Groot, Lentjes & Zeiler 2013 - Barely Surviving or Just Enough

7/22/2019 Groot, Lentjes & Zeiler 2013 - Barely Surviving or Just Enough

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]h hgvlrdgbhgtae arjcahdedny do suislsthgjh,sphjlaelsatldg agm surpeus oddm prdmujtldg

iarhey survlvlgn drbdrh tcag hgdunc4

hmlthm iy

Baalkh Nrddt, Mapcgh Ehgt`hs agm @rg Phlehr


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Zlmhstdgh VrhssA ghw nhghratldg do Vuielsclgn

\du arh rhamlgn a ouee vhrsldg do tcls iddk, odr orhh!

]cls iddk ls part do tch Zlmhstdgh h-elirary wchrh bdst do dur

puieljatldgs arh oueey ajjhsslieh odr orhh. Odr ajjhss td bdrh

orhh iddks vlslt0 www.slmhstdgh.jdb/elirary

Mdwgedam Ouee VMO

_lslt tch Zlmhstdgh h-elirary td irdwsh dur h-iddks. Odr a blglbae

ohh ydu jag purjcash a oueey ougjtldgae VMO agm iy mdlgn sd, ydu

chep td khhp dur elirary rugglgn.

www.slmhstdgh.jdb/elirary


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Zlmhstdgh Vrhss



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]h hgvlrdgbhgtae arjcahdedny do suislsthgjh,sphjlaelsatldg agm surpeus oddm prdmujtldg


hmlthm iy

Baalkh Nrddt, Mapcgh Ehgt`hs agm @rg Phlehr


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961: Lgmlvlmuae autcdrs

Vuielschm iy Zlmhstdgh Vrhss, Ehlmhgwww.slmhstdgh.jdb

LZIG 3-


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Jdgthgts

Ztumylgn suislsthgjh agm surpeus prdmujtldg >

Baalkh Nrddt agm Mapcgh Ehgt`hs

]ch rdeh do natchrlgn lg Blmmeh Arjcalj sdjlae jdbpehxlty lg tch

Blm-Zdutc0 a mlajcrdglj phrsphjtlvh

9

Batlema Cdebhs

Zjagt hvlmhgjh do nrhat surpeus0 rhsharjc at tch rurae Jlsthrjlag

bdgasthry do Cdebh Juetrab, Gdrtcwhst Hgneagm

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Ztumylgn suislsthgjh agm surpeusprdmujtldg

Baalkh Nrddt1,9agm Mapcgh Ehgt`hs1

1. Mhpartbhgt do ArjcahdednyOajuety do Arts

_X Xglvhrslty AbsthrmabMh Idheheaag 1168

1631C_ Absthrmab]h Ghtchreagms

b.nrddtFvu.gem.b.ehgt`hsFvu.ge

9. Lgthnratlvh Vrclstdrlsjch ugmGaturwlsshgsjcaoteljch Arjcdednlh

Xglvhrslty do IasheZpaehgrlgn 1=8JC-=688 Iashe

Zwltzhreagm

Lgtrdmujtldg

Hvhrydgh ghhms oddm td survlvh. Cdw phdpeh prdmujhm dr ajqulrhm tchlr oddm lg tchpast ls dgh do tch balg quhstldgs lg arjcahdedny.1Zlgjh hgvlrdgbhgtae arjcahdednyodjushs td a earnh hxthgt dg oddm rhbalgs agm bhags do prdmujtldg, tcls rhsharjcolhem do arjcahdedny prdvlmhs tch ihst jcagjhs td olgm dut cdw oddm prdmujtldg wasdrnaglshm lg tch past. Lg stumylgn oddm prdmujtldg, dgh ba`dr tchbh ls tch tdpljdo suislsthgjh agm surpeus prdmujtldg. Mlm phdpeh dgey prdmujh oddm td oueole

tchlr dwg ghhms, dr mlm tchy prdmujh bdrh tcag tchy ghhmhm odr survlvae a oddmsurpeus4 Agm lo surpeus oddm was prdmujhm, was tcls tchg part do a survlvae strathny(rlsk avdlmagjh lg jash do oalehm jrdps dr mlshash aoohjtlgn elvhstdjk; h.n. Caesthamagm DZcha 1


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Dgh jduem ask wcat `ustlolhs tch puieljatldg do agdtchr vdeubh dg suislsthgjhagm surpeus prdmujtldg. Aothr aee, tch sui`hjt batthr ls gdt ghw agm gubhrduspuieljatldgs cavh ihhg mhmljathm td lt lg tch past, bagy do wcljc wlee ih mlsjusshmlg tcls lgtrdmujtldg. ch balg rhasdg odr tajkelgn tcls tdplj dgjh analg ls tch

whaetc do ghw mata tcat cas ihhg jdeehjthm dvhr tch east ohw yhars. Aothr a edgnpcash do mata jdeehjtlgn agm (lsdeathm) jash stumlhs lt ls gdw tlbh odr sygtchslslgnrhsharjc wltc a rhnldgae agm mlajcrdglj apprdajc. Lgmhhm, bdst do tch paphrs lgtcls vdeubh doohr a rhnldgae phrsphjtlvh, irlgnlgn tdnhtchr mata ordb bagy mloohrhgtslths jdeehjthm iy mloohrhgt rhsharjchrs.

Ztumylgn aildtlj eagmsjaph oajtdrs as whee as peagt agm aglbae rhbalgs jagscdw tch pdthgtlae do tch eagmsjaph agm tch ush tcat was bamh do lt. ch eagmsjaphwltc lts rhelho, sdle typhs, sdle ohrtlelty agm wathr ehvhes odrbs tch orabhwdrk odr tchpdsslileltlhs odr oddm prdmujtldg. Veagt rhbalgs jag thee us wcat peagt oddms whrhjdgsubhm, cdw tchy whrh prdjhsshm, agm wchtchr tcls oddm was do edjae drlnlg dr

lbpdrthm. Aglbae rhbalgs prdvlmh lgodrbatldg dg tch elvhstdjk tcat was khpt,tch bhat tcat was jdgsubhm agm wchtchr aglbae prdmujts whrh suppelhm ordbheshwchrh. chsh hgvlrdgbhgtae mata peajhm lg tchlr arjcahdednljae jdgthxt bakhlt pdsslieh td rhjdgstrujt oddm prdmujtldg agm -prdjurhbhgt lg tch past.

Zuislsthgjh agm surpeus prdmujtldg arh lbpdrtagt rhsharjc tdpljs ihjaush tchyjag nlvh us lgslnct lgtd cdw phdpeh drnaglshm tch baganhbhgt do gaturae rhsdurjhs,wcat tchy cam td lgvhst lg thrbs do tlbh agm eaidur agm cdw tchy survlvhm lg tlbhswchg tchrh was a scdrtanh do oddm agm wathr. ^cat ls bdrh, surpeus prdmujtldg wasgdt dgey a ghjhssary amaptatldg lg drmhr td jdph wltc carm tlbhs, lt was aesd dgh dotch rhqulrhbhgts odr jdbpehx sdjlhtlhs td mhvhedp (shh odr hxabpeh Yhgorhw (19)

agm Iarrhtt agm Caestham (966=) odr tch assdjlatldg do surpeus prdmujtldg wltcanrljueturae sphjlaelsatldg, hxjcagnh do anrljueturae prdmujh agm tch hbhrnhgjh dojdbpehx sdjlhtlhs lg tch Bhmlthrraghag). At tch sabh tlbh, tch thrbs suislsthgjhagm surpeus prdmujtldg arh hasley ushm, iut wcat md tchy ajtuaeey say aidut tchsdjlhtlhs lgvdevhm4 Cdw hasy ls lt td mhthrblgh wchtchr a sdjlhty mlm dr mlm gdtprdmujh bdrh oddm tcag ghjhssary td survlvh4 ^cljc tddes agm wcat bhtcdms jagwh ush td agaeysh surpeus prdmujtldg lg mloohrhgt klgms do sdjlhtlhs4

Lg tcls vdeubh wh eddk odr agswhrs td tchsh quhstldgs. ^cleh wh arh odrtugathlg cavlgn rhjhlvhm paphrs ordb varldus jdugtrlhs agm tlbh phrldms, tchrh ls a strdgnHurdphag ilas td tch vdeubh. Lg tcls lgtrdmujtldg, dur dwg rhsharjc lgthrhsts agm

iajknrdugm aesd ihjdbh apparhgt. As a jdgshquhgjh, tch rhsharjc quhstldgs,elthraturh agm jash stumlhs tcat arh ushm td leeustrath tch mlsjussldg arh jeharey ilashmtd Gdrtcwhsthrg Hurdph agm tch Bhmlthrraghag lg tch olrst bleehggla IJ agm AM.ch odeedwlgn thxt ls iy gd bhags bhagt td prdvlmh ag hxcaustlvh dvhrvlhw do aeetch rhohrhgjhs td oddm prdmujtldg lg tch past. Yatchr, wh wlsc td mlsjuss bhtcdmssultaieh odr stumylgn tch tdplj, mlsjuss tcrhh rhsharjc tchbhs tcat wh ohhe jdvhr tchsui`hjts do tch paphrs lg tcls vdeubh, agm clncelnct sdbh lgthrhstlgn hxabpehs.


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A typljae suislsthgjh oarblgn sdjlhty jag ih hxphjthm td scdw elblthmsphjlaelsatldg. A varlhty do jrdps agm bdrh tcag dgh sphjlhs do aglbae arh nrdwgdr khpt odr twd balg rhasdgs. Olrst, eltteh dr gd oddm ls irdunct lg ordb dutslmhtch jdbbuglty, sd varlhty ls ghjhssary td prdvlmh a iaeagjhm mlht agm hgdunc oddm

tcrduncdut tch yhar. Zhjdgm, rlsk ls bujc clnchr lg sphjlaelshm anrarlag systhbs.Lo a jrdp oales dr mlshash strlkhs, lt ls vltae gdt td cavh td mhphgm dg `ust dgh jrdpdr aglbae sphjlhs. Zuislsthgjh sdjlhtlhs sprham rlsk iy oarblgn a varlhty do jrdpsagm aglbaes. Cugthr-natchrhrs md scdw sphjlaelsatldg, lg tcat tchy sdbhtlbhstarnht dgh prhy sphjlhs dr stapeh peagt oddm tcat mdblgaths tch oddm jdgsubhm(h.n. cljkdry guts lg tch Arjcalj Blm-Zdutc (Jarbdmy agm Cdeehgiajc, tcls

vdeubh); bdgndgnd guts abdgn tch Kcdlsag (Iargarm 1


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Dgey dgh do tch paphrs lg tcls vdeubh mhaes wltc cugthr-natchrhr sdjlhtlhs.Jarbdmy agm Cdeehgiajcs jdgtrliutldg odjushs dg tch Blmmeh Arjcalj phrldm(3,


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lbpey tcat oarbhrs lg tchsh arhas idrh sdbh odrb do aeehnlagjh td chihs, dr atehast ajkgdwehmnhm agm rhsphjthm tch paeajhs pdwhr agm status lg sujc a way tcattchy prdvlsldghm jdbbhgsae jhrhbdglhs agm ohasts tcat whrh chem chrh. Zurpeusoddm was tcus rhmlstrliuthm tcrdunc ohastlgn, jdgtrdeehm iy tch Byjhgahag helth.

Vaeajh ohasts rhlgodrjhm tch paeajhs prhstlnh agm hbpcaslshm sdjlae clhrarjclhs(Caestham agm Lsaaklmdu 966=; 9611). Byjhgahag Nrhhjh ls gdt uglquh lg tclsrhsphjt; odr hxabpeh, ohastlgn wltc earnh-sjaeh jdgsubptldg do pdrk agm ihho wasprdvhg odr tch Ghdeltclj jhrhbdglae slth do Murrlgntdg ^aees lg Hgneagm (Aeiarheeaagm Zhr`hagtsdg 9669). A eathr stumy rhvhaehm tcat jatteh whrh irdunct chrh ordbvarldus dtchr parts do Irltalg (_lghr ht ae. 9616). cls cas jdgshquhgjhs odr tchaglbae cusiagmry lg tcls phrldm, sunnhstlgn tcat sdbh surpeus aglbaes whrh khpt.Lg Lrdg Anh Irltalg, surpeus jhrhaes whrh prdiaiey jdgsubhm lg earnh jdbbugaeohasts; eathr lg tch phrldm, tch surpeushs whrh apprdprlathm iy tch helth td hgcagjhtchlr pdwhr agm status (_ag mhr _hhg agm @dghs 966>). Apparhgtey, tch oarbhrs

wcd prdmujhm tchsh surpeushs whrh gdt doohrhm agytclgn tagnlieh lg rhturg, wcljcbakhs sujc hxjcagnhs vhry mlooljuet td mhthjt arjcahdednljaeey. ch sabh baycdem truh odr taxatldg lg rhturg odr ajjhss td gaturae rhsdurjhs. Ag hxabpeh dotcls jag ih odugm lg Eath Bhmlhvae Hgneagm, wchrh phasagts prdvlmhm tchlr edrmswltc jcljkhgs lg rhturg odr ajjhss td mham dr oaeehg wddm (^ddenar 9611, 3-


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ih lgjrhashm iy irhhmlgn earnhr-slzhm aglbaes, prdvlmlgn ihtthr gutrltldg,dr iy seauncthrlgn tchb at tch dptlbub seauncthr anh lgstham do sddghr.ch avaleailelty do ihtthr thjcgdedny dr ghw nhghtlj stralgs jag peay a rdehchrh. Do jdursh, agy hvlmhgjh odr lgjrhashm prdmujtldg cas td ih elgkhm

td mhbdnrapclj mata. Lo ag lgjrhash lg prdmujtldg ndhs cagm lg cagmwltc pdpueatldg nrdwtc, tchg lt bay cavh shrvhm dgey td ohhm tch edjaepdpueatldg.iy lgjrhaslgn uglts (hxthgsloljatldg). A earnhr ajrhanh do araieh eagm iy ltsheowlee prdvlmh a earnhr ylhem wltcdut agy dtchr jcagnhs lg oarblgn. Chrm slzhjag ih lgjrhashm, sd tcat hvhgtuaeey bdrh aglbaes jag ih carvhsthm. Zujcag lgjrhash lg prdmujtldg jag ih lmhgtlolhm wchg tch tdtae slzh do araieholhems lgjrhashs, dr lo elvhstdjk ls staiehm wchg staieh arhas lgjrhash.Nhdbdrpcdedny jag prdvlmh hvlmhgjh odr hrdsldg, eagm mhnramatldg agmpedunchm sdles. Do jdursh, lg idtc jashs tch avaleaieh eagm odr araieh dr

pasturh prdvlmhs elbltatldgs dg wcat ls pdsslieh. Ourtchrbdrh, tch abdugtdo eaidur rhqulrhm wduem cavh lgjrhashm, jhrtalgey lg tch jash do lgjrhaslgnaraieh eagm. Hxthgslvh oarblgn do elvhstdjk, dg tch dtchr cagm, wltc shbl-wlem chrms do aglbaes, wduem cavh rhqulrhm eltteh hxtra eaidur.

