Green Remodeling Guide

Designing and building a more

sustainable home

Green Home Remodeling Guide

From the City of Portland Office of Sustainable Development

September 2005

Designing and building a more

sustainable home

Green Home Remodeling Guide

From the City of Portland Office of Sustainable Development

Designing and building a more sustainable home:G/Rated Green Home Remodeling GuideThe Portland Office of Sustainable Development’s G/Rated program encourages the sustain-able building efforts of Portland-area homeowners and the remodeling industry with tech-nical support, education, information resources, events and financial incentives.

Published by the Portland Office of Sustainable DevelopmentDan Satlzman, CommissionerSusan Anderson, Director

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to the following building professionals for their commitment, input and direction indeveloping this guide:

Home Remodeling Guide Advisory Group:Heather McNeill, Greener by DesignDan Marrin, ReMAX equity group Inc.Bryce Jacobson, MetroAbby Mages, Environmental Building SuppliesBrian Setness, Miller PaintRichard and Anne De Wolf, Arciform LLCMelissa Fryback, Studio MJeff Divers, Earth AdvantageNan Stark, Portland Bureau of Development ServicesGreg Acker, Portland Office of Sustainable Development

Special thanks to Alameda County Waste Management Authority of Hayward, California for permis-sion to excerpt portions of their Green Building Guidelines.

Project Team: Rob Bennett, Greg Acker, Terry Miller, Mike O’Brien, Stephanie Swanson, Amy Stork,Michael Armstrong

Disclaimer

The information provided in these guidelines is intended to assist homeowners, contractors, archi-tects and other professionals in the course of designing and constructing modified structures. Theyare offered as a public service by the Portland Office of Sustainable Development to provide commu-nity and environmental benefits and reduce costs. The guidelines are not a substitute for the exerciseof sound judgment in particular circumstances. Mention of products or services is not an endorse-ment, nor is absence of a product or service intended as a criticism.

Design: Bryan Potter Design Printing: 100% post-consumer recycled paper using soy-based inks.

Portland Office of Sustainable Development 721 NW Ninth Avenue, Room 350 Portland, OR 97209www.sustainableportland.orgwww.green-rated.org

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: WELCOME TO GREEN REMODELING 71.1 What is “green remodeling”? 81.2 Your remodel makes a difference 81.3 Making choices and setting goals 91.4 How to use this guide 10

CHAPTER 2: THINGS TO THINK ABOUT BEFORE YOU START 112.1 Reducing construction waste 112.2 Conserving natural resources 122.3 Healthier homes: indoor air quality 132.4 Saving energy and water 152.5 Reducing monthly costs 172.6 Supporting local companies 18

CHAPTER 3: GREEN BUILDING METHODS AND MATERIALS 193.1 Design and construction planning 203.2 Site work 253.3 Foundations 283.4 Structure 303.5 Exterior finish 323.6 Plumbing 343.7 Electrical 383.8 Roofing 393.9 Appliances 403.10 Insulation 423.11 Windows 443.12 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) 46

Fireplaces and wood stoves 49Cooling systems 51Cleaning the air 52

3.13 Renewable and solar energy 553.14 Indoor air quality and finishes 583.15 Flooring 61

CHAPTER 4: IDEAS, ILLUSTRATIONS & CHECKLISTS 65Photo gallery 664.1 Comprehensive remodel 774.2 New addition 804.3 Second floor 834.4 Bathroom 864.5 Kitchen 884.6 Remodeling resources 90

G/Rated Green Home Remodeling Guide 3

Thanks to these partners for supporting theGreen Home Remodeling Guide.

The Energy Trust of Oregon, Inc., is a nonprofit organization dedi-cated to changing how Oregonians use energy by promoting energyefficiency and clean renewable energy for Oregon customers ofPacific Power, Portland General Electric and NW Natural. EnergyTrust offers Oregonians cash incentives for energy-efficientimprovements to their homes and businesses.www.energytrust.org.

Our retail partners

The ReBuilding Center of Our United Villages3625 N. Mississippi Ave.Portland, OR503-331-1877

Environmental Building Supplies819 SE Taylor StreetPortland, OR 503.222.3881

Online retail partner

Ecotrust503.227.6225www.ecotrust.org

4

Comfort. Health. Savings.

Make It Happen With EnergyTrust.

Energy Trust offers cashincentives to help you enjoy acomfortable home and savemoney all year long when youmake upgrades like these toyour home:

◆ High efficiency gasfurnaces & heat pumps

◆ Insulation

◆ Efficient windows

◆ Duct & air sealing

◆ ENERGY STAR appliances &lighting

◆ Solar energy systems

Call now. Let us help youimprove your home, yourhealth and our naturalenvironment.

Call 1-866-ENTRUST (503-368-8686) or log ontowww.energytrust.org.

Green remodelingprioritiesWhat choices and actions will have the greatest impact? Here’s howthe staff at the Portland Office of Sustainable Developmentprioritizes actions:

◆ Small is beautiful. The size of your remodel willdetermine the resources to build it and the energy to maintaincomfort for many years in the future. Plan multi-use spaces tomaximize efficiency and functionality.

◆ Focus on energy. Energy generation pollutes andcontributes to global warming. Additionally, inefficient homes arecostly.

◆ Use the sun. The sun provides free and plentiful energy inthe form of daylight and heat. Use windows well, use direct solarfor energy or heating water, and buy renewable power.

◆ Reduce waste. Implement a plan to eliminateconstruction waste, and recycle any waste you create. Re

◆ Buy local. Support businesses and jobs, keep dollars in thecommunity, and help create a market for sustainable building.Use the NW Green Directory: www.nwgreendirectory.org.

◆ Durability rules. Select products and materials that aredurable and low maintenance. You will save in the long run.

◆ Reuse. Whenever you reuse building materials, you eliminatethe need to extract and process more stuff.

◆ Get the whole story. A product’s lifecycle tells the wholestory from extraction to end of life. Ask.

◆ Avoid toxics. Using safe, healthy materials helps protectyour family and your community.

◆ Gather rain. Install rain barrels or a cistern for irrigationwater.

◆ Go organic. Buy locally grown food from local vendors.

◆ Walk and bike. Getting out of your car can improve yourhealth and reduce pollution.

◆ Make it beautiful. We take care of the things we love.


CHAPTER 1:

Welcome to green

remodeling

CHAPTER 1:

Welcome to greenremodelingYour home remodel is an exciting opportunity to adapt your houseto fit your goals for livability, style and budget. By making informedchoices, you can also lower your energy bills, reduce future mainte-nance, make your home healthier, and reduce waste and pollution.

Your remodel is an opportunity to make choices that reflect yourvalues. Your decisions are important to the future health and pros-perity of your family and your community.


Your decisions are importantto the future health andprosperity of your family andyour community.

Salvage Douglas fir cabinets look great, and avoid the cutting of more trees

1.1 What is “green remodeling”?Green or sustainable remodeling pays attention to:

◆ Saving energy

◆ Using renewable energy such as sun or wind power

◆ Saving water

◆ Protecting rainwater and streams from pollution

◆ Recycling construction materials

◆ Reusing materials

◆ Using materials with recycled content

◆ Reducing indoor pollutants, including mold and toxic chemicals

◆ Durability and long life

◆ Reducing maintenance

◆ Using local products and services

This G/Rated guide includes many ways to integrate these ideasinto your remodel. Whatever your budget or preferences, you canmeet your goals while minimizing your impact on the environment.

1.2 Your remodel makes a differenceThe Portland Office of Sustainable Development supports greenremodeling as an important part of creating a sustainable city.Primary community goals are to:

◆ Promote salvage, reuse and recycling to minimize construction-related waste

◆ Create healthier and more durable homes

◆ Save energy, water and other resources

◆ Reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming

◆ Make housing more affordable by reducing operating costs

◆ Support our local economy, such as manufacturers and suppliersof resource-efficient building materials.

The products and practices contained in this guide were selectedfor their availability, performance, cost and practicality for Portlandhomeowners and remodelers.

Remodeling contractors can use this guide to differentiate them-selves in the marketplace, while protecting our environment.

The guide was developed through a partnership among local devel-opers, architects, contractors, green building experts and staff ofthe Portland Office of Sustainable Development.

8 Chapter 1: Welcome to green remodeling

Your remodel andglobal warming The scientific evidence forglobal warming is clear. TheEarth has warmed by around 1degree in the past century.Most of the 10 hottest yearson record took place in thepast decade. Weatheranomalies have increased inthe U.S. along with droughtand flooding. Spring iscoming around a week earlierto the Pacific Northwest.Cascade mountain glaciersare melting.

Global warming poses twochallenges—or opportunities—as we consider remodeling.The first is to do the best wecan to reduce our personalgreenhouse gas emissions.That means reducing energyuse. Fortunately, there aremany smart, cost-effectivealternatives for our homes.By reducing energy use, wealso save money on the costsof power and fuels, so cuttinggreenhouse gases can be agood investment.

Second, we can plan anddesign a house adapted to adifferent climate. Over thenext 50 years, climatescientists tell us Portland willbecome more like theMediterranean, with warmersummers and longer dryperiods.1 We can take thischange into account whenremodeling—for example, bydesigning our houses tomaintain comfort duringwarm weather, without theneed for air conditioning.

1For a Northwest climate summary, seewww.cses.washington.edu/cig/pnwc/cc.shtml.

1.3 Making choices and settinggoalsYou already have your own ideas about living more lightly on theearth. Your own home can be an expression of those values andideas. There’s satisfaction in knowing that your flooring not onlylooks great, the forest it came from is still healthy and the peoplewho made it received a living wage.

Green remodeling is about making informed choices. Your choiceswill be easier if you set goals and prioritize them.

For every decision along the way, you’ll be asking questions like:What’s it made of? Where did it come from? Will it save energy?

Most of us will also ask: How much will it cost?

Some choices may cost more; others might even cost less. Forexample, the price of safer paints, carpet, adhesives and other fin-ishes is competitive with conventional products. And re-used orsalvage materials often cost less than new. Many choices that docost more now may save you money in the long term with productsthat reduce energy costs and last longer.

As you read through this guide, think about what you can easily do,and what you might be able to do if you stretch. Trust yourinstincts, and do the things that are important to you. By learning


Richard and Anne DeWolf of Arciform LLCrestored and remodeled a home originally builtin 1909 in the Alameda Ridge/HollywoodDistrict of Portland. The projectshowcases current ideas, prac-tices, materials and products forgreen remodeling. Arciformmade the home available to thepublic as a green remodelingresource throughout the process ofthe remodel/restoration.

Arciform has joined with the Earth Advantage

program and several local building profession-als to include as many green features as possi-

ble in design and construction, includingenergy efficiency, healthier indoor

air, resource efficiency and envi-ronmental responsibility. The1909 House is a model of energyefficiency, yet retains the home’s

original period features.

For more details, including a list ofteam members and a complete project

diary, go to www.1909House.com.

The 1909 House: A showcase of green remodeling

House before remodeling After remodeling, the house is ready for another century of living

10 Chapter 1: Welcome to green remodeling

about building products and making informed choices, homeown-ers and remodelers can use their purchasing power to transformthe market toward more sustainable products and practices.

This section covers the major areas to think about while planningyour remodel.

You and your contractor are welcome to contact the G/rated staffwith questions about green remodeling: 503-823-7222.

1.4 How to use this guideTopic areasThe guide is organized into sections that follow the design and con-struction process. Topic areas are separated with section dividers.Please use the table of contents to locate the sections that are mostrelevant to your project.

ChecklistsThe guide includes checklists of green features to consider whendoing typical remodels like a kitchen or addition. You can look overthe lists to spot ideas that appeal to you.

Photos and tips The Guide includes photos of remodeled Portland homes that havebeen on the Build It Green tours. Held every September, the tour isa great way to see houses and meet their owners, designers andbuilders to ask about their experiences. Check the G/Rated web site,www.green-rated.org, for tour information.

Photos and examples from the 1909 House—as well as insider tipsfrom Richard, the builder; Anne, the designer, and other membersof the team—are used throughout this remodeling guide to illus-trate sustainable design and construction ideas that are practicaland affordable. Look for the “1909 House” logo.

CHAPTER 2:

Things tothink aboutbefore you

start

CHAPTER 2:

Things tothink aboutbefore youstart2.1 Reducing construction wasteAlthough Portland’s overall recycling rate of 53% is one of thenation’s highest, debris from construction and demolition accountsfor about 25% of all material disposed of in our landfills.

The City of Portland and Metro are working with homeowners andthe construction and building industry to keep these materials outof the landfill, by:

◆ Building “right-sized” houses that function well while reducingenergy and materials.


Conventional remodelingdepletes natural resources.You can change that.

Salvaged cabinets and wood from 1909 House ready to go to The ReBuilding Center

Embodied energy “Embodied energy” refers tothe energy consumed overthe life cycle of a product—the total energy used forresource extraction,processing, manufacturing,transportation and eventuallydisposal. Some buildingproducts have very highembodied energy becauseraw materials have to beprocessed at hightemperatures to make them:examples include steel,aluminum, cement and glass.Thinking about embodiedenergy can help withdecisions of whether to buyused or new materials.

◆ Deconstructing instead of demolishing older buildings.

◆ Salvage and reuse of materials.

◆ Job site recycling of waste materials.

◆ Efficient use of materials, such as advanced framing.

◆ Use of recycled-content building materials, like wheatboard madefrom waste straw.

◆ Use of durable materials that will need to be replaced less fre-quently.

◆ Use of materials that don’t pollute the waste stream.

2.2 Conserving naturalresourcesConventional remodeling consumes large quantities of wood, plas-tic, cardboard, paper, water and other natural resources, andleads—unnecessarily—to their depletion. You can change that. Thekey to conserving resources is to ask. As a consumer, you have a biginfluence on suppliers and contractors when you tell them you wantproducts that are socially and environmentally responsible.

Remodelers have a rapidly expanding range of green buildingmaterials from which to choose, including decking, insulation, con-crete, drywall, fiberboard, tile, flooring and paint. Much green

12 Chapter 2: Things to think about before you start

Stair treads made from recycled polyethylene and wood fiber


FSC certificationThe Forest StewardshipCouncil (FSC) is a non-profitorganization with world-widemembership. FSC hasestablished guidelines formanaging forests so that theyremain healthy whileproducing wood products andsupporting local economies.A forest is certified by athird-party company thatapplies FSC standardsobjectively. FSC certificationis your assurance that woodyou buy is genuine and youare not harming the forest itcame from.

Other certification systemsfound in the marketplace mayoffer less protection for theforest, but they are evolvingquickly in response toconsumer demand.

For details, go towww.certifiedwood.org.

building is just applied common sense. Reclaimed lumber andother products divert waste from landfills, while providing qualityand durability that often exceed conventional materials. Manygreen products are also easier to maintain.

