Greetings from. 2 “OLD WORLD” ROUTE to ASIA 3 VOYAGES of DISCOVERY.
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Transcript of Greetings from. 2 “OLD WORLD” ROUTE to ASIA 3 VOYAGES of DISCOVERY.
Greeting
s from
2
“OLD WORLD” ROUTE to ASIA
3
VOYAGES of DISCOVERY
4
Spanish Conquests & Explorations
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DISCOVERIES of AMERICA Vikings (10th C.) Columbus 1492 (x4) John Cabot (pre-1500) Italian for the English
St. Lawrence River in Canada
Amerigo Vespucci (pre-1500) Amazon in South America
Pedro Cabral (pre-1500) Portuguese John Smith (1607) Jamestown #1
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EUROPEAN SPRAWL 1492-1542 (50 yrs.)
east coasts of both continents interior regions traversed most powerful empires = overthrown
(Aztecs, Incas) European infiltration
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EUROPEAN SPRAWL Columbus: mainland South America 1498, Central America 1502 Cabot & Portuguese Corte-Real brothers: coast of North America 1502 Cabral & Vespucci: east coast of South America 1502 1515-1520s: Spain (Charles V) = aggressive
Gulf of Mexico Florida, Panama, Yucatan Peninsula
1520s-1540s: deep into North America Florida, Kansas, California
Portuguese in Brazil French up St. Lawrence to “Montreal”
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CONQUESTS over Aztecs, of Mexico
1519-21 Hernan Cortes vs. Montezuma
over Incas 1532-33 Francisco Pizarro
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England & France: NEW BLOOD England –
1570s+ QE1, Bloody Mary, Sp. Armada, …. Prosperity public support, political sanction curiosity, investment Bad Luck: 1580s Roanoke Island’s “Lost Colony” (SW
Raleigh) 20 yrs. of fizzle 1606: James I, 2nd Virginia Colony, Jamestown
shipwreck in Bermuda starvation riots clashes w/locals Richard Hakuyt’s The Principall Navigations (1598-1600) Shakespeare’s The Tempest (1610-11)
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England & France: NEW BLOOD France –
1603 late but more successful Samuel de Champlain – St. Lawrence settlements,
pushed westward while English struggled in Virginia & just landed
in Plymouth
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COLUMBUS(1) left
Palos, Spain (Ferdinand & Isabella) August 6, 1492
arrived San Salvador (their name), Bahamas October 12, 1492 La Navidad settlement
from Santa Maria returned
with 7 natives (Taino Indians from Bahamas) Diego Colon (“Colon” = Spanish “Columbus”)
captured, Christianized/baptized, displayed, translator
1. 1492-932. 1493-963. 14984. 1502-04
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COLUMBUS (2) left
1493 arrived
November 1493 17 ships 1500+ men Diego Colon as translator European food:
wheat, onions, melons, radishes, grapevines, sugar cane, fruit tress
La Navidad settlement =•wiped out•like Jamestown, later
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DOUBLE-SIDE DISCOVERY “wonder” at new world Europeans of Natives (by Columbus)
trees, people, foods,…. Natives of Europeans (by Diego)
cities, fortresses, churches horses, animals nobility & wealth of leaders foods tournaments, bull-fighting
The Tempest 5.1MIRANDA O, wonder! How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, That has such people in't!
PROSPERO 'Tis new to thee.
