Buildings, AG 1/91. Berkshire, UK: Building Services Research and Information Association, 1991. Print.

16. Commissioning of Water Systems in Buildings, AG 2/89.2. Berkshire, UK: Building Services Research and Information Association, 2002. Print.

17. Commissioning Water Systems Application Principles, AG 2 89.3. Berkshire, UK: Building Services Research and Information Association, 2002. Print.

18. Pre-Commission Cleaning of Pipework Systems, AG 1/2001.1. Berkshire, UK: Building Services Research and Information Association, 2001. Print.

19. Pre-commission Cleaning of Pipework Systems (2nd Edition): Including Advice on Fit-out Works. Bracknell, Berkshire: BSRIA, 2004. Print.

20. Commissioning Air Systems. Application Procedures for Buildings (AG 3/89.3 (2001)). Bracknell, Berkshire: BSRIA, 2001. Print.

21. Pennycook, Kevin. Automatic Controls: CIBSE Commissioning Code C. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2001. Print.

22. Teekaram, Arnold, and Anu Palmer. Variable Flow Water Systems: Design, Installation and Commissioning Guidance, AG 16/2002. Berkshire, UK: Building Services Research and Information Association, 2002. Print.

23. Welch, Terry, and Ken Butcher. Refrigerating Systems: CIBSE Commissioning Code R. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2002. Print.

24. Wilson, J. Commissioning Code A: Air Distribution Systems. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 1996. Print.


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WASTE MANAGEMENT

Purpose

Encourage planning for the collection and composting of organic waste and space planning to designate containment facilities for the building’s recyclable waste streams in order to minimize waste taken to landfills or incineration facilities.

GUIDELINES

Overview

Solid waste management (SWM) constitutes one of the important health and environmental problems the world is currently facing. The primary causes are the increase in population and the increased rate of resource consumption. Societies opt to reduce the amount of waste either taken to landfill or incinerated through the adoption of a solid waste hierarchy as follows:

• Reduce.

• Reuse.

• Recycle/composting.

• Disposal, when none of the other options are feasible.

The composition of the solid waste generated per typology differs from place to place depending on the property functionality and uses. Organic waste, the main stream of wastes generated, accounts for 50% to 60% of the municipal solid waste with very little being composted. This makes composting a practice that can significantly mitigate the problem. Organic waste is material that comes from plant or animal sources that contain carbon compounds.

Organic waste is more biodegradable than inorganic materials, and the by-products produced after organic waste has been broken down can be used for composting and enriching the soil.

Growth in the industrial-related sector causes a boost in the generation of hazardous waste, posing a risk to human health and habitat contamination. Deviation of hazardous waste from landfill is essential to avoid such major health and environmental impacts.


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Methods & Measures

Organic Waste Management

• Develop and implement an Organic Waste Management Plan to collect, store, compost, and/or recycle organic waste generated during building operations.

• Calculate, if feasible, the anticipated amounts of organic waste to be generated by the building, in order to provide sufficient space for sorting and storage.

• Provide sufficient collection points for organic waste throughout the building, especially near concessions and other food service locations where the majority of organic waste is produced.

• Provide collection bins along with other recyclable or trash containers to ensure building users can easily separate organic waste.

• Consider specifying self-closing airtight systems in areas containing organic waste to prevent risk to human health. These systems could be designed to be operated either automatically or manually, depending on user preference and their intended use.

• Provide a central sorting and storage area for organic materials, in addition to collection points located throughout the facility.

• Ensure that the sorting and storage areas are properly contained and ventilated to avoid the dispersion of noxious fumes and odors into occupied spaces of the building, which could present a possible health risk or discomfort to building occupants and users.

• Locate the organic waste storage spaces in close proximity to vehicular access to facilitate collection and removal.

• Determine the amount of organic waste the project will generate, as well as the amount of compost that can be reused on-site for landscaping or agriculture.

• Determine the types of organic waste that will be produced, including food waste, yard trimmings, or wood waste, and how these types of organic materials can be used.

• Identify off-site facilities where excess organic waste can be transported. These off-site locations can be municipal facilities that handle and distribute large quantities of organic material, as well as other smaller facilities that can reuse the material themselves.

• Ensure that all of the organic waste material that is generated and collected can be used either on- or off-site.