WoodWood, for example, is one of the most common remodeling materi-als. Wood from sustainably managed forests can be easily renew-able, traded fairly, require minimal processing, have low embodiedenergy, cause relatively little pollution and support local economies.Independent certification helps you tell the difference. A ForestStewardship Council (FSC) label is your assurance that your woodis from a healthy forest.

Salvage or reused wood can be better quality than new wood, andis well worth investigating. You can also ask your contractor to usewood efficiently so your remodel doesn’t create a lot of scrap.

2.3 Healthier homes: indoor airquality Some building materials can look attractive but may introduceharmful chemicals into the home. The United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) reports that the air in new homes can beten times more polluted than outdoor air.

Certified maple flooring from sustainably managed forest

Reused cedar cabinet facings

According to research published in the New England Journal ofMedicine, 40% of children will develop respiratory disease, in partdue to the chemicals in their homes. Fortunately, a little forethoughtcan eliminate most indoor pollutants for a safer home.

Causes of poor indoor air quality:

◆ Offgassing of chemicals from building products and materials

◆ Combustion byproducts from open-flame appliances

◆ Lead dust from old paint

◆ Asbestos from old insulation, floor tiles, siding or fireproofing

◆ Dust mites and other biological pollutants like dander and pollens

◆ Mold caused by excess moisture and/or poor ventilation

◆ Radon that migrates from soil into the house.

Formaldehyde in particleboardOne of the most common indoor pollutants is formaldehyde, whichirritates the respiratory system and may cause other illnesses.Kitchen cabinets, countertops, shelving, underlayment and furni-ture are typically made from particleboard. The wood particles areheld together by urea-formaldehyde adhesive. Formaldehyde maybe released into the home for years after these products have beeninstalled.

Volatile Organic CompoundsMany primers, paints, floor finishes, adhesives and caulks also con-tain unhealthy volatile organic compounds (VOCs). That “newhouse smell” is actually the odor of VOCs offgassing and is a telltalesign that there are harmful chemicals in the indoor environment.The building products industry has responded to these indoor pol-lution problems by developing alternative paint, finish, adhesiveand caulking products. For example, solvent-free adhesives used inflooring and countertops can eliminate many suspected and knownhuman carcinogens. Paints, varnishes and cleaners that don’t utilizevolatile compounds are now commonly available from most majormanufacturers at costs comparable to conventional products.


Fair trade “Fair trade” refers to workersreceiving fair compensationfor making a product. You canask your supplier to tell youwhere a product is made andhow the manufacturersupports its workers. Thequestion is especiallyimportant with regard tomaterials.

Locally made, Green Seal-certified paint reduces pollution and iscost-competitive. Miller Paint and Metro also offer non-toxic paints.

Look for labeling that says the product exceeds safety standardsand is non-toxic.

Safer alternativesProducts are readily available which perform well and are safer andless toxic. This G/Rated guide includes effective ways of preventingand removing pollutants, based on current best practices as recom-mended by the EPA and health advocates like the American LungAssociation.

The State of Oregon currently has no building code that regulatesindoor air quality, so this guide draws on the Washington buildingcode in its recommendations for fresh air ventilation.

We focus on two practical strategies:

◆ Avoid introducing hazardous pollutants into the home, and

◆ Provide adequate fresh air ventilation.

2.4 Saving energy and waterSaving energy is one of the smartest investments you can make.Most energy-saving measures will pay back in just a few years. Andif the prices of oil, natural gas and electricity rise in the future, thesteps you take now will help buffer your family budget from thoseadded costs.

Saving energy also reduces emissions of the gases that cause globalwarming. In Oregon, coal and natural gas produce about 40% ofour electricity. Burning these fossil fuels creates greenhouse gases.For more detail on our Northwest power mix, visit www.nwppc.organd search for “power supply.”

It’s easy to save energy and water when selecting newappliances like dishwashers or clothes washers—justlook for the Energy Star® label.


Natural buildingIn addition to the growingnumber of readily availableand cost-effective greenmaterials, an increasingnumber of builders andremodelers are also usingnatural building materialssuch as straw-bale, clayplasters, light-clay and cob.While less common in theiruse, natural buildingproducts have a positiveimpact on the environment asthey are renewable andabundant; energy efficient inproduction, transport anduse; non-polluting; durableand long lasting as well assatisfying and fun to use.

Old garage becomes cob sauna in Southeast Portland

Building with clay is fun for everyone

Saving energy with heating, cooling and weatherization measureslike insulation and window selection is a bit more complex. We sug-gest some proven technologies and practices and point you tofinancial incentives available.

Energy efficiency Energy efficiency is a cornerstone of any green building project.Improving energy efficiency and using renewable energy sourcesare effective ways to improve air quality and slow global warming.Improving energy efficiency also makes economic sense for con-sumers. Lowering utility expenses allows you to enjoy financialbenefits year after year.

The Energy Trust of Oregon and Oregon Department of Energyoffer financial incentives and tax credits for saving energy whileremodeling and for renewable energy systems.

Step one:The first step to increase energy efficiency while remodeling is toadd insulation and seal air leaks wherever possible, install double-glazed/low-E windows and upgrade to high-efficiency appliances.

Step two:If the heating system needs to be upgraded, energy-efficientequipment and duct sealing can save dollars and improve comfort.


Energy Star appliances save energy and are eligible for Oregontax credits

Solar electric panels make clean power for this remodeled home

Cost comparison: 75w incandescent vs. 23w compact fluorescent (CFL) light bulb

Energy Cost Life/Hrs Wattage $/kWh On-time Annual

INCANDESCENT $0.50 750 75 $0.06 1000 hrs/yr $4.50

CFL $5.00 10,000 23 $0.06 1000 hrs/yr $1.38

YEARLY SAVINGS: $3.12

LIFETIME SAVINGS: One CFL will last as long as 13 incandescent bulbs, making the overall productcost of the incandescent $6.50 compared to $5 for the CFL. Over its life the CFL will save about $33 —more if electric rates go up.

Step three:Renewable energy options include installing solar water heaters orphotovoltaic panels. These are good long-term investments, andincentives will help pay for them. Even if the budget is tight, youcan still purchase renewable power generated from sources likethe sun, wind and biomass. Both PGE and Pacific Power offerrenewable power.

Saving waterEven though Portland’s winters are rainy, our typical summer isvery dry. Meanwhile, irrigation use increases the demand for waterin the summer. Water conservation helps homeowners save moneyand ensures that our community will have enough water to meeteveryone’s needs—without adding expensive additional infrastruc-ture. Today, remodelers can take advantage of a new generation ofhigh-efficiency washers, dishwashers and landscape water-manage-ment systems.

2.5 Reducing monthly costsGreen building can help you save money.

When considering the cost of your remodel, be sure to think aboutenergy savings and durability. An investment now may pay off inless time than you might expect.


The Energy Trust of Oregonoffers home energy reviewsand financial incentives. 1-866-ENTRUST

The Oregon Department ofEnergy offers tax credits. 1-800-221-8035egove.oregon.gov/ENERGY

Reused barrels are a popular way to store rainwater for the garden

A remodel that includes energy-efficient lights and appliances,weatherization, and efficient space and water heating can cut ener-gy use in half compared to a conventional house. The Energy Trustof Oregon offers home energy reviews that can help you spot waysto target your investment in energy-saving upgrades.

Many green materials are more durable than their conventionalcounterparts and cost less to maintain.

2.6 Supporting local companiesOne way to be green is to select products and materials that areproduced and sold by local companies. Buying local products:

◆ Saves fuel and pollution caused by transporting goods from far-away places

◆ Keeps your dollars at work in our community, creating employ-ment opportunities and strengthening local economies.

Just ask,“Where is that made?” when you shop.


Locally grown and milled Oregon white oak flooring from a certified forest (What is FSC Certification? See Page 13)

CHAPTER 3:

Green buildingmethods and

materials


CHAPTER 3:

Green buildingmethods andmaterials

The following sections provide more detaileddescriptions of green building practices,material applications and associatedenvironmental benefits. The items are listedin the order in which they would normallyarise during design and construction.

Existing flooring in 1909 House was restored.

Mortgage and insurance If you plan to buy a fixer-upper and remodel,some local lenders such as Homestreet have lowinterest loans to roll into the mortgage forinstalling energy-efficiency measures. Make sureyou have all the details while you are planning theproject.

Ask your homeowners insurance agent if thereare any measures for health and safety that mightlower your monthly premium, such as fire-resist-ant exterior materials.

3.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PLANNING

3.1.1 Financial incentives andapplicationsIn addition to whatever loan documents you mayneed to prepare for funding your remodel, makesure to check the websites of the OregonDepartment of Energy and the Energy Trust ofOregon for procedures regarding state tax creditsand cash incentives for improving efficiency andinstalling renewable energy equipment.

A tax credit reduces your tax obligation by theamount of the credit (as compared to a taxdeduction). Oregon offers tax credits for energy-saving dishwashers, refrigerators, clothes washers,heating equipment and water heaters as well asfor solar equipment. If you are considering a tan-kless water heater, check out the tax credit!

Oregon Department of Energy Residential Energy Tax Credits:egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY

The Energy Trust of Oregon The Energy Trust offers cash incentives forremodeling features like insulation, windows,water heaters and clothes washers as well asmajor incentives for solar hot water and solarelectric systems.

Energy Trust of Oregon Residential Incentives:www.energytrust.org

These web sites explain how to document yourpurchases and fill out forms to get your tax creditand/or incentive payment.

20 Chapter 3: Green building methods & materials

Incentives and tax credits make renewable energy more affordable

Get a free energy reviewCall the Energy Trust of Oregon, 1-866-ENTRUST, to see if you qualify for ahome energy review. The review will providean assessment of insulation, windows andHVAC equipment along with valuable infor-mation on cash incentives and potentialOregon energy tax credits.

Design windows for comfortWhen planning the size and location of newwindows, keep these questions in mind:◆ Will west-facing windows be difficult to

shade in summer and cause overheating?◆ Can south-facing windows have overhangs

or shading to reduce summer heat gain?◆ Can windows be placed on two sides of a

room to balance light and cut glare?◆ Will large window areas cause glare and

excess brightness?◆ Are the windows available with glass that

keeps out excess solar heat?

South light provides daylighting without discomfort

BENEFIT ◆ Salvage saves! Salvaging reusablebuilding materials decreases disposal costs, savesnatural resources and reduces landfill disposal.Salvaged materials are often of high quality, pro-vide unique historic character, are stronger andmore durable— yet are much less expensive thannew materials. Donations can be tax deductible.

As the world’s resources are increasingly over-consumed,“mining the city” for building materialshelps reduce resource extraction.


3.1.2 Salvage reusablebuilding materials DESCRIPTION ◆ Many building materialscan be salvaged and reused, such as flooring,doors and windows, tubs and sinks, cabinets,electrical and plumbing fixtures and lumber. Theremodeling contractor or a local deconstructioncontractor can identify and properly removereusable materials so they can be reused.

If the owners donate the materials to a non-profitfor resale, they may be able to take a tax deduc-tion for the value of the donated materials.

APPLICATION ◆ Before preparing construc-tion plans, walk through the project with thedesigner/architect and general contractor andidentify items to be salvaged. The contractor mayselectively remove materials for reuse; or there area number of licensed contractors that offer dis-mantling services to salvage materials for reuse.Many firms are non-profits and will provide item-ized donation receipts. Usable items can also bedropped off at used building material stores.Salvaged items should be stored under cover toprotect from weather. Call the Metro RecyclingHotline 503-234-3000 for a list of local decon-struction and salvage businesses.Visitwww.metro-region.org/toolkit to learn moreabout salvage and recycling opportunities.


A salvaged entry door

What is deconstruction?Often, buildings are simply demolished andall the fragments either “downcycled” orsent to the landfill. An example ofdowncycling is sending wood to be chippedup for boiler fuel. Such wasteful demolitionis appropriately described as “crunch anddump.” Deconstruction is the process of carefullydisassembling a building so that itscomponents can be saved and reused.Deconstruction may initially cost more thandemolition, but the owner can get a taxdeduction for donating materials to a non-profit like The ReBuilding Center or Habitatfor Humanity ReStore. The value of the taxbenefit can make deconstruction competitivewith demolition.

“Our research shows that more than 25percent of the waste going to landfills inour region comes from construction anddemolition activities. Fifty percent of thatwaste could be recycled, salvaged, reusedor otherwise kept out of the landfills.”

—Bryce Jacobson, Metro

DeConstruction services of The ReBuilding Center reclaiming material.

contractor will tell specialty trades about recy-cling, and keep records of amounts recycled forthe owner.

If separation is not practical, recyclables can bemixed in a single dumpster or container. It is criti-cal that trash be kept out, including food wasteand containers.A mixed load can be recycled at amaterials recycling facility (MRF).

Call the Metro Recycling Hotline, 503-234-3000for information.Visit www.metro-region.org/toolkit for a free contractor’s recyclingguide.

BENEFIT ◆ Recycling reduces pressure onlandfills, saves money by reducing disposal fees,and provides raw materials for local companies torecycle into new products.


3.1.3 Recycle Job SiteConstruction and DemolitionWaste DESCRIPTION ◆ Construction waste general-ly consists of roofing, wood, drywall, metals, con-crete, soil, plastic and cardboard. Most materialscan be reused or recycled, if they are kept free ofgarbage.

APPLICATION ◆ Owner and contractor jointlyset a recycling goal. In Portland, recycling at least50% by weight is a practical goal and many con-tractors recycle 90%. The City of Portland requiresrecycling on jobs of $50,000 or more in value.

The general contractor can set up storage forrecyclables to keep them separated. The general


“Deconstruction is where you go in andconsciously remove items from the home toensure that our landfills are not full up onmaterials that can be reused. Anotheralternative to deconstruction is cherrypicking… that’s a process where all the easilyremovable items of a house (doors, windows,cabinets, appliances, etc.) are removed beforedemolition of a house commences. We alwaysencourage full deconstruction wheneverpossible to salvage as much as possible fromgoing into the landfill.

“Deconstruction Services at the ReBuildingCenter here in Portland does this. You or yourgeneral contractor hire them to deconstructyour residential structure. Their licensed andbonded crews are capable of both small andlarge jobs including kitchen tear-outs,

garages, roof-to-foundationdeconstruction, partial salvage, and

more. When they complete a job,you receive a detailed portfolioincluding an itemized written and

photographic documentation ofthe salvaged materials that you can

use for tax purposes or for historicrecord. They are happy to give you a freeestimate and to discuss all your removaloptions with you.