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EUROPEAN-IZATION of the AMERICAS fortresses, churches foods (see above) textiles tools weapons religion slavery
= change for the West Indie Natives reshape identities, reorganize lives
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MELTING POT ATLANTIC BASIN = melting pot
1492-1650 European colonists Natives African slaves
new set of social relationships cultural & social relations
influence & exchange went BOTH ways “a many-sided process of influence & exchange” “that ultimately produced a hybrid cultural universe of the Atlantic
world” (5)
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from WONDER to VIOLENCE the “wonder” or awe of Columbus & Colon replaced by violence, struggle
to endure – conquer – outwit (Survivor) “Indian Wars” = violent recoil to Eur. influx
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from WONDER to VIOLENCE death to Europeans:
frontier wars with Natives political in-fighting (Columbus, James Smith)
dissension mutiny riots
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from WONDER to VIOLENCE death to Natives:
wars, clashes disease
small pox, measles, typhus epidemics microbes that Europeans = inured/accustomed to Caribbean 1st, then mainland of Central & South
America
slavery
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from WONDER to VIOLENCE slavery
“the institutional disease of slavery” (6) encomienda
instituted by Spanish crown in 1503 (1503-42) attempt to define the status of American Indians (Natives) based on its previous practice of exacting tribute from Muslims & Jews
during the Reconquest of Muslim Spain land-grant system that gave a tract of land to Spanish colonist (conquistador, chosen by crown)
(land + Indians on it) plantations & mines Indians = labor, gave tribute to their new lord….slavery
like feudalism: they serve the lord the lord instructs (Christianity) & protects them
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from WONDER to VIOLENCE slavery
African slaves 1501 (Hispaniola) declining numbers of Natives
“Thus the destruction of one people [Natives] was accompanied by the displacement and enslavement of another [African slaves]. By that point, the naïve ‘wonder’ of discovery was all but unrecoverable.” (6)
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Indians of North America, c. 1500
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NATIVES = no angels just as violent, mean, savage as Europeans quick to adopt European weapons & tactics not just victims
forwarded their own aims/agendas Aztecs: 1519, threw in with Cortes to overthrow overlord Montezuma New England Pequot Wars: 1637, Mohegans & Narragansetts join w/English
against Pequots Iroquois: used Europeans means to solidify power they had before
“means of consolidating advantages gained before the arrival of the colonists. The Iroquois had begun to organize their famous League of Five Nations before European settlement, but they solidified their earlier victories over other Native peoples by forging canny alliances with the Dutch and then the English in New York.” (6)
“[…] they showed themselves resourceful in resisting, transforming, and exploiting” the European culture (7)
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ORAL LITERATURE EUROPEANS 1492
centralized nation-states agricultural economies 2-3 dozen languages languages = related (lang.
tree) written alphabet Gutenberg’s bible (1452-
55) Caxton’s printing press
(1476) (print culture)
genres: comedy, tragedy, epic, ode, lyrics,…
NATIVES 1492 diversely structured
societies (econ. & pol.) hunting & gathering,
agriculture hundreds of languages languages = not related diverse religious beliefs no written alphabets no writing technologies
(oral culture) “genres”: chants, rituals,
songs, tales
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ORAL LITERATURE ORAL =
no written alphabet at least 8 different Creation Myths oral =
chanted, sung, presented in lengthy narratives oxymoron –
“oral literature” “literature” = “littera” = letter
“orature”
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ORAL LITERATUREORAL = “genres”:
Winnebago trickster tales, Apache jokes, Hopi personal naming & grievance chants, Yaqui deer songs, Yumi dream songs, Piman shamantic chants, Iroquois condolence rituals, Navajo curing & blessing chants, Chippewa songs of great Medicine Society
some WRITTEN traditions: visual records Aztecs: shellwork belts & painted hides, tepees, shields
literary?: 1778 Romanticism redefine literature from medium of expression to kind of expression
from print to creative, imaginative, emotional language
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ORAL LITERATURE translations:
troubles moving from foreign language to another moving from oral tradition to print tradition
oral = performance-based dramatic acting, voice modulation, gesture, pace, pause all these affect understanding, interpretation difficult to transcribe into writing live audience reaction to/from audience known audience author sees/knows audience
(Scop of Anglo-Saxon literature)
27
LITERARY CONSEQUENCES of 1492 literature expansionism
PRINTING PRESS integral role in European colonialism Columbus’ 1493 letter to court (official Luis de Santagel)
narrates voyage describes vernal West Indies
“…the printing press and the European expansion into America were reciprocal parts of a single engine. Without the ready dispersal of text rich with imagery that stirred individual imagination and national ambition in regard to the West Indies, Europe’s movement westward would have been blunted and perhaps thwarted. The sword of conquest found in the pen, & in the printing press, an indispensable ally.” (11)
Caxton’s printing press (1476)