• Consider using the biomass of generated organic waste as energy. Organic waste generates heat as it is broken down and this energy can be harnessed to provide heat and power for the building.

• Consider, in addition to organic waste reuse, recycling kitchen generated cooking grease. This grease is not easily disposed of in sewers or landfills and can instead be reused for various processes. For example, vegetable-based kitchen grease can be used in biodiesel-run machines, or it can be used as raw materials for the rendering industry.


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Recycling Management

• Provide facilities for the collection and storage of recyclable materials generated during the building’s operation in order to reduce the amount of waste taken to landfills or for incineration.

• Ensure that the collection and storage spaces are clearly labeled for recycling, easily accessible to occupants and facility operators and situated in close proximity to vehicular access to facilitate collection and transport.

• Ensure that the signage within recycling facilities demarcate the bins for various materials to avoid contamination and improper sorting.

• Consider the impact on the building’s indoor environmental quality in terms of unwanted odors and disruptive noises associated with the sorting and storage of recyclable materials.

• Ensure that the storage facilities are properly contained and ventilated to minimize negative impacts to the surrounding building spaces.

• Evaluate possible security measures in cases where recyclable materials may be of a high value.

• Ensure that storage capacity will be sufficient for the anticipated amount of recyclable materials generated during normal building operations.

• Consider the size of equipment and facilities to be used for recycling management, such as compactors and wheeled bins, when allocating and designing the collection and storage spaces.

• Encourage the collection of recyclable materials such as glass, plastics, paper, cardboard and metals.

• Consider various recycling management equipment and strategies including recycling chutes, compactors, balers and individual collection bins located throughout the building to promote and encourage recycling activities.

• Develop instruction manual/booklet to educate building occupants and facilities operators on appropriate recycling procedures to maximize recycling rates.


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ASSESSMENT


Project will develop and implement a Waste Management Plan for the collection, storage, and composting of organic waste materials, as well as the recyclable materials on- or off-site.

Evaluation

Projects composting organic waste and recycling materials off-site, will demonstrate that a central storage area for compostable materials is located close to a truck loading area and that sufficient storage has been provided for the recyclable material produced. The Waste Management Plan will outline the collection procedures on how the organic waste and recyclable materials will be handled at the off-site facility.

If composting is done on-site, the Waste Management Plan will outline the collection procedures for organic waste and recyclable materials in the project to demonstrate that organic materials will be easily collected and removed for composting, and that recyclable materials will be easily collected and sorted at a facility or on-site.

All projects composting organic waste and recycling materials on- or off-site will ensure that the storage area or composting facility must be properly isolated and ventilated to reduce negative health impacts for building users and visitors.

Submittals

Submit a Waste Management Plan as well as drawings demonstrating the collection, storage, and composting of organic waste, as well as removal of recycling on- or off-site.

SCORE

Score Requirement

0Waste Management Plan does not demonstrate compliance.

1Waste Management Plan demonstrates partial compliance*

3Waste Management Plan demonstrates full compliance.

*WMP Includes full description for proper segregation, storage and handling of organic waste and recyclable materials.


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. “Reducing & Recycling.” Wastes. US, 24 March 2010. Web. 05 August 2010. <http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/organics/reduce.htm>.

2. California. City of Roseville. “How to Recycle Kitchen Grease.” City of Roseville California. n.d. Web. 05 August 2010. <http://www.roseville.ca.us/civica/filebank/blobdloadasp?BlobID=12619#page=>.

3. New York. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. “Composting of Organic Waste.” 2011. Web. 12 April 2011. < http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8798.html>.

4. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. “Common Wastes and Materials: Organic Materials.” 16 December 2010. Web. 12 April 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/organics/>.

Publications:

1. Diaz, Luis F., Clarence G. Golueke, George M. Savaage, and Linda L. Eggeth. Composting and Recycling Municipal Solid Waste. Boca Raton: Lewish Publishers,1993. Print.

2. Zaman, Atiq Uz. “Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Technologies.” Global Journal of Environmental Research 3.3 (2009): 155-163. Print.

3. Connecticut. State of CT. Dept of Environmental Protection. Bureau of Waste Management. Division of Planning and Standards. Best Management Practices for Grass Clipping Management. Hartford: Bureau of Waste Management, 1999. Print.