“Vinyl siding, old deteriorated fiberglassinsulation, and old carpet padding from the1909 house will be going to the landfill, butsince doing this we have found anotherresource for the vinyl siding. QuantumResource Recovery in Beaverton will take thesiding and chip it for reuse in differentproducts—unfortunately this information cameto us AFTER we’d tried to find some place for it.

“Metro has a GREAT SITE with tons ofinformation on what to do with buildingwaste.”

—Richard DeWolf, Arciform

Deconstuction Services: 503-331-9875 rebuildingcenter.org/deconstructMetro Recycling Hotline: 503-234-3000www.metro-region.org

Salvaged sinks


3.1.5 Use recycled-contentmaterialsDESCRIPTION ◆ “Recycled content” means abuilding material or product made from some-thing that used to be thrown away. Examplesinclude Metro recycled paint, UltraTouch insula-tion made from waste denim cotton,Wheatboardmade from waste straw, Trex deck boards fromscrap wood and plastic waste, Shaw carpet frompop bottles, Traffic ceramic tiles from recycledauto windshields, and Hi-Tek roofing from recy-cled rubber tires. These products may outperformnew materials. For example, strawboard does notemit harmful formaldehyde like the particleboardit replaces.And they may cost less—Metro recy-cled paint sells for less than half the price of newpaint.

APPLICATION ◆ When shopping and select-ing materials, ask about recycled content. Todaymany stores stock Recycled-Content products.Acomprehensive product list is available on-line atwww.ciwmb.ca.gov/RCP.

BENEFIT ◆ Recycled-content “closes the loop,”turning wastes into usable products, saving theenergy and resources used to make the originalmaterials, and reducing landfills.



3.1.4 Use salvaged materialsDESCRIPTION ◆ Salvaged building materials,like old tubs, sinks, doors, light fixtures, marbleand stone, flooring and wood trim can add char-acter and history to a remodeling project. Theyoften cost less than new products.

APPLICATION ◆ Local businesses like TheReBuilding Center, Habitat for Humanity ReStore,Rejuvenation, Endura Wood Products, HippoHardware, Environmental Building Supplies,Craftmark and many others sell salvaged materi-als. Homeowners will need to purchase salvageditems in advance and work out their use withdesigner and builder.

BENEFIT ◆ Reusing materials extends theirservice life and avoids having to manufacture newones. Salvage wood is often better quality thannew wood. Homes with character usually lastlonger because their owners enjoy and care forthem.

Salvaged cabinets showcased on the Build It Green home tour

The Rebuilding Ceter offers a wide variety of salvaged materials

These tiles are made from recycled glass


3.1.7 Use locally harvested ormanufactured productsDESCRIPTION ◆ Building materials that aremanufactured locally support jobs in our localeconomy. Since they don’t travel as far, they reducefuel use and pollution caused by transportation.Local companies in Oregon generally do a goodjob of protecting the environment and workersafety and health.

APPLICATION

Examples:

◆ Certified wood from Oregon forests includingWarm Springs and Collins Pine

◆ Medite II and Medex medium-density fiber-board made in Medford

◆ Aurora Glass from Eugene

◆ Willamette Graystone pavers from Portland

◆ Greenline Cabinets in Vancouver, Neil KellyNaturals in Portland

BENEFITS ◆ Reduces transportation, supportsthe economy and follows local environmentalprotection laws.



3.1.6 Use rapidly renewableresourcesDESCRIPTION ◆ “Rapidly renewable” meansproducts made from resources that regeneratequickly—in less than ten years—such as bam-boo, straw, poplar wood or cork. Most wood is notrapidly renewable because it takes longer toregrow.And petroleum-based or mineralresources are not renewable at all.

APPLICATION ◆ Cork flooring, bambooflooring, bamboo plywood (cabinet facing), woolcarpet, strawboard (for cabinets or shelves),linoleum (made with cork, jute and linseed oil),form-release agents made from plant oils, naturalpaints, erosion-control fabrics from coir and jute,and such textiles as organic cotton and sisal.

BENEFITS ◆ These resources provide jobs andare easier on the environment. Cork bark, forexample, must be harvested by hand, so thou-sands of people in Mediterranean countries haveraised and harvested cork trees for centuries.

Bamboo flooring performs well and is competitive with woodflooring

Recycled glass door pulls

3.2 SITE WORK

3.2.2 Protect existing treesand landscapingDESCRIPTION ◆ A remodel may involve dig-ging, such as for new foundations or to remove anold oil tank. Digging can damage the roots oftrees that are valued for landscaping, shade,stormwater management and cooling by evapora-tion. Mechanical excavation can easily causeunintended damage to trees.

APPLICATION ◆ Before remodeling, evaluatethe trees and large landscape features like rhodo-dendrons or hedges to be protected. Best practiceis to fence around the trees at the drip line to pre-vent digging or construction work that coulddamage roots or bark. it is also good practice notto remove soil in root zones or add more soil overestablished roots.

Smaller trees and shrubs can be temporarily relo-cated in a berm and replanted after construction.Landscape professionals can help with thisprocess.

BENEFIT ◆ Landscape trees add to the valueof property, help manage stormwater and improveair quality. Damaged trees may be costly to restoreor remove.

3.2 SITE WORK

3.2.1 Control erosionDESCRIPTION ◆ When soil is disturbed andexposed by excavations or grading, it can easily bewashed into streets or storm drains and into localstreams. Eroded soil damages streams and aquat-ic animals like fish.

APPLICATION ◆ City code requires erosioncontrol. The minimum measures are shown on p. 17 of the Erosion Control Manual, which canobtained from the City of Portland Bureau ofDevelopment Services (seewww.portlandonline.com/auditor, and look forTitle 10 of the City Code & Charter).

Generally, minimize soil disturbance, coverexposed soil, install barriers and replace topsoil.

BENEFIT ◆ Keeping soil out of streams bene-fits aquatic organisms like fish, frogs and insectsthat depend on clean water.


“Amy Whitworth and Kathleen Leech ofThe Garden Design Studio put

together a BEAUTIFUL landscapedesign that incorporates elementsthat are respectful to the environ-

ment. Included are native plant-ings, bioswales, composting area

and the reuse of some of the hardscapeelements already found in the yard. I cannotwait to see how everything will fall into place.”

—Anne DeWolf, Arciform LLC

Go to www.1909house.com for a description anddrawings from Amy and Kathleen’s presentation.

A bioswale for rainwater highlights the front yard of the1909 House

3.2 SITE WORK

3.2.4 Design native and hardyplant landscapes and gardens DESCRIPTION ◆ Conventional landscapesmay require lots of water and chemical fertilizer,pesticides and herbicides. They are sometimesplanted without regard for climate and soil condi-tions. This can result in excess water use, waterpollution and waste generation.

APPLICATION ◆ Specify plants that areappropriate for the climate and soil of the area;select slow-growing, drought-tolerant plants;design with perennials instead of annuals; andsite plants appropriately, giving them plenty ofroom to mature and reducing the need for prun-ing. Recycle yard trimmings by grasscycling,mulching and composting.

BENEFIT ◆ Sustainable landscape techniqueshelp conserve water, reduce use of chemicals, cre-ate healthier soil and plants and increase biodi-versity in landscape areas.

3.2 SITE WORK

3.2.3 Install permeable paving DESCRIPTION ◆ Permeable paving allowswater to percolate into the soil. For driveways,walkways and paths, utilize gap-spaced unitpavers, decomposed granite, gravel or grass-stabi-lization systems.

APPLICATION ◆ Use permeable paving forwalkways, patios and driveways. Install like con-ventional pavers.

For driveways or aprons, combine hard surfacewith porous, as in a carriageway where concretelanes are separated by pavers or gravel. Porousconcrete or asphalt is available but may be hard toinstall in a home project.

BENEFIT ◆ Allowing stormwater percolationinto soil reduces the volume of polluted water thatflows into streams and the Willamette River, whilereplenishing soil moisture and local aquifers.Additional benefits include reduction in irrigationrequirements as well as lower risk of flooding.


Stormwater managementAny remodel that adds over 500 square feetof impervious area—either in rooftops orpaving—will require installation ofstormwater management measures, such asa bioswale, planter or drywell. Thesemeasures divert rainfall from storm drainsinto the ground.

To learn more...Enroll in a Naturescaping for Clean Riversworkshop sponsored by Metro and local soiland water conservation groups. Contact 503-797-1842 for a schedule. For free advice andconsultation on naturescaping contact localvolunteer Master Gardeners through OregonState University Extension (extension.ore-gonstate.edu/mg).

Pavers with open corners provide more formal appearance andrainwater drainage

Native plants and water provide a home for tree frogs in thisNorth Portland yard

3.2 SITE WORK

3.2.6 Install rainwaterharvesting systemsDESCRIPTION ◆ Rainwater is channeledfrom rooftops through gutters and downspouts toa storage container, such as barrels or a cistern.Stored water may be used for landscape irriga-tion. Rainwater may be used inside the house forflushing toilet if plumbing is installed per Citycode. The rainwater harvesting code guideensures safety and health by separating plumbingfor rainwater from plumbing for City water. Theguide can be found at City of Portland Bureau ofDevelopment Services website (www.portlandonline.com/bds; search under code guides for One &Two Family Dwellings).

APPLICATION ◆ Install wherever there isguttered roof runoff and room for storage barrelsor a cistern.

BENEFIT ◆ Rainwater harvesting reduces theneed to use treated, drinkable water for wateringof lawns and gardens.

◆ The Portland Airport receives an average of37” of rain annually.

◆ A typical roof (1,500 SF) collects about35,000 gallons of rainfall each year.

◆ That much rain is about 25% of averageannual family usage.

◆ Portlanders use 68 gallons per person per dayon average.

◆ Some highly water-efficient families havebeen able to meet most of their use with rain-water, except during the dry summer period.

3.2 SITE WORK

3.2.5 Install drip irrigation DESCRIPTION ◆ Drip irrigation systems pro-vide a small but constant water supply to land-scape, thus preserving soil moisture and signifi-cantly reducing water waste from overspray.

APPLICATION ◆ Replace standard sprinklersystems with drip irrigation systems for all land-scape applications except turf.

BENEFIT ◆ Drip irrigation systems can dra-matically reduce landscape water use and watercosts.


Disconnect your downspouts!Portland Bureau of Environmental Servicesoffers cash incentives for disconnectingdownspouts from storm drains. Contact 502-823-5858.

Alternative rainwater devices can replace downspouts

HOMEOWNER TIP: Compost fruit,vegetable and yard trimmings Compost is nature’s way of recycling. Turnfruit, vegetable and yard trimmings into afirst-rate soil conditioner. Use compost toreplace store-bought soil conditioners.Compost adds nutrients and beneficialmicrobes to soil, improves soil fertility andreduces watering needs. Composting savesmoney by lowering garbage bills, increasesthe ability of soil to hold water, improvessoil health and helps extend the life of ourlandfills. Contact Metro at 503-234-3000 formore information and discounts on compostbins. Design and build locations in thekitchen for temporary storage and an out-side area for composting.

3.3 FOUNDATIONS

3.3.1 Incorporate recycled flyash in concrete DESCRIPTION ◆ Fly ash is a waste product ofcoal-burning power plants. It can be an inexpen-sive substitute for a portion of Portland cementused in concrete.

APPLICATION ◆ Typically, 15-50% of cementcan be replaced with fly ash in residential con-crete mixes. Be sure to let the ready-mix supplierknow you want to replace cement with fly-ash.

Fly ash improves strength of concrete, although itchanges the curing time. Normally this should notbe an issue in residential construction unless theschedule is very tight.

BENEFIT ◆ Fly ash increases the strength anddurability of the concrete. Using fly ash alsoreduces the amount of cement needed, therebydecreasing the overall environmental impacts ofcement production.Worldwide, cement produc-tion is a major generator of carbon dioxide, theprimary cause of global warming.


3.3 FOUNDATIONS

3.3.2 Reuse form boards oruse alternative form boards Re-use form boardsDESCRIPTION ◆ Concrete form boards areoften 2x10 or larger solid sawn lumber, typicallycut from old-growth trees.

APPLICATION ◆ Forms are used wheneverconcrete is poured. By carefully removing andseparating the forms, they can be reused severaltimes.

BENEFIT ◆ Reuse of forms saves money andconserves resources. Solid sawn lumber is becom-ing increasingly expensive and scarce.

Use aluminum formsDESCRIPTION ◆ Aluminum forms come inall sizes and shapes and produce a smooth fin-ished surface on the concrete. They can be usedrepeatedly.

Form boards to be reused for floor structure

Rastra-insulated concrete form walls

3.3 FOUNDATIONS

3.3.3 Use recycled-contentrubble for backfill drainage DESCRIPTION ◆ Concrete and rubble can becrushed and used for backfill and drainage pur-poses at the base of foundations.

APPLICATION ◆ Use recycled materials forbackfill.

BENEFIT ◆ Using recycled instead of virginmaterials saves money and natural resources.

APPLICATION ◆ Aluminum forms can beused in most applications to replace wood forms.

BENEFIT ◆ Because they can be reused manytimes, aluminum forms reduce wood use and,despite higher initial cost, pay for themselvesquickly.

Install rigid foam, insulated concreteforms (ICFs) DESCRIPTION ◆ Rigid foam forming systemshold concrete in place during curing and remainin place afterwards to serve as thermal insulation.

APPLICATION ◆ Use rigid foam forming sys-tems wherever an insulated foundation isrequired.

BENEFIT ◆ ICFs are not subject to rot andresult in a better-insulated foundation.


ICFs used for room additions

Use non-toxic form release Wood forms are pre-coated with formrelease so they will separate easily from thecured concrete. Non-toxic and soy-basedform release agents are available.

This Portland resident deconstructed her driveway and reusedthe gravel for permeable paving

Rubble reused as base for permeable paving

3.4 STRUCTURE

3.4.1 Replace solid sawnlumber with engineeredlumber DESCRIPTION ◆ Solid sawn lumber in sizesof 2x10 or greater typically comes from old-growth forests. Engineered lumber products, onthe other hand, usually come from small-diame-ter and fast-growing plantation trees. These prod-ucts include glulams, laminated veneer lumber,wood I-joists, oriented strand board, parallelstrand lumber, and other manufactured wood-fiber structural materials.

APPLICATION

A. Floor joists 2x10 and larger lumber is typically used for floorand ceiling joists and some seismic applications.Large-size lumber can be replaced with engi-neered lumber in most applications, unlessrequired by seismic codes.

B. Non-load-bearing headers Solid sawn 4x6 beams are often used for headerswhen smaller dimension lumber would suffice,such as doubled 2x6, unless solid 4x6s arerequired by seismic codes.

C. Structural headers and beams Engineered lumber should be used wheneverstructural members are replaced. They substitutefor 2x10 and 2x12 in most interior applicationssuch as the structural framing of floors and roofs.