anrljueturae ratldgaelsatldg. Iy tcls wh bhag jcagnhs lg oarblgn tcat eham td bdrhhooljlhgt prdmujtldg, odr lgstagjh iy drnaglslgn tch avaleaieh eagm odr oarblgnlgtd pedts. Zujc pedts jag tchg ih ushm lg a way tcat lgjrhashs tch ylhem, draeedws tch hxpedltatldg do barnlgae sdles tcrdunc jrdp rdtatldg. Zphjlaelsatldg,wchrh a oarb dr shttehbhgt odjushs dg tch prdmujtldg do a elblthm sjdph doanrljueturae prdmujts lg drmhr td nalg a nrhathr mhnrhh do prdmujtlvh hooljlhgjy,jag aesd ih shhg as ratldgaelsatldg. Zphjlaelsatldg dothg djjurs wchg a surpeusls prdmujhm odr a barkht. Bdst sphjlaelshm oddm prdmujtldg lg tch past wasrheatlvh; tcat bhags tcat oarbhrs stlee nrhw bdst do tchlr dwg oddm, iuttch surpeus tchy prdmujhm mlm odjus dg a sphjlolj prdmujt. Hgvlrdgbhgtaearjcahdedny jag ih ushm td stumy sphjlaelsatldg lg oddm prdmujtldg lg bagyways, odr hxabpeh tcrdunc tch agaeysls do arjcahdidtagljae bajrdrhbalgs agmpdeehg agaeysls lo tchrh ls dgh mdblgagt sphjlhs (h.n.Iakhes 1


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jag sunnhst a jcagnh lg oarblgn strathnlhs, pdssliey rhoehjtlgn surpeus prdmujtldg.Jcagnhs lg seauncthr anhs do aglbaes rhoehjt a jcagnh lg hxpedltatldg, agm analg,taklgn lgtd ajjdugt tch hxlstlgn kgdwehmnh odr a jhrtalg phrldm agm rhnldg, tclsjag sdbhtlbhs ih lgthrprhthm as ag lgmljatldg odr a jcagnh td surpeus prdmujtldg.

Lt jag ih assubhm tcat tch tragsltldg ordb suislsthgjh td surpeus prdmujtldgstarts wltc a sbaee-sjaeh surpeus lg ammltldg td tch oddm prdmujhm td jathr odra jdbbugltys iaslj ghhms. cls jag ih prdiehbatlj, slgjh tch jdbilgatldg doprdmujtldg odr dwg ghhms agm sbaee-sjaeh surpeus bay ih mlooljuet td rhjdnglsh,hsphjlaeey wchg tch surpeus ls ushm td pay taxhs. Cdwhvhr, iy stumylgn a tragsltldg,agy jcagnhs lg jrdp dr aglbae sphjtrub (hsphjlaeey wchrh dgh sphjlhs lgjrhashsslngloljagtey) dr jcagnhs lg hxpedltatldg jag lgmljath a bdvh td surpeus prdmujtldg.Do jdursh, tch clstdrljae sltuatldg as whee as dtchr arjcahdednljae lgodrbatldg ghhmstd ih takhg lgtd ajjdugt. Odr lgstagjh, jcagnhs lg aglbae cusiagmry djjurrlgnlg tch 1st jhgtury AM lg tch Jhgtrae Ghtchreagms jdlgjlmh wltc tch Ydbag

djjupatldg, wcljc irdunct a mhbagm odr oddm wltc lt (Nrddt 9663a agm i). chprhshgjh do lbpdrthm lthbs lg oarblgn slths hsphjlaeey earnh abdugts do pdtthry sunnhsts tcat tchsh shttehbhgts whrh lgvdevhm lg tramh ghtwdrks. Odr tch YdbagGhtchreagms, quagtltatlvh bdmhes cavh prdvlmhm lgslnct lgtd tch pdsslileltlhs odrsurpeus prdmujtldg iy edjae oarbhrs (Nrddt ht ae. 966


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Dgjh wh cavh odugm lgmljatldgs odr surpeus prdmujtldg, wcat wh rhaeey wagttd kgdw ls gdt `ust wchtchr a surpeus was prdmujhm, iut cdw bujc. _ag mhr _hhgagm @dghs (966>) arnuh tcat tch prhshgjh do arjcahdidtagljae sabpehs rljc lg jhrhaenralgs (jdbparhm td jcaoo agm whhms) jag ih ushm as ag lgmljatldg odr tch sjaeh do

prdmujtldg, slgjh ajjlmhgtae iurglgn ls elkhelhr td djjur lg slths wchrh jhrhaes arhcagmehm lg iuek. Lg sdbh jashs, tch ihst hvlmhgjh odr tch sjaeh do prdmujtldg jdbhsordb rhsharjc mlsjlpelghs dtchr tcag hgvlrdgbhgtae arjcahdedny. Odr hxabpeh,systhbs do mltjchs (rhprhshgtlgn mrdvhways agm hgjedsurhs) arh lgthrprhthm ashvlmhgjh odr a phrldm do lgthgslvh elvhstdjk oarblgn lg Irdgzh Anh Irltalg (Vrydr966?). ch sjaeh do tch Ohgnath systhb (Jabirlmnhsclrh, XK) was mhmujthm ordbtch slzh do tch olhems agm tch cagmelgn systhb, wcljc lgmljaths tch prhshgjh dotcdusagms do aglbaes (schhp ratchr tcag jatteh) (Vrydr 966?, 16?). Vcdspcathagaeysls ordb tch balg mrdvhway aesd pdlgts td earnh gubihrs do elvhstdjk (Vrydr966?,


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wd paphrs lg tcls vdeubh agaeysh tch tragsltldg ordb tch Lrdg Anh td tch YdbagVhrldm._aehgzuhea, Aejdvhr agm Jausjdgtrliutldg ushs arjcahdzddednljae mata tdlgvhstlnath tch jcagnhs lg tch aglbae cusiagmry dg Baeedrja murlgn tch tragsltldgordb tch Lrdg Anh td tch Ydbag Vhrldm, wcleh_ag Ml`k agm Nrddts paphr odjushs

dg tch sabh tragsltldg lg tch whsthrg agm jhgtrae parts do tch Ghtchreagms. Idtcstumlhs lmhgtlolhm jcagnhs lg aglbae hxpedltatldg, as whee as ag lgjrhash lg tch slzhdo aglbaes.

ch paphrs iyLidrra Hrhs agm Vrhz @drm agmEhgt`hs aesd stumy mhvhedpbhgtsordb suislsthgjh td surpeus prdmujtldg, tch olrst odr _aehgjla agm tch shjdgm odrZdutchrg Ltaey. Arjcahdidtagljae agm arjcahdzddednljae mata arh jdbilghm wltclgodrbatldg dg tch eagmsjaph agm shttehbhgt strujturhs. ^lgh agm delvh dle whrhlbpdrtagt tramh prdmujts lg idtc rhnldgs. Vrdmujtldg do abpcdrah prdvlmhs aglbpdrtagt jeuh odr edjae surpeus prdmujtldg. Idtc stumlhs scdw mloohrhgjhs ihtwhhglgeagm agm jdastae arhas, iut lg Ehgt`hss stumy tcls ls rheathm td tch jdedglae Nrhhk

prhshgjh, wchrhas lg _aehgjla tch jdgvhglhgt edjatldg ltsheo ls hgdunc do aghxpeagatldg.

Mhvhedplgn jdbpehxlty0 tch hbhrnhgjh do barkht hjdgdblhs

^ltc tch hbhrnhgjh do barkhts agm a gdg-oddm-prdmujlgn pdpueatldg, tchrh arhdppdrtugltlhs odr rurae sdjlhtlhs td prdmujh bdrh oddm tcag tchy ghhm odr tchbshevhs,agm hxjcagnh dr shee tcls. cls jrhaths tch jlrjubstagjhs tcat arh ghjhssary odr tchmhvhedpbhgt do sphjlaelsatldg lg prdmujtldg agm jraots (splgglgn, whavlgn, jhrhaedr irham prdmujtldg). ^ltc tch rlsh do uriag sdjlhtlhs, tch mhnrhh do sphjlaelsatldg

lgjrhashm agm barkht hjdgdblhs mhvhedphm. Lg sujc hjdgdblhs, jdbpehx edgn-mlstagjh ghtwdrks jag peay a rdeh lg tch suppey do stapeh oddms, sujc as jhrhaes.cls lg turg ehams td ag hvhg clnchr ehvhe do sphjlaelsatldg lg anrljueturae prdmujtsagm jraots. A earnh part do tch pdpueatldg ls mhphgmhgt dg dtchrs odr tchlr oddm.ch eagmsjaph ls dothg dptlbaeey utlelshm, wltc jhrhaes nrdwg lg arhas wltc sultaieharaieh eagm, agm elvhstdjk nrazhm dg eagm ehss sultaieh odr araieh prdmujtldg. Chrisagm vhnhtaiehs whrh nrdwg lg vleeanhs dr hvhg lg vhnhtaieh narmhgs lgslmh tdwgs.

Cdwhvhr, tchsh assubptldgs aidut tch rdeh tcat oddm prdmujtldg peays lg tchmhvhedpbhgt do sdjld-hjdgdblj jdbpehxlty ralsh bagy quhstldgs. Vartljueareywltc rhnarm td harey hxabpehs do uriag sdjlhtlhs, wh bay ask durshevhs wchtchr aee

oddm prdmujhrs whrh sphjlaelshm sdbhcdw. d wcat hxthgt mlm lgcailtagts do sbaeetdwgs prdmujh tchlr dwg oddm4 Mlm suislsthgjh oarblgn mlsapphar hgtlrhey wltctch rlsh do uriag sdjlhtlhs4 Lo sd, cdw mlm tcls jcagnh jdbh aidut4 ^h bay eddk odrhvlmhgjh do sphjlaelsatldg lg jhrtalg jrdps dr aglbae sphjlhs (sphjlhs prdpdrtldgs;bdrtaelty prdolehs; agaeysls do skhehtae hehbhgts) td agswhr tchsh quhstldgs, agmmhthjt tch prhshgjh do hxjhsslvh stdranh japajlty lg tch arjcahdednljae rhjdrm, iuttch mlsappharagjh do suislsthgjh oarblgn ls prdiaiey ihst stumlhm tcrdunc tchhvlmhgjh do oddm tramh. Lg tcat jash, wh arh gdt eddklgn odr rarh hxabpehs do hxdtljlthbs, iut tch systhbatlj tragspdrt do stapeh oddms. Lgmhhm, agdtchr lssuh tcat ghhmstd ih ammrhsshm ls tch drlnlg do oddm tcat was sdem dg tdwg barkhts.


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Gdt aee oddm jabh ordb tch lbbhmlath hgvlrdgbhgt; gaturae rhsdurjhs baycavh ihhg tragspdrthm dvhr earnh mlstagjhs. Hxabpehs jag ih odugm tcrduncdutclstdry lg bagy nhdnrapcljae rhnldgs, sujc as tch lbpdrt do jatteh lg 1>tc-jhgturyCdeeagm. Nl`sihrs (1


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lg tch clgthreagm do tdwgs lg Zdutchrg Ltaey, wchrh tchy shrvhm edjae barkhts aswhee as a wlmhr Bhmlthrraghag ghtwdrk (Kuzllg 1


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96

bdgastlj slths. Xslgn hvlmhgjh ordb arjcahdednljae rhbalgs (lgjeumlgn arthoajtaeagm hjdoajtuae rhbalgs), clstdrljae sdurjhs agm eagmsjaph stumlhs (lgjeumlgnpaeygdednljae stumlhs odr vhnhtatldg jcagnh) DBhara was aieh td mhbdgstrath cdwtch bdgasthry lgthnrathm ltsheo lgtd lts nhdpdeltljae hgvlrdgbhgt. Ag lbpdrtagt

jdgslmhratldg chrh ls tcat bdgastlj slths whrh gdt sheo-suooljlhgt hjdgdblj ugltssuislstlgn wltclg a jedshm systhb, iut part do a jdbpehx ghtwdrk do tdwgs, olhemsagm pastdrae eagms. Olgaeey, tch paphrs iy Lidrra Hrhs agm Vrhz @drmagm Ehgt`hsgdt dgey jdgslmhr tch mhvhedpbhgt ordb suislsthgjh td surpeus prdmujtldg, iutaesd tch ilrtc do bdrh jdbpehx barkht hjdgdblhs lg Hasthrg Zpalg agm ZdutchrgLtaey. Lgthrhstlgney, lg idtc jashs tcls barkht hjdgdby was prlbarley iashm dg tchprdmujtldg do wlgh agm delvh dle.

Jdgjeusldg

h arh awarh tcat tcls lgtrdmujtldg cas dgey ihhg aieh td doohr a nelbpsh lgtdhxlstlgn rhsharjc dg suislsthgjh agm surpeus prdmujtldg. Lgmhhm, as wh stathm aidvh,tch balg alb do tcls lgtrdmujtldg was gdt td prdvlmh ag hxcaustlvh dvhrvlhw doaee tch rheathm rhsharjc, iut ratchr td jrhath a tchdrhtljae orabhwdrk tcat jag shrvhas ag lgtrdmujtldg td shvhrae tchbhs agm bhtcdmdednlhs, odjuslgn dg tch tdpljsjdvhrhm iy tch paphrs lg tcls vdeubh. ^cat, tchg, mdhs tcls orabhwdrk hgtale4

h cavh mlstlgnulschm tcrhh rhsharjc tchbhs tcat wh ohhe jdvhr tch sui`hjts do tchpaphrs lg tcls vdeubh, l.h.1) suislsthgjh lg cugthr-natchrhr agm oarblgn sdjlhtlhs;9) tch tragsltldg ordb suislsthgjh td surpeus prdmujtldg lg oarblgn sdjlhtlhs agm :)surpeus prdmujtldg lg jdbpehx sdjlhtlhs agm hbhrnhgt barkht hjdgdblhs.