4. New York. The City of New York Department of Energy Conservation. City of New York Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan. New York, NY: DSNY, 2006. Print.


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FACILITY MANAGEMENT

Purpose

To implement an effective and integrated delivery of support services, maintenance and renovation plans for the organization that it serves.

GUIDELINES

Overview

The International Facility Management Association (IFMA), defines Facilities Management (FM) as a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality of the built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology. It is a process of managing and maintaining the facilities in the organisation, which includes at least office complexes, physical resources, site and any other mechanical and electrical utilities that can cause health or safety hazards to employees.

The benefits of adopting best practice in FM include financial savings related to avoiding costs due to ignorance of adequate preventive maintenance and increase in return on investment, personnel retention by maintaining a safe, comfortable and pleasant environment and core business performance due to well-maintained and uninterrupted business operations.

Facilities Management involves guiding and managing the operations and maintenance of buildings, precincts and community infrastructure on behalf of property owners. It is focused on the efficient and effective delivery of support services. FM is a vital element in supporting any organisation in carrying out its core business by providing a safe and effective environment in which to operate.

FM includes two principal areas: 'Space & Infrastructure' (for example: planning, design, workplace, construction, lease, occupancy, maintenance, furniture and cleaning) and 'People & Organisation' (for example: catering, ICT, HR, accounting, marketing, hospitality). These two broad areas of operation are commonly referred to as ‘hard FM’ and ‘soft FM’. The first refers to the physical built environment with focus on (work-) space and (building-) infrastructure. The second covers the people and the organisation and is related to work psychology and occupational physiology.

It is generally accepted that there are various models for the delivery of Facilities Management services ranging from in-house FM department to total out-sourcing FM services.

In-house FM Department. A dedicated management team with in-house employees trained to deliver all FM services. Specialist services can be outsourced where the required expertise is not available in-house, for example: lift and escalator maintenance.

Total Facility Management Contract. The FM supplier will deliver all FM services to the client organization through strategic partnerships, joint ventures, subsidiary companies or in-house resources – a total FM solution or ‘one-stop-shop’.


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The size of the organisation and the complexity of its operations influence the scope of facilities management services and its delivery model. Increasingly it is common practice for organisations to concentrate on their core business and to outsource support services including FM services.

The role of the facilities managers (FM’s) spans across business functions. The primary priority of an FM is keeping people alive and safe. Facility managers have to operate at two levels:

• Strategically-tactically: helping clients, customers and end-users understand the potential impact of their decisions in the provision of space, services, cost and business risk.

• Operationally: ensuring a corporate and cost-effective environment for the occupants to function.

Methods & Measures

Establish Resources Management Plan

FM should have adequate resources and structure to deliver the required scope with a satisfactory level of service. The resourcing plan should outline the staffing level, organization structure, roles and responsibilities, expertise, work schedule and resources.

Manage Environment, Health and Safety

The FM department shall control and manage many environmental and safety related issues of the organisation. Failure to control and manage such issues can result in unhealthy working conditions, employees falling sick, injury, loss of business and the potential for prosecution and insurance claims. Customer and investor confidence in the organization might also be impacted through negative publicity from health and safety failures.

Manage Fire Safety

Fire represents one of the highest risks to loss of life. The potential damage to property could result in an organization having to close. The FM department shall ensure that systems and methods are in place for maintenance, inspection and testing of all the fire safety equipment and systems The FM department shall keep records and certificates of compliance where required.

Manage Security

The protection of employees and the organisation is frequently under the control of the FM department, in particular the maintenance of security software and hardware. This can also include manned guards should the organization require this level of additional security although such provision can be the responsibility of another department or outsourced.


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Manage Maintenance, Testing and Inspections

Operations & Maintenance (O&M) manuals for all systems and equipment specific to the organisation shall be maintained in an accessible central location managed by the FM department. Maintenance, testing and inspection schedules are required to ensure that the facility and organisation is operating safely and efficiently, to maximize the lifespan of hardware and equipment to reduce the risk of failure. All statutory obligations and requirements must also be met. Such work shall be planned accordingly manually or through the use of a computer-aided FM management system.

