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Transcript of Groundwater Monitoring Groundwater Monitoring Kaan Tunçok Antalya, 2015 Module 2: Water Budget,...
Groundwater Monitoring
Kaan Tunçok
Antalya, 2015
Module 2: Water Budget, Pressures and Impacts, Significant Water Management Issues,
Monitoring, Characterization Report
Groundwater Resources
Millions of m3 pumped every year: Monitored? Who? How? 100’s of thousands of users: Registered? Controlled?
10’s of thousands of wells/boreholes: Registered? Maintained? Info. about location, abstraction levels, water levels, water quality, formation, etc -
1000’s of sources of pollution: Location, nature & quantity of pollutants? aquifer vulnerability?
Many governing departments/institutions: Joint management ? Coordination / cooperation?
One way to make groundwater visible...
by MONITORING it, e.g: Monitoring groundwater level shows a declining water table – which allows water managers to obtain an appreciation of the status of the resource.
Year-wise depletion of groundwater
Some Consequences of GW abstraction
Normal consequences of any groundwater
pumping
When pumping is
further increased
Excessivepumping
One way to make grdwater visible...(contd.)
Types of data for Groundwater Management
DATA TYPE BASELINE DATA (from archives)
TIME-VARIANT DATA (from field stations)
Groundwater Occurrence & Aquifer Properties
hydrogeologic logs, grdwater levels, quality, etc.
well & aquifer pumping tests
grdwater level monitoring
grdwater quality monitoring
Groundwater use
water well pump installations
Water use inventoriesPopulation registers &
forecasts Irrigation energy
consumption
water well abstraction monitoring (direct/indirect)
grdwater level variations
Supporting Information
climatic data land-use inventories geologic maps/sections
riverflow gauging meteorologic
observations satellite land-use
surveys
The Monitoring Cycle
static & dynamic water levels, water quality
Mgt question &
monitoring objectives, e.g.
trends & changes, impacts & risks, etc.
Mgt of info. & actions
Define actual info. needed, what for, wherefrom..? etc.
Effectiveness of groundwater monitoring
....is improved by careful attention to: network design system implementation data interpretation data storage from past monitoring activities accessibility of monitoring stations... participatory monitoring amongst water users
Monitoring data
Historic data reveals over-abstraction..
Many cities have experienced rapid growth of urban & industrial waste disposal to the ground....
Early warning of potential threats to Aquifer + Grdwater supply quality
.....thus, necessitating a focused groundwater quality management
monitoring, using sampling piezometers.
Early warning of potential threats to Aquifer + Grdwater supply quality
Network Design
objectives must be defined and program adapted accordingly
groundwater flow system must be understoodsampling locations and monitoring parameters must
be selected by objectives
Systemimplementation
appropriately-constructed observation + abstraction wells must be used
field equipment + laboratory facilities must be appropriate to the objectives
a complete operational protocol + data handling system must be established
groundwater + surface water monitoring should be integrated where applicable
Datainterpretation
data quality must be regularly checked through internal and external controls
decision makers should be provided with interpreted management-relevant datasets
program should be periodically evaluated and reviewed
Basic rules for a successful groundwater monitoring programme
Network Design
Systemimplementati
on
Datainterpretation
objectives must be defined and program adapted accordingly
groundwater flow system must be understoodsampling locations and monitoring parameters
must be selected according to objectives
appropriately-constructed observation + abstraction wells must be used
field equipment + laboratory facilities must be appropriate to the objectives
a complete operational protocol + data handling system must be established
groundwater + surface water monitoring should be integrated where applicable
data quality must be regularly checked through internal and external controls
decision makers should be provided with interpreted management-relevant datasets
program should be periodically evaluated and reviewed
Design of groundwater monitoring programmes
Monitoring Guidance for GW-GD 15
3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
3.1 CONCEPTUAL MODELS AS BASIS FOR MONITORING
3.2 AQUIFER TYPES
3.3 GROUPING OF GROUNDWATER BODIES
3.4 INTEGRATED MONITORING
3.5 NETWORK REVIEW AND UPDATE
4 CHEMICAL STATUS AND TREND MONITORING
4.1 DESIGN OF THE SURVEILLANCE MONITORING PROGRAMME 4.1.1 Selection of surveillance monitoring determinands 4.1.2 Selection of representative surveillance monitoring sites 4.1.3 Monitoring frequency
4.2 DESIGN OF THE OPERATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 4.2.1 Selection of operational monitoring determinands 4.2.2 Selection of representative operational monitoring sites 4.2.3 Monitoring frequency
5 QUANTITY MONITORING 5.1.1 Monitoring parameters 5.1.2 Selection of monitoring density 5.1.3 Monitoring frequency
6 PROTECTED AREA MONITORING 6.1 DRINKING WATER PROTECTED AREA MONITORING
7 PREVENT AND LIMIT MONITORING
8 ENSURING QUALITY OF MONITORING DATA 8.1 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 8.2 QUALITY CONTROL
9 METHODS FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
10 REPORTING
Monitoring Programme Design
Article 5 characterisation and risk assessment procedure and conceptual model/understanding of GW establish monitoring network representative for groundwater body focus on phenomena affecting overall state of groundwater body. Local scale pollution processes: target of different monitoring activities by authorities local impacts not relevant unless evolution in t and x endangers environmental objectives
Consider three-dimensional nature of GW system, spatial and temporal variability, to determine location of monitoring sites and selection of appropriate site density existing quality and/or quantity data (length, frequency, range of parameters) construction characteristics of existing sites and abstraction regime spatial distribution of existing sites compared to the scale of groundwater body practical considerations relating to long-term access, security, health and safety.