BENEFIT ◆ Reducing demand for largedimensional lumber decreases pressure to cutdown old-growth forests. Engineered lumber useswood fiber more efficiently than conventionallumber, resulting in stronger and higher-qualityhomes.


3.4 STRUCTURE

3.4.2 Use Forest StewardshipCouncil (FSC) certified woodfor framing DESCRIPTION ◆ FSC certification assuresthat the forest from which the wood is producedis managed in an environmentally and sociallyresponsible manner.

APPLICATION ◆ Use FSC wood whenevernew wood framing is required. Certified framingmaterials and plywood are available from localsuppliers, such as Lumbermens and DisderoLumber.

BENEFIT ◆ FSC certification guarantees thatforests are managed in a way that will assure thelong-term availability of precious woods whileprotecting old-growth forest health.

Efficient framing reduces non-structural wood

3.4 STRUCTURE

3.4.4 Use structural insulatedpanels (SIPs) for walls androof DESCRIPTION ◆ SIPs are a sandwich of rigidfoam with OSB on either side. They come in nom-inal 4”-12” thickness and are about R-4 per inch.

APPLICATION ◆ Use SIPs for structural exte-rior walls and roofs in place of framing with lum-ber. SIPs can be designed to meet Seismic Zone 3requirements.

BENEFIT ◆ SIPs are more energy-efficient,provide excellent soundproofing and reduce airinfiltration compared to frame construction. Theycan be erected quickly, allowing for faster con-struction. They save wood by eliminating much ofthe conventional framing lumber.And they canform a strong, lightweight structure that is earth-quake resistant.

3.4 STRUCTURE

3.4.3 Use wood I-joists forfloors and ceilings DESCRIPTION ◆ Wood I-joists are engi-neered to use only the wood fiber necessary forthe structural function required. They typicallyuse oriented strand board (OSB) for the web andeither laminated veneer lumber or solid sawnlumber for the chords (top and bottom pieces).

APPLICATION ◆ Replace solid sawn lumberwith wood I-joists for floor and ceiling joists.Consider using at 19.2” centers to save material.

BENEFIT ◆ Wood I-joists use 50% less woodfiber to perform the same structural function assimilarly sized solid sawn lumber and will nottwist, warp or split. They are stronger and lighterthan 2x10 or 2x12 solid lumber and can spangreater distances.


Open-web trusses also reduce wood use

I-joists replace solid lumber joists

3.5 EXTERIOR FINISH

3.5.1 Use sustainable deckingmaterials A. Recycled composite and recycled-content decking DESCRIPTION ◆ Composite decking lumberis made by combining recycled wood fiber andrecycled plastic resins that are then formed intodeck boards.

APPLICATION ◆ Recycled-content deckingcan be used in place of old-growth wood like red-wood, cedar and pressure-treated pine. Theseproducts accept screws and nails and cut likewood.

BENEFIT ◆ The durability of these materials isgreater than wood, providing cost savings to thehomeowner over the life of the products. Theywill not rot, crack or splinter, do not require stain-ing and are not treated with potentially toxicchemicals. Using recycled-content decking alsoreduces pressure on old-growth forests.

B. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified wood decking DESCRIPTION ◆ Certified, sustainably har-vested lumber comes from forests managed in anenvironmentally and socially responsible manner.

APPLICATION ◆ Use FSC-certified lumberfor all exterior decking applications or as struc-tural deck members in conjunction with recycled-content decking.

BENEFIT ◆ FSC certification guarantees thatforests are managed in a way that will assure thelong-term availability of precious woods whilepreserving old-growth forests.


3.4 STRUCTURE

3.4.5 Use salvage lumber DESCRIPTION ◆ High-quality dimensionallumber in long lengths can often be salvagedfrom old buildings that are being deconstructed.

APPLICATION ◆ Use salvage lumber for non-structural applications, in place of new material.For structural applications, look for reclaimedlumber that has been regraded.

BENEFIT ◆ Salvage lumber from deconstruct-ed buildings reduces resource consumption andlandfill deposits.And salvage lumber is often ofhigher quality than new lumber.

Salvage lumber from The ReBuilding Center

This garden shed is built from salvage materials

Recycled-content decking

3.5 EXTERIOR FINISH

3.5.3 Use fiber-cementexterior siding DESCRIPTION ◆ Fiber-cement siding is com-posed of cement, sand and cellulose fibers. It isavailable in shingles, planks or 4x8, 4x9, or 4x10sheets. It is textured to look like wood siding orstucco finish.

APPLICATION ◆ Replace conventional woodsiding with fiber-cement siding. This product canbe cut with a carbide-tipped saw blade, snappershears or with a guillotine cutter. Dust protectionand control are required when cutting with a cir-cular saw.

BENEFIT ◆ Fiber-cement siding is moredurable than wood, termite resistant, non-com-bustible and warranteed to last 50 years. Usingfiber-cement siding reduces the demand for old-growth wood siding. It may also reduce home-owner’s insurance rates due to fire resistance. Onedrawback is that fiber-cement can’t be recycled.

3.5 EXTERIOR FINISH

3.5.2 Use treated wood thatdoes not contain chromium orarsenic for decking and sillplates DESCRIPTION ◆ Alkaline Copper Quartenary(ACQ) and Wolman Natural Select are alternativetreated woods that do not contain chromium – aheavy metal – and arsenic, which are detrimentalto human health.ACQ and Wolman Natural Selecteliminate both of these components yet providelong-term protection.

Wood can be treated with borates and used forindoor applications like bottom plates set on con-crete.

A new material, TimberSIL, uses sodium silicatetechnology, a safe, non-toxic treatment.

APPLICATION ◆ Use non-chromium/arsenic-treated wood for any application that specifiestreated lumber including decking, fencing andsite furnishings.

BENEFIT ◆ ACQ and Wolman Natural Selectuse copper as their main component and arehealthier alternatives to lumber treated withchromium and arsenic, particularly for childrenwho play on or near decks. Note that only stain-less-steel fasteners should be used to avoid corro-sion. TimberSIL also inhibits mold growth.


Fiber-cement composite siding is durable and low-maintenance

Vented rain screenExperience shows that water can get throughany type of siding. A vented rain screenprovides an air space behind the siding thatallows water that does get through to drainor dry harmlessly. Products like Enkabarrieror Home Slicker can be used, or siding canbe installed on furring strips to create an airspace between the siding and moisturebarrier.For more details on moisture control inbuilding envelopes see: www.buildingscience.com/resources/mold/Read_This_Before_You_Design_Build_or_Renovate.pdf

3.6 PLUMBING

3.6.1 Install hot water jacketinsulation DESCRIPTION ◆ Water-heater jacket insula-tion is an insulated wrapper that goes around thehot water tank and is secured in place.

APPLICATION ◆ Install on existing waterheaters. New water heaters have adequate insula-tion.

BENEFIT ◆ Jacket insulation can reduce heatloss by about 10% or more on older water heaters.


3.5 EXTERIOR FINISH

3.5.4 Use exterior plasterDESCRIPTION ◆ Traditional cement andlime-based plasters offer outstanding estheticsand durability, although they are more costly thansiding. Because the color is integral to the plaster,they never need painting, so the initial cost can berecovered in reduced maintenance.

Note that acrylic or synthetic stucco has been inthe news related to moisture problems, but that isa very different material.

APPLICATION ◆ Plaster can be applied overtypical framed wall construction.

BENEFITS ◆ Plasters last for decades or evenlonger, reducing maintenance and upkeep.

Exterior plaster finish has color built in and requires little main-tenance When installing a new tank-type

water heaterThe Energy Trust of Oregon offers cashincentives. Oregon Department of Energyoffers a tax credit for premium efficiencywater heaters. Visit the Oregon Departmentof Energy website for a list of qualifyingmodels.

3.6 PLUMBING

3.6.3 Insulate hot and coldwater pipes DESCRIPTION ◆ Insulating water pipesreduces heat loss or gain in the pipes while thewater is standing.

APPLICATION ◆ Insulate hot water pipes inall runs through unconditioned spaces: base-ments, crawl spaces, attics, etc.At a minimum,insulate both hot and cold pipes at least 6 feetfrom the water heater to prevent convective circu-lation from the water heater through the pipes.

BENEFIT ◆ Insulated pipes save energy andwater.

3.6 PLUMBING

3.6.2 Convert gas to tanklesswater heaters DESCRIPTION ◆ Tankless water heaters(flash or on-demand heaters) heat water as need-ed rather than having a tank in which hot water isstored. Their capacity to provide hot water is vir-tually unlimited.

APPLICATION ◆ Install tankless water heateras close to the point of use as possible. The deviceshould have a variable-set thermostat and beappropriately sized. Gas tankless water heaterstypically have more capacity than electric tank-less heaters.

BENEFIT ◆ Typical water heaters lose 15% oftheir energy through standing tank losses, where-as tankless heaters use energy only for immediatehot water needs. Tankless water heaters often arequicker and more reliable.

A potential safety benefit: when you are awayfrom home, a tankless heater does not operate.

The Oregon Department of Energy website has alisting of tankless water heaters that qualify fortax credits. The Energy Trust of Oregon has a listof tank/tankless models that qualify for cashincentives.


A tankless water heater eliminates stand-by heat loss of conventional tank-type heater

3.6 PLUMBING

3.6.5 Replace toilets with low-flow models DESCRIPTION ◆ New toilets use 1.6 gallonsper flush compared with old toilets that require 5to 7 gallons per flush. Dual-flush toilets are avail-able that can flush with either 0.7 gallons or 1.6gallons, depending on need.

APPLICATION ◆ Whenever possible, replaceexisting toilets with new 1.6-gallon models.Koehler and Caroma make dual-flush toiletsavailable at local suppliers.

BENEFIT ◆ Low-flow toilets alone can save upto 22,000 gallons of water per year for a family offour.

3.6 PLUMBING

3.6.4 Retrofit all faucets andshowersDESCRIPTION ◆ Most faucets can be fittedwith an aerator that reduces water flow. Low-flowshowerheads can replace standard showerheads.Oregon energy code requires a showerhead of 2.5gallons per minute flow (gpm), and 2.0 gpmmodels are available.

Another option is a showerhead with a buttonvalve that allows water to be shut off while soap-ing up and turned back on to rinse.

APPLICATION ◆ Use flow reducers on allfaucets and showers that accept reducers. Old fix-tures may not accept reducers if they do not havescrew threads.

When purchasing new faucets and showerheads,ask about the flow ratings. Faucets that aredesigned for lower flows often deliver a betterstream than when retrofitted.

BENEFIT ◆ Aerators and showerheads can cuthot water usage with little noticeable effect.


3.6 PLUMBING

3.6.6 Install water filtrationunits at faucets DESCRIPTION ◆ Water filtration units can beinstalled at individual faucets or for the whole-house. They reduce chlorine and many otherchemicals, particulates and microorganisms.

APPLICATION ◆ Whole house filters are fordrinking water and plumbing (not for hosebibs ortoilets). Install filtration system between the coldwater line and the main drinking water faucets inthe house.

BENEFIT ◆ House filtration systems reducethe health threat of water contaminants.


Dual-flush toilet, lit by solar tube in ceiling

Buttons control type of flush.

3.7 ELECTRICAL

3.7.2 Install lighting controls DESCRIPTION ◆ Lighting controls use sen-sors and timers to turn lights off in unused areasor during times when lighting is not needed.

APPLICATION ◆ Install lighting controlseither at specific locations or as a whole-housesystem.

Dimmers will work on incandescent fixtures andhelp you to save energy.

Motion sensors can control room lights to turn offafter you leave, or turn outdoor lights on and off.

Most CFLs do not work with a dimmer, althoughthere are some on the market that have specialdimming ballasts. Make sure to ask about thiswhen purchasing CFL fixtures. (You can installCFLs in any medium-base light fixture, or thereare now dedicated fixtures that have built-in bal-lasts, so only the bulb would have to be replaced.)

BENEFIT ◆ Lighting controls reduce energyuse by having the lights on for shorter periods oftime.

3.7 ELECTRICAL

3.7.1 Install compactfluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) DESCRIPTION ◆ CFLs screw in like conven-tional bulbs but consume about one-fourth of theelectricity used by incandescent bulbs to producean equivalent amount of light.

APPLICATION ◆ Install CFLs in place ofstandard incandescent bulbs. Choose a CFL basedon its lumen, or light output rating, to get theamount of light equal to the incandescent bulb itreplaces.

BENEFIT ◆ CFLs use about one-quarter of theenergy of incandescent bulbs of similar bright-ness and last up to ten times longer.

Recessed ceiling light fixtures: Conventional recessed light fixtures cause air toleak into the attic or into floor cavities, becausethey have lots of vent holes to keep the bulb cool.

Specify “ICT” models that are designed to reduceair leakage. These fixtures usually have a doubleshell that allows air to circulate around the bulb,but keep the air inside the heated space.


1909 House purchases green power“It was easy for us to make the commitmentto using renewable energy!According to Pacific Power, thehouse is now supporting a mix of100% renewable energy: 61%new wind, 38% biomass and 1%solar. Almost all of this energy isfrom sources in Oregon andWashington—of the three wind farms,two are located in Oregon and one on theOregon/Washington border. The biomass is

coming from a landfill gas facility inWashington and the solar is from the Eugene

area primarily. “For every 1,000 kilowatt hours of

electricity that the 1909 Houseuses, our commitment to renew-able energy will prevent 2,000

pounds of CO2 from entering theatmosphere—the equivalent of not

driving the average car 2,143 miles.” —Melissa Fryback, for Arciform LLC

3.8 ROOFING

3.8.2 Select safe and durableroofing materials DESCRIPTION ◆ Forty-year asphalt composi-tion, cement tile, fiber-cement and metal areexamples of safe and durable roofing materials.New composition roofing materials have recentlybeen introduced, such as recycled-rubber roofing.Traditional copper, slate and tile are historic roof-ing materials with lifespans that can be over 100years. They are fire resistant and less toxic thanpetroleum-based products.

APPLICATION ◆ Applicable anytime roofingmaterial is specified.

BENEFIT ◆ A durable and safe roof is costeffective and reduces landfill deposits.

3.8 ROOFING

3.8.1 Select light-coloredroofing DESCRIPTION ◆ Dark roofing materialsabsorb heat making the house warmer in sum-mer months, whereas light-colored roofingreflects heat away from the building.

APPLICATION ◆ For pitched-roof buildings,use light-colored roofing.

BENEFIT ◆ Light-colored roofing reduces heatbuild up through the roof, increasing occupancycomfort in hot weather and decreasing air condi-tioning bills.


“On the final day, a beautiful fullrainbow appeared ‘on cue’ arched overthe house signaling the project’s completion.Of course, the Hi-Tek Rubber roof is beautiful.