Manage Building Fabric

Building fabric includes all preventative, remedial and upgrade works required for the upkeep and improvement of buildings and their components. Such work can include disciplines such as painting and decorating, carpentry, plumbing, glazing, plastering, and tiling and other such renovation works.

Manage Janitorial Services

Janitorial services include the regular cleaning of toilets, replenishing consumable items (such as toilet rolls, soap) and the uplift of litter. Janitorial services shall provide a reactive response to the need for such actions. Cleaning shall be scheduled as a series of periodic (daily, weekly, monthly) tasks. Sustainable and healthy practices are of prime importance for the health and wellbeing of occupants and care should be given to type and chemical content of the materials used.

Manage Operational Performance

The FM department has responsibilities for the general day-to-day running of the building. These activities may be undertaken internally by employed staff or outsourced. This is often a policy issue, subject to the size and complexity of the organization. The immediacy of the response required in many of the activities involving the facilities manager will often require daily reports or an escalation procedure.

Some issues can require more than only periodic maintenance, for example those that can stop or obstruct the productivity of the business or that could have health and safety implications.

Manage Customers’ Needs

The receipt of occupant requests or complaints must be handled by a central point. This can be in the form of a help-desk enabling contact through telephone or email. The response to help desk calls can be prioritized as the issues are raised but may be as simple as ‘too hot’ or ‘too cold’, lights are not working, the photocopier is jammed, coffee spills, or vending machine problems.

The help desk can also be used to book meeting rooms, car parking spaces and many other services. This often depends on how the FM department is organized. Facilities may be divided into two sections, often referred to as "soft" services such as reception and mail room, and "hard" services, such as the mechanical, fire and electrical services of the building.


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Manage Business Continuity Planning

All organizations should have a continuity plan in order that in the event of a fire or major failure the business can recover as quickly as possible and continue operating. In large organizations staff could be relocated to another location that has been set up to reflect the existing operational model. The FM department is one of the key facilitators should it be necessary to move the business to a recovery location.

Manage Space Allocation and Changes

Office layouts are subject to frequent changes in many organisations. This process is referred to as churn and the percentage of staff moved during a year is known as the churn rate. Such moves and change are normally planned by the FM department using computer-aided design. In addition, consideration may also be given to vending, catering or staff restrooms and pantries where staff can make a drink and take a break from their desk.


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ASSESSMENT


Project shall develop Facilities Management Plan (FMP) addressing the requirements outlined above.

Evaluation

The FMP must address:

• The roles, responsibilities and details of the FM provider, in-house or outsourced.

• The complete range of services to be included, including details and if these services are provided in-house or outsourced.

• How the services to be provided are or will be managed, procured and implemented.

• Quality assurance framework to ensure satisfactory delivery of the FM scope.

Submittals

Submit the Facilities Management Plan (FMP). As a minimum the plan shall include the following where applicable:

• Facility and Asset Management

• Environmental Health and Safety

• Operations and Maintenance Manual

• Preventative Maintenance

• Waste Management

• Energy and Water Management

• Traffic and Parking Management

• Safety and Security, Video, Audio and ICT systems

• Visitor Management

• Housekeeping and Cleaning.

• All supporting documents referenced in the FMP including evidence of current or planned services contracts.


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SCORE

Score Requirements

0Facilities Management Plan does not demonstrate compliance.

1Facilities Management Plan demonstrates partial compliance

3Facilities Management Plan demonstrates compliance


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. Tertiary Education Facilities Management Association. “A Guide to Incorporating Sustainability into Facilities Management.” Online: http://www.tefma.com/ (2004).

2. University of California-Santa Cruz. “Green Purchasing Guide”. Online: https://financial.ucsc.edu/Pages/Purchasing_GreenPurchasing.aspx (2016).

Publications:

1. Shah, Sunil. Sustainable practice for the facilities manager. John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

2. Hodges, Christopher P. “A facility manager’s approach to sustainability.”Journal of Facilities Management 3.4 (2005): 312-324.


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LEAK DETECTION SYSTEMS

Purpose

Minimize the impact of major water and refrigerant leakages by installing leak detection systems.