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LITERARY CONSEQUENCES of 1492
2 sides to the conquests 1528 Aztec writing in Spanish lamenting Cortes’
conquest & fall of city
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LITERARY CONSEQUENCES of 1492 POLICY vs. PRACTICE:
atrocities = due to miscommunication rather than policy policy:
made in Spain took long time to get to West Indies disconnected to the realities of the situation often outdated/moot by the time they arrived
practice: done in Americas
LITERATURE
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LITERARY CONSEQUENCES of 1492 3 functions of this LITERATURE:
1. to inform, influence political policy back home description of the situation – accounts, “postcards”
2. to justify actions real power in those who could grab it time lag of policy (easier to ask forgiveness than permission) Cortes’ 1519 invasion of Mexico to Charles V
3. to document to describe, to testify to to play witness to the events/atrocities “reveal the bloody truths of Europe’s colonial dreams” (12)
Literature & History
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LITERARY CONSEQUENCES of 1492 SUBVERSIVE (to document)
critical of Europe’s treatment of Natives not swayed by the slogans of empire, faith,
wealth (ad populum)
written by non-nobles, lower born New World, not just dependent province of
Europe, but could inform Europe too new ways of living, thinking, believing
32
PILGRIMS & PURITANS Puritan vs. Pilgrim –
Puritan = change from within the Church of England
Pilgrim = separatists, break from COE thought COE = completely corrupt SCROOBY, Nottinghamshire: secret congregation
(Scrooby Separatists)
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PILGRIMS & PURITANS Puritan = Pilgrim –
sought to purify Christian belief & practice agreed w/ Martin Luther’s belief that no pope or
bishop had a right to impose any law on a Christian w/o consent
accepted John Calvin’s point in predetermination – election by God of saved & damned
34
PILGRIMS & PURITANS Pilgrims’ Route to New World –
persecution, imprisonment in England 1608: to Holland, Netherlands
foreigners, poverty, language, no agriculture but weaving, loss of religious identity)
petition to settle in America, to England’s Virginia Company
English investors commercial as well as religious venture
3x as many secular settlers as Separatists on Mayflower
35
PILGRIMS & PURITANS 1620:
Pilgrims land in Plymouth Rock, Plymouth Plantation
William Bradford Mayflower November 1620 1st winter: Wampanoag Indians, leader =
Massasoit
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PILGRIMS & PURITANS 1630:
Puritans land in Massachusetts Bay John Winthrop well-financed trip Arbella
1691: Pilgrim = Puritan
synonymous see similarities above
by the time of the New Charter
37
PILGRIMS & PURITANS RELIGION:
Calvinist doctrine of ELECTION God had chosen/elected who will be saved,
damned long before we’re born not that we’re all born damned but that since Adam broke “Covenant of Works”
(live forever in GOE as long as…) saved by “Covenant of Grace”
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PILGRIMS & PURITANS RELIGION:
“Covenant of Grace” (Christ’s redeeming bargain, sealed with His blood) root of the JOY celebration of Incarnation strict requirements of Eucharist (Lord’s Supper) – more important than
Baptism sermons = not to the hopeless unregenerate but to the indifferent emotional appeals
rational understanding vs. emotional saving faith heart vs. mind
rigorous, strict – to be an example to others, to set themselves apart “city on the hill”
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N. AMERICAN LANGUAGES English = late to the game
Massachusetts settlements = younger than Saint Augustine, Jamestown, Santa Fe, Albany, New
York French in Canada Spanish in Florida Dutch in New York (New Netherland, New
Amsterdam before 1664) German in Pennsylvania Scandinavian, Irish, Scottish, African, West
Indian,…
40
N. AMERICAN LANGUAGES English & Boston:
the large initial immigration of the 1630s the high articulation of the Puritan cultural ideals the early establishment of a college in Cambridge the early establishment of a printing press in
Cambridge eventually English as the language of literature
& the vernacular
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AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1700 last half of the 17th century (1600s) ENGLISH:
British America, their colonies inter-colonial tool as “13 Colonies” took shape printing press
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AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1700 PRINTING PRESS:
printing of colonial writings – here & in Europe Cambridge, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Annapolis “printing was established in the American colonies
before it was allowed in most of England, where restrictive laws, the last of them repealed as late as 1693,had long confined printing to four locations: London, York, Oxford, and Cambridge. ” (16) see what books = printed insight into literature
43
AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1700 COTTON MATHER:
most prolific colonial writer biographies, propriety, histories (“tearful decade” 1688-98 of
New France vs. New England) Puritan
RELIGION: dominant theme Puritanical
self-regarding strict
social issues against executions (Quaker Dissenters in Boston) earliest antislavery tract (Sewell’s The Selling of Joseph)
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AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1700 cross-cultural interactions:
rich array of purposes, varied main ends relations with the Indians (Iroquois)
adventure & exoticism almanacs, governmental publications
MELTING POT
END
46
Greeting
s from