It’s unique because it’s made of recycled tirerubber and looks so much like slate. Under theslate-style tiles, Grace Ice & Water Shield wasapplied. This adhesive-backed material acts asa membrane and when punctured (with a roof-

ing nail, for example) the materialtightly seals around the nail, not

letting any moisture underneath it.I was told that the use of thismaterial two feet from the eaves

on roofs will soon be code up inWashington and Oregon is soon to

follow. Well, we’re very pleased thatit’s ALL over our roof!”

—Melissa Fryback, for Arciform LLC

Recycled tire roofing goes on 1909 House

Recycled tire roofing on completed 1909 House

3.9 APPLIANCES

3.9.2 Replace dishwasher DESCRIPTION ◆ New model dishwashers useboth water and energy more efficiently.

APPLICATION ◆ Select Energy Star® dish-washers when replacing older models.

BENEFIT ◆ Water- efficient dishwashers arealso energy-efficient because most energy con-sumed by dishwashers is used to heat water.Oregon Department of Energy offers a $50 taxcredit on qualifying models (see http://egov.ore-gon.gov/ENERGY).

Energy Star® dishwashers:www.energytrust.org/residential.

3.9 APPLIANCES

3.9.1 Install energy-efficientrefrigerator DESCRIPTION ◆ Older model refrigeratorsand freezers may be large users of electricity inolder homes. New appliances are much moreenergy efficient.

APPLICATION ◆ Select Energy Star®-ratedrefrigerators when replacing old units.

BENEFIT ◆ New, efficient refrigerators cansave money on electric bills. The OregonDepartment of Energy offers a $50-70 tax crediton qualifying refrigerators (see http://egov.ore-gon.gov/ENERGY).

The Energy Trust of Oregon has a list of EnergyStar® refrigerators at www.energytrust.org/resi-dential.


Dishwashers can save water and energy

3.9 APPLIANCES

3.9.3 Install horizontal-axis(“front loading”) washingmachine DESCRIPTION ◆ Horizontal-axis machinesload from the front, spinning clothes in and out ofthe water to tumble them clean.

APPLICATION ◆ Install Energy Star® hori-zontal-axis washing machines when replacingolder models.

BENEFIT ◆ Horizontal-axis machines saveresources by using less water and energy. Theyuse up to 40% less water and 50% less energythan conventional top-loading washers, translat-ing into lower energy and water bills for the resi-dent. Manufacturers claim that there is less wearand tear on clothes compared to the traditionalagitator (top-loading) machines.

Oregon Department of Energy offers a $115-180tax credit on qualifying models (seehttp://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY).

Through December 31, 2005, the Energy Trust ofOregon offers a $100 incentive on qualifiedclothes washers. The list of eligible washers is atwww.energytrust.org/cw.


3.9 APPLIANCES

3.9.4 Install an energy-efficient water heaterDESCRIPTION ◆ Energy-efficient tank-typewater heaters are readily available in Portland.

Interest in tankless water heaters is growing.

APPLICATION ◆ When purchasing a gaswater heater: specify an Energy Factor of 0.60 orhigher.

For an electric water heater look for an EnergyFactor of 0.93 or higher.

Set the thermostat on the water heater at 120º F,hot enough for bathing and clothes washing.Today’s dishwashers usually have a built-in waterheater to boost temperature.

BENEFIT ◆ Water heating is usually the secondbiggest energy user after space heating, so a newwater heater can save money.

Tankless or on-demand waterheaters These water heaters save energy byeliminating the storage tank and its stand-by heat loss. They are widely used in Europeand Asia to save space and energy. They costmore than tank-type heaters, but theOregon Department of Energy offers a taxcredit of up to $340 on qualified models.See http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY under“For Residents.”More details on tankless water heaters areavailable from the US Department of Energyat http://www.eere.energy.gov (searchunder “tankless”).

This clothes washer saves water and energy

3.10 INSULATION

3.10.2 Install recycled-content, formaldehyde-freefiberglass insulation DESCRIPTION ◆ Many fiberglass insulationproducts include recycled glass and formalde-hyde-free binders and have no asphalt adhesivesor colored dyes.

APPLICATION ◆ When using fiberglass insu-lation, specify recycled content and no formalde-hyde. Fiberglass insulation can be used for anytypical insulation installation.

BENEFIT ◆ Formaldehyde-free binders reduceindoor air quality problems, and insulation con-tains up to 30% recycled glass.


3.10 INSULATION

3.10.1 Upgrade wall andceiling insulation DESCRIPTION ◆ Insulation in exterior wallsand ceilings can reduce the demand for heatingand make homes more comfortable.

APPLICATION

A. Wall insulation Insulate walls of existing wood-frame houses tothe capacity of the wall cavity, R-11 to R-21.Wallcavities can be blown full of cellulose or fiberglassinsulation, or filled with expanding foam insula-tion. Exterior walls can be clad with 1” (R-5) rigidfoam to increase R-value, if the exterior refinish isbeing renovated.

B. Ceiling insulation Increase attic ceiling insulation in an existingstructure to R-38, and in vaulted or cathedral ceil-ings to R-30. Blown-in cellulose or fiberglass insu-lation is usually less costly to install than batts,but batts may make future access easier becausethey can be temporarily moved and replaced.

BENEFITS ◆ Increased wall and ceiling insula-tion improves comfort, decreases heating andcooling requirements, saves money and makesthe home quieter.

The Energy Trust of Oregon offers cash incentivesfor insulation and window upgrades. Seewww.energytrust.org/hes.

Spray-in Icynene provides complete cavity fill and is non-toxic Recycled cotton insulation batts are non-toxic, pleasant to handle

When insulating ceilings, it makes sense toadd structural ventilation in the form ofridge vents and eave or soffit vents. Powervents are also an option. Extra venting protects the attic from moisture accumulation and may reduce summer over-heating of rooms below the attic ceiling.

3.10 INSULATION

3.10.3 Reduce air infiltration DESCRIPTION ◆ Expandable foam and caulkmay be used to stop air infiltration at openings orpenetrations, such as where pipes and wires passthrough framing. Replace worn weatherstrippingon entry doors.

Sealing air leaks is especially important on theceiling to stop warm room air from leaking outand cold attic air from falling into interior walls.It’s also a good idea to seal air leaks along the topof basement walls (where the floor framing sitson the concrete walls).

APPLICATION ◆ Seal before insulation isinstalled. Seal wires, pipes, plumbing vents, ducts,and around exhaust fans and ceiling light fixtures.Where a masonry chimney enters the attic, install26 gauge sheet metal between framing and chim-ney to stop air flow. Gasket edges of an attic hatchwith foam tape. If interior walls are accessiblefrom the attic, seal along the top of framingbetween wood and drywall.

When framing new walls, run a bead of caulkunder the bottom plate before tipping up the wall,or seal along joint where the bottom plate meetsthe subfloor.

BENEFIT ◆ Reducing unintended air infiltra-tion increases comfort and reduces energy bills.

3.10 INSULATION

3.10.4 Use cellulose insulation A. Walls: spray-in celluloseDESCRIPTION ◆ Cellulose is a highly effec-tive insulation made out of recycled newspaper.Cellulose wall insulation is mixed with water orlow-toxic binders to adhere to stud and joist cavi-ty surfaces.

APPLICATION ◆ This installation is intendedfor new construction or total “gut” renovation,where existing wall surfaces have been removedto the studs. It is not cost effective in other appli-cations.

BENEFIT ◆ Spray insulation completely fillscavities and penetrations, thus reducing air infil-tration. Using cellulose insulation makes thehome quieter, more comfortable and energy-effi-cient.

B. Ceilings: blown-in cellulose DESCRIPTION ◆ Dry-blown or loose-fill cel-lulose is treated with borates for fire and insectresistance. Cellulose does not contain formalde-hyde, which is common in many fiberglass insula-tions.

APPLICATION ◆ Spread cellulose over ceilingjoists or blow into tight cavities to increase ceilingR-value. It is important to maintain attic or ceilingventilation pathways, especially in cathedral ceil-ings.

BENEFIT ◆ Cellulose insulation is formalde-hyde-free, fire-resistant, manufactured with recy-cled materials, reduces air leakage and con-tributes to a more comfortable and energy-effi-cient home.


Spray-in cellulose insulates and stops air leaks

Cellulose vs. fiberglass…Each of these insulations has advantagesand disadvantages, and each one has itsadvocates. Bottom line: both work. Choosethe insulation that fits your preferences andbudget.

…Or recycled cotton insulation?“UltraTouch” insulation is made fromrecycled cotton denim fabric scraps. It isavailable in standard-size batts from localbuilding materials suppliers. Cottoninsulation is pleasant to handle and install.

APPLICATION ◆ Select low-E, double-panedwindows whenever windows are replaced.

BENEFIT ◆ Low–E windows reflect heat, mak-ing the home more comfortable in cold weatherand on hot summer days. The cost premium of10-15% for low-E glass typically pays for itself ina few years. Low-E, double-paned glass coatingincreases glass R-value to 3 compared to R-1 forsingle-glazed windows.

Check with the Energy Trust of Oregon for finan-cial incentives, 1-866-ENTRUST (for homesserved by PGE, Pacific Power or NW Natural).

C. Low-conductivity frames DESCRIPTION ◆ Most window frames andsashes are made of wood, vinyl, fiberglass or acombination.Wood, vinyl and fiberglass insulatebetter than aluminum frames found in olderhomes.

APPLICATION ◆ Consider fiberglass or woodwindows for any window that is being replaced.

BENEFIT ◆ Fiberglass- and wood-frame win-dows create greater comfort and better energyefficiency and are environmentally preferablematerials.

3.11 WINDOWS

3.11.1 Install energy-efficientwindows Windows play a big role in the energy efficiencyand comfort of homes. In the summer they canallow unwanted heat into the house, and in thewinter windows can account for as much as 25%of the heat loss.When replacing windows, look formodels with the following energy-saving features:

A. Double-paned windows DESCRIPTION ◆ Double glazing insulatesalmost twice as well as single glazing.

APPLICATION ◆ Replace older single-panedwindows with double-paned windows wheneverpossible.

BENEFIT ◆ High-quality double-paned win-dows make the whole house quieter and morecomfortable during all seasons, while saving ener-gy and money.

B . Low-emissivity (low-E) windows DESCRIPTION ◆ A low-E coating, virtuallyunnoticeable to the eye, is installed inside the airspace of a double-paned window. The low-E coat-ing helps prevent heat from escaping through theglass in winter and blocks heat from entering thehome during summer.


What are my window options?“Option ‘A’ is replacing the sash only. This isgood if the frame is still in good shape, andyou are looking forward to stopping the breezeeven when the window is closed. Thisoption has easy installation, anenergy-efficient upgrade,maintains the window’s originalglass area, avoids disturbing theexisting casings and is the leastexpensive option.

“Option ‘B’ is insert a frame into thesash. It has more dependable energyratings than option A, is less expensive thanoption C and won’t disturb the existing casings,siding or wall coverings. However, it doesreduce the glass area and have a bulkier look.For a do-it-yourselfer, it is the most expensivein materials alone, and the window’s smaller

opening might violate some fire code egressrequirements.

“Option ‘C’ is replacing the entire window. Thisis what we are doing at the 1909 House. The

interior and exterior finishes are beingredone in most areas, so disturbing

them does not make a difference.It is the most versatile becauseyou can change the window’ssize. It is the most energy

efficient, and it is the mostdurable, because you can upgrade

the entire system down to the flashing.This method is invasive and most difficult, butdue to the siding and interior finishreplacements of the 1909 House, the leastexpensive in labor. We will also restore theoriginal leaded windows in the 1909 House.”

—Richard DeWolf, Arciform LLC


Window installationNew windows are an investment that shouldlast many years. Windows can be protectedagainst future leaks or moisture damage byfollowing a few simple guidelines. The Building Science Corporation web sitehas an illustrated step-by-step guide toproper window installation: www.buildingscience.com/resources.

Reading labels on new windowsLook for this label as your assurance thatthis window has been independently ratedusing a procedure established by the NFRC(National Fenestration Rating Council). Usethe following three values to find the bestwindow for your home:

1. “U-factor” is a measure of heattransferred by the entire window (frame,sash and glass) either into or out of thebuilding. A smaller U-factor will provide awindow which is more comfortable on colddays. Oregon energy code requires a U-factor of 0.40 or lower. Most windowcompanies offer models that are 0.35 orlower.

2. “Solar Heat Gain Coefficient” (SHGC) is ameasure of the solar heat energy enteringthe building though the entire window. Alower SHGC will reduce air conditioningcosts and provide more comfort on hot days.Look for a value of 0.50 or lower.

3. “Visible Transmittance” (VT) is a measureof the amount of visible light entering thewindow. Try to select a window with a highVT. It will bring more natural daylight intoyour home. Look for a value of 0.55 orhigher.

Energy label reports tested values for heat loss (U value),blocking solar heat gain (SHGC) and transmitting visiblelight (VT)

Marvin Tilt-Pac inserts upgrade older wood windows forefficiency and comfort

3.12 HEATING, VENTILATIONAND AIR CONDITIONING(HVAC): Heating Systems

3.12.1 Use duct mastic on allduct joints DESCRIPTION ◆ Heated air often leaks outthrough joints in ductwork.When ducts are in acrawl space or attic, the heated air is lost. It is notunusual for 20 to 30% of heated air to escapefrom ducts. Duct tape loses its effectiveness in 3to 5 years. Mastic maintains its seal for decades.

APPLICATION ◆ Install mastic at every metalduct joint, around the bends in elbows and whereducts meet plenums. It is important for all ductsto be sealed.

BENEFIT ◆ Well-sealed ductwork saves ener-gy, keeps the house more comfortable and canstop pollutants from garages and attics fromentering the house. Oregon Department of Energyoffers tax credits of $150-250 for duct sealingdone by a qualified contractor (Seehttp://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY).


The house as a system:Integrating heating, cooling, ventila-tion, insulation and air sealingTo get the best year-round comfort with lowheating and cooling bills and have freshhealthy air without mold or other pollutants,a house must be designed and built as asystem. The building envelope, heatingsystem, and fresh-air ventilation should bedesigned to work together. A change in onepart of the system will affect the otherparts, so the goal is to keep everything inbalance.

However, since different specialists installinsulation, heating systems and ventilationequipment, they may not work together ormay actually create conflicts.

For example, a new high-efficiency furnacealone can’t keep a house comfortable if thewalls and ceilings lack insulation andsingle-pane windows have not beenreplaced. Even if the heating contractoroversizes the furnace, it may not provideacceptable comfort.