GUIDELINES

Overview

The leak detection systems must be capable of detecting major leaks, thereby reducing the impact on water consumption and depletion and to reduce the emissions of refrigerants to the atmosphere arising from leakages. By catching a water leak at its source, the value of investment is protected, out-of-pocket repair and remediation expenses are reduced, and the likelihood of hidden, long-lasting consequences are controlled.

New generation of an integrated automatic water leak system will alert building management and on-site engineers to the precise location of a leak, within minutes of detection. Water sensors are working 24/7 to detect water leaks. As soon as they sense water, they will alert facility management party. In addition, fully wireless – sensors and sensing cables can be installed anywhere in the building there is water. Going wireless reduces the cost of installation.


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Methods & Measures

• Specify the installation of an effective leak detection systems for all HVAC and water supply in the building.

• Ensure that the systems are activated when higher than normal flow rates are detected at water meters, for longer than a pre-set time period.

• Specify an automatic permanent refrigerant leak detection system. The leak detection systems should be clearly audible when activated to ensure that building facility operators are alerted of major leaks.

• Ensure that the leak detection systems allow for a high degree of sensitivity to identify various levels of leakage rates.

• Ensure that the system’s settings are be programmable and adjustable to allow for the appropriate and required values according to the building’s targets.

• Select a leak detection system that minimizes the likelihood of false alarms that may occur in systems such as chillers that consume large amounts of water during standard operations.

• Consider replacing CFCs with hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Hydrofluorocarbons do not contain chlorine and have an ODP of 0. Many HFCs are designed to have properties similar to CFCs and HCFCs. These are considered “drop-ins” and may be substituted for CFCs and HCFCs with minimal replacement to system components.

• Consider other options for refrigerants such as the compressed air and water in the form of a steam jet.

• Ensure that no CFC refrigerants leak when replacing CFC-based refrigerants with alternatives, since refrigerants can easily leak during decommissioning. All CFC refrigerants must be properly recovered before disposal of equipment.


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ASSESSMENT


All projects will develop and implement Leak Detection Systems for all water supply and HVAC system.

Evaluation

All projects will install a leak detection system on all main water supply lines leading to the site boundary and within the building. In addition, a leak detection system must be installed on specific wet areas of the building. Wet areas are defined as any area within a building connected to a water supply system including bathrooms, showers, laundry facilities, and sanitary compartments. All projects will install a refrigerant, CFCs free, detection on all HVAC systems which should be contained in a moderately air tight enclosure to avoid the high-risks. The water and refrigerant leak detection systems must meet the following requirements:

• Be capable of detecting higher than normal flow rates at water meters for longer than a pre-set period of time.

• Be capable of identifying various levels of leakage rates.

• Be programmable and adjustable.

• Be clearly audible.

• Minimize the possibility of false alarms.

• Provide refrigerant recovery system where necessary.

Submittals

Submit Leak Detection Plans and the following supporting documents:

• Specifications for all leak detection equipment.

• Drawings to demonstrate the location and scope of the leak detection equipment.


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SCORE

Score Requirements

0Leak Detection System does not demonstrate compliance.

1Leak Detection System demonstrate partial compliance*

3Leak Detection System demonstrates full compliance.

*Partial compliance refers to provisions for leak detection system for either water or HVAC system.


FURTHER RESOURCES

Publications:

1. Australia. Department of Water. Guidelines for Water Meter Installation. Government of Western Australia, 2007. Print.

2. Lahlou, Zacharia. “Leak Detection and Water Loss Control.” Tech Brief: A National Drinking Water Clearinghouse Fact Sheet. New York: National Drinking Water Clearinghouse, 2001. Web. 05 July 10. <http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/ndwc/pdf/OT/TB/TB_LeakDetection.pdf>.

3. Mays, Larry W. Water Distribution Systems Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Print.

4. Satterfield, Zane, PE, and Vipin Bhardwaj. “Water Meters. National Environmental Services Center.” New York: National Drinking Water Clearinghouse, 2004. Web. 05 July 10. <http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/ndwc/pdf/OT/TB/TB_LeakDetection.pdf>.

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ENERGY & WATER SUB-METERING

Purpose

Encourage the installation of energy and water sub-meters that separately monitor systems for in-use energy and water consumption.