^ltc rhnarm td tch olrst tchbh, tch bdst lbpdrtagt lssuh tcat wh ammrhsshm lswchtchr sd-jaeehm suislsthgjh sdjlhtlhs lg tch shgsh do sdjlhtlhs gdt prdmujlgnsurpeus oddm rhaeey hxlst. ^h mlsjusshm tcat aishgjh do surpeus prdmujtldg ls gdta rhelaieh lgmljatdr odr suislsthgjh sdjlhtlhs. Lgmhhm, idtc cugthr-natchrhrs agmsuislsthgjh oarbhrs cavh mhvhedphm sd-jaeehm iuoohrlgn bhjcaglsbs td jdph wltcphrldms do sjarjlty. Lgstham, wh arnuhm tcat suislsthgjh sdjlhtlhs nhghraeey scarhodur jcarajthrlstljs0

sjarjhghss dr jdbpehth eajk do lbpdrthm prdmujts0 hvlmhgjh odr sbaee-sjaehjdgtajts agm hxjcagnhs (odr hxabpeh do hxdtlj lthbs) mdhs gdt ghjhssarleybhag tcat tch thrb suislsthgjh gd edgnhr appelhs, as edgn as stapeh oddm ls gdt

part do tch hxjcagnh.

ohw slngs do sphjlaelsatldg lg jhrtalg prdmujts agm tcus,

a varlhty do jrdps agm aglbae sphjlhs arh nrdwg dr khpt td prdvlmh a iaeagjhmmlht agm hgdunc oddm tcrduncdut tch yhar agm sprham tch rlsk do jrdp oaleurhsdr mlshashs;

a bdmhst sjaeh do prdmujtldg, l.h.gdt (slngloljagtey) earnhr tcag wcat ls ghhmhmtd satlsoy tch jdbbugltys dwg ghhms.

1.

9.

:.

=.


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ch twd balg lssuhs mlsjusshm lg tch shjdgm tchbh tch tragsltldg ordb suislsthgjhtd surpeus prdmujtldg lg oarblgn sdjlhtlhs arh cdw sujc a tragsltldg jag ihajjdbpelschm, agm cdw lt jag ih stumlhm arjcahdednljaeey. chrh arh twd iasljrhasdgs odr prdmujlgn a surpeus ihydgm suislsthgjh0 1) td cavh sdbhtclgn td tramh

wltc, hltchr odr mlrhjt hxjcagnh wltc dtchrs dr td shee at a barkht; dr 9) td pay taxhs tdbalgtalg ag amblglstratlvh systhb dr ag helth. Zurpeus prdmujtldg jag ih ajclhvhmlg twd ways0 iy anrljueturae hxpagsldg agm ratldgaelsatldg. ch hxlsthgjh do surpeusprdmujtldg jag ih mhthjthm iy eddklgn odr slngs do sphjlaelsatldg, hxjhsslvh stdranhjapajlty agm tch prhshgjh do lbpdrthm nddms. Anrarlag quagtloljatldg bdmhes cavhihhg mhvhedphm odr a gubihr do arhas agm tlbh phrldms, agm arh ushoue odr asshsslgntch pdthgtlae sjaeh do surpeus prdmujtldg. Agy hvlmhgjh odr lgjrhashm prdmujtldgcas td ih elgkhm td mhbdnrapclj mata td bakh surh tcat tch lgjrhash lg prdmujtldgmdhs gdt slbpey shrvh td ohhm a nrdwlgn edjae pdpueatldg agm, tchrhodrh, ls gdtsurpeus prdmujtldg at aee.

Olgaeey, tch east rhsharjc tchbh wh mlsjusshm ls jdgjhrghm wltc surpeusprdmujtldg agm tch mhvhedpbhgt do jdbpehx sdjlhtlhs. Zurpeus prdmujtldg ls aghjhssary rhqulrhbhgt odr tch hbhrnhgjh do barkht dr uriag hjdgdblhs, slgjh ltaeedws a part do tch pdpueatldg td ihjdbh lgvdevhm lg dtchr ajtlvltlhs ihslmhs oddmprdmujtldg. ^h jdgjeumhm tcat tch systhbatlj tragspdrt do stapeh oddms bay ihdgh do tch ihst lgmljatdrs lg hgvlrdgbhgtae arjcahdedny do tch hxlsthgjh do barkhtdr uriag hjdgdblhs. Gaturae rhsdurjhs bay cavh ihhg tragspdrthm dvhr earnhmlstagjhs, agm tchrh arh bagy arjcahdednljae hxabpehs do oddm lbpdrts. Agdtchrlbpdrtagt lssuh lg tch mlsjussldg do jdbpehx sdjlhtlhs ls cdw lgjrhaslgn uriaglsbaoohjthm tch rheatldgsclp ihtwhhg tdwg agm jdugtryslmh lg thrbs do oddm suppey. h

mlsjusshm tch ush do nhdnrapcljae bdmhes, odjuslgn dg tch jeassljae eagm zdgatldgbdmhe do tdwg agm jdugtry, agm shvhrae hxabpehs do stumlhs do tch rheatldgsclpsihtwhhg uriag jdgsubhrs agm rurae prdmujhrs dg tch iasls do hgvlrdgbhgtaearjcahdedny. Eastey, wh pdlgthm at sdbh bhtcdmdednljae prdiehbs tcat stlee rhbalgtd ih mhaet wltc lg tcls rhsphjt, sujc as tch eajk do carm mata, tch mlooljuety tdasshss tch rheatlvh lbpdrtagjh ihtwhhg aglbae cusiagmry agm araieh anrljueturh,agm tch lgthrprhtatldg do arjcahdzddednljae hvlmhgjh lg barkht sltuatldgs, wchrhprdmujtldg agm jdgsubptldg slths arh shparathm ordb hajc dtchr.

Hsphjlaeey lg tch jash do jdbpehx sdjlhtlhs, ghw bhtcdmdednljae apprdajchs dohxlstlgn hgvlrdgbhgtae bathrlaes bay eham td ghw lgslncts. Odr hxabpeh, lsdtdph

agaeysls agm MGA rhsharjc jag schm elnct dg tch drlnlg do oddm agm prdvlmh lgslnctlgtd tch way lg wcljc oddm prdmujtldg lg past sdjlhtlhs was drnaglshm (h.n. Ihgmrhyht ae. 966


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99

Ajkgdwehmnhbhgts

h wduem elkh td tcagk Eaura Kddlstra odr chr jdbbhgts dg tcls lgtrdmujtldg.Baalkh Nrddt was aieh td wdrk dg tch tdplj do suislsthgjh agm surpeus prdmujtldgtcagks td twd rhsharjc nragts, odr tch pdst-mdjtdrae (_hgl) prd`hjt Elvhstdjk odrsaeh0 tch hoohjt do a barkht hjdgdby dg rurae jdbbugltlhs lg tch Ydbag ordgtlhr zdgh,ougmhm iy tch Ghtchreagms Drnaglsatldg odr Zjlhgtlolj Yhsharjc, agm odr tch BarlhJurlh prd`hjt Zustalglgn tch Hbplrh0 oarblgn agm oddm suppey lg twd Ydbag ordgtlhrrhnldgs, ougmhm iy tch Nhrma Chgkhe Ztlotugn.

Yhohrhgjhs

Aeiarheea, X. agm Zhr`hagtsdg, M. 9669. A passldg odr pdrk, lg0 Blrajeh, V. agm Bleghr,G. (hms.), Jdgsublgn passldgs agm patthrgs do jdgsubptldg. Jabirlmnh0 BajMdgaemLgstltuth, ::-=8.

Atthba, V., Iurnhrs, N.-@. agm _ag Ehushg, B. 9616. Yhnldgae patcways td jdbpehxlty.Zhttehbhgt agm eagm-ush mygabljs lg harey Ltaey ordb tch Irdgzh Anh td tch YhpuieljagVhrldm. Absthrmab0 Absthrmab Xglvhrslty Vrhss.

Iakhes, J. 1


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Mheagd Zbltc, J. 1


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9=

@aschbskl, ^.O., Bhyhr, O.N. 9669. ch gaturae clstdry do Vdbphll. Jabirlmnh0 JabirlmnhXglvhrslty prhss.

Kddlstra, E.L. 1


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Blgj, E.M. agm Zbltc, K.V. 1.

Duhseatl, . 966?. Apprdjch arjcdzddednlquh mhs bdmhs majqulsltldg, mh tragsodrbatldg htmh jdgsdbbatldg mhs rhssdurjhs aglbaehs mags eh jdgthxth urialg naeed-rdbalg mh Eutjh(Varls, Oragjh). IAY Lgthrgatldgae shrlhs 1=>:/9, ZphjlaeLssuh0 ch Byjhghag Ohast, 91>-9=?.

Vaes, @.V. agm Cakil`e, . 1-:66.

Vrubbhe, ^. 13. Aglbae idghs ordb tagghry plts do s-Chrtdnhgidsjc. Ihrljcthg vag mhYl`ksmlhgst vddr cht Dumchlmkugmln Idmhbdgmhrzdhk93, :


28/302

9?

Zjceubiaub, A., hgshg, B. agm @ahgljkh-Mhsprs, _. 9663. Agjlhgt peagt MGA lgarjcahdidtagy. _hnhtatldg Clstdry agm Arjcahdidtagy1>, 9::-9==.

Zjcujagy, J. 1


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^ddmbag, V.J. 1>. Iheoast0 Chr Ba`hstysZtatldghry Dooljh.

^ddenar, J.B. 9611. Nlots do oddm lg eath bhmlhvae Hgneagm. @durgae do Bhmlhvae Clstdry:>/1, ?-13.

\gthba, M.N. 966?. ch ilrtc do a Ydbag Zdutchrg Ltaey0 a jash stumy. Agjlhgt wrltthgsdurjhs agm arjcahdednljae hvlmhgjh dg tch harey Ydbag pcash lg tch Zaehgtd mlstrljt,sdutchrg Ltaey (:rm-1stjhgtury IJ). Iaihsjc31, .

Phmhr, B.A. 1


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Jaemwhees (1


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:1

Dur mlsjussldg ls jurrhgtey elblthm td tch jaridglshm peagt rhbalgs rhjdvhrhmordb tchsh slths, as ugjaridglshm rhbalgs arh gdt elkhey td ih prhshrvhm lg tchbdlst, ajlmlj sdles do tch Hasthrg Xglthm Ztaths. cls arjcahdidtagljae rhjdrm lslgchrhgtey ilashm muh td mloohrhgjhs lg prhshrvatldg pdthgtlae abdgn mloohrhgt

peagt taxa. Lghmlieh iy-prdmujts sujc as gutschees arh dvhrrhprhshgthm jdbparhmtd hmlieh peagt parts; mhgshr bathrlaes arh bdrh elkhey td ih prhshrvhm tcag bdrhoranleh dghs. Lg ammltldg, lthbs tcat arh clnc lg wathr agm/dr starjc md gdt jaridglshwhee, prdmujlgn abdrpcdus vltrhdus bathrlaes tcat arh vhry mlooljuet td lmhgtloy.cus peagt oddms sujc as hmlieh nrhhgs, oedwhrs, rddts, agm tuihrs arh nhghraeey gdtrhjdvhrhm ordb arjcahdednljae slths lg tcls rhnldg. cls ilas bust ih khpt lg blgm,as harey odranhrs jhrtalgey hxpedlthm orhsc nrhhgs agm elkhey rhelhm chavley dg rddtsagm tuihrs. Cdwhvhr, lg tcls paphr wh arh odjuslgn dg tcdsh peagt oddm rhsdurjhstcat wh jag trajh tcrdunc tlbh lg tch Hasthrg Xglthm Ztaths.

^h scduem aesd gdth tch pdthgtlae odr ilashs ihtwhhg tch rdjk schethr agm dphg-

alr slths. cleh prhshrvatldg ls gdtaiey ihtthr wltclg tch prdthjthm mhpdslts do rdjkschethrs, tch ragnh do ajtlvltlhs phrodrbhm iy tch djjupagts do rdjk schethr slthsmdhs gdt apphar td mloohr ordb tcdsh phrodrbhm at dphg-alr slths, hsphjlaeey wchgstdgh-tdde agm ohaturh asshbieanhs arh jdbparhm. h jdgslmhr tch rdjk schethr slthstd ih bdrh rdiust pljturhs do harey odranhrs strathnlhs, wchtchr tchsh slths shrvhm asiash jabps dr as stdpdvhrs odr nrdups phrodrblgn sphjlolj suislsthgjh tasks. Nlvhgtch mloohrhgjhs lg prhshrvatldg pdthgtlae, wh elblt dur quagtltatlvh jdbparlsdgs tdjcagnhs wltclg arjcahdednljae slths, iut md gdt vlhw tch rdjk schethrs as rhstrljthm-ush slths.

Gaturae hgvlrdgbhgt

ch Vehlstdjhgh hgvlrdgbhgt do Hasthrg Gdrtc Abhrlja was bujc mloohrhgt ordbtcat odugm lg tch rhnldg tdmay. Iy tch ihnlgglgn do tch Eath Neajlae lgthrvae(1?,86619,866 jae IV), mhjlmudus trhh pdpueatldgs ihnag td jdedglsh cailtats ehotvajagt iy tch rhtrhatlgn Eaurhgtlmh Ljh Zchht agm ajjdbpagylgn idrhae jdglohrstcat whrh ugaieh td jdbphth muh td jcagnlgn jelbatlj jdgmltldgs (Mhejdurt agmMhejdurt 1). Lg rhspdgsh td tcls warblgn hplsdmh sprujh-`ajk plgh odrhstsrhpeajhm ajk plgh mdblgathm odrhsts lg Khgtujky agm blmmeh hgghsshh, wcleh lg tchblm-eatltumhs do tch Zdutchast jdde-thbphrath blxhm jdglohr-gdrtchrg carmwddms

jdbpdshm do chbedjks, plghs, sprujh, olr, dak, heb, ilrjc, asc, lrdgwddm, bapehagm ihhjc trhhs rhpeajhm tch `ajk plgh-sprujh odrhsts, wltc dak-cljkdry-sdutchrgplgh odrhsts rhbalglgn staieh lg tch mhhp Zdutc (Mhejdurt 1


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ch Vehlstdjhgh-Cdedjhgh tragsltldg (j.11,866 jae IV) ls nhghraeey assdjlathmwltc tch hgm do tch \dugnhr Mryas jddelgn hvhgt (Agmhrsdg ht ae. 966>; Agmhrsdgagm Zassabag 9619; Zchrwddm ht ae. 966=, 8==). Jcagnlgn hgvlrdgbhgtaejdgmltldgs ehm td thbphrath peagt jdbbugltlhs rhpeajlgn idrhae peagt jdbbugltlhs

as jdgmltldgs ihjabh ehss tdehraieh odr idrhae sphjlhs (Mhejdurt agm Mhejdurt 1


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Agmhrsdg ht ae. 966>; Myh 1


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:=

]ch Arjcalj Vhrldm

ch Harey Arjcalj Vhrldm ihnag at apprdxlbathey 11,866 jae IV at tch Vehlstdjhgh-Cdedjhgh tragsltldg, agm hgmhm at apprdxlbathey 3,; Ehwls agm Kghihrn1, 18?; Klmmhragm Zassabag 9661; Zbltc 1; Ihgsh 1


37/302

:8

lbihmmhm prd`hjtleh pdlgts ordb tch Bueihrry Jrhhk slth lg tch Blmmeh hgghsshhYlvhr _aeehy scdw harey hvlmhgjh do lgthrphrsdgae vldehgjh agm jdbphtltldg lg tcharjcahdednljae rhjdrm lg tch Zdutchast (Zclhems 966:). Drnaglsatldgae jcagnhshvlmhgt lg tch Blmmeh Arjcalj aesd hbhrnh lg tch odrb do hartchg bdugms agm

schee blmmhg slths at apprdxlbathey >,866 jae IV lg tch Blm-Zdutc (Agmhrsdg agmZassabag 9619; Ehwls agm Kghihrn 1


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:?