Appropriate monitoring site types: understanding of objectives of monitoring and understanding of travel times and/or groundwater ages
Integrated monitoring: cost-efficient monitoring by using appropriate components of existing monitoring networks and operating integrated groundwater and surface networks
Conceptual models as basis for monitoring regional conceptual model – an understanding of the factors at
groundwater body scale that identifies the need to establish a monitoring network/point and how the data will be used;
local conceptual model – an understanding of the local factors influencing the behaviour, both in chemical and quantitative terms, of individual monitoring points.
Conceptual Model-Basis for Monitoring
Overview of monitoring objectives
1) Results will support characterisation in future RBMP cycles 2) Assumes new Groundwater Directive will require DWPA objectives to meet good status
What parameters and quality elements should be monitored?
Groundwater quantitative status Most appropriate parameters to monitor quantitative status will depend
on conceptual model/understanding of the groundwater system.
spring flows or even base-flows in rivers may be more appropriate than the use of boreholes in low permeability fractured media
where the risks of failing to achieve good quantitative status are low and information from the surface water monitoring network can adequately validate this assessment.
Groundwater chemical status and trends Where surveillance monitoring is required, the Directive requires that a
core set of parameters be monitored. These parameters are oxygen content, pH value, conductivity, nitrate and ammonium.
Other monitored parameters for both surveillance and operational monitoring must be selected on the basis of
(a) the purpose of the monitoring programme,
(b) the identified pressures and
(c) the risk assessments made using a suitable conceptual model/understanding of the groundwater system and the fate and behaviour of pollutants in it.
How often should monitoring be undertaken?
Groundwater quantitative status
Most appropriate monitoring frequency will depend on conceptual model/understanding of the groundwater system and the nature of the pressures on the system.
Frequency chosen should allow short-term and long-term level variations within the groundwater body to be detected.
Where monitoring is designed to pick up seasonal or annual variations, the timing of monitoring should be standardised from year to year.
Groundwater chemical status
Guidance documents provide examples of frequencies that Member States have found appropriate in a number of hydrogeological circumstances and in relation to different pollutant behaviours.
No minimum duration for groundwater chemical status surveillance programme is specified.
Surveillance monitoring is only specified in the Directive for bodies at risk or which cross a boundary between Member States.
However, to adequately supplement and validate Annex II risk assessment procedure, validation monitoring will also be needed for bodies, or groups of bodies, not identified as being at risk.
Methodologies applied for the establishment of threshold values
Methodologies applied for the establishment of threshold values
126 groundwater threshold values established at Member State level 79 at Groundwater body level Germany and Belgium established on administrative level (region), an
additional level to GWD Article 3.2.
15 Member States established all their threshold values at the same level,
9 Member States established their threshold values at different levels.
Most Member States procedure for threshold values considered: both protection of associated aquatic and dependent terrestrial ecosystems (15) uses and functions of groundwater – mainly drinking water use (23)
4 Member States took regard of saltwater intrusion, where this problem was relevant.
Methodologies applied for the establishment of threshold values
15 Member States based on environmental quality objectives - international or national (e.g. EQS Directive 2008/105/EC)
Drinking water standards as basis of threshold values, EU Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC7) or international (e.g. WHO)
4 Member States mentioned Directive 2008/105/EC6 for establishing environmental quality standards.
2 Member States did not consider environmental objectives due to no risk or non-substantial impact;
2 other Member States this is due to limited knowledge about groundwater-surface water interactions.
1 Member State reported on transboundary cooperation within the establishment of threshold values.
Pollutants/indicators for which at least 10 Member States have established threshold values, including the range of threshold values
5 Member States reported more stringent threshold values for nitrates than groundwater quality standard (Annex I.1 GWD (50 mg/l))
Range from 18 mg/l to 50 mg/l –
6 Member States - threshold values for 36 different active substances in pesticides, below the quality standard of 0.1 μg/l. (0.0001 μg/l to 0.1 μg/l)
1 Member State reported a stricter threshold value (0.375 μg/l) thanin GWD for total pesticides (0,5 μg/l).
20 Member States established threshold values in total for 106 substances which do not belong to the Annex I (nitrates and pesticides) and II substances of the GWD.
62 belong to the group of synthetic substances.
Pollutants posing risk to more than 100 groundwater bodies or causing poor status to more than 50 groundwater bodies in Europe