GUIDELINES

Overview

The sub-metering devices are installed to monitor and evaluate energy and water performance and consumption during building operations. Major energy and water systems should be metered and monitored in conjunction with data logging to provide for continued accountability of energy and water consumption over the building’s lifespan. Energy and water sub- metering will also facilitate the development of strategies to help improve performance, thereby ensuring the overall efficiency of building operations. Target performance values should be set for building energy and water consumption, and facility operators should develop and implement plans to reach and maintain those values.

Methods & Measures

• Monitoring devices should display and record the energy and water consumption data of major systems in the building.

• Provide energy sub-meters for all major energy-consuming systems, such as lighting, hot water heaters, boilers, fans, cooling, humidification, space heating, competition-related equipment, large-scale broadcast and media systems, equipment associated with industrial processes, and large-scale food service equipment, to be used in the building.

• Provide water sub-meters for all major water-consuming systems, such as bathroom fixtures, hot water heaters, boilers, chilled water systems, competition-related equipment, and large-scale food service equipment.

• Ensure that the energy and water sub-metering are properly and clearly labeled, easily accessible, and convenient for regular access by the building facility operators.

• Specify the appropriate location of energy and water sub-meters such as in the plant room, distribution room, or control room.

• Determine the optimal quantity and specific locations of energy and water meters according to the types and complexity of systems to be monitored.

• Consider utilizing energy simulations or engineering analysis to predict overall energy consumption and evaluate major energy system performance.

• Consider utilizing simulations or engineering analysis to predict the overall water consumption to evaluate the efficiency of water-consuming systems.

• Determine measures and strategies for continued improvement of energy and water efficient building operations, throughout the design of the project and during building operations.

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ASSESSMENT


All projects will develop an Energy and Water Sub-metering Plan to provide separate accessible energy and water sub- meters for all energy and water consuming systems in the building.

Evaluation

All projects will install energy and water sub-meters for all energy and water consuming systems within the building. Continuous monitoring is required for sub-meters installed.

Energy sub-meters must be provided separately for each of the following systems, if used in the building:

• General electric consumption

• Lighting systems

• Fans

• Plug Loads

• Elevators & Escalators

• Other major energy-consuming systems used at the facility

Water sub-meters must be provided separately for each of the following systems, if used in the building:

• General indoor water consumption

• Other major water-consuming systems used in the building, such as irrigation, cooling towers or sprinkler systems

Submittals

Submit an Energy and Water Sub-metering system and the following supporting documents:

• Drawings to demonstrate the location of energy and water monitoring units.

• Specifications and diagrams of the metering system.

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SCORE

Score Requirements

0Energy and Water Sub-metering system does not demonstrate compliance

1Sub-metering system is provided for either Energy or Water

3Energy and Water Sub-metering system is provided for both energy and water


FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. Efficiency Valuation Organization. Efficiency Valuation Organization, 2010. Web 30 June 2010. <http://www.evo-world.org/>.

Publications:

1. Building Energy Metering – A Guide to Energy Sub-metering in Non-domestic Buildings. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2006. Print.

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BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Purpose

Encourage the installation of an Automated Control System to optimize system performance.

GUIDELINES

Overview

A building management system (BMS) is a computer-based control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the building's mechanical and electrical equipment such as cooling, lighting, irrigation, fire systems, security systems, etc... The implementation of an automatic control system should be customized to work with the specific installed systems in a building to create a central interface of data collection and systems control. The BMS consists of a variety of components and can significantly reduce energy consumption and increase occupant comfort by integrating multiple systems and optimizing performance. Another benefit of the BMS is the recorded data available to building managers. This data is essential for calibration and optimization and can alert the building manager to critical maintenance issues.

Current generation BMS systems are now based on open communications protocols and are WEB enabled allowing integration of systems from multiple system vendors and access from anywhere in the world.


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Methods & Measures

• Use BMS to maximize energy saving in buildings. Software can be set to specific levels allowing for individual occupants to have desktop control over task lighting in order to reduce the need for heavy overhead lighting, or temperature needs can be customized by zone and respond to heat gain.

• Equip the BMS with air quality monitoring component to manage airborne contaminant levels and work with ventilation systems to purify air.

• Ensure that the BMS has capability to control lighting systems as they consume a significant amount of energy. The BMS may employ daylight harvesting technologies to manage energy usage and occupant comfort levels. With a careful balance of natural light and artificial fluorescent luminaries, a building can benefit from considerable energy savings and an improvement of spatial quality.