]lbh Vhrldm Vcash Zabpeh Jdugt Veagt hlnct ^ddm hlnct

Aeaiaba Zlths0

Must Javh - Jdeubg Zabpehs

Blmmeh Arjcalja Ihgtdg 3 >6.9> 1.>8

Harey/Blmmeh Arjcalja,i Klrk Zthbbhm 3 :?.=> =.9 1.=?

Harey Arjcalji Harey Zlmh Gdtjchm 19 3.6> 9.>=

Eath Vaehdlgmlagi Quam/Ihavhr Eakh :? 1 :=.1?.>: 9:.=6

Harey/Blmmeh Arjcalja,i Klrk Zthbbhm 16 ?9.8> 96.38

Harey/Blmmeh Arjcalji Harey Zlmh Gdtjchm/ Klrk Zthbbhm ?

Eath Vaehdlgmlagi Quam/Ihavhr Eakh 1= 3. 6.6.11

Maetdg 19 19.11 1.1:Ztagfihem-^drehyi

Blmmeh Arjcalj 16 13.=: >.:9

Harey Arjcalj/Maetdg 99 81.18 :6.>3

]hgghsshh Zlths0

Ljhcdush Idttdbj

Blmmeh Arjcalj Bdrrdw Bdugtalg = =3.:6 ==.= ?:.:< :9.=9

Harey Arjcalj Ehjrdy = >8.>1 18.13

Harey Arjcalj Zt. Aeiags = 9: 8>.8=

Harey Arjcalj Blmmeh Klrk 8 =3.18 :9.=>

Harey Arjcalj Edwhr Klrk 1> 9=.69

Harey/Blmmeh Arjcalj Klrk Zthbbhm 1? 1=6.?= 193.99


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]lbh Vhrldm Vcash Zabpeh Jdugt Veagt hlnct ^ddm hlnct

Iajdg Oarbh

Harey/Blmmeh Arjcalj Klrk Zthbbhm > :?.9< 1:.::

Harey Arjcalj Xpphr Klrk 16 .66 9686-??:6 IV) =6 19?.=1 3

]aieh 1. Agaeyshm paehdhtcgdidtagljae sabpehs ordb slths mlsjusshm lg tch thxt.aMata arh ordb Jarbdmy 966. Aee sabpehs whrh prdjhsshm wltc wathr dtatldg. Mata arh

rhpdrthm as whlncts, wltc tch hxjhptldg do shhm jdugts.mMata arh ordb Jcapbag 1


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:3

]lb

hVhrldm

Vcash

C

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Jt/^t

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pehs

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mehArjcalj

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1

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1

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subaj,:

jchgdpdm

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pdkhjo.

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1uglmhgtlfiaiehsh

hms

Harey/BlmmehArjcalj

HareyZlmhGdtjchm/

KlrkZthbbhm

:=3

1:

?8

9

19ajdrgbhat,16Oanajhahschee

,?âegutoableyg

utbhat,:93

cajkihrryshhms,3nraph,1

phrslbbdg,1

subajjo.,

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,

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,8jchgd-ab,:

wlemehnubh,:

pdkh

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uglmhg

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HareyZlmhGdtjchm

1

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,:>

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gutbh

at,1?6:cajkihrryshhms,1nraph,1

nraphjo.,

1glnctscamh

jo.

,88jchgdpdm

,>6jchgdpdmjo.,

9jchgd-ab,9

sb

artwhhm

,1wlem

ehnubh,9

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Zab

pehs

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9:>cajkihrryshhms,1phrslbbdg,1

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98>3

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jkihrryshhms,1ihmstraw

Harey/BlmmehArjcalj

KlrkZthbbhm

:9=1

?

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:

93ajdrgbhats,1

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g,9

subaj,9

jchgdpdm

,:jchgdpdmjo.,

96wlemehnubhs,1ihms

traw,1

ugkgdwg,

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Harey/BlmmehArjcalj

HareyZlmhGdtjchm/

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9

3

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:

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9nraph,1

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subaj,1

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9ugkgdwg,?

uglmhgtlfi

aieh

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166

HareyArjcalj

:?>?

=

199

16

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h,:

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hms

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168-1-?.

Kelpphe, ^.H. agm Bdrhy, M.O. 1


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88

Kelpphe, ^.H. agm Varbaehh, V.B. 1=. Orhscwathr Busshes as a Vrhclstdrlj Oddm Zdurjh.Abhrljag Agtlqulty:


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8?

Zassabag, K.H. 1.

Zatakh, A. agm Lwasa, \. 9669. ch Zygjcrdglzhm agm Lgthrbltthgt Yhprdmujtldg do Odrhstrhhs ls Bhmlathm iy tch Bdrag Hoohjt, Dgey lg Assdjlatldg wltc Vdeehg Jdupelgn.

@durgae do Hjdedn y


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Ztaoodrm, J.Y. 1


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Lgtrdmujtldg agm iajknrdugm

ch whstwarm hxpagsldg do tch Ghdeltclj way do eloh ordb lts jdrh arhas lg ZdutcwhstAsla lgtd Hurdph ls lgthgshey mhiathm (h.n.Jdeehmnh agm Jdgdeey 966>; Natsdv agmZjcwarzihrn 966?; Krau 9611; Eljcthr agm Bhrl 9668; zmdag agm Ianhehg966>). Aetcdunc tch jcrdgdednljae dutelghs do whstwarm Ghdeltclsatldg cavh ihhghxpedrhm hxthgslvhey (Idyamzclhv 966?; Irabl agm Chym 9611; zmdag 9611a;Yhlgnruihr agm clsshg 966


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aidut slth shasdgaelty agm ougjtldg arh earnhey avdlmhm. ch barlgh odjus do tchBhsdeltclj Aae slths ls lgohrrhm ordb tchlr edjatldg, gdt ordb arjcahdildednljaehvlmhgjh. ch rdugm arjclthjturh do tch Olklrthph slths lg Lstagiue ls jdgslmhrhmtd ih a Bhsdeltclj jdbpdghgt, gdt iashm dg mlrhjt agaedny wltc Bhsdeltclj

arjclthjturh, iut ihjaush lt ls gdt jdbbdg lg Ghdeltclj Agatdela (zmdag 9611j;aetcdunc shh Mhrlg ht ae. 966< agm Zaeabtlbur 966> odr hxabpehs do Ghdeltcljrdugm arjclthjturh lg Jhgtrae ^hsthrg Agatdela, agm Kgapp 961: odr tch ush dordugm arjclthjturh dg Jyprus tcrduncdut tch Ghdeltclj). Aetcdunc a mlstlgjtldgihtwhhg jdastae agm lgeagm Ghdeltclj slths lg tch hasthrg Barbara rhnldg lsrhehvagt agm lbpdrtagt td hxpealg tch elohways lg tch rhnldg at earnh, mloohrhgjhs lgtch jdbpdghgts do tch suislsthgjh hjdgdblhs do tch twd nhdnrapcljaeey mholghmnrdups jag ih hxpealghm iy rhsdurjh avaleailelty, ratchr tcag jueturae jcdljhs agmthjcgdednljae aileltlhs.

Olnurh 1. Zlths bhgtldghm lg tch thxt.


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Ihjaush do a nhghrae sjarjlty do dtchr arjcahdednljae hvlmhgjh, arjcahdzddednljaebathrlae, dr bdrh sphjloljaeey tch prhshgjh do aquatlj odranlgn ordb tch khy slth doOlklrthph (Idhssghjk agm _dg mhg Mrlhsjc 1


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tdtae do tch hxjavathm Ghdeltclj slths ardugm tch Idspdrus. L jdbparh tch patthrgsdo tch arjcahdzddednljae hvlmhgjh ordb tchsh slths wltc tch hvlmhgjh avaleaiehordb tch harelhst eayhrs do Lepgar agm Bhgthh lg tch hasthrg Barbara rhnldg(Yddmhgihrn 1


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avaleailelty ls ag lbpdrtagt asphjt do ratldgae hjdgdbljs rhnarmehss do jcrdgdednljaephrldm. Agdtchr rhasdg wcy wh cavh td turg td eathr phrldms agm dtchr nhdnrapcljaerhnldgs odr jdbparlsdg ls tch eajk do arjcahdzddednljae mata ordb tch Bhsdeltcljdo tch rhnldg lg quhstldg.

ch jdbpatlilelty do tchsh mloohrhgt matashts ls elkhey td cavh ihhg aoohjthmiy mloohrhgtlae prhshrvatldg jdgmltldgs, hxjavatldg thjcglquhs, agm pdssliey iylgtra-slth mloohrhgjhs lg jdgthxtuae prdvhgagjhs. chsh arh ugavdlmaieh prdiehbsarjcahdzddednlsts agm arjcahdednlsts cavh td ih awarh do wchg baklgn sygtchshs(Eybag 1


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stagmarms (h.n.Nragt 1


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lg tchlr gaturae surrdugmlgns. Lt scduem ih ammhm, cdwhvhr, tcat tch lgjeusldgdo lgeagm slths wduem gdt cavh aethrhm tch pljturh mrastljaeey0 Arjcahdzddednljaeagm arjcahdednljae mata ordb lgeagm slths arh elkhwlsh sjarjh. Lg oajt, tch dgeypuielschm Ghdeltclj arjcahdzddednljae asshbieanh ordb lgeagm Barbara ls tcat doBhgthh Cyk, tch harelhst pcashs do wcljc ls mathm td tch olgae quarthr do tch >tcbleehgglub IJ. Chrh tdd, mdbhstlj jatteh, schhp agm ndat jdbprlsh tch ba`drltydo tch arjcahdoaugae asshbieanhs (Oln. =; Ndurljcdg agm Chebhr 9663).

ch harelhst eayhr do Lepgar (Ehvhe S) rhprhshgts tch harelhst arjcahdzddednljaeeykgdwg djjupatldg do oarbhrs dg tch sdutchasthrg Barbara elttdrae, wchrhasOlklrthph, Vhgmlk agm \hglkap rhprhshgt rduncey jdgthbpdrary jdastae Ghdeltcljhjdgdblhs lg Lstagiue. rdy agm \hgliamhbel arh hbhrnlgn uriag hjdgdblhslgvdevhm lg chrmlgn, juetlvatldg, odranlgn agm cugtlgn, aedgn wltc strdgn lgthr-rhnldgae hxjcagnh (akrear 966


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lg tch Barbara rhnldg (Oln. =). A rhjhgt sygtchsls do arjcahdzddednljae mata ordbZdutcwhst Asla scdws a nramuae lgjrhash lg tch GLZV prdpdrtldgs do mdbhstljaglbaes lg vleeanh sdjlhtlhs lg tch Xpphr Hupcraths _aeehy, tcus lmhgtloylgn tchXpphr Hupcraths _aeehy as dgh do tch jdrh arhas do nramuae tragsltldg ordb odranlgn

td oarblgn (Jdgdeey ht ae. 9611). ^chg tch prdpdrtldgs do babbae rhbalgs ordbtch harelhst Ghdeltclj do tch Barbara rhnldg arh jdgslmhrhm analgst tcls iajknrdugm,lt ihjdbhs jehar tcat tchrh ls as yht gd hvlmhgjh lg tch Barbara rhnldg tcatlgmljaths a nramuae tragsodrbatldg ordb odranlgn td oarblgn.

ch babbae asshbieanhs do Ghdeltclj Barbara arh mdblgathm iy mdbhstljtaxa, lgjeumlgn schhp, ndat agm jatteh, wltcdut hxjhptldgs, strdgney sunnhstlgn tcattch harelhst Ghdeltclj shttehrs do tch rhnldg cam idtc vlaieh chrms do rublgagts agmcusiagmry thjcgdednlhs. Aetcdunc tchrh ls hvlmhgjh odr varldus hxthgts do cugtlgnat aee tch Ghdeltclj slths do tch hasthrg Barbara rhnldg, tchrh ls gd jehar mloohrhgjhihtwhhg tch prdpdrtldgs ordb lgeagm dr ghar-scdrh slths. ch apparhgt mhartc do

rhbalgs do wlem babbaes lg tch Bhgthh asshbieanh scduem ih hvaeuathm lg vlhwdo tch sbaee sabpeh slzh ordb tcls slth (GLZV 2 11>). Lbpdrthm chrms do schhpagm ndats quljkey amapthm td tch edw pealgs agm vaeehys ardugm tch Barbara Zha,agm jatteh tcrlvhm lg tch thbphrath jelbath agm tch whee-wathrhm hgvlrdgbhgt doGdrtcwhsthrg Agatdela. ch lbpdrtagt rdeh do jatteh lg Ghdeltclj Barbara jag ihshhg abdgn tch lgltlae pcashs do Ghdeltclj chrmlgn thjcgdednlhs amaptlgn jddehr,thbphrath rhnldgs wltc mhgshr wddm jdvhr (Jdgdeey ht ae. 9619). Aee tcls ls lgnddm anrhhbhgt wltc tch abpeh drnaglj rhslmuh hvlmhgjh odr blek prdjhsslgn ordbGhdeltclj Barbara, wcljc cas ihhg eddshey elgkhm td jatteh rharlgn (Hvhrschm ht ae.9663; clsshg ht ae.9616). Jdgvlgjlgn dsthdarjcahdednljae mata, hsphjlaeey ordb

mhgtae anhlgn agaeysls, tcat pdlgt at dgh dr bdrh do tch avaleaieh mdbhstlj rublgagtsas prhohrrhm blek suppelhrs ls yht blsslgn ordb tch rhehvagt arjcahdzddednljae rhjdrm(akrear 9619i).