When a house is insulated, new windowsinstalled, and air leaks sealed, moremoisture is kept inside and indoor humiditygoes up. If ventilation fans are not installed,even new windows may “sweat” because ofthis increased humidity.

The designer or remodeling contractorshould make sure that the thermal envelope,heating system and ventilation are designedto work together. For example, a newfurnace must be properly sized in relation tothe heating needs of the house afterinsulation and windows are installed.

See www.buildingscience.com/resources/mold/Design_Build.pdf.


3.12.2 Install new ductworkwithin conditioned space DESCRIPTION ◆ Ducts in exterior walls,attics and in crawl spaces lose a significantamount of heat.

APPLICATION ◆ All ductwork for heating (orcooling) should be run through conditionedspace inside the insulated envelope. Interior ductruns require chases to be designed into the proj-ect from the beginning.

BENEFIT ◆ Locating ducts in the conditionedspace significantly reduces energy loss andimproves occupant comfort.



3.12.3 If forced-air furnacereplaced, install 90% orgreater efficiency model DESCRIPTION ◆ High-efficiency furnacesconvert natural gas to heat with greater efficiency.Some have variable speed blowers that use muchless electricity to move air.

APPLICATION ◆ Replace conventional fur-naces with high efficiency models. Installing theproper size of furnace for the home is just asimportant as its efficiency.

BENEFIT ◆ A properly sized, high-efficiencyfurnace costs less to operate. It saves naturalresources, reduces air emissions and helps createa cleaner environment. Oregon Department ofEnergy has tax credits of $225-350 for qualifyingmodels (see egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY).

Global warming and energyefficiencyIf you are concerned about global warming,would like to reduce your reliance on fossilfuels, and reduce your personal greenhousegas emissions, installing high-efficiencyequipment is a sensible choice. A high-efficiency furnace with variable-speedblower, smart thermostat and tight ductwork(or ducts inside heated space) can cutenergy use and greenhouse gas emissionsby half or more compared to conventionalsystems.Keep in mind, too, that electricity generatedfrom renewable sources does not contributeto global warming.You can calculate your personal greenhousegas emissions at www.carboncounter.org.You can also elect to donate to carbon-offsetprograms that compensate for yourcontribution to global warming.

High-efficiency heat pumpsA heat pump can provide both heating andcooling. The energy efficiency of heat pumpsis rated using two measurements: theHeating Season Performance Factor (HSPF)and the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating(SEER). HSPF estimates annual heatingefficiency for the heat pump, allowing forweather factors. SEER rates coolingefficiency. A heat pump with an HSPF of 8.5 and SEER of 13 or higher is eligible for a$300-500 state tax credit (seeegov.oregon.gov/ENERGY).


3.12.5 Install hydronic radiantheating DESCRIPTION ◆ Hydronic heating circulateshot water through radiators, wall-mounted fan-coil units or under floors. This heating system canbe zoned to allow different temperatures in differ-ent rooms throughout the house.A hydronic sys-tem can be retrofitted by using flexible plastictubing (cross-linked polyethylene).

In a well-insulated house, hydronic heating can berun under wood flooring without damaging it.

APPLICATION ◆ Use hydronic, radiant heat-ing instead of forced air heating. The system mustbe designed before construction starts.

BENEFIT ◆ Hydronic heating is more comfort-able and saves energy by heating only the zonethat requires heat.

Hot water heat can be more efficient than forcedair, because there are no ducts to leak and watercan hold more heat than air.



3.12.4 Zone a forced-airsystemDESCRIPTION ◆ Forced air systems are setup with a single thermostat that is intended tocontrol temperature throughout the dwelling.Most homeowners would prefer to be able to zonethe house, or set a different temperature in eachroom. Zoning would improve comfort and save onheating and cooling costs. Unfortunately, openingand closing the grilles in a forced air system isn’teffective. Today, a forced air system can be retro-fitted to allow zoning.

APPLICATION ◆ Ask your heating contractorfor information on zoning your system. One local-ly available product for retrofitting a forced airheating system is from Home Comfort Zones,www.homecomfortzones.com.

BENEFIT ◆ Set comfortable temperature inindividual rooms and shut off heat in unusedrooms. Save heating and cooling energy and costs.

Zone thermostats control each room

Radiant floor tubing ready for concrete pour

Hydronic boiler

3.12 HEATING, VENTILATIONAND AIR CONDITIONING(HVAC): Fireplaces and WoodStoves

3.12.7 Install/replace damperson fireplaces DESCRIPTION ◆ A damper in the fireplaceflue reduces air infiltration and heat loss duringcold weather.

APPLICATION ◆ Replace an old damper if itno longer seals the flue due to mechanical failure,rust or soot build up in the chimney.

BENEFIT ◆ A properly operating damperreduces cold drafts when the fireplace is not inuse.


3.12.6 Retrofit older wood-burning fireplaces and stoves DESCRIPTION ◆ The burning of wood inolder wood stoves and fireplaces is a major sourceof air pollution during the winter months, gener-ating significant airborne particulate matter oncold evenings.

APPLICATION ◆ One option is to replace awood burning fireplace with an EPA-certifiedwood stove, fireplace insert or a pellet stove. Theseunits should have direct outside combustion airvented into the insert.

A second option is replace a wood-burning unitwith one that uses natural gas. Natural gas burnsmore cleanly and is convenient. Note: a naturalgas fireplace or insert should vent its combustionbyproducts to the outdoors, not inside the house.

BENEFIT ◆ The amount of pollutant particu-late matter will be reduced by 75 to 90% com-pared to a standard fireplace.


Keeping the air clean in yourneighborhoodAnother way to reduce smoke and pollutionis to burn short, hot fires using dry wood.Conversely, a dampered fire burning greenwood produces the most smoke andpollution.


3.12.9 Install a carbonmonoxide alarmDESCRIPTION ◆ In a house with gas-burningappliances, a carbon monoxide alarm can beinstalled to warn you in the unlikely event of amalfunction and build-up of this hazardous gas.

APPLICATION ◆ Carbon monoxide monitorsare available at all hardware and home goodsstores.

BENEFIT ◆ Carbon monoxide can build up inthe bloodstream, causing on-going fatigue andmalaise.An alarm is cheap insurance againstinjury or illness.



3.12.8 Install airtight doors onfireplaces DESCRIPTION ◆ Open fireplaces suck air outof the house and extract more heat than they pro-vide.Airtight doors reduce the amount of airdrawn from the house for combustion purposes.

APPLICATION ◆ Retrofit doors on fireplaces.Outside air, needed for combustion, should bebrought in behind the doors. Some fireplaces pro-vide for controlled air intake from inside thehouse that can be shut down when not in use.

BENEFIT ◆ When shut, airtight doors canreduce heat loss from the house. They also reducedrafts when the fireplace is not in use.

Radiant Cove heater located on wall warms this bedroom

Heating options for small houses or roomsSmall houses with good thermal envelopesor single rooms may not need a full-scalefurnace and ductwork. One option is a through-the-wall gas spaceheater. These heaters range in size from10,000 to 40,000 Btu/hr, and do not requirea flue. The combustion gases are exhaustedto the outdoors through the wall. One exam-ple is the Rinnai series, sold by severalPortland heating companies.On the electric side, radiant cove heaters arean inexpensive option. These heaters pro-vide radiant heat, which is very comfortable.They are placed high on the wall, where theyare out of the way of doors and furniture.One example is the Radiant Systems Inc.Comfort Cove radiant heater.

3.12 HEATING, VENTILATIONAND AIR CONDITIONING(HVAC): Cooling Systems

3.12.11 Install whole-housecooling fan DESCRIPTION ◆ A whole-house fan works bycontinuously replacing warm indoor air withcooler outdoor air.“Night flushing” is a way tocool the house off using cooler night air so itdoesn’t get as warm during the day.

APPLICATION ◆ The fan must be mountedin a hallway ceiling on the top floor of a house.Aninsulated, airtight seal is required to prevent airinfiltration in winter. Fans should be sized to pro-duce between 4-5 air changes per hour within thehome and should have two speeds: low speed forcontinuous ventilation and high speed.

BENEFIT ◆ An average whole-house fan usesone-tenth the electricity of an air conditioningunit. In the Portland climate, moving large vol-umes of air can achieve indoor comfort at highertemperatures without air conditioning.


3.12.10 Incorporate naturalcooling DESCRIPTION ◆ Natural cooling systemsincorporate passive features that do not use ener-gy to cool, such as shading from deciduous trees,shrubs and vines; roof overhangs, trellises, win-dow shades and screens; and operable windowsand skylights.

APPLICATION ◆ Any combination of naturalcooling techniques can be used to reduce over-heating on homes.

Blocking direct summer sun is an effective way tokeep a house cool. Shade is especially helpful onwest-facing windows and walls and on rooftops.

Plants, especially trees and large shrubs, provideevaporative cooling.As they draw water up fromthe soil and it evaporates through the leaves, theair around the tree is cooled.

In the Portland climate, night air is usually cool sodrawing it through the house can provide nightcooling.

Houses with clean dry basements can take advan-tage of earth-coupling to draw air from the coolerbasement up into the house. Sometimes this canbe done just buy opening upstairs windows andthe door to the basement; in other cases a fanmay be required to move the air.

BENEFIT ◆ Natural cooling reduces the needfor air conditioning, saves money on energy bills,and can make homes more comfortable withoutusing air conditioning.


Shading west-facing windows prevents overheated rooms

Cooling in the future?If the costs of energy rise and Portlandweather becomes warmer, natural coolingmay become a valuable asset for a house.

3.12 HEATING, VENTILATIONAND AIR CONDITIONING(HVAC): Cleaning The Air

3.12.13 Install a whole-houseair filterDESCRIPTION ◆ Either a forced-air furnaceor a heat pump provides an opportunity to addeffective air filtration. Standard air filters costingabout $1 only protect the furnace blower, nothuman occupants.A good quality filter that cancapture small particulates costs $10-12 at hard-ware and building supply stores.

APPLICATION ◆ Look for a filter with MERVtest rating of 8 or higher (MERV = MinimumEfficiency Reporting Value).A MERV rating tellsyou the filter manufacturer is using up-to-datetesting to accurately measure performance.

Another option is the electronic filter that ismounted next to the furnace or heat pump. Thesefilters are efficient if they are washed regularlyaccording to the manufacturer’s recommenda-tions.

An activated carbon filter can capture gases.Carbon filters are more expensive than particulatefilters but may be helpful to people with chemicalsensitivities.

Washable filters can be cleaned and reused. Non-washable filters must be replaced periodically.Wash/change filters at least twice a year (prefer-ably more often) to ensure particulates areremoved.

BENEFIT ◆ Better-quality furnace filters cap-ture dust, pollen and other indoor pollutants.They also capture microscopic or “respirable” par-ticulates under 0.3 microns in size (a human hairis about 100 microns thick). These particulatesare suspected of causing respiratory injury andillness.


3.12.12 Install solar-poweredattic fan DESCRIPTION ◆ Solar attic fans exhaust heatfrom attic spaces in summer and clear condensa-tion in the winter.

APPLICATION ◆ Solar attic fans are poweredby the sun and are most effective when placed onthe southern side of the roof and centeredbetween roof rafters.Avoid installing under over-hanging trees or other structures creating shade.

BENEFIT ◆ In the summer, attic air tempera-tures can reach 150º F. That heat radiates into thehome through the ceiling and causes discomfort.A solar attic fan removes this hot air and helpscool the house.An attic fan may also increase thelife of composition roofing.


Do your upstairs rooms overheatin summer?Many Portland houses have upstairs roomsthat are uncomfortably warm in summer.Even after sunset when the outdoors hascooled down, these rooms remain too warm.That’s because the ceiling radiates heat fromhot air trapped in the attic (or inside cavitiesin vaulted ceilings). The radiant heat fromthe ceiling feels uncomfortable, even if theroom air temperature is normal. Venting outhot attic air will help cool upstairs rooms.

Room air conditioningBefore installing a room air conditioner,consider using shading devices or plants toblock hot sun. Often a room overheatsbecause it gets late-afternoon summer sunor is on the west side of the house. Shadingwill improve comfort, without using energy.For allergy sufferers, a room air conditionercan dry and filter air and may reduce symp-toms.If you do install a room air conditioner,select one with an Energy Star-efficiencyrating (EER) of 9.4 or higher.


3.12.15 Install a kitchen rangehoodDESCRIPTION ◆ A kitchen range hood picksup combustion byproducts, odors and excessmoisture from the cooktop and oven andexhausts them out of the house.

APPLICATION ◆ Select a quiet model, prefer-ably 2.5 sones or lower.

Note that some range hoods do not actually ventto the outdoors and will not remove combustionbyproducts.

BENEFIT ◆ Children living in houses withcombustion appliances have more respiratory ill-ness.A range hood captures and removes com-bustion byproducts, especially nitrogen oxides,that may affect children’s respiratory systems.


3.12.14 Install effectivebathroom fans DESCRIPTION ◆ An effective exhaust fanhelps eliminate excess moisture and mold in abathroom. Many older fans are not effective. Totest a fan, hold a square of bath tissue up to it. Ifthe tissue snaps tight to the grill, the fan is mov-ing air.

APPLICATION ◆ Select a good quality bathfan, rated at 80-100 cfm air flow with a noise rat-ing of 1 sone or less. Install a timer switch toensure that the fan runs long enough to removeexcess moisture from bathing and showering.

Vent moisture-laden air out of the house (not intothe attic).

BENEFIT ◆ An effective bath fan can eliminateor reduce excess moisture and mold.


Good bathroom fans help prevent mold


3.12.17 Install exhaust fan inattached garageDESCRIPTION ◆ According to the EPA, anattached garage is the single most significant con-tributor to poor indoor air quality. Car exhaustcontains many known carcinogens. It can migrateinto living spaces through doors and cracks inwalls adjacent to the garage or be picked up by afurnace located in the garage.

APPLICATION ◆ Install an exhaust fan on theopposite wall from the door to the house. It can bewired to an electric garage door or put on a timerto run for 15 minutes after door has been openedor closed.

BENEFIT ◆ An exhaust fan creates a healthierindoor environment by preventing car exhaustfrom entering the house.


3.12.16 Install heat recoveryventilation unit (HRV) DESCRIPTION ◆ An HRV is a mechanicalventilation system that removes stale air, providestempered fresh air and distributes air throughoutthe house.An HRV saves energy by recoveringheat using an air-to-air exchanger in which out-going exhaust air preheats or precools the incom-ing fresh air. Some HRVs can be fitted with high-efficiency air filters that may benefit allergy andasthma sufferers.

APPLICATION ◆ An HRV is particularlyappropriate in a house with hydronic radiant heat,or where the house is exceptionally tightly sealed.One consideration is whether small-diameterducts can be run from the HRV unit to individualrooms; this may be a challenge in an existinghouse.

