By SHAMS UD DIN

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Shams ud dinShamaila HaleemSameera Aslam

WHAT?

WHERE?WHY?

WHO?

WHEN?

HOW?

Questionnaire Questionnaire is used where factual information from the respondents is desired.

Questions are designed to elicit information which is filled by all participants in the sample.

This can be gathered either by oral interview or by written Questionnaires.

This is the most common type of research instrument.

Characteristics of Good Questionnaire

SpecificShortSimple and clearObjectivePresented in a good orderAttractiveArranged properly

Validity and Reliability of Questionnaire

Validity: Measure what it’s intended to measure/ Meet the objectives

Reliability: Must be consistent

(Best & Kahn, 1992)

Advantages of Questionnaire1. Relatively simple method of obtaining information.2. Less time is consumed.3. Researcher is able to gather data from a widely scattered

sample.4. It is easy to plan, construct, and administer.

Disadvantages

1. Some items may be misunderstood.2. The sample is limited to those who are literate.3. Printing may be costly especially if it’s lengthy.

Steps in Questionnaire Construction

1. Preparation2. Constructing the first draft3. Self-evaluation4. External evaluation5. Revision6. Pre-test or Pilot study7. Revision8. Second Pre-test if necessary9. Preparing final Copy

Unstructured and Structured Questions

Questions can also be classified, on the basis of form and method of response, into two major categories: Unstructured and structured.Unstructured Question - allow respondents to reply freely without having to select one of several provided responses Structured Question – It specifies the respondents’ answer in the several provided options in a question.

(Classified by P.V.Young)(Chauhan, 2012: 186)

Types of Question1. Factual questions 2. Opinion and Attitude questions 3. Information questions 4. Self- perception questions5. Standard of action questions6. Projective questions7. Open/direct questions8. Closed/indirect questions

Questionnaire is also classified as closed and open form.

Forms of Questionnaire

Closed formOpen FormPictorial Form

(Farooq, 2001)

Classification of QuestionnaireP.V. Young has classified questionnaire into

two main types:

Structured QuestionnaireNon-Structured Questionnaire

(Chauhan, 2012: 186)

Ways of Administering a Questionnaire 1. Collective Administration - One of the best way of

administering a questionnaire is to obtain a captive audience such as students in classroom, people attending a function

2. Administration in a public place - Sometimes you can administer a questionnaire in a public place such as a shopping Center, health center, hospital, school or pub, it is dependent upon the type of study population

3. The mailed questionnaire - The most common approach to collect information is to send the questionnaire to prospective respondents by mail

Interview Interview consists of oral question

asked by the interviewer and oral/verbal responses by the research participant. OR A meeting of people face to face, especially for consultation.

Characteristics of Interview1. The participants - the interviewer and

the respondent - are strangers. Hence, the investigator has to get himself introduced to the respondent in an appropriate manner

2. The relationship between the participants and the interviewer is a transitory one. It has a fixed beginning and termination points.

3. Interview is not a mere casual conversational exchange, but a conversation with a specific purpose, viz., obtaining information relevant to a study.

4. Interview is a mode of obtaining verbal answers to questions put verbally.

5. The interaction between the interviewer and the respondent need not necessarily be on a face-to-face basis, because interview can be conducted over the telephone also.

6.Although interview is usually a conversation between two persons, it need not be limited to a single respondent. It can also be conducted with a group of persons

7. Interviewing is a flexible psychological process.

Types of InterviewsIndividual InterviewsGroup InterviewsStructured InterviewsUnstructured InterviewsNon-directive Depth InterviewFocussed Interviews

(Farooq, 2001)

Advantages of Interview1. The interviewer can gather other supplemental

information like economic level, living conditions etc.

2. The accuracy and dependability of the answers given by the respondent can be checked by observation and probing.

3. Interview is flexible and adaptable to individual situations. Even more control can be exercised over the interview situation.

4. Data from interview is useable.5. Depth of response can be assured.

Disadvantage of Interview1. The interview results are often adversely affected

by interviewer's mode of asking questions and interactions

2. Certain types of personal and financial information may be refused in face-to-face interview

3. Interview poses the problem of recording information obtained from the respondents

4. Lack of training for the person who conducts interview.

5. Interview is costly both in terms of money and time.

Interview Process

1. Preparation.2. Introduction .3. Developing rapport.4. Carry the interview forward.5. Recording the interview .6. Closing the interview .

Interview Problems

1. Inadequate response 2. Interviewer's bias3. Non response 4. Non availability 5. Refusal6. Incapacity or inability

References Best, John W. &Kahn, James V. (1992). Research

in Education. 181-201. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.

Chauhan, Sandeep. (2012). Research Methodology in Education . New Delhi: Pearson.

Farooq, R.A. (2001). Understanding Research in Education. Lahore: Z. A. Printers.

Good, V. & Scates, Douglas E. (1992). Methods of Research in Education. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts. Inc.

References: (Continued…)www.google.com

http://cbdd.wsu.edu/edev/nettom_tot/Resources/Other/TOM614/page62.htm

http://www.slideshare.net/olmsgal/collecting-research-data-with-questionnaires-and-interviews