Olnurh =. Yheatlvh aiugmagjh (% GLZV) do mdbhstlj agm cugthm babbaes at jdastae Ghdeltclj

slths lg tch Barbara rhnldg (aiirhvlatldgs as aidvh lg Olnurh :), iasae Bhgthh (IAZ B]Z)

agm subbary mata ordb prh-pdhry agm pdhry Ghdeltclj slths lg tch Hupcraths (2 HXV)

rhnldg. Lepgar S0 g2=:3; Olklrthph0 g28 (aothr

Ndurljcdg agm Chebhr 9663; Hupcraths slths mata iashm dg Jdgdeey ht ae. 9611).


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]ch mlstlgjt jcarajthr do aglbae cusiagmry lg Ghdeltclj Barbara

Aidvh L scdwhm tcat aglbae cusiagmry was a mholglgn jdbpdghgt do tch Ghdeltcljhjdgdblhs lg tch rhnldg, ordb tchlr kgdwg ihnlgglgns dgwarms. cls ls gdt,cdwhvhr, td arnuh tcat tchsh prdmujtldg hjdgdblhs jdgslsthm do a rhamy-td-lgstaeepajkanh, appelhm uglodrbey lg tch Barbara rhnldg agm heshwchrh at tch Hurdphag-

Agatdelag ordgtlhr. Dg tch jdgtrary, dgjh cubag nrdups wltc mdbhstlj thjcgdednyhbhrnhm lg ghw arhas, aglbae cusiagmry strathnlhs whrh bdmlolhm lg mloohrhgtways. At tch ihnlgglgn do shttehm eloh lg tch rhnldg, ardugm ?=66?:66 IJ, aglbaecusiagmry apphars td cavh cam a mlstlgjt jcarajthr lg tch Ghdeltclj Barbara. chjdbpdsltldg do tch chrms was ugelkh tcat do agy do tchlr kgdwg jdgthbpdrarlhsdr prhmhjhssdrs lg Zdutchrg Jhgtrae Agatdela (Yusshee agm Bartlg 9668), tch EakhMlstrljt (Mh Juphrh agm Muru 966:; Mh Juphrh ht ae. 9663) agm Jhgtrae ^hsthrg

Agatdela (akrear 9619a).Lg Zdutchrg Jhgtrae Agatdela, tch mdbhstlj chrms whrh jdbpdshm sdehey do

schhp agm ndats ugtle tch ihnlgglgn do tch ?tc bleehgglub (Ariujkeh 961:;Ariujkeh agm Bakarhwljz 966


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cubags. As lt ls lgjrhaslgney ajkgdwehmnhm, slzh mlblgutldg lg mdbhstlj ugnueathsls tch hgm rhsuet do tch mdbhstljatldg prdjhss ratchr tcag a raplmey djjurrlgnrhoehjtldg do jcagnlgn cubag-aglbae lgthrajtldgs (Phmhr 9619). cls ls hsphjlaeeytruh lg tch jash do idar agm pln (Ydwehy-Jdgwy ht ae. 9619). Lo tch lmha do pln

mdbhstljatldg dr tch sbaeehr mdbhstlj pln pdpueatldgs tchbshevhs drlnlgathm ordbdutslmh tch Barbara rhnldg, tchg tch lbbhmlath quhstldg tcat jdbhs td blgm ls0wchrh4

As L pdlgthm dut aidvh, Jhgtrae Agatdela jag ih ruehm dut as a pdsslieh pdlgtdo drlnlg ihjaush bdrpcdednljaeey mdbhstlj plns md gdt djjur lg Jhgtrae Agatdelamurlgn tch eath >tc agm harey ?tc bleehgglub IJ (Yusshee agm Bartlg 9668;

Ariujkeh 961:). Jhgtrae hsthrg Agatdela jduem ih scdwg as a pdsslieh pdlgt dodrlnlg, ihjaush wchg oarblgn ihnag lg tch Barbara rhnldg, Ghdeltclj jdbbugltlhslg Jhgtrae hsthrg Agatdela whrh aerhamy hxpedltlgn bdrpcdednljaeey mdbhstlj plnsodr bayih caeo-a-bleehgglub (akrear 9619a). Lt scduem ih bhgtldghm, cdwhvhr,

tcat Jhgtrae ^hsthrg Agatdela ls gd ehss tcag :66 kledbhtrhs away ordb hvhg tchbdst sdutchrey edjathm Ghdeltclj slth lg tch Barbara rhnldg. Xgodrtugathey, tchpaujlty do lgodrbatldg aidut tch gaturh do >tc-bleehgglub hjdgdblhs lg rhnldgseylgn lbbhmlathey td tch hast dr sdutc do tch Barbara rhnldg ( l.h., Ilehjlk agmHsklhclr rhnldgs) prhvhgts cypdtchshs aidut tch djjurrhgjh dr rdeh do mdbhstljplns lg tcdsh arhas td mhvhedp agy ourtchr tcag sphjueatldg.

A tclrm patcway td tch lgtrdmujtldg do pln cusiagmry lg tch Barbara rhnldg lspartlae amdptldg. Vln cusiagmry bay cavh ihhg hbirajhm wcdeh-charthmey iy sdbhdo tch Ghdeltclj shttehbhgts lg tch Barbara rhnldg, iut gdt iy dtchrs. ch jcdljhdo prajtlslgn pln cusiagmry bay cavh mhphgmhm dg tch ougjtldg do lgmlvlmuae slths.

At prhshgt tchrh ls gd hvlmhgjh as td wchtchr jdastae slths elkh Olklrthph agm Vhgmlkwhrh yhar-rdugm shttehbhgts dr shasdgaeey djjuplhm odranlgn agm chrmlgn statldgs.Jduem tch lgltlae aishgjh dr eathr amdptldg do plns ajjdugt odr tch ghnatlvh hvlmhgjhlgmljatlgn tchsh slths shasdgae ougjtldg4

]ch rdeh do aquatlj odranlgn lg Ghdeltclj Barbara

GLZV jdugts do olsc agm scheeolsc lg tch mloohrhgt asshbieanhs mlspeay slblearltlhs,scdwlgn tcat lg tcls nhdnrapcljae shttlgn, olsclgn agm scheeolsc natchrlgn jaggdtih jdgslmhrhm as barkhrs do tragsltldgae hjdgdblhs a prldrl. A jedsh eddk at tch

jdbpdsltldgs do rhprhshgthm olsc agm bdeeusj taxa ordb mloohrhgt Ghdeltclj slthslg tch Barbara rhnldg prdvlmhs mhtales aidut cdw lgmlvlmuae slths amapthm td edjaehgvlrdgbhgtae jdgmltldgs (Oln. ?). Jdbparlgn tch patthrgs do tchsh Ghdeltcljaquatlj amaptatldgs td tch jash do Muragkueak, a Jcaejdeltclj slth sltuathm lg aslblear hgvlrdgbhgtae shttlgn, cheps td mlstlgnulsc hgvlrdgbhgtae amaptatldgsordb jueturae agm jcrdgdednljae barkhrs.

ch olsc idgh asshbieanhs ordb tch Ghdeltclj jdastae slths lg tch Barbararhnldg arh mdblgathm iy orhscwathr sphjlhs, sujc as whes jatolsc (Zleurus neagls),rdajc (Yutleus rutleus) agm plkh phrjc (Eujldphrja eujldphrja). chsh arh sphjlhs tcatshemdb hgthr irajklsc wathrs. Olsc tcat djjur rhnuearey lg hstuarlhs agm shbl-jedshm

iays arh rhprhshgthm iy sha irhabs (Zparus aurata) agm bueehts (Bunlelmah). Oueeybarlgh sphjlhs wcljc rarhey vlslt irajklsc wathrs sujc as `ajkolsc (Jaragnlmah),


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tuga (cuggus tcyggus) agm stlgnrays (Byeldiatdlmhl)arh lgorhquhgt, baklgn uplg avhranh ehss tcag 16 % do tch olsc sphjlbhgs. ch sphjtra do olsc sphjlhs ordb

\hglkap agm Vhgmlk earnhey jdrrhspdgm td tcat prhshgthm iy Idhssghjk agm _dgmhg Mrlhsjc (1


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Lo wh assubh tcat tch Ghdeltclj jdbbugltlhs do tch Barbara rhnldg odranhmdptlbaeey, prajtlslgn ratldgae hjdgdbljs, tchg tch olsc agm bdeeusj rhbalgs scduemih rhnarmhm as prdxlhs odr tch prhshgjh do mhhp agm jaeb orhscwathr idmlhs tcatbhrnhm lgtd shbl- dr oueey jedshm irajklsc eanddgs ghar tch slths lg quhstldg.

Hstuarlgh scheeolsc sujc as busshes, dysthrs, agm jdjkehs arh edw trdpclj ehvhe sphjlhstcat jag ih jdgslmhrhm barnlgae rhsdurjhs odr cubags. chsh arh hasy td natchr, iutdo edw jaedrlj vaeuh. Eanddgae lgehts agaedndus td tch hxtagt twlg jdastae eakhs doIyk agm Kk hkbhjh at tch dutsklrts do stagiue dr tch Muragkueak Eakh dgtch Gdrtchrg Iuenarlag jdast whrh apparhgtey prhohrrhm edjatldgs td odugm vleeanhs td djjupy yhar-ardugm dr dg a shasdgae iasls. Aquatlj rhsdurjh iashs whrh rljc agmjdgslsthm do jd-hxlstlgn (ratchr tcag aethrgatlgn as lt cas ihhg rhjhgtey sunnhsthm iyzmdag 9611i) orhscwathr, irajklsc agm barlgh shjtdrs. cls rhjdgstrujtldg lslg nddm anrhhbhgt wltc tch paehdgtdednljae agm shmlbhgtdednljae rhjdgstrujtldgsdo varldus edjatldgs dg tch Barbara jdast murlgn tch Harey Cdedjhgh (Bhrl agm

Aenag 966>). Iashm dg tch aiugmagjh do mhhr agm idar, lt jag ih pdstueathm tcattch thrrhstrlae hgvlrdgbhgt jdgslsthm do patjchm odrhsts agm pdssliey dphg olhems.Ohrtleh pealgs jrhathm iy tch aeeuvlae shmlbhgts do tch earnh rlvhrs ohhmlgn tchshlgehts wduem cavh prdvlmhm oavduraieh eagm odr anrljueturh agm aglbae cusiagmry.

Lg subbary, wcat tch nrdwlgn matashts ordb vhrthirath agm lgvhrthirathrhbalgs ordb tch harelhst shttehbhgt pcashs lg tch Barbara rhnldg lgmljath ls tchhxlsthgjh do a suislsthgjh hjdgdby jcarajthrlshm iy chrmlgn agm jdgsdelmathm iytch lgthgsh hxpedltatldg do wlem rhsdurjhs, idtc thrrhstrlae agm aquatlj.

Olnurh >. Yheatlvh aiugmagjh (% GLZV) do ba`dr bdeeusj taxa.


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Jdgjeusldgs

ch suislsthgjh hjdgdby do Ghdeltclj jdastae Barbara cas dothg ihhg jcarajthrlshmiy lts prlbary rhelagjh dg olsclgn, scheeolsc jdeehjtlgn, agm cugtlgn, ratchr tcagdg oarblgn (lelgnlrdeu 9668; Mrlgn 9611, 131; ksz 9611; zmdag 1


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slth dr tch olsclgn thjcgdednlhs tcat whrh avaleaieh td lts Ghdeltclj lgcailtagts.Aee tcls mhbdgstraths tcat lt ls gdt jdgvlgjlgn td arnuh tcat hvlmhgjh odr aquatljodranlgn ls ag apprdprlath prdxy odr Bhsdeltclj lgoeuhgjh dg Ghdeltclj bdmhs dooddm ajqulsltldg, agm tch mdblgagt lmha do ag lgeagm-jdastae mljcdtdby ihtwhhg

tch Ghdeltclj slths lg tch hasthrg Barbara rhnldg jaggdt ih jdrrdidrathm ordb asuislsthgjh pdlgt do vlhw.ch idmy do hvlmhgjh dg wcljc tcls paphr ls iashm ls ambltthmey sjagty. Muh td

tch aishgjh do oueey puielschm hxjavatldgs, arjcahdidtagljae rhjdrms agm hxjavathmBhsdeltclj slths, lgthrprhtatlvh pdsslileltlhs whrh ghjhssarley elblthm. Aetcdunc tchnrdwlgn idmy do hvlmhgjh jaees odr a rhvlsldg lg tch jdursh do mlsjussldgs aidut tchrdeh do Ghdeltclj Barbara lg whstwarm Ghdeltclsatldg, lt ls hvlmhgt tcat dgey ghwrhsharjc jag irlgn bdrh lgslnct lgtd tch prdiehbs tcat arh ammrhsshm chrh.

Ajkgdwehmnhbhgts

L ab nrathoue td Mr. Phyghp Kzetag, mlrhjtdr do tch Lstagiue ArjcahdednljaeBushubs agm Vrdo. _hmat Dgar, prlgjlpae lgvhstlnatdr do tch arjcahdzddednljaerhsharjc at tch Iyzagtlgh eayhrs at tch Barbaray agm Bhtrd slths, odr nragtlgn bhtch phrblssldg td stumy tch arjcahdzddednljae asshbieanhs ordb \hglkap. L wduemaesd elkh td tcagk Vrdo. @drls Vhthrs odr baklgn arjcahdoaugae sabpehs ordb Vhgmlkagm Olklrthph avaleaieh odr stumy. Yhsharjc dg tch oaugae rhbalgs ordb Olklrthph,Vhgmlk agm \hglkap was hgaiehm tcrdunc nhghrdus ougms ordb tch HurdphagXgldg ralglgn Ghtwdrk IldArjc, Lgstltuth do Ahnhag Vrhclstdry (LGZAV),agm tch Ihenlag Zjlhgjh Vdeljy (IHEZVD). cls paphr cas nrhatey ihgholthm ordb

jdbbhgts ordb Ihg`ablg Ariujkeh, Cl`ekh Iulthgculs, Iha Mh Juphrh, lehrlelgnlrdeu, Iehma Mrlgn, @drls Vhthrs, Bhcbht zmdag, agm twd agdgybdusrhvlhwhrs. Ag harelhr vhrsldg do tcls paphr was prhshgthm at tch Assdjlatldg doHgvlrdgbhgtae Arjcahdedny bhhtlgn lg Absthrmab lg Djtdihr 9611. A scdrthrvhrsldg was prhshgthm at tch IldArjc bhhtlgn lg Irusshes lg Gdvhbihr 9611.

Yhohrhgjhs

Aenag, D., \aeg, G.B., zmdag, B., \ebaz, \., Zar, H., Krj-Hebas, H., \ebaz, .,Iuekag, ., Dgnag, M., Nazldeu, J., Gazlk, A., Vdeat, B.A., agm Bhrl, H. 9611.Cdedjhgh jdastae jcagnh lg tch agjlhgt caridr do \hglkapstagiue agm lts lbpajt dg

jueturae clstdry. Quathrgary Yhsharjc>?/1, :6-=8.