BENEFIT ◆ Air-to-air heat exchangers providefor comfortable fresh air all year round while sav-ing energy. The main reason for installing one isto ensure fresh air distribution.



3.12.18 Clean forced-air ductsbefore occupancy DESCRIPTION ◆ Debris and dust from con-struction may get into ducts and cause allergicreactions.

APPLICATION ◆ Clean or vacuum all duct-work before occupancy to eliminate dust. Cleanducts before carpet is laid and finishes areapplied.

BENEFIT ◆ Children are especially sensitive tomicro-sized particulates.


3.13 RENEWABLE ANDSOLAR ENERGY

3.13.1 Incorporate passivesolar heating DESCRIPTION ◆ Passive solar systems pro-vide heat to the structure through south-facingwindows in conjunction with thermal mass.

APPLICATION ◆ A passive solar house incor-porates windows that face within 30 degrees ofdue south and has the ability to store solar heat inmassive elements such as a slab floor or stonefireplace. Passive solar can be built directly into ahouse or into an attached sunspace.

Passive solar design should be done by an experi-enced designer or builder who can integrate thewindows and mass with the house.

BENEFIT ◆ Passive solar design can reduceheating requirements by 15 to 20%, saving energyand money.

Passive solar glazing and thermal storage can reduce energy useand improve comfort


3.13.3 Pre-plumb for solarwater heating DESCRIPTION ◆ Insulated water pipes areinstalled from the attic to a hot water closet ormechanical room for future solar installation.This option allows the homeowner to install anactive solar system at a later date if they desire.

APPLICATION ◆ Provide south-facing roofarea for collectors and access for piping to amechanical room. This is primarily applicable tohomes that are being extensively rehabilitated onthe interior. The most cost-effective time to installthis pre-plumbing is during construction.

BENEFIT ◆ Solar hot water pre-plumbing dur-ing the remodeling process can save money forthe homeowners if, at some point in the future,they want to install a solar system.



3.13.2 Install solar water-heating system DESCRIPTION ◆ Solar water-heating systemsuse solar panels to collect heat from the sun. Thehot water is stored for use at a later time.Waterpre-heated by a solar system can also supplementa standard water heater.

APPLICATION ◆ Provide sufficient south-fac-ing roof area for collector panel(s) and space in autility room or closet for an additional hot waterstorage tank.

BENEFIT ◆ In Portland, a solar hot water sys-tem can provide about half of the water heatingfor a family of four. The Energy Trust of Oregonoffers a solar water heating incentive of up to$1,500 (see www.energytrust.org) and the OregonDepartment of Energy offers a tax credit of up to$1,500 (see egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY). Solar sys-tems are also exempt from property taxes.

Solar water heating works in Portland

Solar works in OregonIn recent yearshundreds ofOregonianhomeowners and

businesses have turned to a higher power:the sun. They are using a combination ofEnergy Trust cash incentives and Oregonenergy tax credits to cut the costs of newsolar systems, and trim 15% or more offtheir power bills.Find out how well solar works everywhere inOregon. Call 1-866-ENTRUST (368-8686) orlog onto www.energytrust.org.


3.13.5 Buy renewable powerDESCRIPTION ◆ Both PGE and Pacific Poweroffer electricity from renewable sources for asmall additional cost over electricity from conven-tional generation like coal- and gas-fired plants.

APPLICATION ◆ Sign up for one of PGE’srenewable options, Green Source or Clean Wind,at www.portlandgeneral.com.

Sign up for Pacific Power’s Blue Sky program atwww.pacificpower.net.

BENEFIT ◆ These programs offer safe, cleanrenewable power at a modest cost.


3.13.4 Install solarphotovoltaic (PV) panels DESCRIPTION ◆ PV panels collect the sun’senergy and convert it into electricity. Excess elec-tricity can be sent back into the utility grid for acredit on electric bills.

APPLICATION ◆ A household PV systemincludes photovoltaic panels on the roof or on theground at an appropriate angle (usually 40-60º), apower relay center and an inverter. The house canuse electricity from the panels as well as from theutility grid.

BENEFIT ◆ PVs are a clean, renewableresource that do not contribute to global warm-ing. If the price of electricity rises significantlyPVs will buffer the added cost. The Energy Trustof Oregon offers an incentive of up to $10,000 fora PV system (see www.energytrust.org) while thestate offers a tax credit of up to $1,500 (seehttp://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY).


Photovoltaic panels on this Alameda home are barely visible fromthe street

Financial incentivesNote that Oregon residents may receive theEnergy Trust of Oregon incentives and theOregon energy tax credits.

3.14 INDOOR AIR QUALITYAND FINISHES

3.14.2 Use safer adhesives andcaulksDESCRIPTION ◆ Solvent-based adhesivesand caulks may offgas toxic compounds. Low-VOC or solvent-free adhesives and caulks reducetoxic gases and solvents that contribute to air pol-lution.

APPLICATION ◆ Use low-VOC solvent-freeproducts in place of standard adhesives andcaulks for all interior applications such as instal-lation of flooring, countertops, cove base, panelingand tub/shower enclosures and sealing aroundwindows and trim.

For a list of safer paints, adhesives and sealants,see the Resource Center at green-rated.org.

BENEFIT ◆ Solvent-free adhesives and caulksare often stronger, emit fewer pollutants andreduce the potential harmful impacts on thehealth of the occupants and installers.



3.14.1 Use low/no-VOC andformaldehyde-free paint DESCRIPTION ◆ Many interior paints releasevolatile organic compounds (VOCs), a majorindoor air pollutant, into the home. Oftenlow/no-VOC products are manufactured withoutmercury or mercury compounds, or pigments oflead, cadmium, chromium or their oxides.

APPLICATION ◆ Paint with low/no-VOCs isavailable from most major manufacturers and isapplied like conventional paint products. Locally,both Miller Paint and Rodda Paint manufacturepaints that have been certified to meet nationalstandards for low VOCs and other components.

BENEFIT ◆ Low/No-VOC paint reduces theemissions of VOCs into the home, improvingindoor air quality.

Safe, non-toxic interior paint

Properly dispose of householdhazardous wastes Portland residents can dispose of householdhazardous wastes (paints, stains, adhesives,etc.) safely, conveniently—and for free! CallMetro at 503-234-3000 for drop-off locations and hours.

What are “VOCs”?Volatile Organic Compounds evaporatequickly and are carbon-based. That meansthey pass through skin and cell walls readily. Many of the VOCs in building products are suspected of causing injury orillness. Where possible, select no- or low-VOC products.


3.14.4 Replace particleboardwith formaldehyde-freematerials DESCRIPTION ◆ Particleboard is made fromwood fibers and adhesive containing ureaformaldehyde, a suspected human carcinogen.The formaldehyde is continuously released, or“offgassed,” for years after installation.Formaldehyde offgassing contributes to poorindoor air quality. Particleboard is typically usedfor cabinets, counter tops, underlayment, stairtreads and shelving.

APPLICATION ◆ Whenever possible, elimi-nate new particleboard inside houses by usingsolid wood, exterior-grade plywood, strawboardor formaldehyde-free medium density fiberboard(MDF) for shelving, cabinets and substrate forcountertops. Fiber-cement and plywood sheetsare options for underlayment.

BENEFIT ◆ Elimination of particleboardreduces formaldehyde exposure to residents, par-ticularly children, who are most susceptible.


3.14.3 Use low-VOC, water-based wood finishes DESCRIPTION ◆ Conventional solvent-basedwood finishes can offgas toxic chemicals and canbe harmful to children. Low-VOC finishes, such aswater-borne urethane and acrylic, are lower intoxic compounds compared to conventional sol-vent-based finishes while providing similar per-formance and durability.

APPLICATION ◆ Low-VOC wood finishes canbe used in most applications where solvent-basedfinishes are typically used. If solvent-based woodfinishes must be used, they should be allowed tooffgas for three to four weeks prior to occupancy.

BENEFIT ◆ Using low-VOC wood finishesreduces offgassing into the home, improvingindoor air quality and reducing the formation ofurban smog.


Low-VOC wood finish on oak flooring at 1909 House

Use low-toxic or citrus-basedcleaning supplies High-quality, non-toxic andenvironmentally responsible cleaningproducts are readily available. Chooseproducts that are non-toxic, ammonia andchlorine-free, as well as biodegradable.These cleaning products are as effective asconventional cleaners, without harshchemicals that can lead to health problemsand atmospheric ozone loss. Downloadrecipes and tips on how to make and useyour own toxic-free household cleaners, atwww.metro-region.org (search for “greencleaners”).

Read the MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets are availablefrom manufacturers of building products.They list the chemicals in the formulationand whether they may be hazardous.

Strawboard in this drawer does not emit formaldehyde


3.14.6 Select formaldehyde-free medium densityfiberboard (MDF) DESCRIPTION ◆ Most MDF is made fromwood fiber and urea formaldehyde adhesive. MDFwithout formaldehyde binders is now available.Other alternatives include certified plywood andboards made from agricultural waste, such aswheatboard, a straw-based particleboard manu-factured with non-formaldehyde and emission-free binder.

APPLICATION ◆ Whenever possible, elimi-nate formaldehyde-based MDF inside the home.MDF is typically used for cabinets, trim andshelving. Use alternatives such as certified ply-wood, formaldehyde-free MDF, wheatboard, tileand stone for shelving, cabinets and countertops.Made in Oregon, Medite II and Medex are exam-ples of formaldehyde-free MDF.

BENEFIT ◆ Reduces formaldehyde exposure toresidents, particularly children, who are more sus-ceptible. Some boards made from agriculturalwaste are superior to wood-based particleboardin moisture resistance and structural properties,and they provide for the reuse of a former wasteproduct.


3.13.5 Use exterior-gradeplywood for interior uses DESCRIPTION ◆ Exterior plywood uses phe-nolic resins that offgas much less formaldehydethan interior plywood. Interior plywood typicallyuses urea-formaldehyde glue which offgassesformaldehyde into the house.

APPLICATION ◆ Substitute interior plywoodwith exterior plywood for custom cabinets andshelving.

BENEFIT ◆ Formaldehyde is a suspectedhuman carcinogen and should be avoided when-ever possible.


Cabinets built with safe, non-toxic components


3.15 FLOORING

3.15.1 Select ForestStewardship Council (FSC)certified wood flooring DESCRIPTION ◆ Certified wood flooringcomes from forests that are managed so that har-vesting trees for wood products does not damagelong-term forest health. Certified wood flooringproducts are available in a wide variety of domes-tic and exotic species.

APPLICATION ◆ Use FSC-certified wood inplace of conventional hardwood flooring.

BENEFIT ◆ Sustainable forest certificationassures that the forest from which the flooring isproduced is managed in a way that will assure thelong-term availability of these precious woodswhile protecting ancient, old-growth forests.

Lower-grade certified maple flooring costs less because it hasdarker heartwood

Kitchen and bathroom cabinetsGreen options for cabinets include:◆ Casings: Replace particleboard and

eliminate formaldehyde emissions with:◆ Wheatboard, made from recycled straw◆ Formaldehyde-free medium density

fiberboard (MDF) such as Medite II orwater-resistant Medex

◆ Plywood made with phenolic resin◆ Adhesives: Specify safer, low-VOC

adhesives◆ Finishes: Specify low-VOC or water-based

wood stains and finishes◆ Wood doors and veneers: Specify FSC-

certified hardwoods from sustainablyharvested forests

◆ Countertops: Choose recycled-contentceramic tile, solid composites made withrecycled-content inclusions, naturalstone, paperstone composite, or butcherblock made from certified wood.

◆ Pulls and handles: Choose recycledmaterials, such as Aurora Glass.

◆ Custom cabinets that combine the abovefeatures are available from Neil Kelly Co.in their Naturals collection.

◆ Salvage cabinets from The ReBuildingCenter or Habitat for Humanity ReStore

3.15 FLOORING

3.15.3 Use recycled-contentceramic tile DESCRIPTION ◆ Recycled-content ceramictile can contain up to 70% recycled glass.Originally developed for high-traffic commercialconditions, recycled-content tiles are very durableand wear well in residential applications.

APPLICATION ◆ Install recycled-content tileswherever conventional tiles are specified.

BENEFIT ◆ Some recycled-content ceramic tileis very dense, which significantly reduces theamount of moisture and stains that are absorbedinto the tile, making it more durable and easier tomaintain.


3.15 FLOORING

3.15.2 Use rapidly renewableflooring materials DESCRIPTION ◆ Bamboo and cork flooringare alternatives to hardwood flooring. Bamboo isa fast growing grass that can be harvested inthree to five years. Cork is a natural flooring mate-rial that is obtained from the outer bark of thecork oak without harming the tree.

APPLICATION ◆ Use these alternative floor-ing materials in place of conventional hardwood.

BENEFIT ◆ Fast growing, rapidly renewablefloor substitutes are attractive, perform well andreduce pressure on hardwood forests. Bamboo isas durable as wood; cork resists fire and moistureas well as absorbing sound.

Use salvage wood flooringReusing vintage wood flooring can savemoney while reducing pressure on forests.Salvage wood flooring is available throughlocal companies like Craftmark, EnduraWood Products, Aurora Mills andEnvironmental Building Supplies. Vintagewood may be very high quality as it wasusually cut from old-growth trees.

Recycled Douglas fir flooring

3.15 FLOORING

3.15.4 Use exposed concreteas finish floor DESCRIPTION ◆ For slab-on-grade addi-tions, the concrete can be polished, finished withexpansion joints in various patterns or stainedwith pigments to make an attractive finish floor.This approach is especially appropriate for radi-ant, in-floor heating systems.

APPLICATION ◆ Use this approach for fin-ished basements or additions on slab construc-tion. The finish must be designed and construct-ed when the slab is poured.

BENEFIT ◆ Using the slab as a floor finisheliminates the need to use other flooring materi-als.Additionally, it is durable and easy to clean.


3.15 FLOORING

3.15.5 Replace vinyl flooringwith natural linoleum DESCRIPTION ◆ Linoleum is manufacturedfrom natural materials such as cork and linseedoil. Unlike sheet vinyl, linoleum does not containpetroleum-based products nor does it offgaschemical compounds which may cause injury orillness. Using linoleum eliminates concern aboutbyproducts, such as cancer-causing dioxins,which may be produced during the manufactur-ing of vinyl.

APPLICATION ◆ Use natural linoleum inplace of vinyl flooring.

BENEFIT ◆ Linoleum is low-toxic, durable andstain resistant. Linoleum can last up to 40 years.