• Install sensors to monitor and automatically adjust lighting levels to favor the usage of natural light, and make sure artificial lights have dimmers to respond to these adjustments. To optimize lighting, it is necessary that daylight sensors cover an appropriate area.

• Select appropriate shading systems, such as blinds and louvers, to work with the BMS and place sensors in appropriate locations relevant to these systems.

• Install, where applicable, multifunction sensors to combine photoelectric light level detection, passive infrared levels, and ultrasonic motion detection. These sensors can be customized to increase artificial lighting levels based on motion detection or configured to perform different tasks based on the time of day.

• Program sensors to switch off or greatly reduce the lighting levels to address only specific tasks especially for periods of low occupation in the building.

• Employ motion detection sensors for egress paths connected to the BMS to provide specific illumination and reduce light pollution and energy consumption.

• Equip BMS with a weather-related intelligence systems feature. This feature can connect to local weather and GIS data to predict outages of power, provide the framework for on-site renewable energy generation, or coordinate irrigation efforts with natural rainfall.

• Link the BMS to security systems, fire system and emergency management systems (EMS) to alert direct-response authorities in case of emergency situations.

• Consider the adaptability of the BMS, including what equipment can be controlled and how easy it is to reprogram the system.

• Train facility management team to monitor and use the BMS efficiently including the utilization of the BMS for preventive maintenance program.

• Test and calibrate the BMS at the intervals recommended by the manufacturer. Due to the complex nature of these systems, they should be regularly audited by a professional to optimize performance, assess efficiency, and ensure maximum occupant comfort levels are met.


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ASSESSMENT


All projects will develop and implement an Automated Control System Plan to maintain the project’s systems.

Evaluation

All projects will install an Automated Control System to control and monitor major building systems including cooling, ventilation, lighting, and irrigation. The Automated Control System Plan must outline a preventive maintenance program to ensure that components are tested, repaired, or replaced at the intervals recommended by the manufacturer.

Submittals

Submit the Automated Control System Plan as well as the following supporting documents:

• Specifications and features of the building management system.

• Drawings/documentations that show the location of the system and connectivity with installed sensors.

SCORE

Score Requirement

0Building Management System does not demonstrate compliance

1Building Management System demonstrates partial compliance

3Building Management System demonstrates compliance


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FURTHER RESOURCES

Websites:

1. Lonix Intelligent Building Management System Specification Guide. Lonix Ltd, n.d. Web. 30

June 2010. <http://www.lonix.com/specifications/IBMS_specification.pdf>.

2. Installing, Retrofitting, or Upgrading Intelligent Building Systems. Technologies for Facilities

Management, BOMI International, 2009. Web. 07 July 2010. <http://www.fmlink.com/

ProfResources/HowTo/article.cgi?BOMI%20International:howto030509.html>.

Publications:

3. Ramsey, Charles, and John Hoke Jr.. Architectural Graphic Standards, The American Institute

of Architects. 11th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. Print.

4. Stein, Benjamin, John S. Reynolds, Walter T. Grondzik, and Alison G. Kwok. Mechanical and

Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 10th edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. Print.

5. Bradshaw, Vaughn, PE. The Building Environment: Active and Passive Control Systems. 3rd

ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. Print.

6. Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings. Washington: American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2008. Print.

7. Bauman, Fred. Giving Occupants What They Want: Guidelines for Implementing Personal

Environmental Control in Your Building. Berkley: Center for the Built Environment: University

of California, Berkeley, 1999. Print.

8. Snowden, Dr. Jane L. IBM Smarter Energy Management Systems for Intelligent Buildings.

New Town Heights: IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, 2009. Web. 07 July 2010. <http://www.

citris-uc.org/files/Snowden%20IBM%20Research%20061009.pdf>.

9. “Intelligent Buildings - A Holistic Perspective on Energy Management.” Electrical Review.

London: St. John Patrick Publishers, LTD., 2009. <http://www.electricalreview.co.uk/

features/118645/Intelligent_buildings_-_A_holistic_perspective_on_energy_management.

html>.

2018

GSAS INTERIORS GUIDELINES & ASSESSMENT 2018

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