Ariujkeh, I. 961:. ch eath amdptldg do jatteh agm pln cusiagmry lg Ghdeltclj Jhgtraeurkhy.@durgae do Arjcahdednljae Zjlhgjh =6, 1368-1318.

Ariujkeh, I. agm Bakarhwljz, J. 966


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Idhssghjk, @. agm _dg mhg Mrlhsjc, A. 1-1=.

Irabl, B. agm Chym, _. 9611. ch drlnlgs do Hurdphs olrst oarbhrs0 tch rdeh do Cajear agmwhsthrg Agatdela, oloty yhars dg. Vrclstdrlsjch Phltsjcrlot3?, 1?8-96?.

Iulthgculs, C. 1. Jdeehjtlgn, slhvlgn agm arjcahdzddednljae rhsharjc.@durgae do Arjcahdednljae Zjlhgjh=, 1>1-1>8.

Jdeehmnh, Z. agm Jdgdeey, @. 966> (hms.). ch drlnlgs agm sprham do mdbhstlj peagts lgZdutcwhst Asla agm Hurdph.Zag Oragjlsjd0 Ehot Jdast Vrhss.

Jdgdeey, @., Jdeehmnh, Z., Mdighy K., _lngh, @.-M., Vhthrs, @., Ztdpp, I., Bagglgn, K.,agm Zchggag, Z. 9611. Bhta-agaeysls do zddarjcahdednljae mata ordb Z^ Asla agm ZHHurdph prdvlmhs lgslnct lgtd tch drlnlgs agm sprham do aglbae cusiagmry. @durgae do

Arjcahdednljae Zjlhgjh :3/:, 8:3-=8.


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Jdgdeey, @., Jdeehmnh, Z., Mdighy, K., Zchggag, Z. 9619. Zphjlhs mlstrliutldg bdmheelgndo agjlhgt jatteh ordb harey Ghdeltclj slths lg Z^ Asla agm Hurdph. Cdedjhgh 99/.

Mumm, Z. agm Hvhrschm, Y. 1


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Nragt, A. 1


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>3

Bdcashi Karlbeu, A., Zchlkcl Zhgd, Z., Mau`at, @., Irdjk, O., Vlgcasl, Y., Cdgnd, C.,Vhrhz-Hgjlsd, B., Yasbusshg, B., Oragts, E., Bhnhgs, C.-@., Jrddl`bags, Y., Nrdhghg,B., Ariujkeh, I., Ihghjkh, G., Ztargm _lmarsmttlr, X., Iurnhr, @., Jujjcl, ., Mdighy,K. agm Earsdg, N. 961:. Vln mdbhstljatldg agm cubag-bhmlathm mlsphrsae lg ^hsthrgHurasla rhvhaehm tcrdunc agjlhgt MGA agm nhdbhtrlj bdrpcdbhtrljs. @durgae do

Bdehjuear Ildedn y agm Hvdeutldg:6/=, 39:-3:9.

zmdag, B. 1


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31 -

Anrljueturae prdmujtldg ihtwhhg tch?tc agm tch :rm bleehgglub jae IJ lg

tch jhgtrae part do tch _aehgjla rhnldg(Zpalg)

Nuleehb Vrhz @drm1agm Ehdgdr Vha-Jcdjarrd9,1

1. NL Arquhdildedna. Jhgtrd mh Jlhgjlas Cubagas y Zdjlaehs (JZLJ)Aeiasagz 9?-93

936:> BamrlmZpalg

nuleehb.phrhzFuv.hs

9. Hsjuhea Hspadea mh Clstdrla y Arquhdedna (JZLJ)_la ml drrh Arnhgtlga 13

6613? YdbhLtaey

ehdgdr.jcdjarrdFjslj.lt

Aistrajt

ch jhgtrae part do tch _aehgjla rhnldg cas ihhg tch odjus do ba`dr rhsharjc lgtd tchGhdeltclj phrldm. Ztumlhs do suislsthgjh, shttehbhgt patthrgs agm stdranh oajleltlhsodr tch phrldm ihtwhhg tch ?tc agm tch :rm bleehggla cavh ihhg jarrlhm dut wcljcarh prlbarley odjushm dg ugmhrstagmlgn idtc tch mhvhedpbhgt do tch varldusoarblgn strathnlhs agm tch baganhbhgt do surpeus. ch harelhst hvlmhgjh do jrdpjuetlvatldg tddk tch odrb do cdrtljueturh prajtlshm iy shbl-bdileh jdbbugltlhs. Lg

a shjdgm pcash ordb tch 8tc bleehgglub, phdpeh elvhm lg annrhnathm jdbbugltlhs,mhvhedphm hxthgslvh mryeagm anrljueturh agm stdrhm tchlr surpeus lg earnh jdbbugaesleds. cls bdmhe lgjeumhs stdranh strujturhs tcat rhvhae jeharey tcat sdjlae lghquaeltyjdgtlguhm ugtle j.9866 IJ. ch east pcash do tch phrldm ugmhr jdgslmhratldg lsmlstlgnulschm iy a rhturg td a cdrtljueturae systhb jcarajthrlshm iy a mdbhstljamblglstratldg do tch surpeus.

Khywdrms0Ghdeltclj, stdranh strujturhs, anrarlag bdmhe, Lihrlag Vhglgsuea


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39

Lgtrdmujtldg

ch hbhrnhgjh agm ourtchr sprham do anrljueturh ls dgh do tch bdst slngloljagthvhgts lg tch clstdry do bagklgm. Lg Lihrla oddm prdmujtldg ls mdjubhgthm ordb j.8?668866 IJ. ch harelhst mata jdbh ordb tch _aehgjla rhnldg wcljc cas ihhgtch odjus do lgthgslvh rhsharjc wltc a partljuear hbpcasls dg tch Ghdeltclj phrldm(BjJeurh ht ae. 966


85/302

3: -

ch bdmhe jdbprlshs tcrhh mloohrhgt stanhs0 a) tch olrst dgh ls jcarajthrlshm iyag lgthgslvh agm mlvhrslolhm cdrtljueturh (Vrhz @drm 9668; Ihrgaihu Auig htae.1


86/302

3=

8

?668666IJ

8666=866IJ

Jhgmrhs

Dr

Oaeanuhra

BasmLs

]dtae

Jhgmrhs

HgVarmd

]dtae

Gubihrdosabpehs

111

=9

:)

9(9)

1(1)

19(3)

9(1)

Cdrmhubvuenarhvar.g

umub

16:(=1)

19??(:?)

9(9)

::(16)

1(1)

]rltljubahstlvub-muru

b

139(?>)

:1?1(:)

:(:)

8(=)

]rltljubbdgdjdjjub

11((?)

1(1)

Vlsubsatlvub

3(8)

_ljlahrvlela

1(1)

_ljlaoaia

:(1)

_ljlasatlva

1(1)

Vapavhrsdbglohrub

]dtae

86>

=8

=:

8

8189

?3

?

>=

]aieh1

.Elstdop

eag

trhb

algs

ordb

tchmlhrhgtp

hrldms

jdgsl

mhrhmlgtchthx

t.]chrs

tg

ub

ihrlgtchjh

eesrh

ohrs

td

tchgubihrdorhbalgsodrhajcsabpehwchrhastchgub

ihr

lgirajk

htsrh

eathst

dtchorhquhgjl

hsdohajc

tax

alghajc

slth

.


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38 -

=866=666IJ

=6669:66I

J

9:669666IJ

ZtaBalra

BasmLs

Jhgmrhs

]dtae

@dvamhs

Jdeata

G

luht

]dtae

Bdea

Arhgae

]dtae

Gubihrdosabpehs

9>

98

:

88

1>

9:

?

=?

:

=

>

Cdrmhubvuenarhsuis

p.vuenarh

:(:)

:(1)

:(:)

Cdrmhubvuenarhvar.g

umub

8(=)

1(1)

:(8)

:(:)

=999(:)

1(1)

]rltljubmljdjjub

]rltljubbdgdjdjjub

?68(:)

:(1)

Eatcyrussp.

9(9)

Ehgsjuelgarls

1(1)

Vlsubsatlvub

=(9)

91(9)

_ljlahrvlela

_ljlaoaia

1(1)

(9)

_ljlasatlva

8(:)

Vapavhrsdbglohrub

9(1)

]dtae

1:

16

3

:1

88

>:

8

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?1>:

163

?931

]aieh1(jdg

tlg

uhm)

.


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3?

Olnurh 9. Jhrhae sphjlhs lmhgtlhm.

1. Cdrmhub vuenarhvar.

gumub, 9. Cdrmhub vuenarh

suisp. vuenarh, :. ]rltljub

ahstlvub/murub, =. ]rltljub

bdgdjdjjub, 8. ]rltljubmljdjjub.


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3> -

Ehnubhs arh aesd prhshgt ordb tch harelhst Ghdeltclj jdgthxts iut aeways lgedwhr prdpdrtldgs. chlr prhshgjh ls jdgtlgudus tcrduncdut tch shquhgjh wltcdutprhmdblgagjh do a partljuear sphjlhs. Vha (Vlsub satlvub), nrass pha (Eatcyrussp.), irdam ihag (_ljla oaia), vhtjc (_ljla satlva), iltthr vhtjc (_ljla hrvlela) agm

ehgtle (Ehgs juelgarls) arh tch jdbbdghst sphjlhs rhprhshgthm (Olns. : agm =). chelblthm prhshgjh do whhms lg tch Lihrlag arjcahdidtagljae rhjdrm mdhs gdt aeedwasshsslgn tch lgthgslty do jrdp cusiagmry lg tch rhnldg as lt cas ihhg mdgh odr dtchrHurdphag arhas (Idnaarm 966=; Caestham 966=).

Odr at ehast 866 yhars aothr tch olrst hstaielscbhgt do oarbhrs, agtcrajdednljaesphjtra md gdt shhb td scdw hvlmhgjh odr odrhst mhnramatldg wcljc ls prdiaieyrheathm td tch typh do anrljueturh prajtlshm iashm dg lgthgslvh cdrtljueturae wdrk.

ch jdgthbpdrary ush do javhs agm sbaee dphg-alr shttehbhgts sunnhsts tcattchsh oarblgn jdbbugltlhs dr `ust sdbh sbaee nrdups prajtlshm sdbh mhnrhh dobdilelty (Narja Atlgzar 9611; Narja Idr`a ht ae. 9611) albhm at hxpedltlgn

Olnurh :. Orhquhgjlhs do tch varldus jhrhae sphjlhs lmhgtlhm.

Olnurh =. Orhquhgjlhs do tch mlhrhgt jrdps lmhgtlhm.


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33

mloohrhgt hgvlrdgbhgts. chsh bdvhbhgts bay aesd cavh chephm td jdph wltc sdleohrtlelty mhpehtldg muh td lgthgslvh eagm ush (Ihrgaihu Auig ht ae. 1


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6 8b

?


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).

^cleh tchrh arh dgey a ohw hxabpehs do earnh strujturhs (1866-=866 eltrhs) drdo ratchr dvhrslzhm dghs (up td =866 eltrhs), tch avhranh japajlty do bdst sleds lsihedw 1866 eltrhs, wcljc jdrrhspdgms wltc tch usuae prdmujtldg do a oabley ugltphr yhar.

ch edgn eloh-spag do sdbh do tch slths wchrh sleds cavh ihhg odugm bakhslt mlooljuet td hstaielsc tchlr jcrdgdednljae djjupatldgae shquhgjh. ch avaleaiehmata sunnhst tcat tch slth do Ihgbhr was tch demhst, iut lt partey mhvhedphm at tchsabh tlbh as dtchrs sujc as Blsshga (_aehgjla) (Vasjuae Ihghytd ht ae.966=). cheatthr was stlee lg ush murlgn tch =tc bleehgglub IJ as whrh dtchrs sujc as Jdeata(_aehgjla) (Nbhz Vujch ht ae. 966=) agm @dvamhs (Aeljagth) (Ihrgaihu Auig1


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/966>-961:)/HYJ Nragt Anrhhbhgt g 9:68?1. Lg ammltldg lt cas aesdihgholthm ordb tch MNL prd`hjt JNE966


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,1


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99/302

-

Nbhz Vujch, B., Mhz Jastleed, A., _hrmasjd Jhirlg, J., Narja Idr`a, V., BjJeurh, Z.,Ephz Nlea, B.M., Narja Vujcde, D., Drdzjd Kcehr, ., Vasjuae Ihgltd, @.E., JarrlgBarjd, \. agm Vrhz @drm, N. 966=. He yajlblhgtd mh Jdeata (Bdgtavhrghr, _aegjla)y eds pdieamds mh sleds mhe L_ blehgld hg eas jdbarjas jhgtrd-bhrlmldgaehs mhe Vas_aehgjlagd. Yhjhrquhs mhe Bushu mAejdl1:,8:-193.

Nbhz Vujch, B., Vrhz @drm, N. agm Jarrlg Barjd, \. 9611. He hspajld mh ea djupajlgprhclstrlja, lg0 Vrhz @drm, N., Ihrgaihu Auig, @., Jarrlg Barjd, \., Narja Vujcde,D., Bdelga Iaeanuhr, E. agm Nbhz Vujch, B. (hms.), Ea _ltae (Nagma, _aehgjla). _lma

y buhrth hg ea mhshbidjamura mhe Zhrpls muragth he LLL y he L blehgld a.J.Zhrlh raia`ds_arlds 11:. _aegjla0 Zhrvljld mh Lgvhstlnajlg Vrhclstrlja. Mlputajlg Vrdvlgjlae mh_aehgjla, 1>-:=.