“The flooring is environmentally friendly sheetlinoleum provided and installed by LansingLinoleum. This long-wearing material has beenaround for the last 90+ years and has madeseveral reappearances as kitchen flooringthroughout the last century. Today it is very

popular again mainly for its biodegradablecontent, durability and the range ofbeautiful colors it comes in. And for any you out there that HATE cleaningfloors, the medium to dark colors seem to

hide the dirt longer….” —Anne DeWolf, Arciform LLC

Linoleum flooring

3.15 FLOORING

3.15.6 Install recycled-content carpet and cushion DESCRIPTION ◆ Recycled-content carpet ismade from recycled plastic bottles, recycled woolor recycled cotton. Recycled-content carpet doesnot differ in appearance or performance and theprice is comparable to conventional carpet.Recycled-content carpet cushion is also available.

APPLICATION ◆ Use recycled-content carpetand cushion in all applications where convention-al carpet is installed.

BENEFIT ◆ Recycled-content carpet savesresources and diverts waste from landfills.Approximately 40 two-liter soda bottles are recy-cled per square yard of carpeting. Recycled carpetis often more resilient and colorfast than carpetmade from virgin fibers.


Recycled-content products andmaterials available locally:◆ Crushed concrete for backfill and base◆ Plastic composite lumber for decking and

outdoor structures◆ Fly ash for concrete foundations and

paving◆ Insulation (fiberglass, cellulose and

cotton)◆ Carpet and cushion◆ Medium density fiberboard (MDF)◆ Strawboard◆ Ceramic tiles◆ Paint for interiors and exteriors◆ Drywall◆ Nails◆ Cellulose wallboard and underlayment◆ Countertops◆ Furniture

Local stores offer recycled carpet, natural fiber carpet and carpetremnants

CHAPTER 4:

Ideas, illustrations & checklists


CHAPTER 4:

Ideas, illustrations &checklists

These checklists and illustrations are intendedto serve as tools for project planning anddesign, materials selection and construction.When building or remodeling, it is important tolook carefully at the type of project andincorporate as many green features as possible.The items listed on the checklist represent avariety of green building opportunities;however, not all of them may apply to yourremodeling project. There is no standard

definition for what constitutes a “greenbuilding,” but in general a green project willincorporate as many items on this checklist asare practical and applicable to your project. Thefollowing sections provide more detaileddescriptions of green building practices,material applications and associatedenvironmental benefits. The items are listed inthe order they would normally come up duringdesign and construction.

66 Ideas, illustrations & checklists

Large gutters anddownspouts collect rainwater

Metal roofing stays clean

Roof washers divert first flow Roof washer (below)

Rainwater harvesting


A Cistern located underdriveway

Particle and UV filters purifyrainwater

Plumbing meets standards ofPortland RainwaterHarvesting Code Guide —including cautionary label

Rainwater harvesting (CONT’D)


PEX polyethylene plumbing issafe, easy to retrofit

Features like a handsome baywindow are kept

Salvage materials includewood, cabinets, plumbingand light fixtures

1909 House


Describing recycled rubberroofing at open house event

Dining room before (above):flooring was refinished Dining room after (left):repainted, sideboard rebuilt,windows replaced

Kitchen before (above): shorton storage, work surfaces,social spaceKitchen after (left): moreusable, better lighting,convivial space

1909 House (CONT’D)


Bathroom before (above):small, lacks light and storageBathroom after (right):restores historic character ofhouse

Living room before (above):entry opens into living room,traffic cuts throughLiving room after (right):entry door moved, entryspace created, morewelcoming

Entry before (above): noaccess from front sidewalkEntry after (right): opens outto front sidewalk



Features like linoleum carpetwere saved wherever possible(above) Linoleum carpet aftercleaning and refinishing(left)

Celebrating the home’scompletion



Refurbished gas and electricstoves at a Portland supplier

Metro recycled paint

Salvage pine countertop

Salvage and reuse


Shoppers find marble tiles atThe ReBuilding Center

Fence built with cedar offcutsfrom local mill

Tub surround made fromsalvage tile

Salvage and reuse (CONT’D)


Staircase from deconstructedhotel, stair treads frombleachers

A wide variety of certifiedand salvage wood productsare available

Salvage Alaska yellow cedarsiding



Reused solar water heater

Damaged flooring can berestored


4.1 Comprehensive remodel

Design and construction planning ■■ Salvage Reusable Building Materials

■■ Recycle Job Site Construction and Demolition Waste

■■ Use Salvage Materials

■■ Use Recycled-Content Materials

Site work■■ Control Erosion

■■ Protect Existing Trees

■■ Install Permeable Paving

■■ Install Drip Irrigation

■■ Design Native and Hardy Plant Landscapes and Gardens

■■ Install Rainwater Harvesting

Foundations ■■ Incorporate Recycled Fly Ash in Concrete

■■ Reuse Form Boards

■■ Use Recycled-content Rubble for Backfill Drainage

■■ Use Aluminum Forms

■■ Install Rigid Foam Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs)

Structure ■■ Substitute Engineered Lumber for Solid Sawn Lumber

■■ Use FSC-Certified Wood for Framing

■■ Use Wood I-Joists for Floors and Ceilings

■■ Use Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) for Walls / Roof

■■ Use Salvage Lumber

Exterior finish ■■ Use Sustainable Decking Materials

■■ Use Treated Wood that Does Not Contain Chromium or Arsenicfor Decking and Sill Plates

■■ Use Fiber-Cement Exterior Siding

Plumbing ■■ Install Water-Heater Jacket Insulation

■■ Install a Tankless Water Heater

■■ Insulate Hot and Cold Water Pipes

■■ Retrofit all Faucets and Showers

■■ Replace Toilets with Low Flow Models

■■ Install Chlorine Filter on Showerhead

■■ Install Water Filtration Unit at Faucet


Details like this recycledglass doorknob are the finishing touches on anAlameda craftsman homeremodel.

Electrical ■■ Install Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs

■■ Install Lighting Controls

Roofing ■■ Select Light-Colored Roofing

■■ Select Safe and Durable Roofing Materials

Appliances■■ Install Energy-Efficient Refrigerator

■■ Install Water- and Energy-Efficient Dishwasher

■■ Install Horizontal Axis Washing Machine

Insulation ■■ Upgrade Wall and Ceiling Insulation

■■ Install Recycled-Content, Formaldehyde-Free FiberglassInsulation

■■ Use Cellulose Insulation

■■ Reduce Air Infiltration

Windows ■■ Install Energy-Efficient Windows

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC) ■■ Use Duct Mastic on All Duct Joints

■■ Install New Ductwork within Conditioned Space

■■ Install 90% or Greater Efficiency Gas Forced Air Furnace

■■ Install Zoned, Hydronic, Radiant Heating

■■ Vent Range Hood to the Outside

■■ Install Solar Attic Fan

■■ Clean All Ducts Before Occupancy

■■ Install Whole-House Cooling Fan

■■ Retrofit Wood-Burning Fireplaces

■■ Install/Replace Dampers on Fireplaces

■■ Install Airtight Doors on Fireplaces

■■ Install Heat Recovery Ventilation Unit (HRV)

■■ Install Separate Garage Exhaust Fan

■■ Install Effective Bathroom Fans

Renewable and solar energy ■■ Incorporate Natural Cooling

■■ Incorporate Passive Solar Heating

■■ Install Solar Water System

■■ Pre-Plumb for Solar Water Heating

■■ Install Photovoltaic (PV) Panels


Indoor air quality/finishes ■■ Use Low/No-VOC and Formaldehyde-Free Paint

■■ Use Solvent-Free Adhesives

■■ Use Low-VOC, Water-Based Wood Finishes

■■ Substitute Particleboard with Formaldehyde-Free Materials

■■ Use Exterior-Grade Plywood for Interior Uses

■■ Select Formaldehyde-Free Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)

Flooring ■■ Select FSC-Certified Wood Flooring

■■ Use Rapidly Renewable Flooring Materials

■■ Use Recycled-Content Ceramic Tile

■■ Use Exposed Concrete as Finish Floor

■■ Replace Vinyl Flooring with Natural Linoleum

■■ Install Recycled-Content Carpet and Cushion


See Resource List for localsources for the materials listed in these guidelines.

4.2 New additionConsider the following green remodeling options in a new addition.

Design and construction planning■■ Salvage Reusable Materials

■■ Recycle Job-Site Construction and Demolition Waste

Site ■■ Install Drip Irrigation

■■ Incorporate Permeable Paving

■■ Design Native and Hardy Plant Landscapes and Gardens

■■ Provide for Rainwater Harvesting

Foundation ■■ Incorporate Recycled Fly Ash in Concrete

■■ Use Aluminum Forms

■■ Reuse Form Boards

■■ Use Recycled-Content Rubble for Backfill Drainage

■■ Insulate Foundation before Backfill

■■ Use Rigid Foam Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs)





■■ Use Finger-Jointed Studs

■■ Use Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) for Walls/Roof


Exterior finish ■■ Use Sustainable Decking Materials

■■ Use Treated Wood that Does Not Contain Chromium or Arsenicfor Decking and Sill Plates

■■ Use Fiber-Cement Siding Materials

Plumbing ■■ Install Water-Heater Jacket Insulation

■■ Install a Tankless Water Heater



■■ Replace Toilets with Low-Flow Models


■■ Install Water-Filtration Units at Faucets





■■ Install Minimum 40-Year Composition Roofing


■■ Install Recycled Content, Formaldehyde-Free FiberglassInsulation

■■ Use Advanced Infiltration Reduction Practices






■■ Install Zoned, Hydronic, Radiant Heating


A green addition added 1,500sq ft to this historic CouncilCrest home.



■■ Clean All Ducts before Occupancy


■■ Retrofit Wood-Burning Fireplaces

■■ Install/Replace Dampers on Fireplaces

■■ Install Airtight Doors on Fireplaces




■■ Install Solar Water System

■■ Pre-Plumb for Solar Water Heating




■■ Use Solvent-Free Adhesives and Caulks





■■ Use Rapidly Renewable Flooring






4.3 Second floorConsider the following green remodeling options in a second floor.



Site ■■ Salvage Reusable Materials


Structural frame ■■ Substitute Engineered Lumber for Solid Sawn Lumber



■■ Use Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) for Walls/Roof


Exterior finish ■■ Use Treated Wood that Does Not Contain Chromium or Arsenic

for Decking and Sill Plates

■■ Use Fiber-Cement Siding Materials


For information on energysaving programs andincentives contact the EnergyTrust of Oregon at 1-866-ENTRUST.

Plumbing ■■ Insulate Hot and Cold Water Pipes


■■ Install Water-Filtration Unit at Faucet





■■ Install Minimum 40-Year Composition Roofing





Windows■■ Install Energy-Efficient Windows













■■ Use Solvent-Free Adhesives and Caulks





Flooring■■ Select FSC-Certified Wood Flooring




■■ Install Recycled-Content Carpet and Underlayment


For information on savingwater check out:www.portlandonline.com/water.

4.4 BathroomConsider the following green remodeling options in a bathroom.









Plumbing■■ Install Water-Heater Jacket Insulation

■■ Install a Tankless Hot Water Heater




■■ Replace Toilets with Low-Flow Models





■■ Install Ceiling Fans









Indoor air quality/finishes ■■ Use Low/ No-VOC and Formaldehyde-Free Paint













For information onconstruction and demolition,recycling and compostingcontact Metro at 503-234-3000.

4.5 KitchenConsider the following green remodeling options in a kitchen.





Plumbing ■■ Insulate Hot and Cold Water Pipes

■■ Retrofit All Faucets with Flow Reducers




■■ Install Ceiling Fans


Appliances ■■ Install Water- and Energy-Efficient Dishwasher

■■ Install Energy-Efficient Refrigerator


■■ Install Recycled-Content, Formaldehyde-Free Fiberglass















■■ Replace Particleboard with Formaldehyde-Free Materials




Local green buildingresourcesThe Portland Office ofSustainable Development’sG/Rated Green BuildingProgram provides:◆ Technical support◆ G/Rated green remodeling

case studies and factsheets

◆ Build It Green! annual tourof green homes andremodels

◆ ReThink annual residentialclass series

◆ Green Investment Fundgrants

Check out www.green-rated.org or call 503-823-7222.

Remodeling resources

Green building web sitePortland Office of Sustainable Development offers green remodel-ing ideas, case studies and other resources at www.green-rated.org.

Look in the ‘Resource Center’ under ‘Practices and Strategies’.

Annual green home tourOSD sponsors the annual Build It Green Tour of Homes andInformation Fair in September. The tour offers an opportunity tovisit remodels and talk to the owner and contractor about greenfeatures. The fair brings together local businesses and organiza-tions involved in green building.

Energy Trust of Oregon incentivesEnergy Trust of Oregon offers financial incentives for energy effi-cient lighting, appliances, heating & cooling, solar and weatheriza-tion to residents of Portland metro area at www.energytrust.org.

Look in ‘For Homes’ at ‘Home Energy Savings’,‘Efficient HomeProducts’,‘Solar Electric’ and ‘Solar Water Heating’.

Oregon income tax creditsOregon Department of Energy offers tax credits for high-efficiencyappliances, water heaters, heating and cooling equipment and solarelectric and hot water systems at http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY.

Look in ‘Residential Energy Tax Credits’.

DeconstructionWhen planning your remodel, find out what materials can be salvaged for re-use. Your contractor can assist you, or callDeconstruction Services at 503-331-9875 for advice.

Salvage materialsSeveral Portland suppliers carry salvage materials such as flooringand fixtures, including:

Environmental Building Supplies, 503-222-3881

Endura Wood Products, 503-233-7090

Habitat for Humanity ReStore, 503-283-6247

The ReBuilding Center, 503-331-1877

Rejuvenation Inc., 503-238-1900

Hippo Hardware, 503-231-1444

CraftMark, 503-472-6929


Find contractors and vendorsOregon Remodeling Association web site allows searching formembers: www.oregonremodelers.com/FindAPro.aspx

Remodelers Council of the Home Builders Association ofMetropolitan Portland directory:www.homebuildersportland.org/Remodelers.htm

Ecologically sustainable professional servicesNorthwest Ecobuilding Guild ‘Green Pages’, www.ecobuilding.org(OR, WA)

ReDirect Guide, www.redirectguide.com (Portland-Vancouver)


The Portland Office of Sustainable Development (OSD)

brings together community partners to promote a healthy and

prosperous future for Portland. OSD advances improvements and

innovation in energy use and technologies, waste disposal,

recycling, sustainable purchasing, environmental education and

high-performance green building practices. OSD programs,

policies and partnerships promote community well-being,

economic opportunity and environmental health for Portland,

its businesses and residents.

© 2005

City of Portland Office of Sustainable Development

Dan Saltzman, Commissioner

Susan Anderson, Director

721 NW 9th Avenue, Suite 350

Portland, OR 97209

503-823-7222

www.sustainableportland.org

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