Ndgzehz Vrats, A. agm Yulz Zhnura, H. 1


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Bangy, B. 1


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161

Ordb suislsthgjh td barkht hxjcagnh0tch mhvhedpbhgt do ag anrljueturae

hjdgdby lg 1st-bleehgglub-IJZdutchast Ltaey

Mapcgh Ehgt`hs

_X Xglvhrslty AbsthrmabMh Idheheaag 1168

1631 C_ Absthrmab]h Ghtchreagms

m.b.ehgt`hsFvu.ge

Aistrajt

A shrlhs do ugprhjhmhgthm jcagnhs tddk peajh lg tch Zdutchasthrg part do Ltaey

ihtwhhg tch Arjcalj Vhrldm agm tch arrlvae do tch Ydbags. Vartljuearey tch prdjhssdo Nrhhk jdedglsatldg cas spawghm a cunh arjcahdednljae ilieldnrapcy. Lg rhjhgtyhars, rhsharjc do tch jdgthbpdrary lgmlnhgdus rhnldgs cas aesd takhg a nlagt ehapodrwarm, ehamlgn td lbpdrtagt ghw lgslncts lg tch prdjhsshs do uriaglsatldg agmnrdwlgn sdjlae agm hjdgdblj jdbpehxlty lg tchsh arhas. Jdbilglgn arjcahdednljae,arjcahdidtagljae agm arjcahdzddednljae mata, L wlee lgvhstlnath cdw anrljueturaeeagm ush hvdevhm murlgn tch mloohrhgt stanhs do Nrhhk jdedglsatldg. L wlee scdwtcat wcleh tch Nrhhk jdedglae tdwgs whrh aerhamy lgvdevhm lg surpeus prdmujtldglg tch Arjcalj agm Jeassljae phrldms, oarbhrs lg tch jdgthbpdrary lgeagm arhas mlmgdt suppey nddms td a barkht. Yatchr, tchy albhm td ih sheo-suppdrtlgn agm nalg

suislsthgjh odr tchlr dwg oablelhs. cls jcagnhm lg tch Harey Cheehglstlj Vhrldm (j.:98966 IJ), wchg tch sjaeh agm hooljlhgjy do anrljueturae prdmujtldg lgjrhashmjdgslmhraiey, agm tch lgeagm arhas ihjabh bdrh ajjhsslieh odr edgn-mlstagjh tramh.ch jdgshquhgjhs do tcls arh jeharey rhoehjthm lg a gubihr do ghw mhvhedpbhgts,sujc as lgjrhaslgn barkht-drlhgthm anrljueturae prdmujtldg agm, prdiaiey as a rhsuetdo tcat, anrljueturae sphjlaelsatldg. chsh mhvhedpbhgts jag ih wltghsshm hsphjlaeeywchg arjcahdidtagljae agm arjcahdzddednljae asshbieanhs ordb arjcahdednljae slthslg Zdutchast Ltaey arh lgthnrathm wltc lgodrbatldg ordb arjcahdednljae hxjavatldgs,olhem survhys agm agjlhgt wrltthg sdurjhs. Lg tcls paphr, sdbh hxabpehs do hvlmhgjh


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169

odr surpeus prdmujtldg agm anrljueturae sphjlaelsatldg wlee ih prhshgthm, agm lt wleeih scdwg cdw tch odjus do tch rurae hjdgdby lg tch hgtlrh rhnldg sclothm ordbsuislsthgjh- td barkht-drlhgthm.

Khywdrms0Vrh-Ydbag Ltaey, anrljueturae prdmujtldg, arjcahdidtagy, arjcahdzddedny

Lgtrdmujtldg agm iajknrdugm

cls paphr ls jdgjhrghm wltc tch Arjcalj/Jeassljae phrldms (j.?66:98 IJ) agmtch Harey Cheehglstlj Vhrldm (j. :98966 IJ) lg Zdutchast Ltaey (Oln. 1). chrhsharjc arha jdgslsts do tch rhnldgs ardugm tch Nueo do aragtd, lgjeumlgn tchZaehgtd Lstcbus lg tch sdutchrg part do Apuela, tch Iasleljata (dr Eujagla) rhnldg,tch sdutchrgbdst tlp do Jabpagla agm tch gdrtc do Jaeairla. cls arha ls ratchrvarlhm lg thrbs do rhelho, cymrdedny agm vhnhtatldg patthrgs (_ag @ddehg 966:,==-?1,


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16:

scaphm bdugtalg ragnh, wltc ohw ajjhss pdlgts td tch bdugtalgdus clgthreagm.Lgeagm rduths arh earnhey rhstrljthm td tch wlmh rlvhr ihms do tch strhabs hgthrlgntch pealg ordb tch bdugtalgs.

Ihtwhhg tch 3tc agm ?tc jhgturlhs IJ, sbaee nrdups do Nrhhk shaoarhrs shttehm

aedgn tch jdast do Zdutchrg Ltaey (Banga Nrahjla) agm hstaielschm jdedglhs,lgjeumlgn aras (bdmhrg aragtd), Bhtapdgtldg (Bhtapdgtd), Zlrls/Chrakehla(Vdeljdrd) agm Zyiarls (Zliarl) (Oln. 1). Arjcahdednljae rhsharjc do tch Nrhhkjdedglsatldg bdvhbhgt cas odjushm balgey dg tch jdedglae Nrhhk jltlhs agm tchmloousldg do Nrhhk art, arjclthjturh agm tdwg peagglgn (Ghgjl agm _aeeht 1>-9668; Mugiailg 1


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16=

Murlgn tchsh pcashs, wcat arh tch balg mloohrhgjhs lg jrdp agm elvhstdjkhxpedltatldg agm sphjlaelsatldg tcat jag ih lmhgtlolhm ihtwhhg tch jdedglaetdwgs agm lgmlnhgdus/blxhm shttehbhgts4

^chg jag lgthgsloljatldg agm sphjlaelsatldg lg oarblgn olrst ih lmhgtlolhm4

Bathrlaes agm bhtcdms

d jarry dut tcls lgvhstlnatldg, L wlee prhshgt arjcahdidtagljae agm arjcahdzddednljaerhsharjc mata ordb hehvhg slths lg Zdutchast Ltaey, matlgn td twd mloohrhgt pcashs, l.h.tch Arjcalj/Jeassljae phrldms (j.?66:98 IJ) agm tch Harey Cheehglstlj Vhrldm (j.:98966 IJ) (Oln. 1). chsh arh tch dgey rhsharjc mata avaleaieh odr tchsh phrldms;L mlm gdt cavh ajjhss td ugpuielschm arjcahdidtagljae agm arjcahdzddednljae mata.

Arjcahdidtagljae agm arjcahdzddednljae agaeyshs whrh dgey rarhey ag lgthnrae partdo arjcahdednljae lgvhstlnatldgs lg Zdutchast Ltaey ugtle rhjhgtey (Cdpo 1


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Idarmbag agm @dghs 1


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16?

jdgslsts odr tch bdst part do araieh whhms agm dtchr lgmljatdrs do juetlvathm nrdugms.ch sabpehs ordb Vlzzlja Vagtagheed, wcljc ls edjathm ghar a sprlgn iaslg, aesdlgjeumhm peagt sphjlhs ihedgnlgn td whteagms. Vaeygdednljae mata ordb ZdutchastLtaey arh sjarjh; tch pdeehg jdrh ordb tch wathrednnhm hgvlrdgbhgt at Vagtagheed

ls aebdst uglquh odr tcls rhnldg (Jarthr ht ae. 1


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16>

^ltc rhnarm td tch survhy agm hxjavatldg mata, lt jag ih jdgjeumhm tcat mloohrhgjhsihtwhhg tch jdastae agm lgeagm rhnldgs do Zdutchast Ltaey whrh qulth jehar lg tclsphrldm. Lg tch jdastae arhas, tch Nrhhk shttehbhgts do Bhtapdgtldg, Zlrls, Zyiarlsagm aras nrhw jdgslmhraiey agm ajqulrhm sdbh mlstlgjt uriag ohaturhs (\gthba

9666, 1=). Zurvhy mata ordb tch anrljueturae thrrltdry do Bhtapdgtldg lgmljath tcattcls uriag mhvhedpbhgt was ajjdbpaglhm iy a rhdrnaglsatldg do tch surrdugmlgnjdugtryslmh. Lg tch jdursh do tch ?tc agm 8tc jhgturlhs IJ, tch thrrltdry dr jcdrado Bhtapdgtldg ihjabh eltthrhm wltc oarbsthams, sbaee rurae ghjrdpdehls agmsagjtuarlhs (Jarthr 966?; Mh Zlhga 9661). A systhb do mltjchs dr jagaes was bamhlg drmhr td mlvlmh tch jcdra lgtd rhnuear pedts. Lgmhhm, tch apparhgt prdsphrltydo tch jdedglae tdwgs lg tcls phrldm jag pdssliey ih hxpealghm iy tch oedurlsclgnhxpdrt do anrljueturae prdmujh, lgjeumlgn wlgh agm delvh dle. Vart do tch surpeus washxpdrthm lg sd-jaeehm Jdrlgtclag I abpcdrah (Zdurlsshau 9611). Zujc tragspdrtvhsshes whrh bamh lg shvhrae prdmujtldg jhgtrhs aedgn tch Zdutchrg Ltaelag jdast,

lgjeumlgn Zyiarls, aras agm Bhtapdgtldg. ch ohw jdgthbpdrary wrltthg rhjdrmstcat mhae sphjloljaeey wltc eagm ush agm tch jdgsubptldg agm prdmujtldg do oddmlg jdedglae Nrhhk Zdutchast Ltaey jdgolrb tcls pljturh do a tcrlvlgn anrljueturaehjdgdby. Hsphjlaeey tch oabdus vlghyarms do Zyiarls arh orhquhgtey bhgtldghm, odrlgstagjh iy tch Nrhhk clstdrlag lbahus do aurdbhglub (bdmhrg adrblga) lgZljley (j.:=8986 IJ) (Pagjagl Bdgtudrd 1


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163

1


111/302

16 %) At _asth, tch aglbae rhbalgs jdgslsthm aebdst hxjeuslvhey (


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116

prdmujts agm wdde ordb tchb (Xnuzzdgl agm Nclgattl 1


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111

phrldm Arjcalj/Jeassljae Vhrldms

slth Vlzzlja Vagtagheed eAbastudea Idtrdbangd Ydjjanedrldsa

rhhrhgjh Jarthr ht ae.1


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119

Lg jdgtrast, lt apphars tcat bdst do tch Nrhhk jdedglae tdwgs whrh lgvdevhm lgwlgh agm delvh dle prdmujtldg lg tch Arjcalj Vhrldm, agm aesd prdmujhm tragspdrtvhsshes td hxpdrt tchlr surpeushs td dvhrshas barkhts. ch hvlmhgjh odr tcls gdtdgey jdgslsts do arjcahdidtagljae mata (wathrednnhm nraphs agm delvhs lg tch

Vagtagheed sagjtuary; nraph agm delvh pdeehg lg tch Vagtagheed pdeehg jdrh) iutaesd do arjcahdednljae olgms (tch mlstrliutldg do tragspdrt abpcdrah) agm rhohrhgjhslg agjlhgt wrltthg sdurjhs (odr hxabpeh td tch vlghyarms do Zyiarls). Earnh-sjaeh(l.h.arjcahdednljaeey vlslieh) dehl- agm vltljueturh ls a rlsky iuslghss tcat rhqulrhsstaieh shttehbhgts agm shttehm jdgmltldgs. Lt jag ih prdoltaieh hgdunc td oajh tclsrlsk lo tch orults arh jdgvhrthm lgtd stdraieh jdbbdmltlhs (l.h.wlgh agm delvh dle),agm sdem dg a barkht (Yhgorhw 19, 936). Iut wchrhas tch Nrhhk jdedglae tdwgswhrh ajtlvhey lgvdevhm lg hxthrgae hxjcagnhs, tchrh ls gd arjcahdednljae hvlmhgjhtcat sujc a barkht hxlsthm lg tch lgeagm arhas. Lt ls gd surprlsh, tchg, tcat vltl- agmdehljueturh was stlee lg lts lgoagjy lg tch lgeagm arhas lg tcls phrldm.

Lg scdrt, lgthnratlgn tch arjcahdidtagljae agm arjcahdzddednljae hvlmhgjh wltcarjcahdednljae mata agm lgodrbatldg ordb wrltthg sdurjhs, lt jag ih lgohrrhm tcattch jdedglae shttehbhgts dg tch jdast whrh lgvdevhm lg surpeus prdmujtldg, gdtaieydo wlgh agm delvh dle. Bhagwcleh, tch lgeagm shttehbhgts jdgtlguhm td jdgjhgtrathdg suislsthgjh anrljueturh. ch jrdp sphjtra lg tch lgeagm agm jdastae arhas arhrhbarkaiey slblear, iut tchrh arh jehar mloohrhgjhs lg tch sjaeh agm drnaglsatldg doanrljueturae prdmujtldg.

]ch Harey Cheehglstlj Vhrldm (j. :98966 IJ)

chrh jag ih gd mduit tcat tch aidvh-bhgtldghm jcagnhs (rurae lgolee, uriaglsatldg)tcat tddk peajh ihtwhhg tch hgm do tch =tc agm tch ihnlgglgn do tch :rm jhgturyIJ cam oar-rhajclgn jdgshquhgjhs odr tch sjaeh, mlvhrslty agm drnaglsatldg doanrljueturae prdmujtldg lg tch lgeagm arhas. ch quhstldg rhbalgs wchtchr tchshjcagnhs arh blrrdrhm lg tch arjcahdidtagljae agm arjcahdzddednljae asshbieanhs.ch jrdp sphjtra do Nrhhk jdedglhs agm lgmlnhgdus shttehbhgts stlee apphar tdih oalrey slblear odr tch phrldm ugmhr mlsjussldg. Odr lgstagjh, tch sabpehs ordbVagtagheed agm Ydjjanedrldsa (a odrtlolhm jhgtrh lg lgeagm Eujagla wltc dgey whakelgks wltc tch Nrhhk jdedglae wdrem) idtc jdgtalghm cueehm iarehy, jeui wchat agmhbbhr wchat. ch orult asshbieanh ordb Ydjjanedrldsa agm Vagtagheed ls bujc

tch sabh, agm jdgslsts do olns, delvhs agm nraphs; jcljk phas agm iltthr vhtjchswhrh odugm at Vagtagheed, vhtjcelgn at Ydjjanedrldsa. Ehnubhs arh aetdnhtchr rarhat slths lg Zdutchast Ltaey iut tch wathrednnhm asshbieanh ordb Vagtagheed scdwa earnhr varlhty do pueshs lg jdbparlsdg td bdst dtchr slths. Lt ls rhbarkaieh tcatjcljk phas agm tch nhgus Vlsub(pha) dgey djjur lg tch Arjcalj Vhrldm, iut tcls lgltsheo scduem gdt ih takhg td lgmljath tcat tchy whrh lgtrdmujhm iy Nrhhk jdedglsts,slgjh tch harelhst olgms do idtc jcljk phas agm phas arh ordb gatlvh slths (BdgthLrsl agm Javaeelgd).

Zdbh mlstlgjt jcagnhs, cdwhvhr, jag ih gdthm lg tch arjcahdidtagljae agmarjcahdzddednljae mata lg jdbparlsdg td tch Arjcalj/Jeassljae phrldms. Bdst

prdblghgtey, delvh agm nraph rhbalgs aidugm lg aee tch arjcahdednljae slths ordbZdutchast Ltaey wltc cailtatldg ehvhes ordb tch Harey Cheehglstlj Vhrldm (aieh


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8). ch dgey hxjhptldg td tcls trhgm ls Vdbarljd _hjjcld, wchrh tch sabpeh waspartljuearey sbaee agm jdgslsthm do tch jdgthgts do ag abpcdra, wcljc jdgtalghm aohw nraph plps, iut gd delvh stdghs. ch pdeehg jdrhs ordb tcls slth, cdwhvhr, jehareypdlgt td vltljueturh agm dehljueturh (Jarablheed agm Zlglsjaejd 1


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11=

idghs at Harey Cheehglstlj _asth (Aeiarheea 1


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118

slth eAbastudea Idtrdbangd 1 Bdgth Vapaeujld 1

rhhrhgjh Ehgt`hs 9611 Jdeehmnh 9666 Jlaraeml 1


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11?

slth eAbastudea Idtrdbangd 1 Bdgth Vapaeujld 1

wlem peagts

whhms lg araieh fihems

Amdgls sp./ j. aggua * (autubg) amdgls

Avhgasp. * dat

Edelub jo. phrhggh/rlnlmub * ryhnrass

ugjuetlvathm dr aiagmdghm

zdghs

Yubhxsp. * * sdrrhe

juetlvathm nrdugm, wasth

peajhs, wayslmhs

Cheldtrdplubsp. * cheldtrdph

Bhmljand clsplma * iur bhmljk

whteagms

Zjlrpussp. * iuerusc

Bhmlthrraghag bajjcla

Vlstajla ehgtlsjus * bastlj

pdsslieh dranh jrdps

Irdbussp. * irdbh

Vcaearlssp. * jagarynrass

dtchr

Jchgdpdmlub sp. * nddshddt

Hupcdrilajhah *

]aieh 1, part dgh (jdgtlguhm).


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11>

]aieh 1. Arjcahdidtagljae rhbalgs ordb Zdutchast Ltaey, Arjcalj/Jeassljae Vhrldms; part twd.

slth Ydjjanedrldsa Idtrdbangd 9 Vlzzlja Vagtagheed 1

rhhrhgjh Ikgyl ht ae.

1


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113

slth Ydjjanedrldsa Idtrdbangd 9 Vlzzlja Vagtagheed 1

pdsslieh dranh jrdps

Vcaearlssp. * jagarynrass

dtchr

Jchgdpdmlubsp. * nddshddt

Elelajhah (sbaee shhmhm) *

Yagugjueus sp. * iutthrjup abley

Yuiussp. * ieajkihrry

]aieh 1, part twd (jdgtlguhm).


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11

Zdelgas9663

Ikgylhtae.1).Lg tcls jash, jhrhaes whrh dgey gdblgaeey prhshgt, idtc lg tch jdeehjtldgs wltcjaridglshm bathrlae agm lg tcdsh wchrh tch bathrlaes whrh prhshrvhm lg a wathrednnhmjdgthxt. ch bdst jdbbdg nrdup arh orult trhhs, hsphjlaeey nraph (_ltls vlglohra),oln (Oljus jarlja) agm pdbhnragath (Vuglja nragatub), wcleh delvh (Deha hurdpha)lsaesd prhshgt td a edwhr mhnrhh.

Zabpehs ordb tch lgcailthm zdgh arh tch rhoehjtldg do tch prdmujts stdrhm odreathr jdgsubptldg agm tch rhbalgs ehot ordb tch prdjhsslgn do tch oddm; ednljaeey,jhrhaes as tch balg iasls do tch mlht apphar bdst orhquhgtey. Cdwhvhr, dutslmh wholgm tch rhbalgs nhghrathm dr rhushm iy tch mloohrhgt lgmustrlae ajtlvltlhs. chwlgh-baklgn prdjhss ls jarrlhm dut lgslmh uslgn tch mdjubhgthm wlgh prhss doearnh mlbhgsldgs, ushm odr tch prlbary ohrbhgtatldg (Vrhz @drm 9666; Dejlga htae. 966


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1:>

vhsshes (Ephz 1). Chgjh, wh jag surblsh tcatwlgh was dgh do tch balg prdmujts hxpdrthm ordb tchsh twd pdrt tramh slths.

ch sphjloljlty do tchsh twd slths ls aesd dishrvhm lg dtchr hehbhgts, balgey lgtch jdgstrujtldg bathrlaes ushm odr tch wlgh prhsshs lg Leehta mhes Iagyhts. Lg tch

rhst do tch Lihrlag shttehbhgts, wlgh prhsshs agm blees odr baklgn delvh dle whrh iuletordb hartc agm jdvhrhm iy a eayhr do elbh (Vrhz @drma 9666), wchrhas lg tcls sltha elbh bdrtar was ushm (Dejlga 9668, 188) (Oln. =). cls jcarajthrlstlj ls scarhmwltc dtchr mdjubhgthm strujturhs lg Vuglj hgjeavhs, sujc as Eas Jubirhs (Vuhrtdmh Zagta Barla), Khrkduagh (ghz) (Yulz Bata 1


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1:3

do squarhs agm strhhts. ch cdushs (wcljc bhasurh >6-186 squarh bhtrhs dgavhranh) cavh rddbs agm jdurtyarms. ch gubihr do phdpeh elvlgn at tch slth casihhg hstlbathm at ihtwhhg =86 agm 3=6. ch slth was djjuplhm ordb tch hgm do tch8tc jhgtury td tch shjdgm caeo do tch =tc jhgtury IJ (Idght agm _lvhs-Ohrragmlz

9611) (Oln. 8).ch slth cas a vhry slngloljagt anrljueturae iash, wcljc shhbs td cavh cam a sheo-suooljlhgt prdmujtldg sjchbh, lgjeumlgn idtc elvhstdjk agm anrljueturae prdmujts.ch rljcghss do tch hgvlrdgbhgt, wltc lts clnc-quaelty sdle agm wathr rhsdurjhs,jdgstltuths tch iasls odr jhrhae jrdps agm odr earnh elvhstdjk sujc as jatteh.

Oaugae mata

ch oaugae rhbalgs scdw a mhphgmhgjh dg mdbhstlj sphjlhs (


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(rltljub bdgdjdjjub), jdbbdg bleeht (Vagljub blelajhub) agm Ltaelag bleeht(Zhtarla ltaelja), arh qulth sjarjh (Oln. 3). ch iaeagjhm prhshgjh do tch twd balgjhrhaes jag ih dishrvhm lg peajhs wltc nddm-quaelty sdle, wcleh arhas wltc pddrhrsdles cavh a clnchr jdgjhgtratldg do Cdrmhub vuenarh var. vuenarh. Elkhwlsh, tchprhmdblgagjh do tch orult trhhs ls aesd jedshey elgkhm td tch quaelty do tch sdle.cus, lg tcls jash, tch phrjhgtanh do orults ls gdt vhry clnc; _ltls vlglohraagm Oljusjarlja arh tch bdst jdbbdg. cls edw phrjhgtanh do orults ls aesd rheathm td tch oajttcat tcls ls dgh do tch ohw slths wchrh gd strujturhs odr baklgn wlgh dr dle cavhihhg odugm.

Lt appharhs tcat anrljueturae agm elvhstdjk prdmujtldg was balgey albhm atprdvlmlgn suislsthgjh odr tch edjae pdpueatldg; tchrh ls gd sphjlaelshm prdmujtldgwltc a strdgn tramh drlhgtatldg. Aetcdunc tch taxa rhjdrmhm arh slblear lg tch jdastaeagm lgeagm slths, mloohrhgjhs jag ih dishrvhm abdgn tch anrljueturae prdmujts, wltca bdrh hstaielschm agm iaeagjhm patthrg wltc a clnchr prdpdrtldg do jhrhaes, tchstapeh oddms at Iastlma. Lg tch oaugae asshbieanh plns arh rarh lg tch jdastae slths(< %), wchrhas tchy arh ratchr bdrh jdbbdg at Iastlma (96 %). ch lgthgsltydo pln irhhmlgn ls wlmhsprham lg anrljueturae shttehbhgts (Xhrpbagg 1>). chlgjrhbhgt dg pln irhhmlgn jdlgjlmhs wltc ag hbpcasls dg tch prdmujtldg doshjdgmary prdmujts, wltc ag lgjrhash lg schhp agm jatteh prdmujtlvlty. Ourtchr

hvlmhgjh ls tch edwhr prdpdrtldg do pajk aglbaes (Hqulmah) lg Iastlma (=.16 %)tcag lg dssae mh ehs Iasshs (19.96 %).

Lg Iastlma, tch quaelty do tch surrdugmlgn eagm agm tch hxlsthgjh do wathr agmnrazlgn eagm aeedwhm a nrhathr prhshgjh do jhrhae oarblgn as whee as tch mhvhedpbhgtdo ndat agm schhp chrms lg a shttlgn wchrh jatteh peayhm ag lbpdrtagt rdeh lg tchprdmujtldg do oddmstuoos, sujc as blek agm bhat, as whee as lg anrljueturae jdgthxtsas a odrjh do trajtldg. Ammltldgaeey, tch lbpdrtagjh do jhrhae oarblgn ls lgmljathmlgmlrhjtey iy tch prhshgjh do tch eltteh iustarm. ch jhrhaes arh a prdmujt tcatoajleltaths ohhmlgn do jatteh, jdbpehbhgtlgn tchlr gaturae mlht wltc nralg stuiiehagm nralgs lo ghjhssary.

Olnurh 3. Vaehdidtagljae mata ordb Iastlma mh Ehs Aejusshs (N. Vrhz).


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1=1

Jhgtrae slths wltc tramlgn ajtlvltlhs

ch jlty do Hmhta(Eelrla, _aehgjla) ls edjathm lg tch rhnldg do Jabp mhe urla, wltcag arha do aebdst 1666 squarh kledbhtrhs. cls rhnldg ls djjuplhm aebdst hgtlrheyiy mry-eagm oarblgn dg tch pealgs agm iy plgh odrhsts (Vlgus caehphgsls) lg tchbdugtalgdus hehvatldgs. ch surrdugmlgn arha ls prhmdblgagtey oeat. dwarms tchhast tchrh ls ag aeeuvlae pealg, wltc djjasldgae hehvatldgs do 1>11>> bhtrhs aidvhsha ehvhe.

ch thrrltdry do Hmhta ls jcarajthrlshm iy a jdbpehx clhrarjcljae shttehbhgtpatthrg, jdgslstlgn do tch dpplmub (balg slth) agm dtchr sbaee mhphgmhgt slths,sujc as rurae cabehts, odrtlolhm oarbs, cleeodrts, sbaee vleeanhs agm rltuae slths.ch tdtae gubihr do slths edjathm lg tcls thrrltdry ls =?, iut dgey 18 % cas ihhgpartlaeey dr jdbpehthey hxjavathm (Idght ht ae. 9663). Arjcahdednljae hvlmhgjhordb tchsh shttehbhgts ls lgmljatlvh do tch prhshgjh do hjdgdblj helths, eagmdwghrsagm phasagtry (Vrhz @drm ht ae. 9666). ch lgcailtagts do aee do tchsh shttehbhgtshxpedlthm tch surrdugmlgn eagm tcrdunc anrljueturh agm elvhstdjk cusiagmry.

ch paehdildednljae mata jdbh ordb tch odeedwlgn slths; Hmhta (balg jlty),Vugtae mhes Eedps (cleeodrt), Jastheeht mh Ihrgai (odrtlolhm oarb), Ea Bdgravagaagm Ea Zha (vleeanhs). ch jlty do Hmhta djjuplhs apprdxlbathey 16 chjtarhs,aetcdunc lt cas dgey ihhg partlaeey hxjavathm. ch hxjavatldg ugjdvhrhm 11mwheelgns, a thbpeh, strhhts, strhhts agm dphg spajhs. ch olgms rhvhaehm tchprhshgjh do pdwhroue djjupagts sujc as tch eagmdwghrs tcat jdhxlsthm tdnhtchrwltc bhrjcagts, artlsags, phasagts agm shrvagts (Idght ht ae.9663). ch vleeanhsdo Ea Zha agm Ea Bdgravaga cavh a suroajh arha do apprdxlbathey 1 chjtarh agm

?666-3666 squarh bhtrhs, rhsphjtlvhey. Idtc slths arh surrdugmhm iy ag hgjedsurh.Ea Zha cas a irdam strhht agm attajchm spajhs, dgh do tchb wltc a earnh jdurtyarm.Lg Ea Bdgravaga tchrh was a prdjhsslgn arha wltc bleelgn agm wlgh prhsshs. chlgcailtagts whrh balgey phasagt oablelhs (Idght ht ae. 9663). ch Jastheeht mhIhrgai ls a odrtlolhm oarb wltc ag arha do 1666 squarh bhtrhs. ch spajh scdws ajhgtrae strhht agm ls mlvlmhm lgtd tcrhh arhas. ch olrst ls a earnh cdush, tch shjdgmdgh lgjeumhs ag dle prhss, stdrhrddbs, a iarg wltc twd nrlgmlgn wchhes, a odrnh, aeham odugmry, agm tch tclrm arh shvhrae sbaee cdushs. ch lgcailtagts do tcls ruraeslth lgjeumhm ag helth oabley, phasagts agm shrvagts (Nurlg 966:). ch east slth lstch cleeodrt do Vugtae mhes Eedps, wcljc ls surrdugmhm iy a mduieh waeehm hgjedsurh

wltc a earnh tdwhr lg tch hgtragjh. ch slth ls drnaglshm ardugm a jhgtrae strhht wltc1> rddbs dphglgn doo tch strhht. ch rddbs whrh ush odr bleelgn, stdranh, whavlgn,bhtaeeurny, jddklgn agm rhelnldus ajtlvltlhs (Idght agm Bata 9669). Zlngloljagtey,blglgn agm tch jupheeatldg prdjhss (slevhr agm eham) whrh tch balg ajtlvltlhs jarrlhmdut at tch slth (Ohrrhr Hrhs ht ae. 9616). ch hstlbathm pdpueatldg ls ardugm 96-:6phdpeh, jdgslstlgn do shrvagts as whee as arlstdjratlj agm hquhstrlag phdpeh (Idghtht ae.9663).

Aetcdunc tchrh was anrarlag ajtlvlty at aee tch slths, agm orults whrh juetlvathmlg aee do tchb, sdbh prdmujts, sujc as dle agm wlgh, dgey djjur lg sdbh slths0 dleat Ea Zha agm Jastheeht mh Ihrgai, wchrh dle prhsshs whrh mdjubhgthm, agm wlgh

at Hmhta agm Ea Bdgravaga, wchrh wlgh prhsshs whrh odugm. At Vugtae mhes Eedps,tchrh ls aesd hvlmhgjh odr blglgn agm bhtaewdrklgn (Oln.


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Oaugae mata

ch mdbhstlj taxa arh mdblgathm iy Dvls arlhs/Jap

Groot, Lentjes & Zeiler 2013 - Barely Surviving or Just Enough

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